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Statistics and Statistics Tutorial: Important Statistics Formulas

Probability
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Descriptive Statistics
 Quantitative
Parameters
measures
 Population mean = μ = ( Σ Xi ) / N
 Charts and

graphs  Population standard deviation = σ = sqrt [ Σ ( Xi - μ )2 / N ]

 Tabular displays  Population variance = σ2 = Σ ( Xi - μ )2 / N
Probability
 Variance of population proportion = σP2 = PQ / n
 Probability
 Standardized score = Z = (X - μ) / σ
basics
 Probability laws  Population correlation coefficient = ρ = [ 1 / N ] * Σ { [ (Xi - μX) / σx ] * [ (Yi - μY) / σy ] }
 Random

variables Statistics

 Sampling theory Unless otherwise noted, these formulas assume simple random sampling.
Distributions
 Sample mean = x = ( Σ xi ) / n
 Distribution
 Sample standard deviation = s = sqrt [ Σ ( xi - x )2 / ( n - 1 ) ]
basics
 Discrete  Sample variance = s2 = Σ ( xi - x )2 / ( n - 1 )
 Continuous  Variance of sample proportion = sp2 = pq / (n - 1)
Estimation
 Pooled sample proportion = p = (p1 * n1 + p2 * n2) / (n1 + n2)
 Estimation

theory
 Pooled sample standard deviation = sp = sqrt [ (n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22 ] / (n1 + n2 - 2) ]
 Proportions  Sample correlation coefficient = r = [ 1 / (n - 1) ] * Σ { [ (xi - x) / sx ] * [ (yi - y) / sy ] }
 Mean scores

Hypothesis Testing Correlation

 Foundations of  Pearson product-moment correlation = r = Σ (xy) / sqrt [ ( Σ x2 ) * ( Σ y2 ) ]
testing
 Linear correlation (sample data) = r = [ 1 / (n - 1) ] * Σ { [ (xi - x) / sx ] * [ (yi - y) / sy ] }
 Mean scores
 Linear correlation (population data) = ρ = [ 1 / N ] * Σ { [ (Xi - μX) / σx ] * [ (Yi - μY) / σy ] }
 Proportions

 Power
Simple Linear Regression
 Chi-square tests
Survey Sampling  Simple linear regression line: ŷ = b0 + b1x
 Sampling
 Regression coefficient = b1 = Σ [ (xi - x) (yi - y) ] / Σ [ (xi - x)2]
methods
 SRS  Regression slope intercept = b0 = y - b1 * x
 Stratified  Regression coefficient = b1 = r * (sy / sx)
sampling
 Standard error of regression slope = sb1 = sqrt [ Σ(yi - ŷi)2 / (n - 2) ] / sqrt [ Σ(xi - x)2 ]
 Cluster sampling

 Sample planning Counting

More Applied Statistics
 n factorial: n! = n * (n-1) * (n - 2) * . . . * 3 * 2 * 1. By convention, 0! = 1.
 Linear regression

 Regression tests  Permutations of n things, taken r at a time: nCr = n! / (n - r)!

 Experiments  Combinations of n things, taken r at a time: nCr = n! / r!(n - r)! = nPr / r!
Appendices
 Notation Probability
 Statistics  Rule of addition: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
Formulas
 Rule of multiplication: P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B|A)
 Rule of subtraction: P(A') = 1 - P(A)

Random Variables

In the following formulas, X and Y are random variables, and a and b are constants.

 Expected value of X = E(X) = μx = Σ [ xi * P(xi) ]

 Variance of X = Var(X) = σ2 = Σ [ xi - E(x) ]2 * P(xi) = Σ [ xi - μx ]2 * P(xi)
 Normal random variable = z-score = z = (X - μ)/σ
 Chi-square statistic = Χ2 = [ ( n - 1 ) * s2 ] / σ2
 f statistic = f = [ s12/σ12 ] / [ s22/σ22 ]
 Expected value of sum of random variables = E(X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y)
 Expected value of difference between random variables = E(X - Y) = E(X) - E(Y)
 Variance of the sum of independent random variables = Var(X + Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y)
 Variance of the difference between independent random variables = Var(X - Y) = E(X) + E(Y)

Sampling Distributions
  Mean of sampling distribution of the mean = μx = μ
 Mean of sampling distribution of the proportion = μp = P
 Standard deviation of proportion = σp = sqrt[ P * (1 - P)/n ] = sqrt( PQ / n )
 Standard deviation of the mean = σx = σ/sqrt(n)
 Standard deviation of difference of sample means = σd = sqrt[ (σ12 / n1) + (σ22 / n2) ]
 Standard deviation of difference of sample proportions = σd = sqrt{ [P1(1 - P1) / n1] + [P2(1 - P2) /
n2] }

Standard Error

 Standard error of proportion = SEp = sp = sqrt[ p * (1 - p)/n ] = sqrt( pq / n )

 Standard error of difference for proportions = SEp = sp = sqrt{ p * ( 1 - p ) * [ (1/n1) + (1/n2) ] }
 Standard error of the mean = SEx = sx = s/sqrt(n)
 Standard error of difference of sample means = SEd = sd = sqrt[ (s12 / n1) + (s22 / n2) ]
 Standard error of difference of paired sample means = SEd = sd = { sqrt [ (Σ(di - d)2 / (n - 1) ] } /
sqrt(n)

 Pooled sample standard error = spooled = sqrt [ (n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22 ] / (n1 + n2 - 2) ]
 Standard error of difference of sample proportions = sd = sqrt{ [p1(1 - p1) / n1] + [p2(1 - p2) / n2] }

Discrete Probability Distributions

 Binomial formula: P(X = x) = b(x; n, P) = nCx * Px * (1 - P)n - x = nCx * Px * Qn - x

 Mean of binomial distribution = μx = n * P
 Variance of binomial distribution = σx2 = n * P * ( 1 - P )
 Negative Binomial formula: P(X = x) = b*(x; r, P) = x-1Cr-1 * Pr * (1 - P)x - r
 Mean of negative binomial distribution = μx = rQ / P
 Variance of negative binomial distribution = σx2 = r * Q / P2
 Geometric formula: P(X = x) = g(x; P) = P * Qx - 1
 Mean of geometric distribution = μx = Q / P
 Variance of geometric distribution = σx2 = Q / P2
 Hypergeometric formula: P(X = x) = h(x; N, n, k) = [ kCx ] [ N-kCn-x ] / [ NCn ]
  Mean of hypergeometric distribution = μx = n * k / N
 Variance of hypergeometric distribution = σx2 = n * k * ( N - k ) * ( N - n ) / [ N2 * ( N - 1 ) ]
 Poisson formula: P(x; μ) = (e-μ) (μx) / x!
 Mean of Poisson distribution = μx = μ
 Variance of Poisson distribution = σx2 = μ
 Multinomial formula: P = [ n! / ( n1! * n2! * ... nk! ) ] * ( p1n1 * p2n2 * . . . * pknk )

Linear Transformations

For the following formulas, assume that Y is a linear transformation of the random variable X, defined by
the equation: Y = aX + b.

 Mean of a linear transformation = E(Y) = Y = aX + b.

 Variance of a linear transformation = Var(Y) = a2 * Var(X).
 Standardized score = z = (x - μx) / σx.
 t-score = t = (x - μx) / [ s/sqrt(n) ].

Estimation

 Confidence interval: Sample statistic + Critical value * Standard error of statistic

 Margin of error = (Critical value) * (Standard deviation of statistic)
 Margin of error = (Critical value) * (Standard error of statistic)

Hypothesis Testing

 Standardized test statistic = (Statistic - Parameter) / (Standard deviation of statistic)

 One-sample z-test for proportions: z-score = z = (p - P0) / sqrt( p * q / n )
 Two-sample z-test for proportions: z-score = z = z = [ (p1 - p2) - d ] / SE
 One-sample t-test for means: t-score = t = (x - μ) / SE
 Two-sample t-test for means: t-score = t = [ (x1 - x2) - d ] / SE
 Matched-sample t-test for means: t-score = t = [ (x1 - x2) - D ] / SE = (d - D) / SE
 Chi-square test statistic = Χ2 = Σ[ (Observed - Expected)2 / Expected ]

Degrees of Freedom
 The correct formula for degrees of freedom (DF) depends on the situation (the nature of the test statistic,
the number of samples, underlying assumptions, etc.).

 One-sample t-test: DF = n - 1
 Two-sample t-test: DF = (s12/n1 + s22/n2)2 / { [ (s12 / n1)2 / (n1 - 1) ] + [ (s22 / n2)2 / (n2 - 1) ] }
 Two-sample t-test, pooled standard error: DF = n1 + n2 - 2
 Simple linear regression, test slope: DF = n - 2
 Chi-square goodness of fit test: DF = k - 1
 Chi-square test for homogeneity: DF = (r - 1) * (c - 1)
 Chi-square test for independence: DF = (r - 1) * (c - 1)

Sample Size

Below, the first two formulas find the smallest sample sizes required to achieve a fixed margin of error,
using simple random sampling. The third formula assigns sample to strata, based on a proportionate
design. The fourth formula, Neyman allocation, uses stratified sampling to minimize variance, given a
fixed sample size. And the last formula, optimum allocation, uses stratified sampling to minimize
variance, given a fixed budget.

 Mean (simple random sampling): n = { z2 * σ2 * [ N / (N - 1) ] } / { ME2 + [ z2 * σ2 / (N - 1) ] }

 Proportion (simple random sampling): n = [ ( z2 * p * q ) + ME2 ] / [ ME2 + z2 * p * q / N ]
 Proportionate stratified sampling: nh = ( Nh / N ) * n
 Neyman allocation (stratified sampling): nh = n * ( Nh * σh ) / [ Σ ( Ni * σi ) ]
 Optimum allocation (stratified sampling):
nh = n * [ ( Nh * σh ) / sqrt( ch ) ] / [ Σ ( Ni * σi ) / sqrt( ci ) ]

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