YOGA FOR THE

WESTERN WORLD

bY
SIR PAUL DUKES, K.B.E.

STUDENTS OF WESTERN YOGA

(REGD. IN U.K.)
Works by the same Author:
THE UNENDING QUEST
SECRET AGENT ‘S.T.25’
COME HAMMER, COME SICKLE
AN EPIC OF THE GESTAPO

CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE
I. Yoga - Its Origin and Purpose ... . .:.. . . 1
II. The Yoga of Health ... . . . . . . .._ 14
III. Yoga for the Mind .._. . .._ 34
COPYRIGHT BY THE AUTHOR. ALL IV. The Yoga of Sound . .. .. ..,. 57
RIGHTS RESERVED. V. Yoga for Everyman .. . . .. 69
FIRST PUBLISHED, JUNE 1953.
SECOND ZDITION, MARCH 19.54.
THIRD EDITION, JUNE 1956.
FOURTH XDITION (REVISED C
ENLARGED), NOVEMBER 1958

Published privately by the Author.

Printed by O’Loughlin Brothers.
342 Elizabeth Street. Sydney.
 PREFACE
THIS BOOK IS COMPILED from a series of lectures delivered in
England and South Africa amplified by notes of demonstrations
given on television for the B.B.C. Much of the material was
also used in later lectures delivered under official auspices in
India at the invitation of the Director of Medical Services of
the Indian Ministry of Defence.
The author’s aim in writing the book has been to present new-
comers to the subject with a general survey of the scope and
purpose of Yoga expressed in Western terms. With this in view
technicalities have been avoided as far as possible and Sanskrit
terms used sparingly. In this completely revised edition
elementary exercises for respiratory and abdominal control
have been included which will be found useful by those who
have no access to direct tuition. The author has a major work
in preparation dealing with the exercises and postures of
Hatha Yoga and their true purpose, and it is hoped its publica-
tion will follow shortly on this new edition of the present book.
The story of how the author originally became interested in this
subject and many of his experiments in it have already been
told in his earlier work, The Unending Quest (Cassell & Co.).
It is sometimes thought that physical Yoga, to be pursued
successfully, must be taken up early in life and that it had best
be left alone once middle age is reached. This is a great mistake.
Middle age is the period when the virtues of physical Yoga for
the improvement of general health can be most highly appre-
ciated. One of its objects is to preserve the full vigour of the
prime of life into the eighth and ninth decades and even beyond.
The author has included illustrations of himself in a number
of Yoga postures in his seventieth year. The photographs were
taken following a trek of some two hundred miles on foot in
Lhe Himalayan mountains visiting remote ashrams. The
elementary exercises of physical Yoga can benefit everybody,
but their effect is greatly enhanced by acquaintance with the
underlying philosophy of the subject, and it is to provide for
this want that this book has been written for the general reader.
 I
YOGA -ITS ORIGIN AND PURPOSE

THERE IS A STORYof a Chinese sage in ancient times who with

his followers embarked at sea in a small and rather frail vessel.
They were overtaken by a heavy storm which threatened to
sink the ship. The sage, in spite of this, fell asleep and was
only aroused at the last moment by his followers, who awakened
him in fear. His only remark was: “Are we still on earth?’
That little story illustrates, firstly, the complete indifference
of the sage towards the tumult of the storm, and secondly,
indifference to whether the rubicon from this life to the next
had been crossed. It seems to me that that little tale has a
bearing upon the world as it is today, for the whole world is
in a state of turmoil. We all live in a state of apprehension as
to what the morrow may bring forth. Everything seems
unsettled and uncertain and this state of affairs undoubtedly
affects the morale and even the health of a great many people.
If one could discover a means by which, amid all this uncertainty
and in spite of the general apprehension, one could retain peace
of mind, a poised and balanced condition of body and mind,
such a discovery would be a blessing to a vast number, for
peace, the quiet mind, serenity of spirit seem almost impossible
of achievement in the modern world of competition and turmoil.
Many seek these treasures, and many are the agencies-
religious and philosophic-that purport to help us find them.
Those who find solace in the bosom of such should cling fast
to the treasure they have found. The trouble is that such bodies,
when they become institutionalized, tend to become slaves to
formalism and dogma, and thus defeat the object with which
they came into being. Furthermore they quickly fall into con-
fusion through divorcing from each other the three inseparable
aspects of man on this plane-body, mind, and spirit-which
act as a unit throughout the duration of this life. They make
the mistake of treating them as if they were quite separate
from each other. Spirit they tend to regard as the province of
religion, mind as the province of the schools and universities,
and the body-well-the body is left more or less to fend for
itself until it tumbles into the doctor’s hands for repair!

1
 My personal observations over many years lead me to say
with conviction, in speaking on the subject of the very ancient
philosophy of Yoga, that many have found satisfaction in its
common sense idealism after suffering disappointment in their
search for enlightenment in other fields. It is a philosophy to
which I myself owe much and I have seen it become of
assistance to many who were left stranded and in despair from
the confusion of voices in religious or philosophic societies.
Nobody knows exactly how old this philosophy is or where it
originated, but it seems to have had its first home, in this era
of mankind, in the highest table-land of the world, the Himalaya
mountains and the regions north of them. Thence, little by little,
with the opening up of India and improved communications
between East and West in the past hundred and fifty years, it
has percolated into the Western world, where it is now becom-
ing increasingly popularized. Its greatest modern exponents
and commentators are either British, French, German or
American, or else brilliant Indian philosophers brought up
under the British regime and expressing themselves mainly in
the English language. Study of this, the most ancient philosophy
known to mankind, has given many people a new outlook on
life, improving them in body, mind and spirit. It is a pity that
it is sometimes presented in distorted forms quite at variance
with the true teaching, but I will come to that in a moment.
The first thing to ask ourselves is what does the word Yoga
itself mean, literally. The plain and literal answer is, “yoking
ourselves to Nature, or the Source of our being, or to Perfection,
or to the divine or supreme Power of Creation”. The word
Yoga is the original of our English word “yoke” in the sense
of yoking, joining, uniting. Yoga is the process of uniting
ourselves to that which is divine. The divine can of course be
interpreted in different ways according to our approach. Some
will say Cosmic Consciousness, others the Infinite, the Source
of all being, the Fundamental Energy, the Ultimate Reality,
the Creator, or God. It does not matter what term we use-
it is not the term that matters, and as a matter of fact no term
is adequate, for the Infinite cannot be defined. To do our best
to express it in simple language perhaps we may say the highest
ideal we can possibly conceive, shall we say Perfection, since
Perfection in any form must be an attribute of divinity.
Yoga means nothing else than this. It has ‘nothing to do
with queer sects or stunts such as fakirs perform, lying on
beds of nails, self-mutilation, and other perverted and revolting
2 3
practices, and it is sheer falsification if such aberrations are
performed under the name of Yoga. It is true that there may
be an ascetic side to Yoga. Taking the analogy of Christianity,
some devotees feel called to become monks and nuns, but you
do not have to become a monk or nun to be a good Christian,
nor do you have to be an ascetic to be a good Yogi although in
some circumstances it may help. There is a very real sense
in which, for most people, the highest Yoga is that which is
practised in the home, the office, the workshop, in a word,
amid the ordinary circumstances of daily life.
Yoga, as I have said, is the oldest philosophy in the world.
It is the expression in practical form of the wisdom of the
Vedas, the most ancient recorded books, written several
thousands of years B.C. A great deal of the philosophy has
been embodied in later religions and teachings, including the
Christian Gospels and the Epistles of St. Paul. Yet Yoga itself
is not a religion in the Western sense and must not be confused
with one. It has no dogma, no creed, no fixed form, no highest
authority other than the original scripts, no church, no
organization, no imposed beliefs of any kind. Nor does it
concern itself directly with the after-life. It concerns itself with
this life, it believes in attaining heaven in this world. It is a
practical philosophy for living healthily, happily, efficiently,
longer, better, and in such a way as to radiate this happiness
to others and thus make this world a better place to live in.
I stress the term practical. This constitutes the main difference
between Yoga and many other forms of study of religious,
philosophical, learned, or occult subjects which confine them-
selves either to theory, or, if to practical study, to observing
external phenomena. Yoga teaches that we cannot possibly
count on understanding anyone or anything else aright unless
we are quite sure we first understand ourselves. So Yoga teaches
us to put our own house in order before we begin telling others
what they ought to do. This is surely the best preparation for
whatever after-life is to come. But what church or religion or
philosophic body a man chooses to belong to, that is his own
affair.
Another distinguishing feature of Yoga is that it not only
offers a philosophy of living but it gives clear indications how
to realize it. It is thus also a method, or technique. Life is an
art, and all art has its accompanying technique, without which
perfection can never be attained. Yoga teaches not only the
“what”, but the “how”. To make a comparison with music,
even the greatest music lover, if he does not study the technique
of music, will remain a mere amateur, however much he may
love music. To become perfect, to understand music fully, and
to be able to interpret it to others, he must acquire the necessary
technique. Then only will his own understanding be perfect,
and then only will he be qualified to transmit his knowledge
to others and help them along the path.
Down through the ages in all ancient religions and philoso-
phies there is inherent a certain message, namely that it is
possible to realize within ourselves our essential union with the
ultimate Supreme Power of the Universe. We are part of it,
and in a sense we are, each one of us, all of it. This is expressed
in the Christian doctrine by the words: “I and my Father are
One.” The doctrine of the essential unity of all beings is, to use
a colloquial expression, Yoga in a nutshell. If we could find the
key to this union with the ultimate Reality, with the Deity, with
Divinity, as we conceive of Divinity? and fmd it in ourselves,
there would lie the key to a new attitude towards the troubles
of life, its sorrows and grievances, its turmoils and its troubles;
a source to which we could always escape out of the narrow
self. This is what Yoga sets out to achieve. This is the essential
meaning of the word: conscious union-or re-union-with the
ultimate Reality or Source of all being. But its approach is
practical and scientific.
To continue the musical analogy, just as there are many
branches of music which will appeal to students of different
temperament so there are branches of Yoga. People differ
greatly in temperament and natural tastes. No two people are
exactly alike. Nature abhors equality as she abhors a vacuum,
and strives ever after infinite diversity and variety. This is what
makes the world interesting to live in, for if we were all alike,
or patterned in one mould as some social and political systems
would have us, there would be no ideas to exchange, no room
for discussion, and no possibility of development. So Yoga has
several branches or different avenues of approach. For the sake
of brevity I will mention only a few.
The branch of Yoga which is generally placed at the head
of the list is called Raja or Royal Yoga. Raja Yoga, briefly,
is the study of consciousness. What constitutes consciousness?
A complicated subject because we are all conscious of being
conscious, and yet what we commonly call consciousness is
only partial, a state of semi-consciousness. For we know also
that there is a sub-conscious which is working within us all the
time, a field of consciousness which is much more important
than the ordinary consciousness. In fact, ordinary consciousness
4 5
is largely conditioned by the sub-conscious. There exist also
states such as sleep and trance, which are also states of
consciousness, but very different indeed from ordinary
consciousness.
Raja Yoga is a study of all this with a view to discovering
a permanent and unchanging consciousness which lies behind
all these various forms of consciousness. Furthermore, even our
ordinary consciousness is obviously different at different times
of the day, for instance, when we are tired or when we are fresh,
drunk or sober, when we are angry or when we are pleased.
Raja Yoga then is the study also of these varying changes of
consciousness, Raja Yoga says that the consciousness with
which we commonly operate is only a state of being half-awake.
Take for example this present moment in this hall. Your
attention for this moment is concentrated on me, as the speaker,
and you have accordingly forgotten yourselves. If you observe
yourselves during the day you will notice that that is constantly
happening. Yet your ability to hear me depends upon that other
consciousness of which you have lost consciousness. You are
conscious and yet you are unconscious! Raja Yoga includes
in its embrace the sub-conscious and every other kind of
consciousness. This necessitates examination of what we mean
by the pronoun “I”. You say in the morning: “I am going to
do such-and-such, I am very happy about it.” Half-an-hour
later you open a letter and find that you have lost a lot of
money on the stock exchange and you say “I am miserable”.
Now which is it: I am happy or I am miserable? I am tired
or I am not? Which is “I”? We discover in Raja Yoga that
the vaunted “I” is a very variable quantity, and so far from
being a fixed and unvarying yardstick of measurement it is in
most people very unsettled. We want to discover an “I” which
is not a fiction, an “I” which does not vary. It is then found
that the underlying, unchanging “I” is a spark of that Divinity
which never varies, which is the ultimate unchanging Reality
and the Source of all being. Control of the mind depends upon
discovering this ultimate Reality. Raja Yoga may be said to
be the approach of the psychologist, only it goes very much
deeper than psychology. All too often students of psychology
put the cart before the horse by saying: “Now I am going to
study mind.” Yet what is the “I” that is going to do the studying?
That is taken for granted! But it must not be taken for granted.
The first thing that must be clarified is what is going to do the
studying. We must make sure that the yardstick with which we
are going to measure is accurate and unchanging. How other-
wise can it measure accurately? Its judgments will be as
unstable as itself.
Another branch of Yoga is devotional Yoga, called in
Sanskrit Bhakta. This is the Yoga of love, of devotion, of
worship. The intellectual approach does not appeal to every-
body. There is another type of man whose feelings are pro-
foundly stirred by contemplation of the wonder and majesty of
the universe and the mysteries of nature and life. He does not
seek to analyse them, such a process would appear to him futile
if not irreverent. He contemplates with awe the incomprehen-
sible miracles of even the most trivial elements that compose
our existence, and by meditating upon them, so to speak
merging his whole being with them, he seeks an understanding
of them through absorption. Like Raja Yoga, this path also
leads to self-abnegation, the denial of the limited personal self,
the realization that, as personalities, we live in a world of make-
believe on this plane. But it arrives at these conclusions by a
different method. It is the method of the mystic who, through
meditation, or if you prefer the term, prayer or communion,
contemplates a thing until he realizes its inner truth. It is the
Yoga of the religiously-minded person, it leads to merging
with the Deity.
Another branch is Karma Yoga. The word Karma means,
literally, action or activity. There is the type of person who
would naturally be as impatient with cold scientific analysis
as with what would appear to him to be mere dreaming,
inactive meditation. The typical “man of action” might easily
reject both these paths as unsuited to him, and still be a sincere
seeker, He would have to find the path through creative activity.
But what is action or activity? This is a much more profound
subject than appears on the surface, for, the moment you begin
to look into it, you find there is no end to study of causes and
effects, the way to do things so as to achieve the maximum of
result from the minimum of effort, the true economics of
endeavour, the inexhaustible process of action and reaction. An
enormous number of our actions are unconscious, in fact the
majority of them. While sitting there you shift your feet or
cross your knees, but you do not notice that you are doing it.
And while sitting there your heart is beating, your vital functions
proceed, you are quite unconscious of this activity, and yet the
consciousness of which we are so proud depends entirely upon
these functions. Karma Yoga is the study of activity in every
sense, and of the degree of importance of activities in which
we are concerned. This leads to a study of the results of all
6 7
action, conscious or unconscious. One thing leads to another.
Karma Yoga therefore is also a study of cause and effect in
general, and this involves delving into our most minute actions,
including the action of thought. The field is enormous. By
studying this one’s consciousness becomes greatly expanded
because, as we shall see, the field of action to which we usually
confine our consciousness is very narrow indeed. Karma Yoga
is the branch of Yoga which would appeal to people whose
natural temperament leads them to be men of action, who find
satisfaction in work, especially labours of an altruistic nature.
It also includes a study of what is often called fate or lot. It
teaches that “As you sow, so shall you reap”.
Another Yoga, the Yoga of knowledge, Jnana Yoga, is the
approach to union with the Deity through the accumulating of
knowledge, leading to wisdom. In this Yoga, Nature is regarded
as “God made manifest”. It is the approach of the scientific
research worker, of people who are interested in accumulating
knowledge of nature around them, who thus approach an
understanding of God by accumulating data about His works.
This is Jnana Yoga, the Yoga of knowledge and wisdom.
Then there is what is called Mantra Yoga, the Yoga of
sound. Sound means vibration. Everything in the universe
moves and exists through vibration. Sound is the most con-
venient form in which to study vibrations, since wherever there
is vibration there must be sound, and vice versa. We begin with
the effects of sound on the human organism. The sound may
not be audible to our ear, in fact our ear registers only an
infinitesimal range of sounds; but just as we can measure and
manipulate light that is invisible to the eye, so we can do the
same with sound that is inaudible to the ear. Audible sound
can bring us into contact with inaudible sound through the law
of octaves, and this is the basis of incantation in religious
worship, though the art has been lost now in the West. We shall
elaborate this subject when we come to the Yoga of Sound.
Another branch is Laya Yoga. The word Laya is translated
differently by different people, but one may say it means, in
general, energy. Laya Yoga is the study of energy as manifested
in our physical organism. Where does our energy come from?
Where is the power house? What causes bodily heat? What
constitutes the life force within us? What energy is it by which
we live, move and have our being? What is the dominating
energy of sex by which the species reproduces its kind?
Finally, it is clear that on this physical plane of existence
and during this particular life all these Yogas and all expressions
of human life are manifested through the medium of the human
body. The physical organism is the instrument of the mind and
soul. It is only through our nervous system and the brain (which
is part of our nervous system) that we can approach any study
whatever and express ourselves. It is therefore of vital import-
ance to see that this instrument is kept in the highest state of
efficiency. Hatha Yoga is the branch of Yoga that deals with
this subject. It seeks to achieve perfect health of body, mind
and spirit. In the West we tend to divorce from each other
these three aspects of our being As aspects of our being they
are quite distinct, but during the life on this plane they operate
together, and in whatever we do all three are involved. The
Yoga of Health, seen from this viewpoint, becomes of para-
mount importance, and it is with this that we start.
In physical Yoga training is concentrated on the nervous
system, to bring it into a state of harmony and poise. Anybody
will admit that if our nerves are upset the whole mechanism
of our being is disturbed. The nerves are brought into a state of
equilibrium largely, though not solely, through training the
breathing. One of the most prevalent causes of disordered
nerves is wrong breathing. This is not apparent at first sight,
people will ascribe their nervous troubles to all sorts of things,
mostly extraneous to themselves. Nevertheless, the key to
mental and spiritual health lies within us, not outside, and the
most direct path lies in the regulation of that-which primarily
gives us life itself, namely breath.
It is strange that the great majority of people allow this study
to go by default, paying no attention to it whatever, and then
wonder that their nerves get out of shape!
In the Yoga philosophy the universe is said to be permeated
by an inflnitely subtle essence called Prana. Modern science
holds the same theory, sometimes calling it the ether. Prana is
said to be the “cosmic breath”, that power through which
manifested creation becomes manifest, just as living beings
become alive through breathing; and it is significant that the
ancient sages applied exactly the same word, pram, to physical
breath as to the cosmic breath. This is why so much stress is
laid in physical Yoga on breathing, both to maintain the highest
standard of health and achieve the highest development also of
mental faculties. Breathing is the function through which we
come into the most direct contact with the Life-force. Even
when, through negligence, we take the line of least resistance
and breathe the least possible we are still taking in life, but
only just sufficient to keep body and soul together. Why not
8 9
take it more abundantly? Why not quaff more deeply and
more fully from the free fountain of life?
Further, in the initial training posture occupies a prominent
place. How we sit, stand, and move is a matter of importance,
affecting us all the time. Combined with a study of breathing
and of posture certain exercises are advocated which have the
effect of improving our vital processes, particularly digestion
and evacuation, defects of which affect our nerves adversely.
These movements also stimulate our nerve centres directly,
bringing them into harmonious working. The result is an
improvement in general health and sense of well-being, and
this is regarded as the first essential for the further study of
the philosophy of Yoga, from whichever angle it is approached.
Briefly, then, Hatha Yoga is the study of the human physical
organism and all the potentialities of mind, soul, or spirit that
lie within it. Its most appropriate motto is not found in any
of the Sanskrit or Oriental scripts. It is found in the Epistle of
St. Paul to the Corinthians: “Know ye not that your body is
the temple of the Holy Spirit? Glorify God therefore in your
body”.
Summing up these various branches of Yog,a one may say
that Raja Yoga, the Yoga of consciousness, contemplates the
Supreme Power as Mind; Bhakta Yoga as Love; Karma Yoga
as Motion, Action, Activity; Jnana Yoga as Knowledge and
Wisdom; Mantra Yoga as Vibration; Laya Yoga as Energy;
and Hatha Yoga as the power which informs the activities and
potentialities of the physical organism.
Now it requires very little thought to see that these branches
overlap. In fact they are all one. You cannot practice any Yoga
without bringing into play the Yoga of consciousness. You
cannot have the right attitude towards study unless you start
out by being something of a Bhakta, having a devout attitude
towards the subject. Karma Yoga, the Yoga of activity, depends
also upon thinking, and so forth. They all overlap, and they
all depend in a high measure on the condition of this physical
instrument through which the mind and the spirit operate.
The term “instrument”, as referring to our physical orga-
nism or “self”, is a convenient one with which to begin a study
of this subject, for the conception of our bodies as instruments
provided by our Creator with which to live and work on this
physical plane of existence is as convenient a formulation of
the matter as can be found for the Western world. The term
“instrument” is constantly found in the writings of mystics
e
throughout the ages, who have always come to see themselves
as instruments of the Most High. There is, for example, a
prayer of St. Francis of Assisi which is very appropriate to this
subject, and which runs:
“Lord, make me an instrument of Thy peace. Where there
is hatred let me sow love, where there is doubt, faith, where
there is despair, hope, where there is darkness, light, where
there is sadness, joy. Grant that I may seek to console rather
than be consoled, to understand rather than be understood,
and to love rather than be loved; for it is in giving that we
receive, in pardoning that we are pardoned and it is in dying
that we are born again to eternal life.”
Some people imagine that Yoga consists exclusively of
physical exercises, but no greater mistake could be made.
Certain physical exercises are indeed advocated, and are in
fact important, but they are prescribed only with the ulterior
purpose of clarifying and refining the mind and exalting the
spirit. Yoga in the fuller sense is a process of death and rebirth;
death to the old life, birth to a new one. Constantly, throughout
the messages of all the great teachers, we find the idea put
forward that we must die to be born again. In Yoga this process
is regarded first as a physiological one if it is to be complete,
because all manifestations of our mental and spiritual being
take place on this plane through the medium of the physical
mechanism. The duller the physique, the duller will be the
operation of mind and spirit. Purification is the keyword of
Yoga; the physique must be purified in order to liberate mind
and spirit.
Health is of course a relative term; who shall define absolute
health? We must all recognize inescapable limitations. We are,
for example, all mortal. Yet the onset of decline can be greatly
postponed. We all suffer from some physical defects, especially
in the circumstances of Western civilization which are highly
artificial. Yoga consists in doing our utmost to rectify our
deficiencies, and if we fall a prey to accident or irreparable
injury, still to accept this cheerfully and face it manfully. Sum-
ming up we may say that when all allowances are made, and
recognizing that we do have, each one of us, our limitations. it
still remains true that it is our duty to provide our Creator with
the fittest instrument that circumstances and our abilities permit,
with which He may work.
What do we really mean by “health”? Many people regard
themselves as healthy if they merely have no pain or observable
10
malfunctioning. But there are latent diseased conditions that
can be discovered only by careful examination. Again, is a
disgruntled or malicious disposition healthy? Cheerfulness is
a most important factor in lasting health. We are meant to be
joyful, not miserable, to radiate light, not gloom. To overcome
both physical and mental defects involves effort. Those who
take up Yoga seriously cannot expect to have it handed out to
them on a golden platter ready made. It always entails
struggle against the lower self, it requires readjustment of one’s
point of view, a revision of one’s conventional values and the
accepted standards of the world.
A happy disposition is therefore an important ingredient of
health, both physical and mental, the ability to see the best side
of things, even when they go wrong, a readiness to laugh,
especially at our own selves. Laughter is regarded as a divine
faculty, and some of the Yoga exercises are actually based on
the physical motions of laughter. Great muscularity is not
necessarily an attribute of health, muscularity can even be
excessive; but endurance and resistance to disease, even in an
apparently frail body, are signs of true health. In exceptional
circumstances, of course, anybody may fall a prey, we are all
liable to accidents, in street, trains, aeroplanes. Nevertheless
we can cultivate a greater degree of resistance so as to suffer
less and recover quicker. A further important point is the ability
to relax at will. This results in better sleep, and because it is
better, less of it is needed. This means in a very real sense
prolongation of life, for if you can add, say, an hour or two
to your daily waking life you have extended your life in a much
more real sense than if you lived for a century and slept through
half of it.
If I occasionally make references to the Deity or our Creator
I want it to be clearly understood that I am simply trying to
choose terms which are convenient and familiar to the West.
I have already emphasized that Yoga is neither a religion nor
a cult, nor does it seek to supplant anybody’s faith. Quite the
contrary, it seeks rather to reinforce it, for the man who is
devoid of faith is really only half alive. But faith can express
itself in many terms, and it is not the business of Yoga to
dictate what form it shall take. Yoga is a process of striving,
striving after union with whatever we regard as our most perfect
ideal. In whatever department of life your occupation may lie
your striving must be to do it ever better, whether it be business
or domestic life, art, athletics, philosophy, or anything else
you find yourself called upon to do. Perfection after all is only
11
another word for Divinity. Yoga is a method and a philosophy
of life based on reason, which shows us that it is possible to
yoke ourselves in all our activities to that Power that pervades
this universe to which we belong.
But just as one finds good and bad among those who profess
religion, SO also good and bad are found among those who call
themselves Yogis, that is, practitioners of Yoga. Unfortunately
there are bogus Yogis. There was a case in America of a man
who had given himself an Indian name who offered a corres-
pondence course to heaven for ten dollars, and the corres-
pondence course was on Yoga! Books and correspondence
courses may sometimes be better than nothing if direct sources
are not available, but caution needs to be exercized. Not every-
thing said and written about Yoga is authoritative.
I touched earlier on the point of asceticism and mentioned
that at certain stages, depending on how much time you have
and how far you wish to go, ascetic practices may be prescribed
for a certain time. It is, after all, rather like training for the
Olympic Games. People who train for the Olympic Games
have to change their habits of life, they must moderate their
diet, they must severely regulate their life. They must practice
to some extent an ascetic life for a time in order to achieve a
certain objective. Having achieved that objective they can either
keep it up or not keep it up, according to their wish. Exactly
the same applies in Yoga. Ascetic practices are prescribed to
achieve certain results. When you have achieved the results
you can revert to a more ordinary state of life. On the whole
asceticism is not regarded as essential, especially in Western
conditions.
Let us in conclusion of this preliminary survey sum up what
benefits may be looked for from the study and practice of this
subject in its simplest and most elementary form by ordinary
people in average circumstances of business or domestic life.
The first benefit to be gained is simply increased joy and
pleasure in being alive, sheer joie de vivre, to use the French
expression. This results from improved digestion, stimulation
of the nervous system, and an all-round better state of health.
The second is increased efficiency in whatever tasks one has to
perform, coupled with greater energy and less fatigue in per-
forming them. The third is greater mental alertness, a more
lively response to outside impressions, quicker mental reactions
and decisions. The fourth is a greater degree of balance, poise
and self-control, with less tendency to fear or despondency
12
arising from the troubles and difficulties of life, a better compre-
hension of the laws of cause and effect. And finally the satis-
faction of knowing that by radiating this increased measure of
life-force you spread hope and optimism to all with whom you
come in contact, and thus help to make this world a happier
place.
These are the results that may be expected by any normal
person who applies himself diligently and perseveringly to the
study and practice of Yoga in an elementary form adapted to
the circumstances of everyday life in the West. And finally,
for the sake of those who are interested in the more far-reaching
view of the aims and purposes of Yoga and the stages of its
attainment, here is a more complete summing-up which I put
into English at the suggestion of one of my Teachers:
“When your body is vigorous, your mind clear, your
spirit exalted, your blood pure, your nerves disciplined, your
physique resistant to disease, when you have made of your
physical frame an instrument worthy of the Divine Player-
ihis is the beginning of Yoga.
“When your service is to your Creator and your fellow-
man, when you perform hateful tasks joyfully, when you
are humble in success and cheerful in adversity, when you
are indifferent to praise or offence, and when you bow down
in gratitude for the difficulties and obstacles you encounter
-this is the progress of Yoga.
“When you are master of thought and ruler of emotion,
when amid all vicissitudes your calm enjoyment of inward
peace is complete, when every detail of existence evokes in
you wonder and awe, when you feel each moment of life to
be a miracle, when you merge your infinitesimal soul in the
ocean of infinite silence, and when you truly love all living
things as part of yourself-this is the attainment of Yoga.”
Is the ideal too high, the goal too inaccessible? If this is
what you feel, then simply remember the ancient Chinese
proverb: “A journey of ten thousand miles begins with the first
step”.
13

II
THE YOGA OF HEALTH
WHEN, AT BIRTH, we come into this physical world, we come
with two gifts only: the first is the physical body; the second
is time, a limited number of years before us. The body contains
all those inherent potentialities (known to the ancients as
sumskauas) which will manifest as mind, intelligence, individu-
ality, talent, genius, and character, briefly all those phenomena
covered by the common terms personality, soul, spirit; and how
the mind, soul, or spirit shall flourish during the present life
depends primarily on what befalls their vehicle, the body, in
the course of its adventures on this plane. If its quality is poor
and frail it may quickly wither and perish. If it is neglected or
abused, again it may not last long and its potentialities will be
lost to the world. Their blossoming depends first. and foremost
on what is done to preserve their vehicle in a suitable condition,
much as the blossoming of a flower depends on the conditions
and environment of the plant. If the body is extinguished, so
are its powers of manifestation in this world; if it is crippled or
diseased, its powers will be correspondingly circumscribed; if
it is maintained in the highest possible state of health, those
powers will be able to bloom as a healthy apple or cherry tree
displays in course of time its gorgeous array of flowering
blossom and gives the world its fruit. In the sense that physical
Yoga deals specifically with an organ that is transient and
doomed to disintegrate it may be regarded as the last of Yogas,
but it becomes the first when we realize that it is the only instru-
ment we possess through which to practise any other kind of
Yoga whatsoever; in other words all other Yogas depend for
their successful achievement on the body being in a condition
that will allow of its functioning in the required manner, and it
is only reasonable to assume that the more highly trained and
perfected the instrument is, the more likely is it to allow freedom
of operation to its spiritual tenant. Viewed in this light it
becomes an interesting illustration of the Biblical dictum, “The
last shall be first and first last”. (If theologians who are puzzled
by the many paradoxical utterances of the Lord Jesus would
examine them from the standpoint of Yoga philosophy they
would find much new light thrown on them.) Such a view
14
acquires still greater force from the fact that Hatha Yoga seeks
to train the physical instrument to a pitch of perfection that
allows an infinitely greater development than can ever be
possible by the most perfected methods of what is commonly
known as physical culture; it seeks to evoke not only all those
faculties which are now known to science, but also those which
are latent, those hidden potentialities which are still unrecog-
nized officially by Western science but whose existence is widely
accepted by the more adventurous physiologists and psycholo-
gists who are seeking to reduce to scientific terms the phenomena
exhibited by exceptional individuals in whom telepathy, clair-
voyance, and other phenomena reveal themselves accidentally
or as the result of conscious training.
Artificial distinctions between body, mind, and spirit there-
fore find no place in Yoga philosophy. Nor is there anything in
our physical organism of which we need ever, in any circum-
stances, be ashamed, unless we have neglected or abused it. All
parts are equally worthy of care, equally holy. There is still
prevalent in the Western world a false modesty, a shamefaced
puritanism about this matter. But if you divide up-the human
body and say this part is good but that is bad, this is honourable
but that is dishonourable, this is praiseworthy but that is shame-
ful, you are simply condemning your Creator for having made
you as you are. In Yoga we do not accept that attitude, we
regard the human organism as a unit without any reservations.
For convenience, although the distinction is artificial, we
may divide this branch of Yoga into two parts, metaphysical
and simply physical. The distinction is artificial because there
is no borderline, whatever meaning one attaches to the word
“metaphysical”. But this term is commonly employed to
designate those aspects of physical manifestation to which we
have referred above, that have not yet been precisely defined,
measured, classified and docketed by academic science and
consequently still are open to speculation and experimental in-
vestigation. Firstly I will deal with the latter aspect of the
matter. It is of interest to all who read books on Yoga, because
of the promises held out of what is called “psychic” development
-always a matter of curiosity-and the pictures with which
the books are usually illustrated showing people in what appear
to some to be strange postures, the renowned asanas, which are
reputed to develop the so-called “psychic” powers referred to.
The word “Hatha” is composed of two words, “Ha” which
means “the sun” and “tha” “the moon”. Hatha Yoga therefore
means literally “Sun-Moon Yoga”. The sun is said to have its
15
 counterpart in the physical organism in the solar plexus, as the
name implies. The moon has its counterpart in the brain, as is
also implied in the word lunatic, meaning a person whose
moon-organ, the brain, has got off its course. The object of
Hatha Yoga is sometimes said to be to establish the right
relationship between the sun and the moon in the body, in other
words the solar plexus and the brain. According to the meta-
physical interpretation of the human body, however, not only
the sun and moon but also the other planets of the solar system
have corresponding centres in the physical organism. The body
is in fact a replica in miniature of the solar system, and these
centres can be recognized and brought under conscious control.
Prana, the universal all-pervading essence of Creation, being
the medium through which life itself manifests, we will speak
of as the Life-force. This force, of course, permeates all organs
of the body at all times as it does all matter, yet it is through the
rhythmic flow of the breath, learning to regulate the inflow and
outflow, that we are able consciously to control and direct it,
and in this way raise the vibrations of the physical organs to
respond to those of more subtle planes of existence. It has been
conclusively proved by Western science that our brain and
nerves operate in response to electrical stimuli. Prana, like
electricity, is indivisible, yet it has its positive and negative
aspects. Prana that enters through the right nostril is positive
and is called Pingalu. Prana that enters through the left nostril
is negative and is called Ida. These two forces send nervous
impulses down the spinal cord until they reach the base of the
spine. There they unite, provided circumstances are favourable,
and together pass up the spinal cord, through the central spinal
channel, called Sushumna, until they reach the brain. The force
that passes up the Sushumna is sometimes referred to as the
Kundalini. The Kundalini may be described as a concentration
of all the vital forces of the organism, including all the latent
powers inherent in us, which in most people lie hidden as
undeveloped potentialities. The object of advanced physical
Yoga is to bring about this concentration of forces, and awaken
the dormant nerve centres within us. When this power reaches
the brain, illumination is granted to us.
Hatha Yoga teaches that this can be aided and promoted by
certain physical practices, directed by intense mental concen-
tration. Anybody who is interested in the metaphysical side
of the subject should realize that those who go in for it have
to devote a very great deal of time to it, perhaps their whole
life, and do nothing else. The famous asanas, about which
16
I shall have a word or two to say later, some of which concern
also ordinary physical Yoga, are all designed to effect pressure
on nerve centres in the body and stimulate them to higher
activity. These things can only be done in carefully prepared
circumstances under proper guidance. It is not for ordinary
people to hanker after powers which enable human beings to
perform such feats as levitation or simulating death, nor are
such powers of any use in ordinary life. Such seeming “miracles”
are possible and they are done, but only by exceptional people
who have had exceptional training in exceptional circumstances
and with exceptional guidance. And even then the powers are
of no value in themselves, but are of value only insofar as they
are accompanied by spiritual development for the service of
mankind.
The acquisitions to which physical Yoga attaches greatest
value for daily life are hrst and foremost an increased joy in
sheer existence, greater appreciation of the miracle of life, a
deeper urge to make the most of it and put the most into it.
Endurance and heightened resistance to disease, quicker
recovery powers, longer and fuller life, these too follow in the
train of the Yoga discipline. Not that mere length of days is
craved for; the desire for longer life is motivated by the
ambition to achieve more both in one’s inward and outward
life. It is the prime of life, the best part of it, the period of full
maturity that we seek to prolong, the years of the greatest
productivity and creative activity.
Four physical processes dominate life in the human organism:
they are Respiration, Alimentation, Elimination, and Relaxa-
tion; and because the operation of our mental and spiritual
functions depends on the happy working of these four depart-
ments of physical existence they are sometimes referred to as
the four Sacred Physical Arts. Respiration, being the primary
function of life as has already been stressed, is the first object
of attention in practical training, since by it we live from
moment to moment. The lungs may be likened to bellows, and
most people breathe only with the middle range of the bellows.
We should learn to expand these bellows to the full as a habit.
Moreover it is instructive to study the various modes of breath-
ing that Nature indicates to us at special moments. Besides
speaking, singing, and chanting, also whistling, yawning, gasp-
ing, sighing, laughing, crying, panting, puffing, sniffing, hum-
ming, and sneezing are modes of breathing examination of
which repays us handsomely. Laughing, for instance, is a truly
divine impulse-genuine laughter, of course, not a mere
17
 chuckle. Side-splitting laughter is a cleansing breath on which
important Yoga exercises are based. Properly performed,
laughter completely clears the lungs, stimulates the intestines,
accelerates the circulation, causes perspiration which cleanses
the skin, and provokes tears which are nature’s own eye lotion.
Yawning also provides a key to valuable respiratory exercises.
A yawn is an internal stretch which so to speak recharges our
psychic accumulators. It is usually, and ought always to be,
accompanied by stretching the limbs to squeeze out the sluggish
blood and thus stimulate circulation which tends to slacken
when we are physically inactive. A yawn consists of a deep
inhalation, retention of the breath, while face and throat
muscles are distended and contorted, and finally a complete
exhalation, which is always followed by a feeling of relaxation
and refreshment if the operation has been correctly performed.
These are truly divine impulses, reminding us that we have
been neglecting the intake of the Life-force that is given us so
freely and abundantly and enabling us to make up for the
deficiency by these special devices. Consider the matter also
in this way: suppose we were to breathe less and less until we
ceased breathing altogether, how much life would be left? It
would quickly be the end of us. Yet few people perceive that
by working in the reverse direction, namely by breathing more
and more, it might be the saving of us through doubling or
trebling the Life-force we absorb.
EXERCISE ONE. To acquire the habit of deep complete
breathing the learner should proceed as follows. Lie flat on
the ground and allow the limbs to go quite loose. Take care
that the mouth is closed so that breathing shall be through the
nostrils only; and that the teeth are not touching, this aids
relaxation. Empty the lungs completely. Then, in inhaling, see
to it that the lower part of the lung is filled first. For this the
diaphragm must expand downward and outward so that the
abdomen swells slightly. Every deep breath must be an abdomi-
nal breath. To make sure of this the fingers may be placed
lightly on the body so as to feel the movement of the abdomen.
Continuing the inhalation the middle and upper parts of the
lungs are filled, the upper part of the chest rising with the last
in-drawing of air, the general sensation being one of drawing
everything up inside the body. With this the lower abdomen
should be slightly drawn in. Hold the breath a very brief
instant, then let it flow out gently, like a sigh of relief and
satisfaction, making sure that the exhalation is complete. Pause,
relaxed, until the impulse to inhale reappears, then repeat the
18
breath. As an exercise the whole operation should be per-
formed half a dozen times as slowly and evenly as possible.
The average rate of ordinary breathing is about 18-20
times a minute and because this is the average many mistake it
for the normal. But to breathe twenty times a minute is only
possible if the respiration is shallow and a considerable area
of the lung surface is not expanded and consequently runs to
waste. The faster and shallower the lungs are made to work
the worse is the effect on the nerves. To breathe, say, thirty
or forty times a minute as a habit is ruinous and liable soon
to cause a nervous breakdown. To breathe twenty times a
minute is only relatively less harmful. The actual rate of respira-
tion must of course depend to some extent on the degree of
physical exertion at the time; but when no particular physical
exertion is being made the rate of breathing should not exceed
six or seven respirations a minute. Lying on the ground or
seated quietly it can easily be reduced still further. In this
mode of deep breathing far more oxygen is imbibed than in
more rapid and shallow breathing, for the entire area of the
lung receives aeration, whereas in shallow breathing only a
restricted area receives any aeration at all, and the more rapid
the breath the smaller the area aerated.
The habitual breathing of some who regard themselves as
normal individuals is so. bad that first attempts at practising
even this mild exercise tend to make them dizzy. This is one
of the reasons why it is suggested that the first attempts should
be made lying down. It should then be practised sitting and
standing until it becomes a regular habit. The spine must
always be held erect, the shoulders lightly pressed back, and
the lower abdomen slightly drawn in. Seated on a chair the
torso and thighs, and the thighs and legs, should form right
angles. The eyes should be closed and the period of holding
the breath with the lungs full should gradually and cautiously
be extended.
EXERCISE Two. This consists in adding vertical arm move-
ments to the above exercise. During inhalation, slowly raise
the arms, fully extended, sideward behind the line of the
shoulders. Clasp the hands overhead and turn the palms upward
(Fig. 1) . In this position remain immobile, with the breath
held, for as long as is comfortable to do so. As soon as the
slightest strain appears unclasp the hands and bring them
down slowly, behind the line of the shoulders, slowly releasing
the breath. The whole movement is followed by a series of
full breaths without arm movements, the body being relaxed.
19
The exercise should be repeated, slowly, several times. The
degree of stretching overhead may be gradually increased as
the ability to hold the breath longer grows. The most tranquil-
Figure 1 Figure 2
lizing effect is produced by performing the entire exercise with
closed eyes. These elementary exercises may have a profound
effect in calming the nervous system of people who have never
before attempted to study the art of correct breathing. The
feature that distinguishes them from any form of mere gym-
nastic is that they must be performed with the breath held.
Further developments of this exercise may be performed
standing, as follows:
Figure 3 Figure 4
EXERCISE THREE.After completely emptying the lungs in-
hale deeply, raising the arms laterally behind the line of the
20
shoulders, clasp the hands overhead and turn the palms upward,
look upward, hold the breath a brief instant in this position
(Fig. 2)) then unclasp and bring the outstretched arms down
slowly behind the line of the shoulders while slowly exhaling.
At first the breath should be held only for one second but with
practice this can be prolonged. As the arms descend to the
sides they relax, together with the whole body. Two or three
deep breaths should then be taken without arm movements
before repeating the exercise, These breaths must be full and
deep, resembling tidal waves, the body relaxing completely after
each one except for the slight effort required to maintain the
standing position. When accustomed to this exercise the student
may repeat it several times. It will also be found refreshing to
do it occasionally, once, or twice, at any time during the day.
EXERCISE FOUR. When the student is able to hold the breath
a few seconds in the upstretched position (Fig. 2), he may,
while holding the breath, gently bend the body sideward (Fig.
3). At first he should do each side separately on single breaths,
and as he acquires proficiency he may do both sides on the
single held breath. The degree of stretching should at first be
gentle, but may be gradually increased. The descent and
recovery breaths are the same as in Exercise Three.
Figure 5 Figure 6
EXERCISEFIVE. Instead of bending sideward, the body bends
forward (Fig. 4). The knees are kept stiff, the bending of the
body is from the hips so that the back is quite straight, and the
arms press upward, the head being held well back. Again at
first the degree of stretching should at first be gentle, gradually
increasing with practice. Exhalation and relaxation are as in
Exercise Two.
21
 EXERCISE SIX. The body may now be bent backward instead
of forward (Fig. 5). The bending must at first be very slight,
as balance is more easily disturbed in bending backward than
in bending forward. Exhalation an,d relaxation as in Exercise
Three.
With practice the student may perform the forward and
backward bendings on the same breath, and eventually all
four positions of Exercises Four, Five and Six in sequence on
one breath.
These various movements not only greatly strengthen the
lungs, but stretching of the limbs and the bending of the torso
serve to squeeze the sluggish blood from the tissues and render
the body more flexible. Prolongation of youthfulness depends
in large measure on the degree of suppleness and sinuosity of
the body.
EXERCISE SEVEN. The student may now combine all above
four positions in a rotary movement. From the position of Fig.
2, the body is first bent forward as in Fig. 4, then rotated later-
ally to the position of Fig. 3. There it is held an instant to make
sure the position is correct, then the rotatory movement is con-
tinued round to the backbend position of Fig. 5, then further
to the side-bend position on the other side, and is finally brought
back again to the front (Fig. 4)) raised to the straight (Fig. 2))
and exhalation and descent take place, followed by recovery
breaths, as before.
As in preceding exercises, the degree of stretching and
pressure in any direction must at first be slight, but can be
increased little by little. Also at first the rotation must be suffi-
ciently fast to be easy, and then may be gradually slowed down;
or, the double rotation can be performed on the single breath.
All the above exercises are of immense value for elementary
Yoga preparation, and, combined with the further exercises
for abdominal control, will go far toward restoring vigour to
both body and mind, provided due moderation is observed in
the habits of eating, with special attention to thorough mastica-
tion of every mouthful.
Q * * stances must all be taken into consideration. Each must decide
Alimentation, the second of the Sacred Physical Arts, is the
art of nourishing the body. Nourishment is obtained in four
forms: solids, liquids, air, and mental impressions-impressions
from outside, obtained through sight, hearing, and smell.
Impressions can greatly modify the effects of food. Bad news
received during a meal may leave us devoid of any further
desire for food. Equally an unpleasant sight or smell may spoil
22
one’s appetite by the impressions caused. They may even pro-
voke vomiting. As for food in the usual sense, Yoga pays no
attention to the periodic array of dietetic fads with which the
otiose obese and self-inflicted dyspeptics seek to console them-
selves. Provided common sense is observed, which includes
moderation in all things and frugality in luxuries, the best thing
one can do to every peddler of diatetic cure-alls is to turn a deaf
ear and get on with the business of living reasonably. There
are three sins of which most people are guilty in greater or lesser
degree: one is eating too much, the second is eating too fast,
and the third is eating too often. It is very hard to convince
people in this matter, but the truth is that we lose a considerable
amount of energy with every single morsel that we eat beyond
the strict requirements of the body. It becomes, so to speak,
excess baggage, a burden that has to be carried about and dis-
posed of. When people struggle against the bad habit of eating
beyond the body’s requirements they may suffer discomfort for
a time in the process of curbing their cravings; but the choice
has to be made, either to curb indulgence and improve the
health, figure, general appearance and sense of well-being, or
else accept the consequences of systematic gluttony, and-con-
tract dyspepsia, constipation, rheumatism, diabetes, and the rest
of the dictionary of ailments. It is surprising how little the orga-
nism can subsist on and feel much stronger. By eating only the
right amount one saves a great deal of energy, all that energy
which was previously expended in digesting the superfluous food
and carrying about the consequences heaped round the waist,
hips, and loins. Besides, by eating too much and too fast-the
two things generally go together-one quickly ceases to enjoy
-and nothing is more necessary than to enjoy one’s food!
Both eating and drinking should be part of that legitimate enjoy-
ment which is necessary to the body.
It is, however, difficult to generalize on actual diet because
people’s requirements differ according to circumstances and
occupation. There cannot be a fixed general diet exactly suited
to everybody. Age, sex, climate, occupation, and special circum-
for himself how he is to cope with details of the subject. But
the principle remains true for all, that we ought to eat less than
is the prevailing custom, and that little should be consumed
slowly. Nature has her own tempo and rhythm in these matters,
she cannot be rushed with impunity. It must be remembered
that what we are aiming at is more energy, greater efficiency,
and a deeper satisfaction and contentment. To achieve these
23
blessings we must avoid all forms of excess. All too ?any people
are like the old lady who was prescribed a diet by her doctor;
her daughter came in in the evening and found her stuffing her-
self with a huge meal, so she said, “But, mother, didn’t the
doctor prescribe a diet for you?” To which the old lady replied,
“Oh yes, and I had my diet this morning, now I’m having my
dinner!”
* * * repeated several times at each performance. This exercise not
The third Sacred Physical Art is Elimination. Elimination
(of waste matter and toxins) is another word for Purification.
It is just as important as Respiration, and should really come
before Alimentation, for you cannot refurnish and renovate
your bodily habitation until you have thrown put unwanted
rubbish. Purification is the keynote of practical Yoga. Every
inhalation and exhalation constitute a process of purification.
There is a common saying that cleanliness is next to godliness,
but in the philosophy of Yoga cleanliness is regarded as an
essential feature of godliness. Of the two kinds of cleanliness,
outer and inner, outer cleanliness, however desirable, matters
little by comparison with inner cleanliness. The purification to
which we attach prime importance is inner. The four channels
of physical purification are the lungs, the large bowel or colon,
the kidneys, and the skin. All these organs must be brought
into increased activity: the lungs through special exercises of
which one elementary example has been given; the bowel
through exercises and water cleansing, the kidneys through
water cleansing, and the skin through the cleansing action of
both water and air. The organs are thus made to operate in a
more efficient manner, and thereby life may become completely
transformed.
EXERCISE EIGHT. The following simple abdominal exercises
will be found helpful in stimulating digestion and regular
evacuation of the bowel, but they must not be performed too
soon after a meal. Early morning is the best time.
Lie flat, and let all the limbs go loose, as described in the
first breathing exercise. Take two or three full deep breaths
as there indicated. After the third, empty the lungs, and, with-
out drawing in any further breath, pull up the abdominal wall
under the ribs -and hold it there a second or two. Then let go,
dnd take several deep full breaths before repeating the opera-
tion. When the abdominal wall is thus pulled up it should be
possible to feel the ribs protruding through the skin, for which
reason this exercise is sometimes called the skeleton movement
-a highly encouraging phenomenon to those desirous of
24
reducing their superfluous “padding”. A word of caution, how-
ever. This exercise should be commenced gently, and stopped
at once if discomfort is felt. In this case it should be re-
commenced after a pause again very gently, aided with light
massage with the fingers of the region thus brought into play,
and the position held only one or two seconds. After a while
it can be prolonged, and the movement of tensing and releasing
only greatly stimulates the region of the stomach, liver, pan-
creas, intestines and transverse colon, thus promoting digestion
and assimilation through renewal of the blood supply, but it
necessitates several full deep breaths between each perform-
ance, thus promoting complete breathing as a regular habit.
It also stimulates peristaltic action throughout the whole
intestinal canal and therefore encourages quicker evacuation
of the bowel. (See illustration facing page 27.)
EXERCISE NINE. The following exercise combines gentle
internal pressures with massage of the spine and rhythmic
breathing. It should be done on a soft rug or carpet..
Figure 7 Figure 8
Adopt the cross-legged sitting posture, spine erect, and
clasp the right foot with the left hand and the left foot with the
right hand (Fig. 6). Exhaling, bend forward (Fig. 7). From
this position, roll back onto the spine, releasing the feet,
straightening the arms on the floor, and extending the legs in
the air (Fig. 8). Without pause, roll forward again to the
starting position (Fig. S), grasping the feet once more. Inhale
deeply, exhale and recommence. To get used to this movement
it may be done a few times without special attention to the
breathing. Accurate rhythmic respiration can then be added
as follows. In the starting position (Fig. 6) inhale fully,
straightening the spine. Bend forward exhaling, roll and recover
to the starting position with empty lungs. Inhale again deeply,
and recommence. After every two or three rolls performed
25
 thus, a pause should be made to take two or three slow com-
plete breaths before continuing. The exercise may be repeated
in this way as many times as is comfortable.
EXERCISE TEN. The Shoulder-stand. This posture is highly
beneficial in that, by inverting the position of the body, the
downward drag of gravity on the internal organs is reversed,
thus relieving any tendency to varicose veins and internal
prolapses, while the pressure on the region of the neck and
throat stimulates the thyroid gland and administers valuable
massage to the vocal organs. From the rolling position (Fig. 8)
the legs are lifted, the hands raised to support the body in the
small of the back, until gradually the body is pushed up straight
and held there for a few seconds. Deep breathing is impossible,
but though shallow it should be rhythmic. The period of holding
the posture can be very gradually extended. After each practice
of a shoulder-stand, relax completely, lying down and taking
a few deep breaths before repeating.
A A *
Finally, the fourth Sacred Physical Art is Relaxation. Many
people find it a source of trouble that they cannot easily relax.
We live, of course, a truly crazy life in our modern cities, regu-
lated not by our natural requirements but by office hours,
limited meal times, and the manifold duties of daily life, all of
which necessitate an artificial mode of living, and consequently
we tend to get tied up in nervous knots, mental as well as physi-
cal. Knots are not untied by giving them a jerk, that will only tie
them tighter. The worse the tangle, the more gently it must be
unravelled. If you can do it the mental way (which is, of course
also physical, operating directly through the brain) well and
good. Lie down and truly will yourself to relax-but bear in
mind that willing does not imply any mental exertion; it means
implanting one idea in the mind and letting it germinate there
undisturbed like a seed in the soil. Some find this difficult, how-
ever, for the very reason that the mind itself is too taut. For
such people symmetrical and measured alternation of physical
tension and release is the best method. Tension and release are
like light and shade. The deepest shadow is cast by the strongest
light. A convenient procedure is as follows: Lying flat,
deliberately stiffen the whole body, tightening the fists and
tensing the limbs to the maximum. The subsequent sudden
release brings natural relaxation in its train. Breath may be
held during tensing, followed by full deep breaths in relaxation.
A * *
Yoga aims to achieve a sort of economy of activity in the
physical organism which resembles in a way the economics of
26
finance. When we invest money we hope to get the best return
and if we do not get a good return we are dissatisfied. Now we
should eat, sleep, work, yes and even play, as an investment.
Over-capitalization, as any financier knows, is often a serious
danger, and so is over-eating, over-sleeping, over-working.
There is an economics of these operations. Yoga teaches us to
work out the art of living in such a way that every effort we
have to make shall cost the minimum in exertion, and yet pro-
duce the maximum result, still leaving a reserve for emergencies.
The centre for the distribution of energy is the solar plexus.
Consequently, the abdomen is, as it were, the office and power-
station where the economics of energy are worked out and
put into operation, so that if our abdominal region is cluttered
up with adipose tissue or intestinal accumulations our physical
(and consequently mental) economics cannot be calculated to
best effect. It is commonly recognized that our thought is
largely determined by our emotions, and that the seat of our
emotions lies primarily in the solar plexus. This is admitted
in vulgarisms such as “a man of guts” or “bowels *of com-
passion”, popular expressions which reveal deep truth. The
power of feeling, our capacity for reverence, worship, aspira-
tion, idealism in general originate from here. When we are
angry it is our “stomach” that turns, when we are frightened
it is in the abdominal region that we get that “queasy” feeling,
when disgusted it is our stomach that vomits. This is why we
associate mental impressions with nourishment, and why it is
always good to be cheerful at table. It is by our emotions that
the quality of our thought is mainly determined. In Hatha
Yoga, therefore, it is the nervous system,as a whole, but at first
particularly the nerve centres of the abdominal region that
receive first attention. To start with the brain, or thinking appa-
ratus as we commonly understand it, and let the rest of the
organism take care of itself is to put the cart before the horse.
In examining this subject we need not go further than the sun
and moon in recognizing the correspondence of the microcosm
of the human body with the macrocosm of the solar system,
especially as it would be difficult precisely to determine which
of our nerve centres in terms of Western science correspond to
the so-called “chakras” of Hatha Yoga. But the implied recogni-
tion by the West of the correspondence of the solar plexus and
the brain leads us to conclude that further correspondences will
later be recognized.
The philosophic implication of this recognition lies in the
fact that it leads us inevitably to the conclusion that, as

27
individuals, we should regard ourselves as integral parts of the
universe. An acute realization of this would have a far-reaching
influence on our thought, since to recognize this fact fully would
inevitably bring our individual consciousness into line with the
universal consciousness, in other words with the creative prin-
ciple of the universe, which is the whole aim. of Yoga. In fact,
it may be said that the aim of Sun-Moon or Hatha Yoga is so
to train our bodily functions and activities, including thpught,
which is one of the most important of our bodily activities,
that they shall operate in a manner fully reflecting the beauty,
harmony, rhythm and ordered symmetry of the heavens above
and around us. In the microcosm of the human body this will
find expression in perfect harmony of body, mind and spirit.
It is a peculiar feature of Western “civilization:‘, as we are
pleased to term it, that the vital process of breathmg, the very
basis of our consciousness, is left almost entirely to take care
of itself. Parents teach their children how to read and write,
how to walk, run, sit and perform other activities, they teach
them how to behave and deport themselves, but the vast
majority of parents would stare at you blankly and uncompre-
hendingly if you asked them if they had taught their children
how to breathe! And naturally enough, since in the vast majority
of cases they never learnt themselves! Children are taught Latin
and mathematics, but not how to breathe. Adolescents proceed
to universities to have their heads filled with all sorts of know-
ledge, useful or otherwise, without anyone ever having even
dreamt of teaching them the greatest of all arts and sciences,
that of how to perform most effectively and with the maximum
of advantage that function which constitutes our immepiate
and most intimate link with Life itself. The process of lzvzng 1s
treated as something entirely haphazard, accidental, to be taken
for granted much as brute creatures take their existence for
granted.
But it is precisely with this operation of the Life-force within
us and discovery of its hidden secrets that Hatha Yoga concerns
itself. It is the most profound and the most reverent of all
studies without which the study of philosophic or religious
matter; assumes a certain ironic character. Truly do we all too
often cast aside the substance for the shell. Even serious students
honestly seeking truth often get lost in the pursuit of phenomena
external to themselves or through adherence to forms and
practices dictated by dogmas or creeds imposed from without,
with the result that the search for the kingdom of heaven wzthzn
us is neglected and may even be regarded askance. Anything
28
to do with the “body” is considered as unworthy of attention
or even improper, something to be discouraged; and yet these
same p:< _ ,neglecting their own instrument, would hardly
invite a f&c-class pianist to extract music from a second-rate
untuned piano.
In the West, only for the purposes of singing and athletics
is any kind of breath-training frequently practised and then
only to achieve certain limited external effects. Fdr the rest,
it is allowed to go completely by default.
In popular books on physical Yoga a great deal of attention
is usually devoted to descriptions of certain bodily postures to
which importance is attached. Some of these are indeed
important as placing the body in an attitude of symmetry with
pressures effected on vital centres, but it is a mistake to think
as some seem to imagine, that simply by twisting the body intd
these unusual positions supernatural powers will be developed.
As a matter of fact, performed maladroitly and without proper
guidance they may do harm. No two individuals are constructed
exactly alike, and structural peculiarities must be taken into
consideration. Furthermore, there is a long series of exercises
physical and mental, that must precede the postures in order td
prepare the body for them and for results that are expected
from them, and these exercises are rarely indicated in books in
any adequate manner, once again for the reason that there
cannot possibly be any universal rule applying equally to every-
body, since we are constructed differently, not to speak of
differences of temperament and mentality which also have to be
considered.
To sum up, physical Yoga is designed to prepare the body
to be a perfect instrument through which the mind and spirit
of man may manifest on this plane of existence. Though only
by special training can its more advanced forms be practised
in its more elementary stages, adapted to the conditions 0;
Western city life, it can still be of immense benefit to health
and general well-being, inducing peace of mind and serenity of
spirit even amid all the turmoil and anxiety of modern life.
It cannot be too often emphasized that Yoga differs from
ordinary physical culture in that it does not seek to develop
big biceps or athletic prowess-however admirable these may
be in their right place-but that it seeks by means of training
and control of the breath, coupled with symmetrical movements
and postures, to establish harmony in the nervous system with
consequent balanced collaboration of body, mind and spirit.
The right mental attitude to the subject is essential from the
29
outset, and it must constantly be borne in mind that the body
is to be trained to be a fitter instrument for the efficient
manifestation of the soul.
Pranuyama, the control of breath or spirit, which is the first
step in the process of tuning, is brought about by various
exercises, ranging from forced breathing for the purpose of
purifying the lungs and effecting a complete clearance of all
the bronchial and nasal passages, to slow rhythmic breathing
involving the use in a scientific manner of each nostril separately.
Retention of breath for long periods also plays a vital part in
Yoga practice. Training of the breath must be accompanied by
a scientific study of the postures to which I have already
referred. It is fully admitted in the West that the manner in
which we hold ourselves while sitting and standing has a marked
influence on our health and well-being. In Yoga the study of
this subject is carried much further. Not only must the body
be held at all times in a free and easy position and the general
musculature kept lithe and supple for this purpose, but by the
exercise of pressure on nerve centres and glands through the
practice of special postures accompanied by holding of the
breath these centres can be awakened to an unsuspected degree.
The essential feature of all the Yoga poses is their symmetry.
The body may be twisted and contorted in a manner that seems
strange to those who view such postures for the first time, but
the positions in which the body is placed are always symmetri-
cal and harmonious. The simplest of them for the purpose of
sitting comfortably and symmetrically is the cross-legged
position with the spine erect and the hands lying on the knees.
This is the basic posture for the commencement of elementary
study.
A posture that generally arouses a good deal of curiosity is
that of standing on the head. When properly approached there
are very few people in average health who cannot perform this.
It has many benefits. Its chief object is to reverse the effect of
gravitation on the internal organs and the bloodstream. Gravita-
tion exerts a powerful drag downwards on our insides, especially
on the vital organs of the abdominal region, causing prolapses
and other disorders of the intestinal tract, particularly in people
of sedentary habits. Its influence is powerful on the circulation
of the blood, causing varicose veins and other troubles. All
these can be relieved and often cured by the simple practice of
inverting the position of the body. This is becoming increasingly
recognized by the medical profession in the West, and various
devices have been invented for tilting the body at such an
30
angle that the head shall be lower than the rest of the body for
prolonged periods. In a person of average health the use of
such mechanical devices is merely paying tribute to sloth, for
much benefit is gained by the actual process of learning to stand
on the head. The process is gradual and gentle, and when
correctly instructed the learner finds himself standing upside
down comfortably and without effort quite quickly, sometimes
to his own great astonishment-and always to his delight. The
practice is especially beneficial to women on account of the
wider pelvic basin, but they must approach it cautiously.
Prior to this, of course, the abdominal muscles, which come
prominently into play in getting up and down from a head-
stand, must have been suitably exercised, and the training of
these muscles forms an important feature of elementary Yoga
exercising. This not only improves the digestive apparatus,
diminishing any tendency to constipation, but by exerting suit-
able pressure on the nerve sentres of the lower body it tones
up the nervous system generahy, filling the student with a new
sense of vitality.
Some peopIe seem to fear that these exercises ‘may put a
strain on the heart. Without denying that cases exist where care
must be taken in that direction, it nevertheless remains true
that the danger of straining the heart can be easily exaggerated.
The heart is a sturdy muscle, never ceasing its labours from
birth to death. The following is an amusing but instructive
report from the Times of a case from East London. It is headed
“The Man with a Weak Heart-His Quiet Day”: and reads as
follows:-
A dispatch from the East London correspondent of the
Cape Times says that this week an East London man was
told by his doctor that his heart was weak, and that he must
avoid exertion, and, above all, excitement. While driving to
his office from the consulting-room he was stopped by a
crying woman and asked to batter down the doors of a
garage in which her husband was trying to hang himself. He
did so, pacified the man, who threatened violence and
reconciled him to his wife. Returning to his hotel from the
office later, the “invalid” was asked by a traffic policeman
to give chase to a speeding driver. He caught the driver after
a chase of several miles, sometimes at sixty miles an hour.
Going to bed for peace and quiet at last he was disturbed
by groans outside his window, and found on investigation a
Native woman in labour. He rounded up Native female ser-
vants in the hotel and assisted in the delivery of the child.
31
 BRIEF NOTES ON THE POSTURES OF THE
He then returned to bed to sleep well, telling the correspond-
ent next day, “My heart is still beating”. PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS

In practice, the heart is greatly strengthened by the exercises

of elementary Yoga which devote so much attention to
systematic improvement of the action of the lungs and the
gentle stimulation of the nerves, alternating with periods of
complete relaxation. The headstand, provided it is learnt in
the proper sequence of events, is actually a relief to the heart,
facilitating as it does the flow back to the heart of venous blood
from the lower limbs, and providing for a temporary increased
flow to the head, which requires a greater proportional blood
supply than the lower body anyway. Everybody knows that
the first thing to do when persons feel faint is to make them
lower their head below the knees.

All the exercises of Yoga, whether elementary or advanced,

are based on natural principles, and they are derived from a
direct study of natural impulses, There is nothing “odd” about
them. The only thing that is odd is that they could ever be Figure 9 Figure lb
regarded as “odd”. Negative reports about them only arise These postures usually require expert help. The Headstand
through ignorance, or from another factor that does unfortunately should be prepared for by first strengthening the neck and
sometimes present itself, namely instruction by ignorant and accustoming the head to be held lower than the body. This is best
achieved by kneeling, placing the head on the ground as in fig. 9,
inexperienced instructors who merely exploit the term Yoga and swaying the body gently to and fro so as to bring pressure to
for their own ends. bear on the back of the neck. This should be practised for some
days until head and neck are accustomed to the pressure. Then by
framing the head with the hands as in fig. 10, and gently kicking
The subject can be summed up thus. Physical Yoga aims off the ground with the feet but without straightening the legs,
at producing a physical instrument that shall be a worthy the hunched-up body may gradually be lifted to the halfway
medium for manifestation of the mental and spiritual aspects position (fig. 10); in this operation the body should first be lifted
of our being. For the religiously-minded the best way only an inch or two from the ground and drop back again, the lift
being increased little by little at each practice. When a learner
to express it is to say that through Yoga we seek to provide loses balance it is almost always through trying to go too fast.
our Creator with an instrument worthy of His Divine hand The halfway position (fig. 10) is the “control point” through which
through which to work in us on this plane of existence. If you the body passes in both rising and descending every time a head.
stand is performed. When the halfway position can be held
are a philosophically-minded person you may say you seek to steadily, then the legs may be extended little by little. The slow
fulfill your inner being in the highest possible degree. And if and gradual way of learning the headstand is not only the safest
you are just an ordinary commonsense citizen of the world you and surest, it is also best for symmetrical development of the
may simply say you want to live more healthily, more happily, muscles of the neck and upper spine at the same time. These
preparatory stages are valuable exercises whether the headstand
more contentedly, more peacefully in mind, body and estate, is achieved or not.
and to radiate this atmosphere around you. It doesn’t much The Bow is arrived at by lying flat on the stomach, seizing the
matter how you express the aspiration as long as the aspiration ankles with the hands and pulling them so that the knees rise off
the floor.
is there. And the ultimate aim is to unite or yoke ourselves to The Twist is a complicated posture designed to impart a
the Life-force from which we derive our being, for that is the spiral twist to the spine.
very meaning of the word Yoga. The Cataleptic posture should not be attempted without
expert instruction.

32 33
I

III
YOGA FOR THE MIND
WE Now COME to that branch of Yoga which deals with the
subject of Consciousness or Mind. The physical body being
the vehicle of the mind and the instrument through which it
operates, it follows that for practical purposes we can only
approach the mind through the body. But it is equally true
that we can only approach the body through the mind. If either
is out of order the other is affected in its operation. The mind,
in the usual meaning of the term, is a function of the nervous
system, which is nourished by the blood, the purity of which
depends on the purity of our food, the thoroughness with which
this is digested, and other similar factors. This is the reason why,
from a practical standpoint, we considered first how to keep
the instrument in a good state of repair.
The branch of Yoga which concerns itself specifically with
the mind as such is called Raja or Royal Yoga. Its aim is to
develop control of thought and mastery of our emotions and
thus bring our consciousness, while functioning on this plane,
into tune with the higher consciousness of higher planes.
Tennyson expressed this in these words:-
“Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control,
These three alone lead life to sovereign power;
Yet not for power (power of herself
Would come uncalled for), but to live by law,
Acting the law we live by without fear.”
This, in a nutshell, is the ideal of Raja Yoga. All religions
and ethical systems have this same goal in view, but Yoga
offers, in addition to the ideal, a technique for achieving it.
What are the laws which govern control of the mind and how
can we become acquainted with these laws and obey them?
The quest we have in view is to discover what, precisely, is to
do the controlling.
As in Hatha Yoga and all other Yogas, there is a meta-
physical aspect to this branch, and although, in adapting this
subject to everyday life I do not intend to go into metaphysics,
nevertheless, in view of the fact that most of the books mention
the metaphysical side, I will summarize it very briefly.
34
In the metaphysical presentation of Raja Yoga there are
seven stages of progress. The first is called Yama-Niyama, a
Sanskrit term which means the practice of restraint. This is
the cultivation of moral virtues, what we would call in the
West the ordinary Christian virtues: honesty, kindness
tolerance, self-restraint, generosity, consideration for other;
and devotion to an ideal. It is important to note that these are
regarded as an essential foundation for. study. We shall see
later why this is so.
The second stage embraces Asanas and Mudras, that is to
say postures and certain kinds of movement. A study of
posture and movement is important because these affect the
working of the nervous and the glandular systems. (It will
be noted that at this point Raja Yoga and Hatha Yoga begin
already to overlap.)
Thirdly, Pranayama, that is control of the Life-force, prana,
through the breath. Its practice is greatly aided by being com-
bined with the preceding asanas and mudras. Next comes
Pratyahara, which is the ability to withdraw the senses from
the object of sense.
The fifth is Dharana or concentration. It means that the
mind, being freed from outside sensation, is able to turn
inwards entirely upon itself and achieve what we call inner
concentration.
The sixth stage is Dhyana, meditation. When you are able to
practice the inner concentration you fix the mind on a certain
idea and there it rests until the mind identifies itself with the
idea.
Finally, the seventh step is called Sam&hi, which is a state
of ecstatic peace at which the mind arrives when it has passed
through all the preceding stages. Ecstasy is really identification
with the cosmic consciousness which is the object of our study.
It is assumed that to pursue these practices the student is able
to isolate himself completely from the world.
Expressed thus in Sanskrit terms this subject sounds abstruse.
Let us try and reduce it to simple, elementary terms which
anybody can understand, and discover how much of this science
we can hope to apply in the circumstances of ordinary life.
The first point to observe is that the first stage of Raja Yoga
Yama-Niyama, corresponds precisely with the ideal principle;
of non-credal religion. For example, the Sermon on the Mount
is, from start to finish, a statement of the principles of Yama-
Niyama. It consists, so to speak, of moral exercises designed
to develop character. Jesus, who was fond of hyperbolic forms
35
of expression, employed forceful and characteristic terms to
impress the hearers of his time, and his illustrations were
coloured accordingly. In a word it may be said that the essence
of Yama-Niyama consists in loving one’s neighbour as onself
and doing unto others as we would that they should do to us.
This, which some might regard as the attainment of the
Christian ideal, in Raja Yoga is regarded as an essential
starting-point, the
- foundation on which the study of mind is
built up.
With the next two stages of postures and breath control we
have dealt already. From the standpoint of Yoga they are
essential before the mind can even begin to operate un-
hampered. In elementary Yoga this would correspond to raising
our general level of health and mental efficiency to the maxi-
mum possible in the given circumstances.
The remaining stages of Raja Yoga consist of methods of
training our consciousness to higher or supranormal levels. To
what extent can we apply this teaching in the restricted circum-
stances of everyday life?
Let us first examine what consciousness is, and consider the
different kinds of consciousness with which we -are familiar.
Firstly, there is ordinary consciousness, the consciousness with
which we are working at this moment, the consciousness of
waking life. We also possess a sub-consciousness, which con-
tains all our memories and instincts. There is a further state of
consciousness we call sleep, and a state of consciousness mid-
way between waking and sleeping-half-awake, half-asleep.
Still further there is deep sleep, dreamless sleep. All these
states of consciousness are familiar to us, even though we may
not understand them. But besides these there is also what we
instinctively feel to be a region which we can only speak of as
super-consciousness, a higher state of consciousness than our
ordinary consciousness, of which we become aware in flashes,
by fits and starts. These flashes we often refer to as intuition
or inspiration. They come to us from some higher level of
consciousness, and are within the experience of most people
at one time or another. When this occurs it means that we
have accidentally tuned in to a higher rate of vibration, with
the result that we receive a message, as it were, from the realm
of super-consciousness. These fleeting messages are un-
fortunately often unreliable, particularly if they relate to some-
thing which we try to explain to ourselves in terms of logic:
they get mixed up with the impressions of daily life and become
corrupted and distorted by being subjected to the limitations
36
of reason. We shall get a better understanding of these fleeting
contacts if we acquaint ourselves in greater detail with what we
mean by ordinary consciousness. Let us analyse it, and see if
we can discover a means whereby to render ourselves more
receptive to the vibrations to which we occasionally tune in
on a higher plane.
Another word for consciousness is awareness. Everybody
knows that there are different degrees of awareness. Firstly,
there is the state of being wide-awake, on the alert, on the
“tip of your toes”. At the other extreme there is a state of
being half-asleep. Some people are in that condition most of
the time: we all know the type of person who is always in a
sort of fuzzy dream. Between these two extremes there are
endless gradations. If a person is attentive we say he is mind-
ful; if he is inattentive we say he is absent-minded, his mind is
somewhere else, like the absent-minded professor who at the
railway station kissed the porter and gave his wife sixpence.
We are all absent-minded at times. What then is the mind, if
it can “wander”? If you relax and just let it take its own way
it does not settle down, it meanders about and presents you
with a panorama of memories and visions. Where, in this pro-
ceeding, does the personal pronoun “I” come in? That is what
we must discover. The mind, in what we would call its natural
state, is unstable and the consciousness with which we operate
most of the time is a very low level of awareness. Even the
consciousness with which we are operating at this moment is
only a low level of awareness. Attentive though you are, and
perhaps because of that, a great many people in this hall will
have forgotten for the moment that they are breathing. You
will also have forgotten about the digestion which is taking
place inside you. And yet it is due to the things which you have
forgotten that you are able to listen at all. The level of aware-
ness in the broader sense is, therefore, low. As a matter of fact,
many, if not the majority of people, exist largely in a state of
passivity from which it requires some kind of shock to awaken
them. You can see the vacant look with which they auto-
matically go about their daily business. Within our ordinary
state of consciousness there are indisputably many degrees. By
intensifying the top range we may possibly approach a little
nearer to the borderline of super-consciousness. The first step
towards this is, as indicated already, the purification of the
physical instrument through which our mental operations take
place.
37
 But we now encounter a serious impediment of a psycholo-
gical nature. It is the idea that we exist as constant personalities,
indicated by the pronoun “I”. We already touched on this point,
but it is necessary to examine it in greater detail. We feel proud
of the pronoun “I”: to us it appears to lix our position as
separate entities in the universe. Because it is attached to our
body and to our name we regard it as stable, as something
fixed and permanent. Yet examination shows that it is nothing
of the sort. On the contrary, the only constant thing about it is
that it is constantly changing. If you say “I am fresh” or “I am
tired” , you are really referring to two opposite “I’s” so to
speak. You cannot be both fresh and tired. “I am angry . . .
I am pleased. I am sober . . . I am drunk. I am awake . . .
I am asleep. I am happy . . . I am miserable.” Which? All
these are totally dill’erent “I’s”, as different as night and day.
It requires very little consideration to see that when we use
this personal pronoun we are not dealing with anything fixed
and independent but something which wavers, alters, varies “m
quality and intensity, and is allied to what we call moods. If
you are angry you are one person, if you are pleased you are
another, but you attach the personal pronoun “I” to both. We
do in fact identify our “personality” with a mood or with a
physical condition, in both cases with something that frequently
changes. These changes may take place with remarkable
rapidity. In five minutes you can pass through several moods.
Which of them is the real “I”? At about five o’clock in the
evening you begin to feel worn out after a heavy day’s work,
so you go off to the club and have a cocktail to buck you up,
to give you a different “I” from the one with which you left
the office. Which of these is you? The mood varies, to the mood
you attach the personal pronoun “I”, and that is all! “I” is a
mere convention attached to our name-which is nothing-
and to our physical body which is always changing every
instant. What we so proudly term “I” is no more constant than
the clouds in the sky which seem fixed for a moment but really
are always appearing and disappearing.
This is a difficult thing to face because It destroys our con-
ceptions of personality in the sense in which we usually use
that term. Our self, our personality, is a bunch of varying
moods. We are always changing. We are one person at one age
-say 20-and a totally different person at 40. But we attach
the same personal pronoun “I” to both. The moment we learnt
to speak at two or three years of age we said “I”. But at 80
38
are we not different from what we were at three-yet we apply
the same personal pronoun “I” to both and to everything in
between!
The deception of the personal pronoun “I” arises from two
facts: firstly, we possess names and we attach the personal
pronoun “I” to the name. But the name is only the label out-
side the bottle; we can change it at will. And the other cause
of the deception is the relatively slow passage of time, or what
appears to us to be the slow passage of time. It is too slow for
us to notice that we are never the same being for two moments
running. If we could photograph our moods and run the picture
off on a screen we would hardly believe the spectacle; it would
appear to us both comic and tragic. Stability of personality and
temperament, our “I”, can only be relative; indeed, a state of
fixity would mean stagnation. It is through the flexibility of our
personality that we are able to grow and develop. If our “I”
were unchanging we could never progress. It will therefore
greatly help our progress to observe closely and- watch how
our mind and emotions fluctuate, for in this way we can increase
our control over them. The change is sometimes rapid, some-
times slow, but it never ceases. We shall, for instance all be
different people when we go out of this hall to-night, if for no
other reason merely by virtue of the fact that we shall be an
hour or two older; for if there is a clear difference between 20
and 30, you need merely narrow the gap and you come down
not to 10 years but to 10 hours, $nd 10 minutes. We are
constantly changing, all the time.
This is the real starting point for arriving at an understanding
of what we mean by mind. The “I” which appears to be the
centre of our consciousness is something unstable, unreal; one
thing now and another thing another moment, identified usually
with a mood. Let us call it the conventional “I”. It is deceptive,
it is merely an appearance, which constantly changes its form
like a cloud in the sky. When you are angry what you really
mean is that something we interpret as anger has seized you;
and when you are pleased what you really mean is that pleasure
has seized you. The anger comes and goes and] the pleasure
comes and goes, you as it were steep yourself in it for the time
being. Both are impermanent and it is a deception upon our-
selves to attach to these moods the personal pronoun “I” and
then think it is stable. We must therefore face the drastic and
revolutionary idea that the “I” or the personality, or whatever
39
it is to which we attach the personal pronoun “I”, simply does
not exist in the fixed form in which we are accustomed to
accept it, whether in ourselves or others.
In pursuing this train of thought we quickly arrive in a realm
of paradox and contradiction, because there is at the same
time a sense in which this “I” is real, even in the sense in
which we customarily use the term. For instance, it would be
foolish for me to try to persuade yqu that looking up here at
the platform you do not see me. You do; and I see you. These
are only appearances-but very real appearances. For the pur-
poses of convention, agreeing amongst ourselves for the moment
that I am I and you are you, we are real to each other. So to
this extent we are real, as an appearance which is an experience
common to both of us. For practical purposes in life we have
to accept this. And yet at the same time it remains true that the
“I” or “we” with which we operate is only a convention like
our clothes-we can change it like a coat. In this way it may
truly be said that the real becomes the unreal and the unreal
becomes the real, whichever way you like to put it. After all,
many natural phenomena are similar to this, a rainbow for
example. We know a rainbow is merely a transient appear-
ance, yet how intensely real it is while it lasts. So also with
ourselves. For the moment we are intensely real to each other;
but this appearance may change very quickly, “beyond recogni-
tion” as the saying goes, yet we still continue to speak of each
changing appearance as “I”, “you”, “he”, “she”, because we
have no other word to use. So we must face up squarely to
the indisputable fact that the “I” with which we operate is
only transient, it is not a fundamental unchanging truth. We
shall see how very greatly a frank recognition of this will help
us to acquire more self-control, a greater degree of real and
lasting stability.
At first all this is very difficult to accept, even intellectually.
It requires practice. We must closely observe and actually
perceive that the real may become the unreal and the unreal
the real, according as it is viewed. This apparent contradiction
is entirely in accordance with the latest findings of modern
science, which tells us emphatically that nothing is what it
appears to be. The ancient sages who wrote the Vedas
thousands of years ago said the same, sometimes putting it
very trenchantly. “Truth,” they said, “is an illusion, and illusion
is a truth.” We can see how this seemingly absurd statement
applies precisely to the argument in hand. Fundamentally, from
the point of view of permanent truth, our personal “I”, being
40
merely the expression of a changing condition, is illusory, but
this illusion becomes a truth when we accept it for working
purposes as an attachment to our name (which is something
quite artificial) and to our external appearance, as this is seen
by others, in a process of time which moves too slowly for us
to notice the never-ending change. I am well aware that the
proposition that “truth -is an illusion and illusion is a truth”
is a hard morsel to swallow, but it is our digestion that needs
improvement, not the morsel.
It is very difficult to grasp that, using logic, we must pro-
gress beyond logic and, using intellect, we must discern beyond
the intellect. Yet it must be clear that to define anything, as
required by logic, it is necessary to confine or limit it, and truth
in the deeper sense cannot be limited. Limiting it by logic at
once makes it only partially true and it consequently begins to
be an illusion. Logic is essential to thinking, conversation, and
exchange of ideas. We must think as reasonable beings, but
reason and logic will not carry us very far along the path
towards super-consciousness. We arrive very quickly in the
realm of paradox, a paradox being a proposition which, though
logically absurd, is really true. By way of illustration, to serve
the purpose of this argument, consider the following proposi-
tion: “If God is omnipotent He must be able to make a stone
so heavy that He cannot lift it”. It is a logical construction but
quite illogical in its content. Yet this impossibility must be
possible if God is omnipotent. We shall frequently be up against
this problem, so we must be prepared for it. It is a stage beyond
logic, yet much closer to Understanding, for true Understand-
ing implies Feeling, and the emotions lie in a sphere beyond
logic. Logic may give explanations, but not always understand-
ing, and the two are by no means identical.
To acquire Understanding it is necessary to add to logic
feeling, emotion. The emotions are the driving force behind
our thoughts and therefore a much more important realm
than logic, and yet we must not despise logic, it is essential
to carry us a certain distance along the path. One may perhaps
express it thus, that we think with the mind, but understand
with the heart. One of the next paradoxes that we encounter
is that logic itself will point the way beyond logic, reason will
show the way beyond reason. We can use the intellect to guide
us to transcend intellect. Just as we can use a ladder to mount
to a place higher than the ladder by climbing the extra step
with an effort, so we can use the intellect to discern the
existence of a higher level than intellect. This is the level of
41
 intuition. Here we are in the realm of insight rather than
thought, superior to and more penetrating than ordinary
thought. A keen realization of the non-existence of a constant
“I” in our personality is essential to successful progress along
this path, for attachment to the mundane ego imprisons us on
the mundane plane.
Oddly enough, although people are often taken aback by
this presentation-they are liable to resent being told their “I”
does not exist in the form in which they are accustomed. to
think it does exist-nevertheless we all tacitly imply this very
fact when we speak of “my” mind. Whose mind? Who is the
owner of “your” mind? You say, “My mind is in a whirl, my
mind is made up, or my mind is not made up, my mind is
disturbed”, even “I am in two minds” about something! Who
is in two minds? Worse than that: “My mind is playing me
tricks!” Whose mind is playing tricks on what? Can you really
identify yourself with the mind that cannot make itself up or
that plays tricks apparently on itself? When we say “my” mind
we imply inevitably that there is something to which the mind
belongs. To discover to whom we really belong and what
directs us, that is our quest. When we say we are in two minds
we really mean that there are two people in us fighting for the
mastery, and when we say “I have made up my mind” we
mean that one of those people has “liquidated” the other, to
use a current expression. As a matter of fact, there are many
people in each one of us, many different “I’s”, often quite
unto-ordinated. These are really different people inhabiting
us. This presentation of the case is supported even by common
popular wisdom which prompts such expressions as “I am a
new man” -following a holiday, let us say-admitting that we
are quite different, and indeed we may be, quite literally, a
totally different being though in the same physical casing.
Now let us consider for a moment what we mean by thinking.
Most people, I suppose, would say thinking is “a process which
takes place within the mind”. But that is no answer, it does not
explain anything Where do our thoughts come from? In the
majority of people, let it be stated bluntly, independent thought
rarely takes place at all. What happens is merely a process
of automatic reaction to outside stimuli. What we call our
thoughts and ideas, even our convictions, are very largely, and
in some people completely, merely the sum total of what has
been put into the mind from outside, from babyhood onwards,
by nurses, parents, schooling, books, newspapers, films, radio,
in a word by outside agencies. These are the source of our
42
ideas, they have come from others. These impressions get
shifted around in our minds, much as we might move furniture
about a room, making new combinations-but always with
the same old furniture-or to change the metaphor, we swish
them around like a cocktail in a shaker, producing new mixtures,
and this is what we customarily call thought. There is no
originality about it, for we are working with borrowed material.
That is completely the case with many people, and with all of
us to some extent.
There is only one way out of this impasse, and that is by
shock. Grief, to take one example, is often a potent means of
achieving enlightenment: so are sorrow, despair, humiliation,
disillusionment, bereavement, loss, illness, offence of some
sort-all these may shock us out of our ordinary state of sleep,
that semi-conscious condition which we accept as ordinary
consciousness. We are shocked out of the rut of blind accepta-
tion and as a result we begin to review our accepted values,
question them, get a new angle on them. This is the first stage
of independent thought.
True thought is always somewhat of a revolutionary process,
because it requires escape from the process of automatic action
and reaction. Through long habit over many years these
borrowed ideas become ingrained in us, so that we imagine
that they are our own. It becomes difficult for us to remember
how they were acquired, and we tend to resent strongly the
suggestion that they are not original but only ours by acquisi-
tion. The blinder a person is to this fact the louder he protests.
True thought is a revolutionary process because it requires
always a querying and often a rejection of this stimulus from
outside. This process implies readiness to discard any and
perhaps all of the ideas which we have acquired, which we
have made our “own” only through habit, some of which may
even have become what we call “settled convictions”. which
simply means they have dug themselves in deeply. People are
not easily ready to question accepted ideas for which they may
entertain a treasured affection. Nevertheless, if we are interested
in taking a step beyond the standards and values of this world
and the state of ordinary consciousness, we shall have to do it.
There is no way out-we must be ready to question absolutely
everything. Our own “I” is a very good starting point for it
requires comparatively little thought to see that this is more
of a transient appearance than a constant reality. And if our
43
 treasured “I’s” are transient, unstable and unreal, then every-
thing these “I’s” do and hold and possess must also be equally
transient, unstable and unreal.
Now, as individuals, apparently independent in mind, we are
naturally inclined to be apprehensive of such revolutionary
ideas as these because we cannot see where they are going to
end. They lead into unknown territory, whereas it is in human
nature to seek the line of least resistance and stay where we are,
regulated by habit. But the whole process of Yoga is one of
aspiring to something above the level of habit, conventionality
and accepted ideas. Yoga consists in striving against the line
of least resistance. It is not an easy path, quite the contrary. It
aims at freeing ourselves from all the values set up for this
earthly-or shall we say earthbound-existence.. We cannot
attain it without a struggle. It will never be handed out on a
golden platter. We shall never get it for nothing. We must be
willing to pay the price.
When, as the result of shock, we begin to think for ourselves,
that is also the beginning of understanding, which, as we have
already seen, is a totally different thing from ordinary thought.
It is possible to “think” without understanding, in fact most
people do. Understanding is a new faculty, developed only
through having our ordinary reactions upset. Understanding is
only brought about by a shock to our conventional feelings.
This new kind of thought - feeling-thought -takes place
through the heart, whereas ordinary intellectual thinking takes
place only through the mind, the brain. Paradoxically, the
highly intellectual type of person is at a disadvantage in acquir-
ing understanding because he wants things presented too
logically. The thinker along academic lines, however nimble-
witted, clings desperately to logic. But emotion is subject to
quite different laws. Without the deep feeling that creates
understanding the intellect alone does not carry us very far. A
superior intellect is not the same thing as superior understand-
ing; they are quite different things, yet they both involve
thinking.
I will give you a simple instance of what I mean. When I
was a boy at school we were once told to describe what salt is,
and I remember one young boy who said something like this:
“Salt is what makes your egg taste not so good if you don’t put
any on it”. That was the closest he could get with his intellect
to a definition of salt. And yet that small boy a day or two
later did a remarkable thing. One of his companions in his class
lost his mother. Well, you know boys by nature are a bit heart-
44
less. Most of them just didn’t say anything. Neither did this
boy say much: he just carried the bereaved boy’s suitcase down
to the station and as he saw him into the train slipped a bar
of chocolate into his hand. That was a case of understanding.
And perhaps if he had had more intellect he would have had
less understanding.
I mentioned earlier that there are various approaches to
Yoga suited to different temperaments. The intellectual person
may prefer the psychological approach, which is that with
which we are dealing to-night. This is part of what is called
Raja, or Royal, Yoga. But to another type of person it may be
the devotional approach that will make the strongest appeal.
No words, no logic, no tangle of verbal paradoxes will make
any impression on him except perhaps a tiresome one; when
he contemplates the mystery of our being and the wonders of
nature of which we are part, he is seized with awe and
reverence, his response will immediately be one of worship of
the Creator whose works, including our physical organism
through which this contemplation is performed, are a never-
ending series of marvels and miracles. This, the -devotional
approach, is known as Bhakta Yoga, bhakta meaning love.
Again, the man of action may at first be impatient with both,
and approach the subject through a life of motion, action,
activity, the never-ending processes of change and development
visibly expressed in human endeavour and achievement in
ever-changing environment. Such will be the attitude of the
Karma Yogi, karma meaning action, action and reaction, cause
and effect. All these approaches, and indeed any other
approach, pursued long enough must lead inevitably to the total
negation of the personal pronoun “I”. In Raja Yoga, the Yoga
of the Mind, we arrive at it by intellectual analysis. In
devotional Yoga we arrive at it by a process of complete self-
surrender, the absolute surrender of the self to the Supreme
Being-use whatever term you please, it is not the words that
matter. In the Yoga of activity we arrive at a similar position
by obliterating the self in activity; say for example work for
others.
The most difficult of these approaches is really the intellectual
approach, because of the difficulty of the intellectual to escape
from the thraldom of logic. His reason tends to become an
obstruction to the gateway of the heart, stifling the heart’s
intuitive spontaneity. The intellectual’s progress is consequently
liable to be slow under this restricting influence. But in the
devotional approach the whole being is surrendered, in
45
 reverence, wonder, worship, love of the Creator. This total
negation of “I” is the fundamental condition for seeing what
is real and what is not real. As long as a personal “I” dominates
one can never see the truth; it will stand in the way like an
impenetrable wall hiding the wider reality.
For those who are scientifically minded we can arrive at this
same conclusion by an examination of the physiological process
of perception. How do we perceive? It is generally said that
the eye is the organ of sight and the ear of hearing. But is this
true? A ray of light “strikes” the eye, but that is not where
the perception takes place. The impulse has to travel along the
optic nerve; or if it is sound, along the auditory nerve, until
it reaches the brain. Some say the brain is the organ of percep-
tion. But is it? The brain can react or not react, and it can be
made to act in very different ways by electrical stimulus;
furthermore, we may fail to hear even a loud sound if our
attention is focussed elsewhere. There are cases in wartime of
soldiers even having an arm blown off and not noticing it until
after the battle because of the simple fact that their attention
was focused elsewhere. What then is the organ .of perception?
We arrive at a gulf that has not been bridged by Western
science. The fact is that something beyond the brain has to
function before we perceive anything, and it is only when that
indefinable Something functions, beyond the brain, beyond
any organ that we know of, that the brain responds and the
eye responds and the ear responds.
All this has an important bearing on what is real and what
is unreal, for if perception does not depend upon any recog-
nizable organ but upon the operation of Something which is
beyond the brain, then the only way in which we can correctly
describe perception is by saying that it is a projection of that
Something; that Something emits, as it were, a ray-shall we
call it a ray of consciousness ?-and when this ray enlivens
the brain then only can we perceive, in other words then only
are we conscious in the ordinary meaning of conscious, and-
this is the important point-then only does the “I” of our
ordinary consciousness come into being. Far from our “I”
being anything we possess, or something which has any direc-
tive power whatever, it is nothing but a projection as lifeless in
itself as the apparently animate but really lifeless pictures
thrown on the screen in a cinema. Everything we imagine we
perceive, including the imagination with which we imagine we
perceive, comes into being only through the operation of that
ray, for if it does not operate we cease to all intents and pur-
46
poses to exist. How quickly our vaunted personality, this “I”
of which we are so proud as a directing entity, is compelled to
retreat!
A further aspect of this paradox is that the more intelligent
and clever we think we are, the easier it is to fool ourselves into
thinking we are truly clever and intelligent, when in fact we
are nothing. Without realizing it we become the Pharisee in
Jesus’s parable who thanked God he was superior to other men
and particularly to the publican who knelt in the corner smiting
his breast and imploring God to have mercy on him. Jesus
always preferred publicans and sinners to the intellectually
righteous. And he further stressed this antipathy in his
exclamation: “Father, I thank Thee that Thou has concealed
these things from the wise and educated, but revealed them
unto babes”. In the same context consider also his words:
“Unless you turn and become as little children you haven’t
the faintest chance of entering the kingdom of heaven”. All
our education, all our wisdom, all our intellect and nimble-
wittedness, all our intelligence, all our cleverness, all these
things, because in our arrogance and conceit we attach to them
the personal pronouns “I”, “me” and “my”, are insuperable
barriers to salvation, to illumination, to Yoga, to union with the
divine. After all, is it not a commonplace that humility is a
cardinal virtue? “He that feels himself to be least among you
shall be the greatest in the kingdom of heaven.”
I have already pointed out that, in the end, all Yogas are
really one, each branch is merely an aspect suited to a particular
temperament. One person will find it appropriate to his nature
and temperament to contemplate God as Love, another as
Consciousness, another as Power, another as Wisdom, another
as Knowledge, but in the end they are all one, and they all
require that we should arrive at a realization that, as individuals,
we exist in this worldly consciousness merely as transient
appearances. Is it possible to replace these appearances by
something permanent, or to attach the varying facets of our
personality to some fixed point of reference? Can we find, as
it were, a Ruler or Guide to direct us, to which (or to whom)
we can yoke our varying and uncertain “I’s”? The experience
of sages and mystics shows us that this is possible, and the
same promise is held out by all religion when shorn of encrusta-
tions of dogma and formalism. “Take my yoga upon you and
learn of me”-by substituting the Sanskrit term for the English
we perceive the true meaning of those sublime words. But first
we must have a clean slate, and the first thing to wipe off the
47
slate is the whole bundle of our personalities to which we
attach such value on this plane. It is no good trying to dis-
criminate between them, judging them by some standard of
value of our own, and saying, as it were: “I think this aspect
of me-this I-is all right, but that one I admit is not so good”.
The one we most cling to is almost certain to be the one we
most need to get rid of! Self-surrender cannot be piecemeal, to
suit our own whims and prejudices. We find negation of the
“l”, the process of complete surrender of all worldly values,
to be the perennial message of every mystic.
Now the question arises: how are we going to rid ourselves
of our false ideas of “I” if we only have this “I” to work with?
Can the “I” destroy itself? Yes, it can. It can wipe its own slate
clean by a process of self-abnegation, self-denial, self-surrender.
It is possible even through this illusory “I” of the intellect to
perceive that we must penetrate beyond this “I” and discern
how unreal everything on this plane is. We must be prepared
in this subject to talk in these seemingly contradictory terms.
After all, it is only like viewing the two sides of a medal or a
coin: according to how you look at it it appears as head or
tail. Actually, it is both head and tail at the same time.
Similarly everything in life is both real and unreal; real for
ordinary conventional purposes and unreal for true purposes,
according to how you look at it.
The keen perception of this paradoxical contradiction, and
its acceptance as a rule to determine conduct, is the first step
towards freedom from what we may call on this plane of
consciousness the “thraldom of ‘I’ “. Once we perceive our
personalities, functioning under the pronouns “I”, “me” and
“mine”, to be fictional, and once we have even the smallest
sensation of contact with the Ruler, that is to say contact with
a higher plane, our personalities will no longer operate in the
haphazard, indiscriminating manner in which they did before
because by accepting the Ruler and identifying ourselves with
It-or Him if one prefers to think personally-we shall now
give those personalities orders. Such orders will come from
the Ruler, or to express it differently, we shall have tuned in
to a Higher Consciousness, which will control the lower
consciousness to the exact extent of the tuning in. We shall then
be able to handle our “I’s”, with all their emotional manifesta-
tions, like an organist pulling out the stops, or as a conductor
indicating to the instruments in the orchestra how they are to
come in-now these are to be silent, now those are to play.
Patanjali, one of the earliest codifiers of Yoga philosophy,
48
states that Yoga is brought about by stilling all the processes
of thought. This is merely another way of obliterating the per-
sonal “1” because we always attach this pronoun to what we
call our thoughts. If you suppress thought you obliterate per-
sonality. What happens then? The mind ceases to be a rutlled
surface; all thoughts are stilled, and the mind becomes like a
mirror, or, shall we say, the calm surface of a lake. Such a
surface reflects the entire universe above, and also reveals its
own depths. This analogy brings us much nearer to the true
meaning of the word “mind”. True mind is a state of being
in which all thought ceases, all personality is obliterated, when
there is no longer such a thing as a personal “I” and no
obstruction conceals what is beyond the brain. The moment
a single thought appears like a ripple on the surface the picture
is blurred. This is why it is essential completely to suppress,
even at the cost of intense struggle-which may take a long
time-all idea of separate personality. “Personality”, the con-
ception of “I” and “me” or the “ego” as a separate directing
entity is what, above all, veils Truth and renders Yoga
unattainable.
We may perhaps throw further light on this difficult subject
by considering it from another angle.
When all thought is obliterated a sort of vacuum is created.
But nature abhors a vacuum. Something must needs fill it.
This must be considered in connection with the symbol of
the Ruler to which we have already alluded. Strangely enough,
in this tangle of paradoxes we discover that it lies within our
power to determine the quality, so to speak, of the Ruler that
we are going to accept. This indeed appears an extraordinary
cIaim, but at this point we must recall the first stage of Yoga
training, which I mentioned at the outset, called in Sanskrit
Yama-niyama. This, you may remember, was the cultivation
of what we may broadly term character, or the “moral virtues”.
Stress was laid on the imperative necessity of this preliminary
training, because the nature and colour, so to speak, of this
training will determine the nature and colour of what shall
appear in the vacuum. For in itself Super-consciousness is
neither good nor evil. It is a power, and it just is. The colour
and character of its manifestation on this plane will be deter-
mined by the kind of vessel that has been prepared to receive it.
The whole matter was expressed eloquently by Pascal: “Events,”
he wrote, “are the clear waters from the well of life, coloured
only by the vessels into which they are poured.” The first
essential then is the preparation of the vessel, followed by the
49
 obliteration of all those obstacles attached to our personality
which we fondly imagine in our ordinary consciousness to be
so important but which are really phantasmagoria of this plane
of existence.
I am well aware that it is easy enough to talk about this
subject, but a very different matter to practise it because our
habits of thought are so ingrained. Nothing is so hard to over-
come as habit. Our habits of mind bind us to the manner of
thought to which we are accustomed. It is difficult to escape,
but with practice it can be done. It will help us to see ourselves
as others see us-a valuable ability. We shall acquire a greater
capacity to put ourselves in other people’s place and see their
point of view. This is not only fairer to them, but our own
mental horizon is enlarged if it embraces the point of view of
others. Not only this, but by obliterating one’s own personality
and at the same time becoming more sensitive to the vibrations
emanating from others one acquires the capacity of sensing
in advance what they are feeling and thinking; in other words,
the faculty of reading their minds begins to develop, a sort of
intuitive insight into their thoughts. This power can only grow
when one places one’s own personality, including all one’s
feelings and prejudices, all one’s secret conceit and lurking
pride, completely in the background. This subtle power will be
felt by others, and they will be the more ready to respond to
it. Thus, as the result of negating our own personality? our
influence will actually increase. The browbeating kind of self-
assertion may impress people for a time, but it will not win
their hearts. Neither will it bring serenity to one’s own inner
being. This can come only from reducing one’s own self-
assertion to the minimum.
I have referred to the particular difficulty of the intellectual
type of man to face up to and accept this teaching for the very
reason that his ingrained attachment to reason constitutes his
greatest stumbling block. Yet the intellectual man, approaching
the matter in all sincerity and with goodwill to understand, will
often perceive that a surrender of the heart may be imperative
where he hesitates to surrender reason and intellect. But if the
heart, why not the brain? We arrive back at the proposition
that surrender cannot be piecemeal; also at the further proposi-
tion, already mentioned, that the “I” we most cling to IS sure
to be the one we need most to get rid of! A thorough and
healthy sense of humour may here prove a blessing. We must
learn to laugh heartily at ourselves, at the absurdity of our
logic, at the absurdity of the values of this world, at the
50
absurdity of the fictions we have. accepted or invented as
standards, at the absurdity of our claim to have received these
as final truth for all time. A salutary sense of humour, even
if tinged with gentle irony, may save a man from falling into
despair in face of the void that momentarily gapes before him
when all his hitherto accepted values vanish.
The unstable nature of our observations and inferences
is a matter of daily experience, and what we broadly call
hypnotism proves the uncertainty of experience itself. As
already mentioned, we know it is possible to suffer a severe
physical injury and not feel it if our attention is fixed elsewhere;
and it is equally possible to feel intense pain through sheer
imagination without any ordinary physical cause. This also
depends upon the operation of the Unknown Quantity beyond
the brain. Inevitably we arrive at the paradox that what we
consider real outside may really be unreal-behold the contra-
diction!-for if we do not perceive if, it is not real to us, it
only becomes real when we perceive it. It may be real to one
person and unreal to another. Everything is relative, like heat
and cold: a person coming out of a hot room into a tepid room
says it is cold, a person coming into the same room from the
freezing atmosphere outside will say how warm it is. They feel
the same thing, but one calls it cold and the other calls it hot.
All the phenomena of external life are like that: and just as an
understanding of the fictitious nature of our “I’s” is the first
step towards sweeping them aside and contacting a higher
instance through which they shall be directed, so also a keen
realization that the phenomena of life depend for their percep-
tion upon that which is beyond the brain helps us-if we think
about this intensely-to get a little closer to the borderline of
super-consciousness and even to cross it. This is a new style of
thinking which is really “feeling-thought”. We have to feel it
intensely rather than just think it, for it is beyond logic. Feel
it intensely and its truth dawns on us, and then as we throw off
the fetters that bind us to a world of illusion, we shall become
better able to operate in that new realm.
But let us not expect that it will be easy, because our habit
of thinking of ourselves as a constant “I”, and our habit of
thinking that everything outside is equally real for everybody,
is very difficult to overcome. Progress of course is relative, but
if we can gain even a little mastery we begin to be able to dis-
miss the things that used to worry us and the people that used
to annoy us. No longer will so-and-so, whom we do not like
and who does not behave nicely to us, be able to annoy us as
51
 before. In such a mood we used really to identify ourselves
with annoyance and made annoyance our master. But when we
begin even in a small measure to operate on the borderline of
super-consciousness, when we open the door even slightly to
the Ruler or Master (to continue with this symbol) who is
going to control our “I’s”, and we begin to be able to identify
our new “I” with that Master within, then we are in a position
to say to ourselves, “Henceforth I will see this or that in such
and such a light: I will determine the light in which I shall see
things: I shall not allow so-and-so to dictate to me the manner
in which I shall react.” We begin to be able to say : “I will regard
this thus and so, and determine it myself instead of letting
it determine me.” This has the further profound implication
that we shall be able to choose whether to suffer or not: “I will
suffer” or “I will not suffer”.
Much practice is required to gain proficiency in this art.
Our moods are constantly regaining possession, constantly
obtruding. When they do regain possession we find that we have
forgotten the ‘Master, and lost the master-key which opens or
closes the doors. It is very easy for these runaway horses which
we call “I” to kick over the traces. It needs a great deal of
practice to rein them in, but this practice is the beginning of the
acquisition of will. People who react blindly to outside circum-
stances cannot possibly have will because they make themselves
slaves to their reactions, to the illusions which come from out-
side. The very fact that So-and-so used to annoy you, but now
he or she does precisely the same thing and it does not annoy
you, proves that So-and-so as you saw him was quite fictitious,
what he did was fictitious, and “you” were fictitious! Ponder
on it and see if it isn’t so.
This illusory aspect of existence on this plane is called in
Sanskrit, Maya. It means that there is an element of unreality
in everything around us, including ourselves, an element of
illusion. The world is, in a sense, illusory-our eyes and ears
and sensations often deceive us. This gives us necessarily a new
conception of the meaning of good and evil. In Yoga we use
the terms good and evil very cautiously. They are purely
relative. We admit this also in daily life when we say such and
such a misfortune turned out to be a blessing in disguise. When
the misfortune befell you, you branded it as evil; but then you
succeeded in turning it to vour advantage or something caused
you to see it in a new light, and you were obliged to admit
that the apparent evil was in fact good. The reverse is also
frequently the case. Our conceptions of good and evil are
52
entirely relative. But this need not be interpreted as saying
that we think of nothing as good or as evil. It is simply that
we avoid using these terms in any absolute or dogmatic sense.
The use of these terms dogmatically is a sure sign of an ossified
mentality. Bear in mind the words of Shakespeare that “there
is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so”.
The highest principle ever propounded in this connection is
found in the words of St. Paul: “All things are lawful for me,
but all things are not expedient.” (I Corinth. 10:23). We have
to apply the law of higher expediency. Paul said that to the
Romans he was a Roman; to the Jews, a Jew; to the Greeks,
a Greek, and so on-an interesting illustration of the operations
of the Master within him which enabled him to adopt these
various “I’s” at will: “I, Paul the Roman; I, Paul the Jew;
I, Paul the Greek; I, Paul the Arab.” That is what we too have
to aim at. Our personality must be like a clean slate on which
we write, under higher direction, whatever shall further our
higher purpose.
Finally, although by practising with perseverance the
successive stages of critical self-analysis, close self-observation,
the acceptance of paradoxical truths, the exaltation of thought
by infusion with intense feeling, and. the cultivation of silence
and the quiet mind, we can approach the Superconsciousness
seemingly by our own efforts, yet our limitations are so great
by reason of the gravitational weight of our ordinary conscious-
ness which, as it were, constantly “drags us back to earth”,
that we feel instinctively the need of a helping hand to aid us
in lifting ourselves out of the mire of earthly values. This is
where the conception of a mediator enters the picture. It is
one of the deepest paradoxes, yet it is the experience of every
mystic, that by the mere process of recognizing acutely the need
of a mediator, the mediator appears. A mediator may be any-
thing or anybody-any teacher, any instructor who is able to
give you an indication of one single step in the right direction is
your mediator for that moment. In times of stress and sorrow
the friend who offers a word of sympathy, of love, of consola-
tion, of compassion, of understanding penetrating your distress,
is your mediator. When grief and suffering become transformed
from self-commiseration into something beautiful and sublime,
they change their rate of vibration and raise us to a condition
much closer to the higher realm of superconsciousness. But
it is so very easy to fall back that we must constantly look out
for what can serve as a mediator to help us. It may be a book,
it may be anything, and we now see why Jesus called himself
53
 the Great Mediator. But the mediator can only be of assistance
provided we are in a state of readiness to receive the mediation,
We ourselves must make the effort and the mediator will point
the way, so to speak, holding out a helping hand. But we have
to do the grasping of it, it is a fifty-fifty business, a fair bargain.
In the end-and this is the most sublime paradox of all-
we discover that the mediator, whatever form it. took, was all
the time really our own higher Self, an inner Self, a True Self,
concealed by all the petty selves or “I’s” of lower consciousness
and now revealed by their elimination. Jesus told us this same
thing when he said: “The Kingdom of God is within you,” and
“I and the Father are One”. Thus the Christian speaks of “the
Christ within us”, the Buddhist of the Buddha-the Enlightened
One-within us, and in the Bhagavad Gita Krishna uses practi-
cally the same words to express the same idea as Christ used
500 years later. The revelation may be prompted by what may
appear momentarily to be an outside agency, but, as Raja Yoga
has taught for many thousands of years, it is the inner realization
alone that counts, and that takes place within ourselves.
What of the instrument through which we achieve these
things? If the instrument is out of tune like a piano with slack
strings, can it make divine music? It will make music precisely
proportionate to the quality of the material and degree in which
it is kept in tune and in good condition. The entire process of
training, revelation and self-realization takes place through the
medium of our nerves’s0 in the end we get back again to the
very beginning, that our first duty is to provide the Master with
a fit instrument on which to play. Keep the instrument clean
through all those channels of purification which have been
tabulated-the bowel, the kidneys, the skin and the lungs.
Maintain the highest possible degree of efficiency permitted by
the limitations by which each one of us is restricted and
constantly seek to remove the limitations-they are often purely
psychological and imaginary. Strive to keep the body in good
tone in order that the nerves may be capable of sensing vibra-
tions from a higher sphere. Above all, learn the art of breath-
ing, which is our immediate contact with the Life-force. There
is a direct relation between our breathing and every emotion,
so one of the paths, and a very important path, to super-
consciousness is to learn how to breathe rightly and in a con-
trolled manner. The first thing to do is to breathe more deeply
and consciously, and practice this all day long. Keep saying to
yourself, “Breath is life-breath is life”-and keep taking
more of life into you by taking more breath. It fans the smoul-
54
dering embers of consciousness exactly as smouldering embers
are fanned into flames by a bellows. In purely physical terms,
our divine Mediator is the Breath. Jesus himself indicated
something very much to that effect as recorded in St. John
(Chapter 20 verses 21 and 22) : “As my Father hath sent me,
even so 1 send you. And when He had said this He breathed
on them and said unto them ‘Receive ye the Holy Spirit’.” The
very word “Spirit” means “breath”. It comes from the Latin
word Spiro, meaning “I breathe”.
Next we must at all times be keenly alive to the essential
worthlessness of all that is attached to the personal ego, an
acute realization that it is essentially fictitious, wraithlike,
spectral, a mere expression of mood, and that our pride in it
is nothing but folly. A third exercise consists in the constant
recollection of one’s own existence as a physical organism
which is part of. the physical world around us, and not one
whit different from it in substance. It sounds simple to say one
must remember one’s own existence, yet you may well have
forgotten the fact of your own existence while listening to me.
That may be flattering to me, but a bad thing in Yoga, because
we must never lose sight of the fact that our ability to pay
attention at all depends on a complicated series of factors such
as the digestion, circulation of the blood, action of the heart,
and all that marvellous and incredible process of Life in which
our vaunted “I” plays no directive part whatsoever. We all
too easily forget this, and to remember it will help to knock
the conceit of ego out of us.
We must further try to remember that all our perceptions are
a projection from that incomprehensible Unknown that lies
beyond the brain. We must realize that what we interpret to
ourselves as objective reality is in fact a projection somewhat
similar to that on a cinema screen. Do we not often feel such
screen projections as if they were real? We react to them, even
though we know they are not real but projected by something
at the back of the hall, in this case an apparatus which we know
of but of the existence of which we momentarily forget. So
also all the perceptions of life are projected by That Power
which lies beyond the brain, beyond the visible physical body.
We should cultivate the habit of being the spectator of our
own selves and of our activities; of looking upon ourselves as
somebody else, viewing ourselves as an object and not only as
the subject. An exercise that helps in this is to preview the
events of the day in the morning before we get up as if they
were going to happen to somebody else-we ourselves being
55
 1
that somebody. else. And at night similarly to recall the events
of the day as of-they had happened to somebody else. These are
useful practices because they free the real, the inner Self, from
the transient selves or “I’s”, and promote the constant recollec-
tion that all worldly standards are fictitious. Some people think
that is a dangerous statement to make: is there then no such
thing as a moral standard and the need to obey laws? Yes, but
to realize that all worldly standards are fictitious-morality
often depends upon geography-does not mean that we must
violate society. On the contrary, it is very necessary as part of
the exercise of the Christian virtues to respect other people’s
views, customs, manners and forms of belief at the same time
seeing them for what they are-conventions-and not enslaving
ourselves to them.
And finally, certain physical exercises in slow motion may be
of assistance, compelling us to observe the component muscular
and nervous actions that go to make up our ordinary activity.
It is in slowness that we develop observation and control, not
in speed.
The Western scientist whose approach is through the study
of external phenomena, and the Yogi who studies himself,
piercing into the secret recesses of his own soul, are really
approaching the same end; for the W&tern scientist, if he is
indeed to learn everything there is to learn, will eventually also
arrive at himself, for he also is part of this world. Thus, what
we might call the externalists and the internalists are looking
for the same thing, only the Yogi starts with the apparatus
through which perception takes place-himself-the physical
organism.
So to progress in the Yoga of the Mind these five exercises
should be practised: first, constant attention to the four sacred
physical arts; secondly, the constant realization that what we
commonly refer to as “I” is a fiction; thirdly, the constant
awareness of the processes of life taking place within us;
fourthly, the constant reminder to ourselves that all we see,
hear, and experience is only a projection from the unknown
region beyond the brain; and finally, periodically to check our
actions and reduce them to slow motion to perceive how they
are actually composed. These exercises will in course of time
completely alter the polarity of our vision, the whole of
existence will appear in a new light, and even amid the turbu-
lent uproar of what we fondly call civilized life we shall begin
to acquire something of that serenity of mind and spirit whose
source lies in a state of higher consciousness far removed from
that of this world.
56
IV
THE YOGA OF SOUND
To SOME this branch of Yoga appears distant and abstruse, yet
it permeates every aspect of our lives. How it works becomes
clear at once when we consider the enormous part played by
the human voice in daily affairs. The tone, quality and pitch
of people’s voices, the manner of their speech, and the articula-
tion of the words they utter have a profound influence upon us;
and when we further consider song, and the place occupied by
music, then the paramount importance of sound as an in-
gredient of practical human life becomes obvious.
When we examine modern civilization the observation forces
itself upon us that two of its outstanding features are Speed and
noise. One might almost say that some people have become
speed and noise addicts. Some, the moment they get up, start
switching on the radio; it blares from morning to night, and
they get so accustomed to it that they would be embarrassed
by the comparative silence if it were switched off. Noise is one
of the gravest diseases of present-day civilization.
Yet these same vibrations which constitute noise can be as
constructive if employed selectively as they are destructive in
the form of noise. Music is sound selectively treated; the
difference between music and singing on the one hand and noise
on the other is simply that in music we have ordered the
arrangement of the vibrations, and the proper degree of rhythm
has been introduced. But the vibrations of both are essentially
the same. Sound, and in particular the sound of the human
voice, is also a potent element in hypnotism. Hypnotism is
concentrated suggestion, which is the basis of all influence,
and it operates largely through the quality of the human voice.
Before this was properly understood people used to talk about
the “odic fluid” which was supposed to emanate from the tips
of your fingers if you pointed them into somebody’s face. The
word “influence” itself implies fluid. Without denying the
reality of magnetic emanations from certain people, the psychic
fluid which was supposed to pass from one to the other is
nowadays better expressed in terms of vibration.
57
 The power of sound to affect us is familiar to all. What a
strange effect such sounds as the soughing of the wind can have
upon us, or the noise of the waves of the sea, or the song of
the birds, or the roar of wild animals. There are many labora-
tory experiments that prove the potency of sound. Every school-
boy studying physics has seen a glass shattered at a distance by
a note played on a violin. Another experiment is to sprinkle
sand on the surface of a metal plate; a violin bow is then drawn
along the edge of the metal plate in such a way as to produce a
musical sound, and before your eyes you see the sand dancing
and arranging itself in symmetrical forms, sometimes resembling
flowers. The exact pattern will depend upon the note produced.
These experiments prove beyond any shadow of doubt both the
destructive force (in the case of the glass) and the constructive
force (in the case of the sand) of a single musical note.
The mysterious power of sound has attracted the attention of
many poets. William Cowper wrote:
“There is in souls a sympathy with sound
And as the mind is pitched, the ear is pleased;
Some chord in unison with what we hear
Is touched within us and the heart replies.”
Yoga makes a study of this subject in its application to our-
selves as physical organisms with psychic potentialities. The
question we pose is this: Can we by means of sound affect the
physical organism and through it the psyche in some construc-
tive manner with results as remarkable as the shattering of a
glass at a distance by a musical note, or the spontaneous
rearrangement of sand in patterns?
Western science has already accepted that sound and vibra-
tion are really synonymous; they are two ways of expressing
exactly the same thing. Where there is vibration there is sound
and where there is sound there is vibration. This subject is
treated in Yoga under the general title of “Mantra”. Mantra
does not literally mean sound. Man is the Sanskrit root of the
verb “to think”. Manas is one of the words for mind. The
nearest literal translation of the word Mantra would therefore
be “an instrument of thought”. How do we think? As human
beings we tend to think in words, and words uttered become
sound. So Mantra comes to mean, among other things, the
study of words. But besides verbal utterances the human voice
also produces song, chanting, singing, incantation, etc., so
Mantra comes to mean the study of all these also-in fact,
the scientific study of sound, particularly in relation to the
effects that can be produced by the human voice. An uttered
58
formula or prayer is known as a mantram. The dehnition of
a mantram given in Murray’s New English Dictionary is “a
sacred text or passage used as a prayer or incantation”. But it
need not be religious in the narrow sense in which we use the
word to-day. I say “narrow” because in Yoga we accept the
dictum of St. Paul that absolutely everything we do should be
sacramental and therefore in a sense religious. He said: “What-
soever thou doest, do it as unto the Lord”. In contradistinction
to “religious” used in the narrow sense, there are non-religious
or secular mantrams which have been very popular. The French
doctor, Professor Coue, helped a very large number of people
by making them frequently repeat the mantram: “Every day,
in every way, I am feeling better and better.” The repetition
of this formula was effective because it became automatic; in
this way it was impressed on the subconscious mind and became
eventually, if the habit of repetition was maintained, part of the
character of the individual. All mantrams, religious or other-
wise, operate by virtue of this same principle.
Mantra Yoga has the same purpose as other branches of
Yoga, namely, to establish the correct psychic relationship
between the individual and his own soul. By the “individual”
we mean here the aggregate of those varying personalities which,
taken all together, make up the pronoun “I”, while by the
“soul” we mean that principle which manifests in us as the
Life-force. Mantra Yoga, like the other Yogas, seeks to har-
monize or yoke all our personalities with the Life-force. From
the point of view of Mantra Yoga this relationship is a vibra-
tional one, and being vibrational it must be capable of expression
in terms of sound.
But the human ear is limited, we perceive only a certain very
small range of sound. It is well known that there are sounds
that a dog can hear and we cannot. Our range of sight also is
extremely limited, however, and everybody knows there are
forms of light which are beyond our range of vision. We call
them ultra-violet rays, infra-red rays, X-rays, and so on; and
just as it is the invisible light which is the most penetrating, so
also the most penetrating sound is that which is inaudible; so
we must seek vibrational contact not only with the sounds that
we hear, but, more important, with those sounds which we
cannot hear. The key to this problem is familiar to all
musicians. It lies in the law of octaves. Correctly tuned, octave
notes vibrate sympathetically merely by virtue of their tuning.
By way of illustration, I will very gently press down a note on
the piano, so that it will not make a sound, say middle C.
59
Holding this note down silently, I shall now strike the octave
below and release it at once so that it will sound only for a
fraction of a second. But now, lo and behold, you hear the note
that I have not sounded but left free. Why? Because it is
correctly tuned to the octave below and therefore vrbrates m
sympathy without being struck. This is a physical phenomenon
of the most profound esoteric significance, for accordmg to
the theory of Mantra through the law of octaves we are able to
establish contact with every sound in the universe, including
its tonic note.
Let us now pause for a moment to consider the different
divisions of this subject which, as you may already perceive,
is vast and sublimely impressive. The division whrch most
constantly concerns us in life is that which deals with our chref
means of communication with each other, namely, speech. In
Sanskrit this is called Vak. Speech consists mainly of words.
What are words? As a rule they are the means by which we
express our thought. Anybody who is going to make a serious
study of Yoga will have to devote close attention to the use
of words. The mystic studies this matter from the pornt of
view of how it is going to affect his own inner self. The drffer-
ence between a philosopher, a scientist, and a mystic is that
the philosopher poses the question “Why”, the screntrst the
question “How”, but the mystic seeks to answer whatever
question is in his mind by identifying himself with the problem
and finding the answer from within. A mystic is a man who
believes that it is possible by inner commumon to estabhsh
union with the divine, that is, the limitless. The mysttc union
cannot be brought about by thought alone, nor can phrlosophy
fully answer his questions, because thought itself is limiting.
Words have to be defined in order to have sense, and Jo define
is to confine within a certain limited meaning. The precrse use of
words is of great importance, yet by them you cut out the
possibility of realizing that very thing with which you wash to
establish contact.
There is a story of an eastern potentate who visited a great
sage from whom he sought instruction about God. “I pray you,;
holiness to enlighten my ignorance about the Supreme Bemg,
he said, prostrating himself. For answer, the sage motioned him
to sit down before him. The potentate did so, and the *sage
closed his eyes and sat silent. After some. hours the vrsnor
ventured quietly to repeat his request, thinkmg the sage mrght
not have heard him. But the sage neither moved nor opened hrs
eyes. After another long interval the potentate once again
60
atltlrcssed the sage without apparent response, and again toward
lhc end of the day he repeated his request a little louder. At
IilsI the sage opened his eyes. “My son,” he said quietly “all
day long 1 have been instructing you. That which is blyond
words cannot be expressed in words. Because you were listen-
ing with the outer ear you could not hear the inner voice. Do
not deafen your mind with words. Be silent. Go home and
ponder on this, and if your heart is ready the Lord will surely
reveal Himself to you.”
This is one of the reasons why reason and logic can only
carry us a certain limited distance along the path to Truth.
WC quickly arrive in a world of paradox. This is a little nearer
Truth, and in the realm of emotion we get still nearer Truth.
‘I‘hc fundamental error of both thought and the outward obser-
v:llion of the scientist is that they postulate the separateness of
the observer and the thing observed. But Yoga teaches us that
this is a fallacy, there is no such separateness, the thing we are
observing is composed of the same substance atoms and
molecules, as ourselves, the observer, and we should theiefore
postulate an essential identity between that which ‘is observed
and that which observes. By becoming absorbed in this mys-
terious realm with his whole being, the mystic hopes to estab-
lish union with the object of his search, and in this way truly
IO know it and to understand it. Courage is required to venture
into this utterly unknown territory. And although it may be
possible to describe the experience up to a point, the difference
between the description and the experience itself is much the
same as the difference between a map and a country. Maps
serve a useful purpose, but however much you study the map
you will not see the country. No pictures and no description can
supplant personal experience. So it is also with mystical experi-
ence. It cannot be acquired at second-hand.
‘I’here is another vital difference between experimentation in
the laboratory and experimentation on oneself. Provided it is
properly done, the experiment in the laboratory succeeds regard-
less of who does it. The man doing the experiment may be
good or bad, well or ill, happy or miserable, it does not make
any difference to the success of the experiment provided he
performs it correctly. But not so when you begin experimenting
with yourself in search of mystic union with higher Powers
There are many conditions that have to be observed. The first
is tllilt one should be pure. I do not mean in the moral sense
1 mean in the real sense. The body, as the instrument through
which you conduct the experiment, must be purified by those
61
means of purification enumerated when discussing Hatha Yoga.
The first of the sacred physical arts is elimination, that is getting
rid of the poisons and the toxins in the body. The man who is
going to experiment with himself in Mantra must be at least
reasonably healthy in body. Secondly, success depends very
largely upon the state of heart and the state of mind. Both must
be right. If we are a prey to negative emotions, we cannot
succeed. Faith, hope and courage are the beacon lights. Thndly,
the surroundings must be suitable. We must be isolated, or at
least have complete quiet.
The next requirement is the correct posture. Posture, as we
saw when we were discussing Hatha Yoga, occupies an import-
ant place in Yogic physiology. We must learn to sit sym-
metrically. To start with we may choose any posture that is
symmetrical. This always requires that the spine must be
straight, for otherwise the lungs will not be free. The time of
day is also important. Sunrise and sunset are the favourite times
for this experiment, but you may have to choose the time accord-
ing to your circumstances. Finally, what remains inside us from
the last meal may affect us. An excess of food is a serious
obstacle to mantric experimentation, because the oxygen that we
were intending to use in the practice of Mantra will be required
to burn up the food. So success depends also in some measure
on diet. Fasting is a great aid.
What does the experimentation actually consist in? How
do we actually go about it in practice? It consists in producing
musical sounds, just as is done with the experiments with glass
or sand, but with one’s own voice. Without going into too many
explanations that would carry us far afield, it may be stated
that the most fundamental sound according to the philosophy
of Yoga is the sound AUM, sometimes spelt OM. This sound
has to be intoned in a certain manner which requires practice.
The word “home”, long drawn out on an appropriate note,
will serve to begin with. When perfected, this sound is said to
be a reflection, as it were, of the tonic note of the Universe,
that “Word” which was in the beginning, which was with God,
and which was God. We have to use the word “Word” in this
connection because of the poverty of language and want of a
more adequate term. In the original Greek it is “Logos”, and
the dictionary gives the meaning of Logos as being “in the
Stoic philosophy the active principle living in and determining
the world” (Chambers’ Twentieth Century Dictionary), The
Stoic philosophy occupied a prominent position at that time in
Greece. The “active principle living in and determining the
62
world” would be an excellent description of what we conceive
by the word Prana. The Logos is the same sound as is referred
to in the Lord’s Prayer as the “Name” of God: “Hallowed be
Thy Name.” Practice consists in seeking for a musical note
which shall, however faintly and inadequately, reflect this
Name. Nor need anyone despair in this practice, for the
demonstration of sympathetic octave resonance on the piano
shows that the unstruck note will still sound even if the tuning
of the piano is only approximate; though, of course, the nearer
the tuning is to perfection, the stronger will be the resonance.
So progress in this matter is relative as in all else; there is no
jump from nullity to perfection; one step is better than none,
and effort sometimes deserves more praise than achievement.
The first search must be for the musical note which repre-
sents your own personal tonic note or vibration. This is not a
constant, for our physical condition varies. However, by observ-
ing the conditions indicated, the mind can be brought into a
state of quiescence in which for a considerable time the note
will be stable. It can be sensed in various ways: the most effec-
tive vibration will be felt as if it were reverberating throughout
the body, and the tip of the fingers placed on the sternum may
give some indication of the degree of the vibration. Various
notes, tones, pitch and volume, may have to be tried. As we
produce these notes, making them as prolonged and as smooth
as possible, we must observe their effect upon us. The prob-
ability is that, even if we never succeed in discovering with
certainty our own individual tonic note, nevertheless patient
and peristent practice will prove so pleasant and so beneficial
as a means of soothing the nerves and ironing out so to speak
the creases and ruffles of the mind that the seeker will be amply
repaid merely by the process of search. It is a case of the
treasures found along the path being almost as great as those
to be found at the destination. But if we have the good fortune
to strike the right note, or even one near it, we shall become
conscious of certain internal changes, certain reactions that
can be compared to the re-arrangement of the sand from being
a disorderly heap into a symmetrical pattern resembling a
Ilower. Expressed physiologically, this miraculous transforma-
tion takes the form of an exactly corresponding transformation
of the whole nervous system, with its inevitable accompanying
cflcct on the soul or spirit. Where formerly there was chaos,
now there is harmony and order. This was the original object
of intoning prayers in churches. Alas! the art has been almost
completely forgotten, so that church-chanting or incantation
63
has degenerated into a senseless and usually dirge-like drawl,
quite meaningless and often profoundly depressing. The art of
Mantra was once a constituent element in all religious worship.
As far as Christianity is concerned, when the Cnurch split in
the Fourth Century and lost its pristine simplicity, the mantric
art, fully understood only by a few highly trained devotees, was
lost. The debacle was further hastened by the introduction of
instrumental accompaniment in churches, an innovation which
led to the decline even of plainsong which had a mantric back-
ground. Even singing lost its spontaneity, and the art of mantra
took refuge in obscure monasteries where it was practised
secretly. I do not wish to deliver a tirade against organs-I
have been an organist myself. It is a magnificent instrument,
one of the glories of modern music, but it has its right place
like everything else; and when it is used as habitual accompani-
ment, “leading” the singing, as it is called, it becomes impossible
for singing to be spontaneous and to be a true reflection of the
soul. It is like a golden prop for a man too lazy to walk. The
practice of chanting prayers in churches originated as a physio-
logical process. Betore the intoning could begin, the intoner,
that is the priest, had to be in a condition that would make
him an example to everybody else, a physical and mental condi-
tion which would allow of the intoning to be correct. With this
proviso, in the marvellous setting of our churches and cathe-
drals, indeed miraculous results could be achieved through
trained incantation. But not as the practice is conducted today.
Generally you will find that when the Lord’s Prayer is to be in-
toned the organist provides the note and the priest adjusts him-
self to that! He has not even the initiative to produce the note
spontaneously. He then usually drawls through the Prayer, tak-
ing in breath three or four times in the course of it. The manner
in which the Lord’s Prayer is repeated in churches habitually
today is the worst and most harmful imaginable. It is usually
repeated by the entire congregation together in a scrambled
mumble, and it is that scrambled mumble which is impressed
upon the sub-conscious of every worshipper and impressed
upon his soul. And we have the audacity to call that prayer!
And even to debase in this way the one prayer handed down
by our Lord.
The mischief of this practice has fortunately been perceived
by some enlightened minds. In the preface to his striking
book, The Lord’s Prayer in Black and White, Arthur Wragge
has this to say: “The Lord’s Prayer should be prayed alone.
Jesus urged us to pray ‘to thy Father which is in secret,’ closing
64
the doors of our rooms and surrendering ourselves to the poetry
of prayer. Yet today this advice is almost forgotten, for usually
this prayer of all prayers is said in a dull sing-song voice in com-
pany with a crowd of others, most of them bored, conventional,
or Indifferent. The poetry of the prayer is destroyed by over-
nmch repetition, so that it has almost ceased to mean anything.”
The Lord’s Prayer is a very remarkable composition. Accord-
ing to the records, it is the only prayer Jesus ever dictated.
Part of its esoteric significance lies in the fact that it is a measure
01 a single trained breath for purposes of intoning. Everybody
in normal health ought to be able to chant the Lord’s Prayer,
at ordinary rate of utterance, on a single breath.
The correct note on which to incant is a matter of experi-
mcntation. When one can at more or less normal speed (about
the same speed as they repeat the Lord’s Prayer in churches)
chant it on a single breath, this will serve as a convenient
measure to assess one’s progress in breathing practice.
The most famous and the most fundamental in its effects of
all mantrams is the sacred syllable AUM or GM, to which I
have already alluded. The incantation of this sound, correctly
produced, has a profound effect upon the nervous system
similar to the effect an appropriate musical note has upon the
scattered sand. Trained breath is required to succeed in the
art of intoning, but the very process of learning to chant OM
correctly is in itself an effective means of training the breath;
the search for the correct tone, pitch, and volume suited to the
seeker-which differ according to the individual and at dif-
ferent times of the day-involve a considerable degree of
breath control. The process is of course greatly aided by the
prior conditions of bodily purification, posture, and moderate
diet.
The objective must be to pronounce this sound on the longest
possible drawn-out breath, on the deepest convenient note,
without the slightest wavering or alteration of tone, pitch or
volume. It is extraordinary how one finds sometimes so-called
teachers of esoteric philosophy pronouncing this syllable quite
ineffectually, as if it were just an ordinary word, or a mere
linguistic name of God like God, Dio, Gott, Dieu, Bog, Brahm,
Allah, Jehovah, or any other nomenclature applied to the Deity
in any other language. The sacred syllable OM is not a word
in the ordinary sense at all, it is a sound, a musical sound, and
i! has no more value than any other formal word denoting the
I>city if it is treated and uttered like an ordinary word. It is a
sound which, when correctly intoned, is itself an actual echo
65
or reflection, however distant, of the voice of Creation itself,
an echo borne by sympathetic resonance through an endless
sequence of octaves from the Beginning, that Beginning in
which is the Word, the Word that is with God, and the Word
that is God. It is a means of establishing actual vibrational
contact, that is, direct soul contact, with the Creator, His Voice
speaking, that is, vibrating within us.
This sound, then, is Ihe most fundamental of all sounds, but
although it is, so to speak, the arch-mantram this does not mean
that it need supersede all other mantric practice. Mantrams
such as the Lord’s Prayer or the Gayatri have tremendous value
for their suggestive content. The Gayatri is a short prayer said
to contain the essence of the Vedas, the most ancient sacred
scripts in existence. Translated, the words are: “Let us meditate
on the glory of Him from whom proceeds the Universe: may
He enlighten our minds”. Any appropriate text may serve as
a mantram, or the student may compose his own. The essential
is that the mantrams should be chanted repeatedly on an appro-
priate note with a single drawn out breath. Short mantrams can
be repeated more than once on the same breath. Thus the
Gayatri is usually repeated two or three times on a single
breath. The words polarize the thought. Their choice is there-
fore important and, in chanting, their articulation should be
clear, as their sound is indelibly imprinted on the subconscious
mind exactly as produced. The mantram should be intoned
over and over again without alteration of posture, with the eyes
closed and the mind stilled. The physical effect is profoundly
comforting, and this solace is reflected mentally and spiritually.
This is the principle of intoning and the manner in which
it was originally intended to be praciised in churches, when the
effect of expert incantation by the trained, priest communicated
itself to the congregation. The loss of this art has resulted in
the slipshod and quite senseless manner of intoning which has
become the mechanical habit of today. It is a debased relic of
what was once a profound esoteric art. Is it any wonder that
the Church is losing the influence it should exert, when one of
its most fundamental practices has been reduced to such vain
and empty repetition? I do not say this out of disrespect for
the Church or for religion in general. On the contrary, it is of
very great importance that this art should be recovered, for
our mediaeval cathedrals were designed for its practice. The
masons who constructed our cathedrals never put an organ in.
Organs were a secular invention, an imposition from without,
and generally the work of the masons had to be violated in
66
or&r to find room for this unnatural though decorative prop
which was to take so much of the spontaneity out of incantation.
This is a practice which anyone in reasonable health can
embark upon with great spiritual profit, even quite alone. It
requires no gymnastic ability beyond the ability to sit straight
and hold the body in its natural erect posture. To sum up:
having taken reasonable care that we are internally clean, that
WC have not burdened the physical instrument with an excess
01 food, that we adopt a truly natural posture, and that we
ohcy the injunction of the Master to isolate ourselves and pray
to our Father in secret, behind closed doors, it is almost
impossible, however awkward or clumsy one’s first efforts at
incantation may be, not to derive solace from it. There is great
power in secrecy, as the Psalmist has told us in superb poetry:
“He that dwelleth in the secret place of the Most High shall
ahidc in the shadow of the Almighty”. There pronounce the
Name of God as only secret conditions will allow of its being
pronounced, and forever after eschew the sacreligious habit of
111~scrambled mumbling among a crowd of people of-the most
sacred verbal prayer that was ever handed down to tis.
If the student chooses the Lord’s Prayer for mantric practice
hut finds it too long at first for complete incantation on a single
breath it can be divided up and chanted at first in sections.
11 is conveniently phrased for such division. Do half of it,
down to “Give us this day our daily bread”, and then add
scntcnce by sentence as proficiencjr- grows. Attention should
tirst be concentrated on making it technically Correct, exactly
as a pianist or violinist desiring to do full justice to the com-
poser first perfects his technique so that afterwards his spirit
may have free play; this means, in mantric practice, training
the breath, selecting the most appropriate bodily posture, find-
ing the best note, and experimenting to make it even and
unwavering, repeatedly over and over again. As the technique
is perfected the mind and spirit rest ever more and more in the
words, discovering in them their deepest meaning, and letting
this sink into the innermost chambers of the soul. If patiently
and perseveringly practised the result will be the descent from
above-or from within, to be more accurate-of that Solace
from on high which is the gift of the Holy Spirit-“Spirit”
meaning, as it does, Breath. So now perhaps what I have said
about the science and technique of Yoga will be apparent.
Yoga does not have a different objective from religion, ethics
or philosophy; it sirnply has a practical approach, and refuses
to regard religion and religious aspirations as merely a matter
67
of sentiment or credal definition. The whole subject is a science,
and if its laws are obeyed the results are certain, and the physi-
cal, mental and spiritual profit beyond all power of definition
or description.
V
YOGA FOR EVERYMAN

IIT us NOW consider briefly what advantages can reasonably

bc looked for by the man in the street from the study of this
subject. We have emphasized that one of the most important
I’catures of Yoga philosophy is that, for the ordinary purposes
of this life, no artificial distinction is made between body, mind
and spirit such as is the prevalent tendency in the West. These
three aspects of man are inseparable and are always interactive.
To pretend to cultivate the mind but neglect the instrument
through which the mind must work is therefore regarded as
I’olly. To talk sanctimoniously about the spirit while abusing
the vehicle of the spirit is mere hypocrisy. The practical man
who simply says he “wants to feel better, and that’s all”, is
less of a fool and less of a hypocrite than those who seek to
bemuse us with awesome threats of what will befall us unless
WC do what they say, or who stuff our heads with a lot of facts
of questionable value and leave us ignorant of even the most
rudimentary principles of the bodily machine upon which the
mind must rely for its functioning. At the same time it needs to
lx stressed that the common sense attitude of the practical man
who simply says he “wants to feel better”, meaning of course
physically, can be immeasurably enhanced and exalted by an
understanding of the proper relationship of body, mind and
spirit, and by a realization that his whole being, mind and spirit
as well as body, will inevitably benefit by viewing himself in a
composite light. After all, the true meaning of the word Health
is Wholeness. How can we possibly feel whole as long as we
accept the prevalent delusion that we must consider ourselves
as trisected into three parts each working separately?
The term spirit is often used vaguely, and may be made to
mean very different things, but I have used it to indicate mainly
rhc emotional side of our three-fold nature, that aspect of us
that determines our leanings, inspires our motives, prompts
the spirit in which we act. Mind also is difficult to define. We
11sua1ly associate mind, intellect, and intehigence with our
conscious thought. In fact, however, the most intelligent part

68 69
of our functioning is obviously the unconscious or sub-
conscious, particularly the intelligence that directs those bodily
functions which make the very idea of consciousness possible,
that higher or deeper intelligence over which the conscious part
of our being has no control in ordinary circumstances and which
indeed can easily be upset if we tamper wrongly with it with our
conscious mind. That part of us is obviously the most important
part of Mind in the fuller sense, since what we commonly call
Thinking depends on it. Compared with the miraculous Higher
Intelligence that regulates our bodily functions our conscious
intelligence is at best a fumbling, unreliable faculty.
Besides, we found in considering the mind aspect of our
make-up that what we usually call thinking is for the most part
merely automatic reaction, and it continues to be this until
some kind of shock is experienced which compels us to revise
the ideas that have been injected into us from outside. These
ideas are inculcated partly by instructton and education, and
many of them are of course necessary for ordinary life. But
they are not original, they are not ours in the sense that we
thought them out for ourselves. We see this process operating
very strongly in religious, political and social habits of thought.
People belong to a certain sect or church or party because they
were thus “brought up”, it is the family tradition. People
acquire quite automatically a certain social stamp that we
sometimes call “class”. Or they may rebel for equally auto-
matic reasons, because they were “influenced”, as we say, by
somebody who happened to put other ideas into their head.
For all these reasons it is very difficult to find precise defini-
tions applicable in all cases to words such as mind and spirit.
Nevertheless, even if we cannot define the terms with precision,
we do have a pretty shrewd idea, which we can accept for work-
ing purposes, of what we mean when we say in a-general way
that the word “physical” shall relate to the action and opera-
tions of the material human body; “mind” shall refer to the
thinking part of us; and “spirit” to-the emotional side of our
nature. The spiritual part of us, then, is that which manifests
as emotions, our “passions”, of whatever coloration or quality.
The process of subduing and disciplining the spirit is the
same as that of subduing the mind, it must be stilled. As long
as there remain ruffles on the surface of our emotional nature
they will prevent the reflection of Reality, just as the ruffles of
our thoughts will prevent the reflections of Reality. And the
stillness, the surrender, must be complete. “Be still, and know
that I am God”. Far from being exuberant or abounding or
70
“rich” in spirit, which is a condition the world tends to admire,
we must on the contrary learn to curb it, rein in its manifesta-
tions. Then at last the real meaning of the puzzling beatitude
becomes clear: “Blessed are the poor in spirit”. Those who
can completely quell their emotional nature, reducing them-
selves to mental and spiritual silence, these are they to whom it
will be granted to see the greater vision beyond the confines of
this world. In other words: “Blessed are the dispassionate”.
This idea is inherent in one of the most striking of Shake-
speare’s sonnets:
They that have power to hurt and will do none,
That do not do the thing they most do show,
Who, moving others, are themselves as stone,
Unmoved, cold, and to temptation slow;
They rightly do inherit heaven’s graces
And husband nature’s riches from expense;
They are tie lords and owners of their faces,
Others but stewards of their excellence.
The essential meaning of these lines is that only the dis-
passionate, the “poor in spirit”, those who possess a secret
power which they will seldom employ, who have learnt the art
of non-reaction to environment, who do not reveal their inner
thoughts, whose emotions are under control, in a word whose
life is lived-to quote the words of the psalmist-“in the secret
places of the Most High” utterly concealed from the vulgar
gaze, only these shall “inherit heaven’s graces”, or to use the
words of Jesus “shall inherit the earth”.
Yet how shall we, in actual practice, through thought
conquer thought, through emotion conquer emotion, through
spirit conquer spirit? How are we from “rich” in spirit to
become “poor” in spirit, from passionate to become dis-
passionate? How can we through spirit bring spirit to heel, and
thus learn to inherit heaven’s graces and husband nature’s
riches from expense? How are we to reduce our emotions to a
state of nullity, or “poverty” to use Jesus’s expression, and thus
“inherit the earth”?
The key is, .to tell the truth, in our hands all the time, its
secret lies in the very word spirit, for “spirit”, as we have
already seen, in its original and most fundamental meaning is
simply “breath”. Inspiration is literally the process of “breath-
ing into”, aspiration “breathing towards”, expiration “breath-
ing out”. To aspire to divinity means literally to breathe towards
divinity, to breathe in such a manner as to approach the divine.
‘I’bc relation of breath to the emotions is well known and
71
observable by anybody. In anger the breathing is stertorous, in
fear it is gasping, in serenity even and placid. Breathing is the
key to the problem, the Yoga of the spirit is the Yoga of breath.
This is the principle laid down by Patanjali at the very begining
of his Yoga Aphorisms as has already been said in dealing with
the Yoga of the Mind. By learning the art of slow, deep, regu-
lated breathing, controlled breathing, and especially retention
of the breath, the operations of the mind and the disturbances
of the spirit can be reduced to a minimum, and that serenity
achieved which will permit the Higher Consciousness to be
reflected within us.
Through the training of the breath, therefore, the stilling of
the mind and the subduing of the emotions can quickest be
achieved. Mind and spirit are of course involved in the process
all the time, for it is impossible even to start the practice without
thinking about it and without hoping for success, hope being the
spiritual aspect of the matter at that stage. As the breath is
brought under control, the mind and spirit follow suit, they
follow the rhythm of the breath. Of course, other factors also
enter the picture, two of the principal ones being posture and
diet, both of which strongly affect the motions of the lungs,
and it is not without profound significance that all the great
religions associate prayer, or meditation, with the practice of
fasting, and with frequent kneeling and prostration .of the body
The fundamental raison d’tftre of these practices, as in the case
of incantation> is physiological.
The Yoga of the Spirit then is the discipline which leads to
calmness and serenity of the inner being, the ironing out, as it
were, of the ruffles of emotion until a state of perfect stillness
is attained. It is brought about by processes which are at one
and the same time mental, emotional, and physical, these
aspects of our nature being always interactive. It is the process
of opening the door to the divine within us by removing all the
obstacles of thought and emotion which are attached to our
narrow conception of personality, “ego”, “I”, “me”, and
“mine”. The key to the technique of this process being pro-
vided by restoring to the word spirit its true and original mean-
ing, namely “breath”, the path lies open to illumination.
Reviewing now all these branches of Yoga, Sun-Moon
(Hatha) Yoga is that branch which treats of the physical
organism, this being the only instrument we possess through
which to achieve contact with the divine on this plane of
existence. It seeks first to purify the body for its mental and
spiritual functions by cleansing it, toning and tuning it up,
72
raising it to a higher level of efficiency, abolishing disabilities
of physique which result from not knowing how to breathe,
how to eat, how to restore healthy intestinal activity, how to sit,
stand, walk, work, play, sleep and relax to best advantage.
Ultimately, on its metaphysical side, it seeks, as its name implies,
so to co-ordinate the workings of our physical organism that it
shall operate with the same degree of rhythm and harmony as
the solar system of which this planet is a member and of which
each of us is an integral part. It starts by training the breathing
as that function which links us most immediately and most
intimately with the Life-force from which we derive conscious-
ness. It seeks to quicken and expand our consciousness and
raise it to a higher level.
This is equally the object of the Yoga of the Mind, Raja
Yoga, which cannot be achieved without suitable discipline of
its vehicle, the physical organism. Precisely the same must be
said of Devotional, or Bhakta, Yoga. The idea that “spiritual
merit” may be acquired by neglecting the body or even by
mutilating it by abominable practices of self-torture is utterly
foreign to the ideals of Yoga; it is just as deplorable that some
perverted individuals indulge in such practices under the guise
of Yoga as that the flagellants indulge in their self-mutilation
under the guise of Christianity.
Expressed in terms suited to Western psychology the most
valuable aspect of the teaching for practical purposes consists
in recognizing the essentially unreal and unstable manner in
which habitually we apply to ourselves the personal pronoun
“I”. Shattering though it may seem at first to be told our
treasured personality is unstable and inconstant, since such an
assertion deals a serious blow to our vanity, an acute apprecia-
tion of this truth is of enormous advantage in daily life, whether
in business or home, for it assists us to understand our reactions
and master them, it prevents us from so easily falling a prey to
automatic response to outward stimuli, to those outward appear-
ances which are themselves in point of fact a reflection of our
own projected imagination. The mistake of identifying ourselves
with our moods or our physical condition and regarding these
as final is one of the chief causes of our suffering. It allows us
no way of escape. And yet, very little thought shows us how
greatly we deceive ourselves by such identification. Of course,
at first great difficulty arises when the seeker, suddenly perceiv-
ing the truth of his position and feeling the ground slip beneath
him, exclaims: “What then am I? Is life just a quicksand?
Where shall I find an anchor that will hold?” The man of
73
 devotional temperament usually cries: “What shall I do to be
saved?“-and looks for a guide to whom to turn in his distress.
The man of intellectual turn of mind, faced with a void, may at
first fall into despair. Yet it is in this very void that the way
of escape lies hidden, and the devotional man is merely crying
to an unknown, invisible, at first seemingly empty source within
himself. The source can of course never be defined because it
is “not of this world”. That is precisely what we are seeking-
a sphere that is not of this world but of another, and the dis-
covery of it and our union with it constitutes Yoga. It is a
world of stillness and silence. In outward life this contact
reveals itself in a new attitude of dispassion, objectivity towards
worldly values, mastery of emotions, clarity of thought, greater
power of judgment; it leads to a greater tolerance toward others,
a deeper and more discriminating love, combined with the
elimination of unreasoned and prejudiced,dislikes. It leads us
to adopt an open mind towards those who differ from us-a
more generous attitude of mind-because if our own “I’s” vary,
so do the “I’s” of other people. We are all in the same boat.
Having learnt this lesson, one is of course still subject to
the same buffetings of circumstance, the same slings and arrows
of outrageous fortune, but one’s understanding of them and
reaction to them are quite different. To acquire the technique of
turning on or off at will the taps of our emotions gives one tre-
mendous power over circumstances, and often over other
people, but at the same time it gives sympathy and under-
standing, through realizing that less advanced people are in
exactly the same situation as we ourselves formerly were. It
also results in increased efficiency in one’s business, duties, and
occupations through comprehension of the true nature of all
perceptible phenomena. When these are seen as projections of
a Higher Consciousness we shall cease to fear their effect upon
us when they take what appears to be an adverse turn. We shall,
on the contrary, manipulate these phenomena with a new con-
fidence, knowing that it lies within us to turn the tide to our
favour.
Passing to Karma Yoga, the path of action, we found that
what we commonly call our activities must be understood in a
deeper sense than is usual. We are conscious as a rule only of
an infinitesimal fraction of the actions which we are all the
time performing; for to the extent that you are your mind, and
your mind depends upon the functioning of the physical orga-
nism, then you are your digestion also, you are the circulation
of your blood, you are the beating of your heart, you are the
74
action of every muscle which you use even in the very slightest
movement, consciously or unconsciously. These are the depart-
ments of our action which we should study first and with great
care since upon them depends the quality of functioning of the
mind. Our external actions are also far more numerous and
varied than we usually realize. We do an enormous number of
things by sheer habit, we perform them like automatons. And
the same is true of habits of thought. It is desirable~ to review
and analyse all our habits from time to time: it is one of the
first steps in learning to see ourselves as others see us, which
may be a surprising revelation. Certain practices of physical
Yoga help greatly in this.
Then there is the other aspect of Karma Yoga which arises
out of the fact that analysis of action involves analysis of
reaction-cause and effect. As we sow, so shall we reap. It
is a common failing in human beings to complain of their lot.
But to understand the cause means to understand the effect.
Too many people shirk facing- causes and take cowardly refuge
in complaint. It may need great courage and profound thought
to face causes, for invariably the cause of all our misery and all
unhappiness lies within ourselves,
Jnana Yoga, the Yoga of Knowledge, showed us the value
of observing the world around and within us, the accumulation
of facts, a study of nature, of what really takes place about us,
and in us, and the value of science to us in opening our eyes
to the mysteries of the external universe. But the externalist
also, as we pointed out, if he is to learn about everything in
the universe, will sooner or later have to study himself. By his
own logic he will be driven to apply the old Delphic motto of
the Greeks, “Man, know thyself”, for without this understanding
he will understand nothing. But with this understanding know-
ledge becomes wisdom.
When we come to the Yoga of Sound-a seemingly abstruse
study to many at first encounter-we found that it has a close
bearing on daily life. Noise is one of the most pernicious features
of what we are pleased to call civilization. Its opposite, silence,
may have a deeply healing influence upon us, and is in any case
an essential condition of meditation, which is a process of
getting to know our inner self. Voices affect us greatly. Words
are our chief medium of communication. Both involve sound.
Sound is vibration. So it boils down to a study of vibrations.
This led to a study of the effect on us of musical sounds, parti-
cularly those produced by vocal action. Yoga therefore requires
a careful study of words, their precise meaning, the tone in
75
which they are uttered, and their effect on the hearer. Still more
important is the production of musical sounds to affect our
nervous system by causing certain kinds of internal vibration,
with a study of incantation as a means of affecting the nervous
system also of others, Through the law of octaves (which I
explained with an illustration at the piano) we are able, by
approaching the subject scientifically, coupled with an attitude
of reverent search and experiment, to tune in-this is the true
meaning of in-tone- to higher levels of consciousness, which
is another way of saying approaching the divine. People whose
conception of religion is bound by formalism and creeds are
sometimes horrified at the very idea that contacting the divine
is a physiological process, but that is only because of the false
distinction they make between physical, mental, and spiritual.
Even in its simplest form intoning, and especially the intoning
of the sound “OM”, repeatedly and in a harmonious posture,
has a profoundly soothing effect on the nerves, and is thus in
itself a kind of spiritual balm.
But from whatever angle we consider the subject of our rela-
tion to the Divine, we cannot escape from the cardinal fact
that our only possrble approach is through the physical orga-
nism which is our sole medium on this plane of existence.
Sentimentalists challenge this with the pretence or mistaken
belief that the human mind can be trained without utilizing
the brain or nervous system in any way; in other words that the
human mind is an entity totally separate from and independent
of all processes of living. This is a prevalent form of escapism,
a device to avoid facing unwelcome facts. For from the moment
that it is admitted that the brain and nervous system may have
something to do with thought it follows inevitably that the
quality and effectiveness of the thinking process must depend
upon the quality and tone of the brain and nerves, which are
kept alive only through being nourished by the blood; while
in its turn the quality of the blood depends on the quality and
selection of food consumed, the manner in which it is eaten
and digested, the degree in which it is oxygenated by the lungs,
and the completeness with which it is assimilated and waste
matter eliminated. This is a hateful doctrine to philosophic and
religious sentimentalists because it compels them, if they face
it, to accept the fundamental precept of Yoga that our first
duty to our Creator is to provide Him with an instrument worthy
of His hand; and proper attention to this duty involves a re-
assessment of accepted values and a sincere effort to train the
76
physical instrument to a finer rate of vibration, it being always
recognized of course that we are all subject to mortal limitations,
but these must not be made an excuse to shirk effort.
The essence of Yoga training of the physical instrument lies
in keeping it pure, above all internally. We are told on high
authority that the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit-but
the manner in which a great many people look after it shows
scant respect for the tenant. This disrespect must follow
inevitably from the false and sacreligious idea invented by per-
vcrted minds that the human body is something to be despised
and that its habitual neglect can be regarded with indifference,
or even as a virtue! The philosophy of Yoga teaches that the
lirst divine attribute of man is health-wholeness-of body,
mind, and spirit-and the neglect of any of these aspects of
what is essentially one and the same being must inevitably be
rcllected in the other two.
Alas, it is all too common to find the function of respiration
neglected even among those who should know better; in fact
it is not uncommon to find people experiencing discomfort and
even a tendency to faint the very first time they try to use to
their full extent the lungs with which Nature has provided them.
Some even may protest on this account that complete breathing
must be wrong-much as a confirmed drunkard or smoker
might protest that it must be wrong to correct his bad habit
because the first attempt at reform causes discomfort. There is
IIO limit to the obstinacy of some people the moment they are
invited to behave normally instead of abnormally as is their
habit. To such, the natural appears unnatural. Truly it some-
times seems a wonder that some people take the trouble to
breathe at all if they prefer habitually to underuse their lungs!
Expressed in practical terms, the first results of correct Yoga
training are the ability to dertve more energy from less food,
more rest from less sleep, and more vitality with less waste.
A new system of physiological enonomics is established
which is quickly reflected in the mind. Joy and happiness, for
oneself and radiated to those around like a lighthouse, in-
creased efficiency in work and pleasure in play, and service to
others in everything, firstly by the mere fact of becoming a
better being-these are some of the first fruits of glorification
of God in the body.
To the man in the street who is not satisfied by theoretical
or credal speculations this common-sense doctrine offers a new
hope. To improve his health in such a way that his constant
objective is increased efficiency of mind and serenity of spirit,
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an inward escape from the anxieties and turmoil of life, a new is certainly not to turn yourself into a crank and expect him to
equilibrium among disturbing vicissitudes, here is a gospel follow suit. The very essence of Yoga as applied to ordinary
with practical value, a gospel which holds out the prospect of daily life is Common Sense. Common sense does not cut out
a new heaven here and now. Once prompted by the logic of high ideals, indeed, to have high ideals is itself sheer common
the system, and fired with the hope of success, he applies him- sense.
self to train his physique to a new level of health and to tune Bear in mind, therefore, that Yoga need not be regarded as
it to a higher standard of mental and spiritual values. In actual an abstruse or purely metaphysical study relating to the occult
practice he begins by re-educating his breathing apparatus as and inaccessible to ordinary minds, but-precisely the contrary
the function that establishes the closest and most immediate -is an intensely practical and matter-of-fact philosophy
contact with the Life-force; then his digestive apparatus; then applicable to the most humdrum affairs of daily life. It belongs
the general toning up of the muscular system, with special to the here and now, and it is the here and now that it seeks to
reference to the influence on our psyche of such factors as make heaven. It advocates in the interest of study an open mind
posture and the need to counteract the effect of gravitation on that shall not be enslaved by prejudices or by imposed ideas
our internal organs. With his enhanced vitality he trains his that have not passed through the sieve of reason or been tested
imagination to acquire a new sense of independence, a capacity in adversity. It is in a word a common-sense philosophy of life,
for endurance, heightened powers of resistance to disease, a which helps us to live better, more happily, more efficiently,
facility in rest and relaxation. And last but not least, he has the and to radiate this atmosphere of contentment and practical
joy of knowing that this new heaven on earth is radiated to all progress to others. It leads to a deep study of our own selves,
around who cannot fail to be influenced and helped thereby, which has literally endless possibilities, opening up vistas of
and the world thus made a better place to live in. potentialities of which we normally are quite unconscious, and
Hitherto it has been a prevalent view of people who have revealing hidden powers whose existence we have not even
heard anything about Yoga at all that it was not a subject suspected. And thus, little by little, we are brought closer to
applicable to the man in the street, but that to be a practising the ideal of that union with the divine purpose which is the
student of Yoga you either had to be an ascetic or a recluse. very essence of Yoga, “yoking ourselves to Perfection”.
It would however be equally unreasonable to suggest that any
other department of learning which has come to us from the
East-and almost all learning has come to us originally from
the East-should not be applicable in the West. One possible
reason why this particular subject took longer to become popu-
larized in the West is that it is not merely an intellectual study
but primarily a practical one, but the methods of practice are
necessarily different in the East from the West. Consequently,
as in many other departments of learning and philosophy, a
certain adaptation was required before it became intelligible
to the Western world.
I have given only a brief outline of the subject in these
pages, but I have endeavoured to express it in terms intelligible
to anybody. You do not have to be a scholar to study Yoga,
nor do you have to be ascetically inclined. Indeed, a top-heavy
intellectual may find it difficult to allow his imagination un-
hampered aspirational flight. And as for those who conceive
virtue as being allied to an exaggerated degree of self-denial
concerning the good things of life, such people tend to become
fanatical and even to develop an odious attitude of self-
righteousness. The best way to love your neighbour as yourself
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