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CHAPTER-1OVERVIEW1.1 IntroductionA Solar tracker is a device for orienting a
solar photovoltaic panel towards the sun. Insolar tracking systems the surface
of the module tracks the sun automatically throughout theday. Tracking system
increases the efficiency of the system considerably there by reducingthe cost
per unit of output energy.1.2 Why To Use Solar Tracking SystemFrom many
centuries, sun has been the primary source of energy for
theglobe.Technically,solar energy can be defined as Electromagnetic energy
transmitted fromthe sun ( solar radiation).The amount of energy that reaches the
earth is equal to one billionthof total solar energy generated. But is that
small? No. The amount of energy which strikesthe surface of the earth in one day
exceeds daily consumption by 10,000 to 15,000 times. Inother words, the amount
of solar energy intercepted by the earth every minute is greater thanthe amount
of energy the world uses in fossil fuels each year.Moreover, of all the
renewable energy sources available, solar energy has the smallestenvironmental
impacts. Electricity produced from photovoltaic cells does not result in air or
water pollution, deplete natural resources, or endanger animal or human
health.In spite of these benefits, man is not able to use this energy completely
andeconomically. Two billion people in the world still have no access to
electricity. For most of them, solar energy would be their cheapest electricity
source, but they cannot afford it. Thisis because the price of electricity
produced from solar cells is still significantly moreexpensive than it is from
fossil fuels like coal and oil. This is because of cost involved in1
converting the solar energy into required form of electrical energy and low
efficiency of solar system i.e., the output from the solar system is not
completely sufficient for our needs.The problem here is that the sun’s position
is not constant throughout the day. Theoutput from the solar system depends on
the intensity of sunlight and the angle at whichradiation is being incident.
Hence there is a need to track the sun inorder to producemaximum output
throughout the day. The solution to the problem is our project “SOLAR TRACKING
SYSTEM”.1.3 Analization of Solar Tracking SystemA Solar tracker is a device for
orienting a solar photovoltaic panel towards the sun. Insolar tracking systems
the surface of the module tracks the sun automatically throughout theday.
Tracking system increases the efficiency of the system considerably there by
reducingthe cost per unit of output energy.Concentrators, especially in solar
cell applications require a high degree of accuracyto ensure that the
concentrated sunlight is directed precisely to the powered device, which isat
the focal point of the reflector or lens. The output greatly depends on the
angle of incidence, Zenith angle and azimuth angle. Some solar trackers may
operate most effectivelywith seasonal position adjustment and most will need
inspection and lubrication on anannual basis. FIG 1.1 Solar Panels2
1.3.1 Types of tracking systemsSolar trackers may be active or passive and may
be single axis or dual axis. Singleaxis trackers usually use a polar mount for
maximum solar efficiency. Single axis trackerswill usually have a manual
elevation (axis tilt) adjustment on a second axis which is adjustedon regular
intervals throughout the year. Compared to a fixed mount, a single axis tracker
increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an
additional 6%.There are two types of dual axis trackers, polar and
altitude-azimuth.Polar TrackersPolar trackers have one axis aligned to be
quasi-parallel to the axis of rotation of theearth. , polar trackers are used on
high accuracy astronomical telescope mounts, which rotateon an axis exactly
parallel to the earth s axis. Fig 1.2 Polar Trackers3 Horizontal AxleSeveral
manufactures can deliver single axis horizontal axis trackers which may
beoriented by either passive or active mechanisms, depending upon manufacturer.
Panels aremounted upon the tube, and the tube will rotate on its axis to track
the apparent motion of thesun through the day.These devices are less effective
at higher latitudes. The principaladvantage is the inherent robustness of the
supporting structure and the simplicity of themechanism. FIG 1.3 Horizontal
AxleActive TrackersActive Trackers use motors and gears to direct the tracker as
commanded by acontroller responding to the solar direction. Fig: 1.4 Active
trackers4
Passive TrackersPassive trackers use a low boiling point compressed gas fluid
that is driven to oneside or the other (by solar heat creating gas pressure) to
cause the tracker to move inresponse to an imbalance. As this is a non-precision
orientation it is unsuitable for certaintypes of concentrating photovoltaic
collectors.5
CHAPTER 2AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT2.1 Aim And Scope of The ProjectFrom many
centuries, sun has been the primary source of energy for the globe.Technically,
solar energy can be defined as Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun(
solar radiation).The amount of energy that reaches the earth is equal to one
billionth of totalsolar energy generated. But is that small? No. The amount of
energy which strikes thesurface of the earth in one day exceeds daily
consumption by 10,000 to 15,000 times. Inother words, the amount of solar energy
intercepted by the earth every minute is greater thanthe amount of energy the
world uses in fossil fuels each year.Moreover, of all the renewable energy
sources available, solar energy has thesmallest environmental impacts.
Electricity produced from photovoltaic cells does not resultin air or water
pollution, deplete natural resources, or endanger animal or human health.In
spite of these benefits, man is not able to use this energy completely
andeconomically. Two billion people in the world still have no access to
electricity. For most of them, solar energy would be their cheapest electricity
source, but they cannot afford it. Thisis because the price of electricity
produced from solar cells is still significantly moreexpensive than it is from
fossil fuels like coal and oil. This is because of cost involved inconverting
the solar energy into required form of electrical energy and low efficiency of
solar system i.e., the output from the solar system is not completely sufficient
for our needs.The problem here is that the sun’s position is not constant
throughout the day. Theoutput from the solar system depends on the intensity of
sunlight and the angle at whichradiation is being incident. Hence there is a
need to track the sun inorder to producemaximum output throughout the day. The
solution to the problem is our project “SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM”.6
2.2 objective of the projectThe main aim of our project is to make the panel
to rotate according to the sun’sdirection from morning to evening automatically
so that the panel grabs the solar enenrgy tomaximum extent possible throughout
the day. Intelligent Solar Tracking System For maximizing The Energy is used to
generatepower from sunlight and can be used it by storing the generated power.
This method of power generation is simple and is taken from natural resource.
This need only maximumsunlight to generate power. This project helps for power
generation by setting the equipmentto get maximum sunlight automatically. This
system is tracking for maximum intensity of light. When there is decrease in
intensity of light, this system automatically changes itsdirection to get
maximum intensity of light.Here we use two sensors in two directions to sense
the direction of maximum intensity of light. The difference between the outputs
of the sensors is given to the micro controller unit,which is used for tracking
and generating power from sunlight. It will process the input voltagefrom the
comparison circuit and control the direction in which the motor has to be
rotated so thatit will receive maximum intensity of light from the sun. The
power generated from this processis then stored in a lead acid battery and is
made to charge an emergency light and is made toglow.7
CHAPTER 3MATERIAL AND METHOD USED3.1 Block DiagramThe block diagram of
Intelligent Solar tracking System for Maximising The Energyis as shown below.
The different components used to build the System are explained indifferent
sections below.Fig 3.1 Block diagram of Intelligent Solar Tracking System for
Maximising
TheEnergy8POWERSUPPLYSTEPPERMOTORLOADULN2003DRIVERAT89C52MICROCONTROLLERSOLARPAN
ELBATTERYLDR2LDR1RS-232
LDR 2LDR 1
3.1.1 Interfacing DiagramS O L A R P A54E3 7O53 6 RR 22 . 2 k831 61 83 282 0C
41 0 u1 272 61 2V c c ( + 5 v )1 51 9NV c c ( + 5 V )3 34 0+ 5 VC1 292O3 92 752
4O89R 22 . 2 k2 31 33 4C1 1634R4I67C 31 0 uC1 6 31 0Q 1B C 5 4 7L D R1 612 2C
11 0 u1 51 1R1 31 73 59O / PL2 82 12C 21 0 u1 41 0R 11 0 k73 11 2L D R1M O T O1
4U L ND R I V E R1 59V c c ( +I5V c cR 11 0 k1 2 22M2 0 0 3A22 961 13 8S T E P1
232 51 31Q 1B C 5 4 7TV c c ( + 5 V )1 01 4L3 051 28O / PFig 3.2 Interfacing
diagram of Intelligent Solar Tracking System for Maximizing theEnergy9
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