Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SF:: George H. Warren Cpl. Cyril F. Scott M Sgt. Elmer D_ Weppner Sgt. Ezekiel Owen,
Cpl. Richard A. Scott SFC Wolter H. Bailey Sgt. Jame, M. Westbrook
10lh AAA Group Cpl. Sterling D. Tackett Sgt. Jo,eph Brown Sgt. James M. Willard
Copt. Clarence A. Meyer Cpl. Joe Whitehurst Sgt. Robert E. Yount Cpl. Milton H. Baumgardner
Copt. William F. Rawclille Pic. Richard D. Brown Cpl. Luis M_ Coloma Cpl. Lawrence E. Brail,lard
2d Lt. Hermon C. Schultz Pvt. Roy W. Willis Cpl. Jame, R. Graham Cpl. Fidel Cortina, (I-OLe)
Cpl. Robert L. Hand Cpl. Allredo Solis Cpl. G. C. Crigler
Cpl. Jame, H. Stinnett 50th AAA AW IIn ISP) Cpl. Wolter C. We,t Cpl. Paul Cumpton
Pv:. Jame, M. Mumogh Maj. Stanley J. Pociorek Pic. J. C. D. Grammer Cpl. Wolter D. Emmons
Copt. Leland R. Downing Pic. John H. Morey Cpl. Robert Fryer
15th AAA AW Bn ISP) Copt. Edward L. Ro,e (1-0LC) Pic. William T. Redden Cpl. Jo'ep~ D. Geraci
Maj. Jame, N. Hickok Copt. Jo,eph B. Rothwell Pic. Robert R. Roark Cpl. Blaine E. Horman (V)
Copt. Ron,ome B. Cribbage Copt. Robert T. Stauek Pic. Clifton F. Spencer Cpl. Robert LeGrall
Coot. Chorle, F. Farber Copt. William W. Winters Pic. Carlton D. Tinker Cpl. John E. MacMahon
Copt. (Chop.) J. H. Fi,er Copt. Kermit D. Woolridge Pic. Melvin Vanover Cpl. Arthur G. Peters
Pic. William E. Webb
Copt. Jame, H. Hogan CWO Leland J. Crabbe Pic. Hermon l. Aycoth
Pvt. Willard E. Alphin
Copt. Earl C. Ireland M Sgt. Donald L. Branscum Pic. Joseph Bellomy
Pvt. Gerold A. Pflegharr
Copt. Jame, R. McClymont M Sgt. Francisco A. Olivieri Pic. John R. Brown (V)
Copt. Roy J. McManu, M Sgt. William E. Roy 82nd AAA AW Bn ISP)
Pic. Jame, Cahall (V)
Copt. Arthur M. Meran,ki SFC Jame, A. Couillard Lt. Col. Wolter Killilae (1-0lC) Pic. Irvin W. Connett (V)
Copt. Ronald D. Moton SFC Billy A. Curley Maj. K. L. Bouillion (l-0lC) Pic. Marshall W. Dunn, Jr.
Copt. Gilbert B. Sage, Jr. SFC Virgil A. Justice Maj. Edgar l. Ca,ey (l-OLC) Pic. Richard M. Eo,land
Copt. James W. S~oler (1.0le} SFC Emile P. Ordoyne Maj. Jeollory lovell Pic. Fernando Fuerte', Jr.
Copt. Thomas G. Toft Sgt. Thoma, F. Bunkley Maj. Jock C. Maldonado (l-OLC) Pic. William J. Heam
Copt. Wolter Wortonick Sgt. Carl H. MacDermott Maj. Stephen T. Urtamo Pic. William J. Hearne (V)
Copt. Alvin D. White, Jr. Sgt. Joe E. Marshall (1-0lC) Maj. Jo,eph C. Whitehead Pic. Fred Helferding (V)
1st Lt. Donald E. Harkin, Cpl. Jock R. McConnell Copt. Jo,eph Erriga (1-0LC) Pic. Horace L. Hunt
1st Lt. Thoma, A. Holt Pic. Charles K. Horst, Jr. 1sILt. Gilbert X. Cheves (VI Pic. Delton E. John,on
1st It. Phillip H. Stevens 1,t Lt. Paul G. McCoy (VI Pic. Jose Lopez
6Bth AAA Gun Bn
CWO James H. Dowdy 1st It. Jame, W. Root Pic. Hollis W. Neeley
SFC Edwin V. Donnellan Lt. Col. Raymond C. Cheal 1st Lt. John Schmutz (Po,thumou,lyl Pic. Eugen ia Pedrozza
SFC Dallas B. Ours Maj. Francis X. Gallant 1st Lt. Wilbur R. Web,ter (V) Pic. Edwin M. Tomeczko
SFC Carl R. Portwood Copt. Richard G. Fazakerly 1st Lt. Jame, W. Wilson Pic. Robert A. Webb, Jr.
S,r. Joy L. Beck Copt. Edgar H. Stephen,on 2d Lt. G. M. Hair Pic. Edgar l. Weems
Sgt. Richard A. Fasing 1st Lt. lyle R. Lorson M Sgt. Jo,eph Dutro Pic. Johnie Whitmire
Set. Charle, W. Nicodemu, 1st Lt. Fred E. Renaud M Sgt. John F. Sullivan Pic. Orval l. Willis
Sgt. Robert C. Turner 1st It. Alexander Schocklelord SFC B. E. Carroll Pvt. Wolter l. Beat
Cpl. Paul J. Block, Jr. M Sgt. Leo J. Hannibal SFC John E. Evans (1-0LC) Pvt. James C. Chaney
Cpl. Richard M. Evon, M Sgt. Solem F. Jones SFC E. Fernandez Pvt. M. l. Moore
SFC Malcolm Cooper Pvt. Robert F. Morris
SFC J. D. Maddix
21st AAA AW Bn ISP) SFC Martin Nubuer
SFC William E. Moron
1st Lt. Byron L. Stevens SFC Robert Pattoon 865th AAA AW Bn ISP)
SFC Richard W. Rognrud
1,1 It. Kenneth E. Troxell Sgt. Robert E. Mclendon SFC William S. Hasse
SFC George A. Santoy
M Sgt. Zarago,a Maciel Sgt. Robert l. Noth Sgt. Harold D. Allen
SFC Nick N. Schelbrack (V)
SFC Emanuel Heinze Pic. Robert G. linnane Sgt. Burley T. Blanken,hip
SFC Eugene J. Sheehan
SFC Victor J. King Pvl. Robert O. Guinn Cpl. Donald E. Gentzler
SFC Robert E. Stone
SFC Paul L. McRoberts Cpl. Kenneth W. Shields
78th AAA Bun Bn 190mm) Sgt. Amato T. Barreda
SFC Bridge F. Ragland Cpl. Richard J. Vertz
Sgt. Raymond R. Arcand Lt. Col. Thomas W. Ackert (2-0Le} Sgt. Harold D. Corbello
Pvt. Herbert l. Bumgarner
Sgt. Corey L. C1ay,on Maj. Wolter T. Ride, Jr. Sgt. Obrin Freemon
Pvt. Fronk A. Pierce
Sgt. George Gillis Copt. (Chop.) Roy l. Allen Sgt. Gerold D. Gordon
Pvt. Lawrence E. Rogers
Sgt. Nobuta Oda Copt. Michael J. Malone (1-0LC) Sgt. Denver Greer
Sgt. Colvin W. Thomas Copt. Howard W. Pierson (1-0LC) Sgt. Kenneth N. Hock 933rd AAA AW Bn ISP)
Cpl. John J. Chesser Copt. David H. Rabert,on (1-0LC) S9t. John A. Norgren M Sgt. James A. Henderson
SOLDIER'S l\'[EDALS
3rd AAA AW Bn ISP) 15th AAA AW Bn ISP) 68th AAA Gun Bn 78th AAA Gun Bn 190mm)
2d Lt. Billy C. Tubbleville SFC Paul J. Tote Sgt. Harry C. White M Sgt. Paul M. Hall
Pic. Daniell. Goode Cpl. Avelino R_ Borrows
Cpl. Burton C. Caswell, Jr.
THE UNITED STATES
ANTIAIRCRAFT
ASSOCIA TION
Founded in 1892
Published from 1892 until 1922 as
OFFICERS THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
LT. GE1'\J.LEROY LUTES Published from 1922 until 1948 as the
PRESIDENT COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
nIAJ. GEN. LYl\1AN L. LEl\1NITZER
VOL. LXXXXIV JULY.AUGUST, 1951 No.4
VICE-PRESIDENT
tllbl~hed bimonthly by the United States Antiair.raft Asso.iation. Editorial and exe.uti,.. offi.es, 631 P.nusylvania Aveuue. ~.W.,
Bablugton 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per year. Foreign subs.ription •. $1.00 per Vear. Siugl •• opies, 75.. Entered as second-elass matter
~I WashiugtGu. D. C.; additioual .utry at Richmoud, Va., und.r the Art of iIar.h 3, 18.9. Copyright, 1951, by the Uuited Stat ...
....ntiair.raft A.so.iation.
ANTIAIRCRAFT Al
By Maior Genera
. FIFJ
~)
Brig. Gen. Loyal M. Haynes with Lt. Co!. Killilae decorate five men of the 82nd
;L
r\lorale is remarkable. Good food, mail
as promptly as conditions permit, inces-
sant efforts of the chaplains; organized
Army morale programs; radio programs
and many other influences serve the pur-
AAA A \X' Bn. (SP) with Bronze Stars. pose of keeping up the spirits of the fight-
2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
fillERY IN KOREA
;qilliam F. Marquat
PORT
ing troops. The American sense of humor there is no complaining O\'er the fact lieved from front line duty.
is always pre\'alent. In Korea the safety that a man may have to wait some time In my travels around the combat areas,
campaign includes signs everywhere to enjoy either of these privileges. The I found the typical reluctance to discuss
reading: mere fact that the opportunities exist outstanding performances. The "all in
"Drive carefl/lly-the life )'01/ save may and that someone is benefiting by them a day's work" attitude predominated.
be tlwt of YOl/r replaceJ1lellt." is enough for the American GI. Another And when you can entice a man into a
The prospects of Rand R (Rest and first class morale agency is the power discussion of a special event, it is always
Relaxation) and of rotation to the U. S. driven bath unit. These outfits line most his buddy who is accorded the major role
in a priority based upon length of serv- of the streams and certainly do a rush in the drama being presented. But there
ice in Korea are morale inspiring, and business, especially among men just re- were plenty of them.
KOREAN COMMEND ATION-Scroll awarded to the 78th AAA Gun Battalion, Lt. Co!. Thomas \'V'. Ackert, command-
ing, by Major General Chung III Kwon, Commander in Chief of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces, in commendation of
the battalion's support of the ROK 1st Infantry Division in combat against North Korean and Chinese Communist forces.
The citation refers specifically to action in the Battle of Taegu, September 16, 1950, and at Unsan, 1 to 26 of November 1950.
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FOR example. the Third Division.
J\lajor General Robert H. Soule, com-
manding, and Brig. General R. P. Shugg.
Divarty Commanding General, was shift-
ing from one front to another in a terrinc
rain. Shugg was extremely enthusiastic
about the performance of his organic
A1\1\. the 3rd AAA A\V Battalion (SP),
Lieut. Colonel Charles \V. Stewart, com-
manding. J\lajor R. B. Hay, executive
officer, said there had been plenty of out-
standing action and cited two incidents
in which the nrst and second platoons of
Battery'A were engaged.
At 0800 27 J\lay 1951, elements of
the First Platoon, Battery A, 3rd 1\A1\
A\V Battalion (SP) were in direct sup-
port of the 7th Infantry Regiment which
was attacking Hill 856. 1st Lieut. Nor-
man Semon was platoon commander Members of the 15th AAA A \\' Bn, set up defense positions.
with 2nd Lieut. J. Kinman second in
command. There were two J\116s, three two enemy machine guns, one trench ond Battalion of the 7th InFantry Regi-
j\ 119s and one 1\139 personnel carrier in mortar and one bunker containing a ma- ment. Capt. Richard P. De\Vitt, com-
the antiaircraft complement of the com- chine gun nest; and neutralizing a hostile manding Battery A, was in the CP of the
bat force. The action lasted nve hours outpost. The 1\119 personnel carrier was infantrv battalion when hostile fire was
during which time the antiaircraft units prominent in this action, moving about opened in considerable volume by enemy
were credited with killing 125 enemy; under terrinc nre, removing wounded, who had infiltrated the position. \Vithin
wounding at least that many; destroying distributing ammunition and otherwise five minutes one 1\116 and one l\1I9
making itself conspicuous during the ac- under command of 2nd Lieut. P. H,
Distinguished Service Cross tivity. Felder were in action. Thirty minutes
SERGEANT HAROLD P. HAUGtAND, a 1\laster Sgt. J. Farrell distinguished later the situation was cleared up. One
member of Battery D, 15th AAA AW Bn. (SPI. himself in this action by personally di- enemy prisoner was taken who stated
7th Infantry Division, distinguished himself by
extraordinary heroism in action against on recting the activities of the 1\139 vehicle. that he was the sole survivor of a group
armed enemy near Chasin Reservoir, Korea Sergeants J. Downing, \V. George and of fiFty hostile soldiers who had taken
an 29 and 30 November 1950. On these
dates the battery to which Sergeant Haugland I\. Fields were the section leaders, and up positions under cover of darkness
was assigned was providing ground defense squad leaders Sergeants R. Cox, F. Mc- with the mission of wiping out the in-
for field artillery elements, and his M.19
(twin 40mm guns) was covering one sector Gunnigle and S. Alderson and Corporals Fantry CPo No damage was done to per-
of the perimeter defense. The enemy mod. C. Bennett and J. Bloom were out- sonnel or equipment at the CP due to
numerous heavy attocks against his weapon
on 29 November, and by exposing himself standing. prompt and effective action spearheaded
voluntarily to intense fire, he was cble to The coordination between the infan- by Friendly antiaircraft units.
direct the fire of his guns to the most
vulnerable points with speed and efficiency. try and antiaircraft was near perfection. During one single march of the divi-
As a result of his selfless exposure to enemy The inFantry called For fire over the SCR sion, the elements of the 3rd AAA AW
fire, he was seriously wounded in one foot
and was carried to the aid station. Early on 300 radio sets or by marking a target by Battalion were engaged on 62 occasions;
the morning of 30 November, the enemy smoke grenades and tracer nre. The fired 5,618 rounds of 40mm ammunition
renewed the attock against the perimeter.
Sergeant Hougland, with complete disregard 1\1I9's of this battery are equipped with and 29,144 rounds of caliber .50 am-
for his own welfare and safety, wrapped his mil scales and the fire adjustment is con- munition; destroyed or neutralized nine
wounded foot in cloths and using an empty
ration box for a shoe, made his way under ducted according to field artillery meth- machine gun emplacements, two trench
enemy fire from the aid station to his M-19 ods. mortars, one 45mm antitank gun, two
where he resumed command and continued
to expose himself to enemy fire while com. General Shugg said that preliminary boats, five trucks and killed 238 enemy
manding the weapon. During this action an indications of enemy in this area were soldiers.
enemy mortar set fire to the ammunition
trailer. In order to direct the driver of the difficult to obtain because the hostile
M.19 to an alternate position, Sergeant forces were elusive and could not be
Haugland, with great valor, in the midst of
exploding 40mm high explosive shells, coolly located by the reconnaissance patrols ON one occasion an enemy command
walked in front of the vehicle and guided which branded the reports of hostile post was located in a concrete tunnel on
the driver of the gun carriage. As a direcl
result of his outstanding devotion to duty, troop presence as rumors. "\Ve Found the opposite side of a river. Howitzers
his fearless leadership, and his exemplary a new way to spike rumors," the General and aerial bombardment Failed to pene-
heroism, Sergeant Haugland's M-19 prevented
penetration of the perimeter and killed scares said. trate the tunnel entrance. One section
of the enemy. His display of extraordinary On the 23rd of May at 0900 hours, of Battery D moved to a favorable posi-
heroism on this occasion reRects great credit
an himself and the military service. elements of the Second Platoon of Bat- tion within 2,500 yards of this target.
tery A were in direct support of the Sec- After a few minutes of fire the command
4 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
I'
interest in the activities of the 21st AAA member of the "Lightning Division"
Citation For The Legion AW Battalion (SP), commanded by family and many of the units carried
Of Merit Lieut. Col. C. E. Henry, who was re- "Quad Lightning." ,"Chain Lightning"
cently promoted to his present grade. and similar designations on their equip-
lieutenant Colonel Clifton E. Singleton,
Artillery, distinguished himself by exception- General Barth has since departed from ment. 1\ lany of the artillery units use
oily meritorious service as Post Commander, the division after serving in Korea since typical wolfhound characteristics in their
Camp Mower, Japan logistical Command,
from 30 June to 2 November 1950. Following the start of the war. names such as the "\Volfhound Bark,"
the onset of hostilities in Korea, Colonel General Barth said that the antiaircraft "\Volfhound How!." and such epithets.
Singleton converted his post into a staging
area and port capable of processing large artillery had long been accepted as a The following letter from General
units for shipment to Korea and, aided by a
stafl of only six officers and less than a hun-
dred enlisted men, prepared the 34th Infantry
Regiment for movement to the battle zone
within twelve hours. He provided complete
Hq. 25th Div. Arty
facilities for staging, feeding and embarking
Korea
the majority of the remaining elements of 3 June 1951
the 24th Infantry Division in less than ten i\lajor General \\T. F. i\larquat
days and later processed the 25th Infantry Antiaircraft Officer
Division a~d many other combat units. Colo- AAO GHQ FEC APO 500
nel Singleton was instrumental in organizing
and activating a replacement battalion and Dear General:
a port company and constantly worked in
close liaison with Navy, Air Force, Marine Todav I leave mv 25th Division Artillerv and come out of Korea. Knowino your
Corps and Japanese officials. Through his interest 'in the performance of Antiaircraft 'units in action I wanted to pay a ~ibute
diplomatic approach and sincere cooperation, to the 21st AAA Battalion and Battery A, 25 AAA Battalion for their outstanding
he enhanced the prestige of the United States record while serving under my command.
Army among all other services with whom
he came in contact. Colonel Singleton's
Battery A, 25 AAA Battalion first saw action near i\lasan where its quad .50's
demonstrated zeal, initiative, resourcefulness
were instrumental in repelling fanatical attacks against the guns of the 25th Div.
and tireless devotion to duty reflect great Arty. On September 6th two of its i\\l6's pinned down the enemy in the rice
credit on himself and the military service. paddies fifty yards in front of the guns of Battery C 64th F. A. allowing the gun
crews time to man defensive position and fight as infantry. One of the AAA gun
commanders died at his post that morning and three crew members were wounded.
post was destroyed. One of the 40mm Late in January the 21st AAA Battalion (less Battery A) joined us just as the
advance from Osan to the Han River was starting. Its three batteries were ordered
rounds entered the tunnel opening and forward with the infantry regiments. This mission was to cmploy their guns as a
destroyed an ammunition dump with the base of fire for the attacking infantry. The high silhouette and lack of protecth'e
CPo Less than 200 rounds of 40mm am- armor of the ~116's made this an extremely hazardous job for the crews of the
tracks. They went in without protest and have been in there pitching ever sincc.
munition and around 3,000 rounds of In their first fight they suffered thirty battle casualties and one whole crew was
caliber .50 were used in accomplishing knocked out by enemy mortar fire. At Yongdong-po one quad .50 was credited
this mission. with killing or wounding every man of an enemy thirty man patrol. Four of the
crew were wounded in this action.
In the first week of June 1951 the At the crossing of the I-Ian River on March 7, forty-eight ~116's lined up along
3rd AAA t\W Battalion (SP) continued the river bank in e"..posed positions supported the waves of assault boats with a
its support missions, expending 6,000 murderous sheet of fire-the 27th Infantry crossed without the loss of a man and
the casualties of the 35th and 24th Infantry were very light.
rounds of 40mm ammunition and 36,000
As time went on all three infantry regiments learned to depend on the fire power
rounds of caliber .50 ammunition. Dur- of the quads and were high in their praise of the courage displayed by the crews.
ing this period alone 449 enemy were A number of AAA men were awarded decorations for heroism; most of the awards
killed in action and 17 machine guns, being put in by the supported infantry commanders. Quad .50's accompanied the
numerous tank-infantry task forces employed in the ad\'ance between lanuary 25th
three OP's and one mortar position put and April 22nd. The guns proved invaluable in silencing enemy fire from the hills
out of action. along the route of the task forces.
J\lajor General Charles D. Palmer, During our retreat from April 22-29, the M 16's did fine work as 2art of the
commanding the fighting First Cavalry rear guard and their fire power did much to assist the 35th Infantry in lightin~ off
attacks behind its lines and reducing road blocks thrown behind it. On the hnal
Division, lauded the performance of its defense line north of Seoul the quads were du~..in along the M.L.R. covering the
AA troops. SFC Charles W. Murphy tactical wire with interlocking bands of fire. 1 he position was too strong to be
and Sgt. Lara P. I-licks are the latest attacked there but we were ready.
recipients of Silver Star citations. Nu- Finally through the efforts of the Battalion Commander, Lt. Col. Henry, armor
plate shields were provided for the quads and Flak vests for the crews, reducing
merous other decorations have been the casualties considerably.
awarded also.
Throughout their many serious engagements the morale of the AAA men was
Lieutenant General Frank \\'. Mil- extremely high. In no case did they fail the infantry and their courage andrerform-
burn's I Corps has been heavily engaged ance of a duty far more hazardous than would normally be expected 0 such a
unit won the respect and admiration of all.
for some time in throwing back the Com-
munist forces in Korea, and the 25th In closing I can say that I was proud of all my battalions-they gave month
after month that fine support that allows the infantry to advance with minimum
Division, commanded by Brig. Gen. casualties-but the performance of my Antiaircraft units was so far above the call
Joseph S. Bradley, was fighting in a of duty that I will remember them with a feeling of everlasting pride.
teeming rain during the two days I Sincerely,
visited it. The Commanding General, G. B. BARTH
his deputy, Brig. Gen. \\'. L. Mitchell, Brig. Gen., U. S. A.
and his divarty commander, Brig. Gen. Commanding, 25th Div. Arty.
t
George B. Barth, all displayed a deep
JULY-AUGUST,1951 5
Barth indicates high praise for the anti-
aircraft artillery organic with the 25th
Di,-ision.
i\lajor R. L. Cordes, Battalion Execu-
tive, was commanding during the tem-
porary absence of Lt. Col. Henry. i\lajor
David C. i\liss, S3, ga,'e a vivid account
of the battalion's actions during the re-
cent weeks.
In discussing this battalion's combat
record, General Barth stated that in its
very first action, one platoon lost fifteen
men because of their exposed positions
on the weapons when ambushed by the
enemy. The general thought it might
make the men gun shy, but found an
entirely different result. Instead of being
too apprehensive the officers and men
set out to correct the situation. The
result-more special type armored shields.
~~ .~
"""'- UIl ~
Capt. M. B. Kaminski of Battery B, 21st Damaged by enemy action, this M19 of the 3rd AAA A\V Bn. (SP) had one man
wounded.
AAA AvV Battalion (SP) was given a
bronze star for proposing a shield design ing over the radio. I noticed that
areas of the Central Korean Sector.
and a fine Ordnance sergeant was simi- the riglzt ~ank Fiece was hit in tile
Under Colonel Check, the regiment
larly decorated for making the pilot turret and tlnee men were lVounded
formed the backbone of an RCT which
models. so I went over to get the men to the
beat and bafHed the enemy at all turns.
And Check told me that his ack ack was aid station. On the way I picked up
alwavs with him-his men insisted on a couple of infantrymen and then
BATTERY B distinguished itself in having these automatic weapons at their I went over to the lieutenant to get
the now famous Imjin River action. I side. The torrential rains kept a con- instmctions on redistribution of the
went to the forward positions of this tinuous stream of water dropping from equipment. The sitllationwas pretty
battery which was still supporting the men and weapons alike and the AAA hot at times."
27th Infantry in its magnificent opera- units were on the alert awaiting instruc-
His simple explanation neglected to
tions in the extremely wooded high hill tions to support a patrol that was at the
mention, as his Silver Star citation indi-
time less than 800 yards to the north of
cated, that he had performed all the ac-
them. Other units were facing along
tivities described above under intense
Silver Star with field artillery pieces to the west and
hostile fire. He had to cross exposed
southwest; that kind of action is char-
LIEUTENANT COLONEL WALTER KIlL/LAE, areas swept by machine gun fire, which
Commanding 82nd AAA AW 8n. (SPI, 2nd In- acteristic of Korean fighting.
fantry Division, displayed gallantry in action
he did by dodging from one spot of
I managed to get one man at a time to
against on armed enemy on 30 November meager cover to another and at other
1950 in the vicinity of Kunu-ri, Korea. On that discuss the Imjin River situation under
date he was a member of the command group
times merely falling Hat to avoid the
a paulin where I could take notes. They
of a division convoy which was attempting to enemv bullets.
penetrate a roadblock which had been estab. didn't remain long, however, as they felt
lished by the enemy to cut of! the withdrawal
Sg;. A. D. Deason was a member of
more natural at their pieces under the
of the division. The convoy was halted by in- the crew of the Hank piece which was
tense hostile fire. Colonel Killilae immediately stress of the moment.
dismounted and proceeded on foot to investi-
immediately hit by the enemy. He picked
In the Imjin situation, Battery B was
gate the delay. From an exposed position he up a caliber .30 machine gun from a
directed the fire of an antiaircraft firing ve- in its customary role in support of the
hicle ogainst an enemy machine gun emplace-
wounded 27th Infantryman and set it
27th Infantry and as it came down a
ment. The fire destroyed the enemy position up behind a disabled antiaircraft vehicle.
and enabled the column to continue. When draw toward the river's edge a sudden
the column was once more halted he again
\Vith remarkable composure he picked
burst of fire came from the village across
dismounted and, under the intense hostile out enemy weapons that were taking
fire which was raking the road, moved to the the water and from two hills on either
halted vehicles. Here he calmly fired his
heavy toll of our own troops and elimi-
side of their route of advance. Lieut.
individual weapon on an enemy machine nated them one bv one. He had to leave
gun position, encouraging others to do like. Gronsky was commanding the platoon
wise, until the enemy weapon and crew were
his weapon to seek more ammunition but
with the leading infantry elements and
destroyed. During the movement through the returned and went back to work on the
blocked area he displayed complete disregard was wounded by the first volley from the
for his personal safety as he directed the
most dangerous targets.
hostile troops. Lieut. Popovics took com-
removal of wrecked vehicles which were im- Deason covered Sgt. Strasser's dashes
peding the progress of the column. As a mand. SFC Strasser described the inci-
result of his courageous actions, the convoy
over the open spaces by wiping out ma-
dent as follows:
successfully penetrated the roadblock with chine guns that opened on Strasser.
a minimum loss of personnel and materiel.
x x x Pennsylvania.
'The ~ring was so intense that I Strasser says: "I never would have made
could not hear tlze instmctions C01/l- it had it not been for Deason."
6 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
oaocments.
v v fired 749.000 rounds of cali- I1\'e men wounded in the fi\'e days of
ber .50 and 980 rounds of 370101 am- action.
munition: killed 1,259 enemy. wounded First Lieut. J. R. Kotch, commanding
many more and took 13 prisoners of war. Batten' r\. 82nd AAA A\ V Battalion,
states ~hat his battery is equipped with a
sion distinouished
v itself. Lieut. Colonel in support of the 38th Infantry during
Walter Killilae's 82nd AAA A\V Bat- which the infantry, had laroe v numbers of
talion (SP) is the 2nd Division organic wounded. 1\ledical Corps men were
antiaircraft artillery, a \'eteran outfit, hav- pinned down while removing our wound-
ing participated in some of the most criti- cd because one of the 1\116 quad caliber
cal actions of the Korean campaigns .
• 50's coyerinoto the evacuation had a track
Brig. General Thomas E. DeShazo is shot away and went out of action as it be-
2nd Di\'ision Artillery commander and came a t;roet for hean', machine gun and
to
Gen. Barth and Gen. Marquat at 25th Colonel G. 1\I. Adams'is executive. They light cannon I1re. Observing the special
Division forward area. state that infantrv morale is boosted bv dilemma, Pfc Loken returned to the dis-
the :mtiaircraft ;nd that the ack ack abled weapon in defiance of the hostile
In one of the hostile machine gun
weapons ha\'e proved indispensable as a fire and resumed covering I1re for the
cmplacements fired on by Deason, four
member of the infantry-armor-artillery medics who brouoht out the wounded.
Chinese Reds were found dead and five team.
to
8 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
combat operations. Capt. Leonard F. C. \V. Harrison are with this battery
\Vager, commanding the headquarters along with 1st Lieut. Leon Blum, 1st
battery, is proud of the record of his Lieut. John Grimes, 1st Lieut. Jean Ron-
administrative unit in a ground support despierre and 1st Lieut. Jack Hill.
role, using the special 1\139 mount. He Hanson described an occasion during
says that they do not neglect their ad- the Chinese Big Push, when one of the
ministrative duties in order to get in some 1\116 tracks of Battery A was knocked
fighting. out at a road block and as the vehicle be-
Lieut. Colonel Hanson narrated sev- came disabled, the Chinese concentrated
eral stirring events of the units compris- on it. Sgt. Guy Banner, Cp!. Gale Lip-
ing the divisional AM. I visited Battery pincott, Cpl. James Herd, Sgt. Gunn
Brr)'. B 21sr AAA AW Bn. (SP) de-
signed rhe shield on half rrack. Capr. A of the 26th Battalion which was pre- and Pfc James R. Miller were operating
M. B. Kaminski, Sgts. Srrasser, Deason paring to displace forward from a posi- the weapon. After a while the enemy
and Cpl. Mayer. tion where it had been in combat for sev- started a charge toward the weapon, but
eral days. Capt. Jack Harvey and Capt. were repulsed. The enemy got close
\\"Ouldn't have stopped at all,'' Lucas re- enough to throw hand grenades and re-
ported, "but the piece of sheIl started peated his assaults three times. On the
burning my mouth." third rush the ammunition of the MI6
Silver Star
On another occasion an 1\116 of Bat- ran out and the crew took up its carbines
CORPORAL EDWARD O. BOUCHER, Battery
tery D, under the command of Sgt. "A," 50th AAA AW Bn. (SPI. On 8 Decem. and 1\11 riRes and continued a deadly
Ilarley G. I-Ian, was providing covering ber 1950, between Chinhung.ni and Kato.ri, fire on the enemy. About this time also
North Korea, while his unit was guarding the
fire for the 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry main supply route between these villages, in the infantry relief came into view and
Regiment when Sgt. Hart went to an OP conjunction with the 1st Battalion of the 1st the enemy Red. There were ISO dead
Marine Regiment, Corporal Boucher heard
on a nearby hill to observe the effects of Chinese Communists in the immediate
from a marine aid man that there were nine
fire. Soon after his arrival he was wounded marines on Hill 1081, a distance of vicinity of the M16. Pfc Miller was
about one mile. Through his own initiative
wounded in the leg by enemy smaIl arms and in the absence of orders, Corporal slightly wounded.
fire, but continued to direct the fire until Boucher organized a detail of approximately Two units of the battalion were
ten men, consisting of marines and army
the objecti\'e was taken. His weapon credited at another time with saving the
personnel, and embarked upon the mission
fired 4,700 rounds of caliber .50 ammuni- of evacuating these wounded to '0 medical division air strip which was attacked by
aid station. The group's progress was im.
tion during the action. The infantry bat- an enemy patrol. The antiaircraft weap-
peded by rugged, mountainous terrain, a foot
talion commander gave high praise to of snow, sub-zero temperatures, darkness, ons were located for air defense, but
and an aggressive enemy force. On several
Sgt. Hart and his crew for this action. engaged the patrol during ten minutes
occasions during the return trips to the top of
Hill 1081, it was necessary to detour from of intense firing and drove them off. The
the selected routes due to enemy fire, Cor.
the group
the
enemy did not return.
The Korean \Var picture continues
came under heavy enemy small arms fire. to develop as it approaches the first an-
shear l\1. Bryan, Jr., Colonel Stu O'Mal- Corporal Boucher again disregarded his per. nual milestone. The AAA employment
sonal safety and reconnoitered for a route
ley is the new chief of staff. Lieut. Co!. which would not subject the group to the cycle has passed through a phase of
Roy A. Tate commands the 24th Divi- then heavy volume of fire. The only possible emplacement, entirely to provide defense
escape layover a steep precipice. Dauntlessly,
sion AAA. The remaining members of and with determination, he hastily instructed against air attack which did not develop;
the 52nd AAA AW Battalion staff are the other members of the group in the man.
then total employment in ground sup-
ner in which the wounded would be handed
Lt. Co!. Arthur F. I-Ianson, Capt. Robert down the cliff, although it necessitated dig, port assignments. In spite of approved
Broomfield, Capt. Arthur Baray, Capt. ging footholds into the cliff and holding the doctrine, its use initially was circum-
cliff with one hand while lilting the wounded
Ernest Raithel, Capt. Melvin Johnson, with the other. Three trips were made until scribed by a wide difference of opinion
Capt. Harry Sanborn, Lieut. Kenneth the last of the wounded was delivered to as to its true potential in ground support
safety at approximately 2400 hours. Through
Hoyt, Capt. Thomas Cavanaugh and the entire ordeal, he never wovered in his roles. Now, however, there is a complete
Capt. Albert \Vynne. determination to save the wounded men, understanding of the antiaircraft artillery
regardless of the sacrifices and dangers to
Colonel Tate, displaying characteristic himself and his men. His courage, self. capabilities. Its employment in a wide
ingenuity, has mounted one M45 quad sacrifice and complete disregard for personal variety of combat assignments has won
safety reflect great credit upon himself and
caliber .50 mount on a personnel carrier the military service. x x x Iowa. for the ack ack troops the high regard of
which the headquarters battery uses for their comrades in the ground forces.
SPECIAL OFFER!
JULY-AUGUST, 1951
9
******** * * ***** ***** *
-ic
-ic
~ntiaircraft ~ssociation ROTC
-ic Medal Award Winners
Listed below are this year's winners of the United States Antiaircraft Association
-ic ROTC i\ledal. The recipient of this annual award is selected from the Antiaircraft
Artillery Senior ROTC units.
-ic
UNIVERSITYOFALABAMA: 1\hCIIIGANSTATECOLLEGE:Cadet 2nd Lieut. Frank C.
-ic Cadet i\ lajor G. \Vat- I-lalley, Detroit, i\ lich .. winner of Scabbard and
kins, York, Ala., Adju- Blade i\ ledal in 1950. i\ lember of Lambda Chi
Alpha.
-ic tant of the Advanced
Training Battalion at
UNI\'ERSITYOF i\hNNESOTA: Cadet Sidney J. Verlautz.
the University.
-ic Pine River, 1'linn., is first sergeant of Battery C and
UNIVERSITYOF SAN FRAN- a member of Scabbard and Blade.
-ic CISCO: Cadet Joseph E.
Cartan, San Francisco.
UNIVERSITYOF NEW I-!A;\IPSIIIRE: Cadet Conrad S.
Caron, Nashua, N. 1-1., served in the Army for two
*1
-ic Cal., Cadet Colonel of
the ROTC regiment and is Captain (President) of
years as a cryptographic technician. He is majoring
in Electrical Engineering.
*r
-ic the Scabbard and Blade chapter at the University.
*1
FOHDlIAl\lUNIVERSITY:Cadet Donald i'd. Opel, New
UNIVERSITYOF CINCINNATI: Cadet 1\lajor Charles N. York City, is a first sergeant in the ROTC Regiment
-ic Jones, Cincinnati, Ohio, sen'ed in the Pacific in and is a first sergeant in the New York National *l
-ic \Vorld War 11 with the 799th AA/\ A\V Battalion. Guard. He is active in the Society of Pershing Hifles.
TEXAS A & i\ I: Cadet Kenneth 1\l. \Viggins is a stu-
*'
TlIE CITADEL: Cadet \\'alter G. Kersy, Charleston,
-ic S. c., has consistently made abov~ 90 per cent
averages in military subjects. He is on the staff of
dent senator and President of the \-\Tesley Founda-
tion. *
-ic
-ic
student publications at The Citadel.
10 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
"Accompli at Chipyong
By Lt. Col. Walter Killilae and
Capt. Clyde T. Hathaway
nition were made to the force. These nal extracts relate the story as follows: of Republic of Korea soldiers. When the
group was subjected to enemy fire from the
drops included 40mm and caliber .50 0030 15 February: The M16 near high ground on its right flank, Sergeant Ma-
guire immediately organized the men and
ammunition for B Battery. B/503rd FA reported that led them in an assault on the enemy position.
High velocity artillery fire was re- weapons in the perimeter near Under his fearless leadership the group ago
gressively charged the enemy forcing them
ceived during the night of February 14- him had been knocked out to break and run, abandoning two machine
15. It started about 1930 hours in the and personnel on the perime- guns, two rocket launchers and a large
amount of ammunition. He directed the fire
K Company area, and was promptly ter were withdrawing under of the machine guns upon the enemy and
returned by an M 19 in that area. The pressure. This was the only inflicted heavy casualties upon them as they
fled. He then led his men back to the rood
piece, probably an SU-76, was not elimi- weapon without a radio. The and joined a friendly convoy that was moving
nated by 40mm fire, but it was forced to squad leader was ordered to .. south. The gallantry displayed by Sergeant
Maguire reflects great credit upon himself and
pull back. Each time the weapon re- sever wire communications the military service. x x x Washington.
opened fire, it was answered by the and place himself under the
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 13
Pfc. Lucksted. Pn. Okimoto, communists were also being repulsed at 1515 Three men gathering ammu-
and an artillery officer oreat
~ cost to our enemy.. The now famous nition from air drop zone hit
manned the weapon, engag- "\ Vonju shoot" was in progress, where bv..enem\' mortar fire.
ing the enemy in the former the 2d Division Artillery plus the 674th 1600 Section under Lt. Hair acting
G Company positions. Enemy Airborne FA Battalion (105mm), and in conjunction with tanks re-
attempting to mO\'e into the the 96th FA Battalion (I55mm), were pulsing an enemy attack from
area from the east were also harassing two more CCF army corps to southeast in vicinity of G
repelled, and the evacuation pieces. In addition to these factors, re- Company.
of wounded from the area was lief was on the way. to our ~ oallant forces
1700 Garr)' OIVen to the rescue, 1st
covered. Seven thousand at Chipyong. On the morning of Feb-
Ca\'alry tanks arrived in area.
rounds of ammunition had ruary 15, a British brigade attacked
been fired in 2Y.! hours, the northward from Yoju and a battalion of
barrels burned out and were
frozen to the barrel exten-
the 1st Cavalrv Di\'ision mounted on
tanks pushed out toward the beleaguered
S ?ORADIC action continued for the
remaining thirty-six hours that the 23rd
sions, a stoppage novel to this town.
RCT stayed at Chipyong but there was
unit. The vehicle was evacu- At Chipyong, enemy action continued.
no significant action. Due to the nature
ated to the command post i\lortar, artillery and small-arms fire fell
of the terrain, no AAA weapon was able
area. in the town proper. B Battery fired mor~
to fire from defilade during this action.
0630 Air drops and air strikes were than 20,000 rounds of caliber .50 and
Also due to the nature of the terrain.
to conducted throughout the over 1,000 rounds of 40mm ammunition
weapons directly supporting any sector
1600 day. At the end of the day, during the day in the same fire fight.
of the perimeter were, necessarily, less
more than three basic loads of Here are a few of the journal notes:
than 100 yards behind the 1\ILR.
ammunition were on hand. Because the tactics of this unit call
The enemy sporadically 0940 1\II6's in vicinity of Battery A,
for frequent displacement during shell-
shelled the drop zone and the 37th FA Battalion, fired on
ing, no weapons were dug in.
C. P. area. 1\ledium-range hills 310 and 397 neutralizing
At a cost of fifteen wounded. eight of
sniper and machine-gun fire an enemy OP, silencing one
whom were evacuated, three basic loads
were also received in the C. P. SP gun and two mortars. Un-
of ammunition, and the temporary loss
area. Capt. \Vilson, Lt. Faulk- determined number of enemy
of one 1\119, Battery B had effectively
ner, and one man were lightly killed.
supported a gallant infantry unit in what
wounded. One other man was 10 10 Enemy small-arms fire from has been called a classic defense against
seriously wounded. hill 397 still landing in CP a determined enemy whose strength is
area. All weapons fired. Lt. estimated at four divisions; once again
Unbeknown at this time to the Chip' Seymour fired caliber .50 ring justifying the battalion motto: Accompli.
yong garrison, the enemy force of at least mount. Small-arms fire ceased The principle of suppor~ had again
two army corps (probably four Chinese at 1022. been justified, for, as can be seen in this
Communist Force Divisions), was badly 1330 1\116 in vicinity of A Battery, account of the action, all A\tV weapons
hurt by the morning of February IS. 37th FA Bn, fired at enemy were in support of rather than attached
Heavily engaged with other forces in the troops in open on hill 248. to infantry or artillery units they were
\Vonju area to the east of Chipyong, the Troops dispersed. assisting.
~ ~ ~
Searchlights In Korea
By Lt. Col. Walter Killilae, Arty.
ONE of the additional missions as- with the mission of battlefield illumina- nation provided. Forward observer of a
signed to the 82d AAA AW Battalion, tion and general ground support. That direct support artillery battalion adjusted
2d Infantry Division, in Korea was that platoon was employed during the re- fire. Results excellent.
of coordination and tactical employment mainder of the month in the vicinity of 14 April: A forward observer of a me-
of searchlights on ground support mis- the H wachon Reservoir. Some of the dium artillery battalion fired a mission in
sions. results were: the town of Yanggu using illumination
On April 13, 1951, a platoon, plus one provided by lights. Adjacent division
section of the 92d Engineer Searchlight 13 April: Aerial OP adjusted fire of a reported illumination adequate to see
Company, was attached to the battalion medium artillery battalion using illumi- enemy movement on their front.
14
ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
course. the time-proven theory of reHect-
Silver Star ing light from low-hanging cloud masses Silver Star
proved successful.
l SERGEANT FIRST
CLASS EIRVIN
a member of Battery D, 82nd AAA AW Bn.
(SPI, 2nd Infantry Division, displayed
BAILEY,
gallan-
In order to determine the angle of ele-
MASTER SERGEANT ROBERT L CRAWFORD,
a member of Battery D, 82nd AAA AW Bn_
(SP). 2nd Infantry Division, displayed gal-
try in action against on armed enemy on 11 vation required to provide reHected light lantry in action against the enemy on 30
and 12 February 1951 in the vicinity of Chang.
(Fig. I) on a given target the formula: November 1950 in the vicinity of Kunu-ri,
bong-ni-Hoengsong crea, Korea. On the Korea. On the night of that date, he was
night of 11 February 1951, his battery was riding in a convoy composed of the command
attacked by a numerically superior enemy Alt of clouds in yards-Alt
, of SL in yards
, group of the Division which was attempting
force and was ordered to withdraw. When to break through on enemy roadblock that
tne convoy moved out he was in command Range in thousands of yards was approximately five miles in depth. He
of lead vehicle. The motorized column hod rode the lost combat vehicle to clear the
moved about one half mile when it was sub- = Elevation of SL in mils roadblock and directed the fire of his guns
jected to heavy enemy mortar fire. Sergeant against all targets of opportunity. He rallied
Boiley's vehicle was destroyed and he was other units to proceed through the roadblock,
forced to seek cover along the side of the
was used. The l\letro Section, 2d Infan-
even though it was necessary for him to dis-
rood. At down on 12 February 1951 he found try Division Artillery, provided the alti- mount and expose himself to the intense
no officers present, so he organized a crew enemy fire. Despite the heavy enemy fire, he
for an ontioircraft firing vehicle and led the
tude of the clouds. The altitude of the
stopped his vehicle on numerous occasions
convoy to Hoktom-ni. There, he was put in lights and the range to the target were to pick up the wounded lying along the road
command of another firing vehicle, obtained who otherwise would not have been evac-
another crew and voluntarily led a convoy of
available from maps. Of course the mil
uated. After negotiating the roadblock Ser.
unarmored vehicles loaded with wounded elevation had to be com'erted to degrees geant Crawford voluntarily returned to the
toward Hoengsong. At five points along the area to assist other personnel to safety. The
rood enemy positions were encountered. He
in order to operate the lights.
outstanding leadership and complete dis-
continuously maintained on exposed position Extremely dry weather, fires set by regard for his personal safety displayed by
in order to most effectively direct fire of his Sergeant Crawford on this occasion reflect
guns and on each occasion neutralized the friendly artillery, Communist efforts to great credit upon himself and the military
enemy emplacements. The gallantry dis- put up a smoke screen, and the almost service. x x x Alabama.
played by Sergeant Bailey reflects great credit
upon himself and the military service. x x x complete lack of low-hanging cloud
Arkansas. cover, combined to require us to depend
on diffused light. Diffused light is made It was anticipated that control, ad-
by the diffusion of the beam caused by justment and communications would be
16 April: An OP of 2d Reconnais- dust and smoke. This type lighting difficult problems. However, the placing
sance Company observed a boat on the (Fig, 2) proved successful enough for of the lights in the general vicinity of
Hwachon Reservoir about 1,000 yards forward observers to adjust fire and for the artillery battalions which required
away. A light artillery battalion fired on friendly observation posts to detect those units to lay wire lines to the lights
target, sunk boat. enemy movement. minimized those problems. A forward
20 April: The town of Yanggu was observer, with an infantry unit, could
Direct lighting, the shining of the
illuminated to the extent that buildings call his battalion fire direction center bv
searchlights directly on a given area,
and roads were visible and movement telephone or radio, request an adjus;-
usually from a high point down a corri-
was detected. ment of the lights and the FOC could
dor, was used only once due to the ad-
then relay the instructions to the lights.
22 April: Lights illuminated area for a verse atmospheric conditions (Fig. 3).
\Vhen wire lines were used, the relay at
division artillery TOT. Results excellent. \tVhen it was used, however, it produced
FDC was not necessary, On several oc-
such a brilliant effect on the southwest
23 April: A forward observer of a light casions, SCR 50S's were placed at the
side of the Hwachon Reservoir that
battalion adjusted fire on an enemy light position and radio adjustments
Commandant Michele of the French
group. Could not see bursts of HE but were made directly from aerial observers.
Battalion reported the area lit up like
when \tVP was used, he could make Later experience proved this use of radio
Coney Island.
proper adjustment. Results excellent. necessary.
24 April: Battlefield illumination pro- As.a result of the experiences gained
vided for infantry. Excellent results. by this unit using searchlights in Korea,
it can be concluded that: they can be
The results speak for themselves! Now used to provide adequate battlefield il-
for the problems which had to be solved lumination under nearly all conditions,
to attain this success. they can be used to illuminate artillery
By this time, everyone has heard about targets at night, they can be attached t~
the pitiable conditions of Korean roads. and coordinated by the organic AAA
They did effectively limit movement of AW battalion.
searchlight and generator trailers. To
offset that difficulty, trailers were elimi- (\Ve IUlve withheld earlier stories
nated by mounting the lights on 2lh-ton from other AM battnlions in Korea
trucks and the generators were mounted about searchlight operations for reasons
on four wheels and towed by the search- which appeared cogent. Anyway, llOW it
light trucks. mn be told. And we do hope thnt our
good friend, Col. Sandy Goodman, a pio-
The problem of providing battlefield neer in this field in Italy, may 1lOte the
illumination on cloudy, hazy, smoky or results with great satisfaction from his
o\'ercast nights caused some trouble. Of present dugout in the Canal Zone.-ED.)
JULY-AUGUST, 1951
15
The 21st AAA AW Battalion (SP) In Combat
W HEN it docked at Pusan on Janu-
ary 10, 1951, the 21 st AM A W Battalion
tion adapted the battalion to its ground
mission. Headquarters and headquarters
Firing batteries are rotated periodically
from infantry to air strip and GS anil-
(SP) brought with it plenty of what the battery, attached to Division Artillery, lery assignments. Rotation is controlled
Reds fear most in Korean fighting- normally maintains its c.P. adjacent to by the battalion commander to prmide
American fire power. The battalion's that of the division. Battalion headquar- optimum maintenance and to obviate
primary armament, 64 i\lultiple Gun ters needs for personnel and transporta- crew fatigue. Batteries with RCf's
i\lotor Carriages 1\116, could hurl more tion are reduced when employed in the similarly rotate platoon assignments from
than 140,000 rounds of caliber .50 bul- infantry support role. For this reason line to reserve.
lets per minute. overhead and transportation are cut to a
Emphasis in the battalion's training at minimum and personnel and ,'ehides OPERATIONS IN THE GROUND ROLE
Fort Bliss had been on antiaircraft activi- considered surplus are redistributed to
ties. Its last range practice in Japan was firing batteries. One firing battery is at- OPERATIONAL control of elements
fired at towed targets and RCAT's. Yet tached to each regimental combat team, of the battalion with RCT's is exercised
enemy aerial activity in Korean fighting and the remaining battery is retained by the supported unit commander. The
was notable only by its absence. \Vhat under battalion control for defense of the 1\AA battalion commander makes gen-
was the mission in Korea? \Vas an air division air strip and the general support eral recommendations for employment to
assault expected? Or was it to stand by artillery battalion. these commanders by personal visits and
just in case? Batteries with RCT's are organized written directives published through the
No one in the 21st doubted that its into battery headquarters and four pro- division artillery headquarters. Supervi-
tremendous fire power would be fully visional platoons of four M 16's each. Bat- sion and administrative control is main-
utilized. Lt. Col. Charles E. Henry, bat- tery headquarters remain with the regi- tained through battalion command chan-
talion commander, had given the due to mental C.P. and one provisional platoon nels and by means of frequent staff
his men just before leaving Japan for is placed in direct support of each infan- visits.
Korea. try battalion. The last provisional platoon Specific recommendations for employ-
"\Ve have been successful in replacing is retained in reserve for use as rein- ment of 1\AA weapons are made to in-
our MIS's with MI6's," he said. 'We forcements, replacements, or as otherwise fantry commanders by the attached 1\1\A
now have more fire power than any bat- directed by the regimental commander. unit commander. Except for special op-
talion in the Army. You may be sure The battery defending the air strip erations, such as the I-Ian River crossing,
that it will not be allowed to stand idle. and GS artillery is organized and func- battery headquarters is concerned mainly
Remember, our mission is to destroy the tions as a normal A\V battery with bat- with administrative support for its pla-
enemy; in the air, on water, and on the tery headquarters and one platoon at the toons. The critical relationship between
ground. In addition to your technical air strip and the remaining platoon with AAA and infantry is between the pla-
skills, you are trained in the basic prin- the GS artillery battalion. toon commander and the supported in-
ciples of soldiering. You are good anti-
aircraftsmen, and if you can shoot down
a fast-moving airplane, you can shoot
down anything."
After an arduous but well-executed
three-day, 300-mile road march' from
Pusan to Chonan, the 21st joined the
25th Division on 25 January 1951. The
same day, outnumbered UN Forces
launched their brave counteroffensive in
the face of enemy boasts of pushing
them into the sea. The following day,
General George B. Barth, CG, 25th Di-
vision Artillery, stated the battalion's
mission. "The Army commander," he
said, "has directed that the 21st give
____
... ~
• ...r.'.,r'" ""~
direct ground support to infantry opera- -~ ot,..- _~." "'''.....,
. "
tJons.
- _ $- 'ft,. _ I
18 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
engagement of a few hours duration. found staunch supporters for his desire
Silver Star Ammuniiton resupply problems, if not that every effort be made to reduce this
SERGEANT FIRST CLASS CHARLES M. BAM- carefully anticipated, can be trouble- threat. The division ordnance officer was
fORD, while a member of Battery D, 15th some. The problem is further aggra- instructed to work with the battalion
AM AW Bn. (SP), distinguished himself by
gallantry in action against on armed enemy vated by the inability to use trailers with commander on the development of an
near the Chasin Reservoir in Korea, during 1\116's supporting infantry. \Ve have
the period 29 November 1950 to 30 Novem-
ber 1950. On 29 November, when the unit found that trailers reduce the maneu-
was attacked by a numerically superior force, \'erability of the track to such an extent
Sergeant Bamford, who was then battery
Mess Sergeant, lost his kitchen due to the that they are a hindrance and cannot be
enemy action. He then voluntarily assumed used.
the task of assisting in bringing wounded men
from their positions to the aid station and Our approach to the ammunition
assisted in making the wounded more comfort- problem entails three principles-conser-
able alter they had been treated. In so doing,
Sergeant Bamford exposed himself to intense
vation, a large basic load, and perpetual
enemy automatic weapons, mortar, and small resen'e stocks.
arms fire on many occasions. On 30 Novem-
ber while aiding wounded men, Sergeant
The conservation policy requires that
Bamford was wounded himself by enemy fire . four barrels be fired onh,• in emeroencies
0 '
Immediately alter receiving first aid, he re-
sumed his task of bringing in and caring for
against enemy attack or for saturation
other wounded men, again exposing himself fire in the initial phase of infantry at-
to the hazards of the heavy enemy fire. As U.S. Army Photo
a result of his repeated disregard for his
tacks. For normal firinoo two barrels are Light machine gun mounted to cover
own safety in going to the assistance of others employed. cab dead space area.
he was wounded t.• ice by enemy fire. Again,
despite his three . ounds, Sergeant Bamford
Each M 16 carries a basic load of eioht
o
voluntarily continu~1 d to assist and care for thousand rounds. This load is carried on armor shield for the turret to protect
other disabled mer "mtil on 2 December 1950 crews from small-arms fire and shell
he was reported as nissing in action. His out-
the Roor of the carriage.
standing heroism :,elped Save the lives of Continual reserve stocks are main- fragments. In a matter of days a template
many men, lightened the heavy burden of was designed, a pilot model fabricated
the medical personnel and inspired his com-
tained at regimental ASp's and at the
rades. His gallantry in action reflects great battery headquarters. Regimental ammu- and attached to an 1\116 turret. The
credit on himself and the military service. 1\116 was then put through road and
x x x California.
nition officers maintain a day's supply of
from 60 to 80 thousand rounds. From turret tests to determine whether the
this supply the AAA battery commander added 200 pounds of the shield would
maintains a level of 25 to 30 thousand adversely affect the turret drive mecha-
platoon contact is normally by radio only.
rounds. Batteries transport ammunition nism. Results showed no adverse effects.
In the course of battle, tactical commu-
from the regimental ASP to platoon po- The experimental shield was then shown
nication with infantry elements is main-
sitions with two 2Y.!-Ton Cargo trucks to the army commander, who ordered
tained through use of SCR 300's or
made available for this purpose by bat- that all 1\'116's in the Eighth Army be
liaison with nearby tank clements. Fire
talion headquarters, One truck works similarly equipped as rapidly as shields
missions, orders to shift or cease fire, and
forward from the battery Gp. to platoon could be manufactured and installed.
other instructions are thus received from
positions while the other works back to An inspection of our shields will attest
the suppo~ted infantry commander by
regimental ASP. \Vhen terrain or the to their effectiveness. Pocked with in-
the AAA platoon leader who transmits
situation requires 1'.l3's are used to shut- dentations from riRe and machine gun
these instructions to his guns by radio
tle ammunition from the truck at a bullets, they have prevented many casu-
and/or hand or other visual signals.
rendezvous point to the gun positions. alties and have done much to reassure
exposed cannoneers.
AMMUNITION
1'.116ADAPTEDTO GROUNDROLE Efforts to reduce crew vulnerability
did not stop with the addition of weapon
EMPLOYMENT in the ground role
results in sizable expenditures of ammu-
T HE 1'.116,old World War II veteran
that it is, has found new glory in Korean
armor. Armored \'ests for crew members
were also procured. These "flak suits"
nition. It is not unusual for four M16's arc worn by all crew members when in
fighting. But as a ground support weap-
to fire fifty thousand rounds during one action and have proved to be lifesavers
on it has several inherent disadvantages.
Foremost among these is the lack of crew on several occasions.
protection. \Vorking in close support of In one respect 1\ 116 crew protection
the infantry brings our crew members has been surprisingly good. Enemy land
within enemy small-arms range. The mine damage to \'ehicles has been exten-
high silhouette of the weapons and its si\'e, accounting for total loss of ten
scant armor make 1\116 crews particu- 1\116's. In these ten encounters onlv two
larly vulnerable to enemy fire. It soon men were gravely injured. /
became apparent that unless steps were The most serious injuries resulted
taken to reduce the vulnerability of our from concussion and collision with vehicle
crews, we would suffer many casualties. fixtures. Indications are that two features
\Vhen the battalion commander advised of the 1'.116 carriage are responsible for
the CG, division artillery and the divi- this protection. The armor plate natu-
M16's readying to attack Changgo-ri. sion commander of this problem, he rally provides some protection. 1'.lines
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 19
most frequently \\'ere detonated by front AAA'5 A...5WER TO RED NU;\IBER5 cial recogmtlOn in this report. This
wheels, and the space internl between
front wheels and crew undoubtedlv
further reduced effectiveness of mine
I.'\ the foreooino
0'::'
paraoraphs
,:,
we have
reported how we performed our mission.
\\'ould have been difficult if not impossi_
ble. For valor has been almost universal
under enemy fire. and our operations
explosions. Ilere is our statistical box score: ha\'e become almost routine now. To be
Period 26 January 1951 to 1 1\ lay 1951 sure there have been Purple Hearts and
The mines, sometimes buried two feet, many awards for valor, and the battalion
were of the wooden-box type, difficult to Engagements: 78
has been recommended for the Distin-
Rounds Fired: 1,491,280
detect, frequently encountered on roads
already swept by engineers and traveled Casualties InRicted: Certified killed-
guished Unit Citation. But as a battal-
ion we are most proud that there is a
.l
over by considerable friendly traffic.
Another 1\ 116 limitation is the cab
dead space area. To overcome this limi-
2,681. Estimated additional killed
-4,060. Prisoners of war-31.
Casualties Sustained: Killed in action-2.
warm spot for the "Ack-Ack," as they call
us, in the hearts of the doughboys of the
25th Division who from their top COm-
I
tation we have mounted a light machine \Vounded in action 78. Vehicles lost mander to the riReman have been most
gun over the right windshield of each due to enemy action-16. generous in voicing praise for our per-
vehicle. Tripod heads from ground Statistics, however, are cold and im- formance and support; and we have full
mounts were spot welded to windshield
frames to provide vehicular mounts for
personal. The pride, zeal, valor and de-
termination required to attain these ob-
confidence in them and know that the
fighting qualities, adaptability and initia-
j
tive of these American fighting men will
l
the gun. These guns have been used to jective ciphers are not too difficult to
good advantage and are a decided morale imagine. Perhaps it would have been continue to answer any threat posed by
factor for crews. fitting to single out individuals for spe- the enemies' numerical superiority.
I
At War With the Half-Track
By Lt. Paul S. Vanture, Arty.
THE 21st Battalion, under its cocky, the 21st doggedly fought to capture any
colorful commander, Lt. Col. Charles E.
Henry, has established an enviable rec-
ord since its arrival in Korea January 5,
1951. Dog Battery alone, since going
and all trophies worth having-such
D Battery's trophy for carbine marks-
as
20 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
It has been said that the battle is the By high noon the objective was se-
pay-off and it was on February 16, 1951 cure and a large Chinese force had been
Silver Star
that Dog Battery met its ordeal by fire killed or routed back toward the Han
CORPORAl CELEST/NO CHAVEZ, while 0
north of Pabalmak, Korea, near Hill 187. member of Battery D, 15th AAAAW Bo. (SPI, River. The next edition of the 24th In-
How half-tracks would be tactically em- displayed gallantry in action against an fantry newspaper spoke proudly of the
armed enemy near the Chosin Reservoir in
ployed in the close support role had been Korea, on 30 November 1950. On this date, debut of a new secret weapon and with
the subject of endless discussions in the his M-19 twin 40mm gun carriage was de- reverence told of the astounding fire
fending a portion of a perimeter when the
BOO's and squad rooms at Zama. AI- enemy began a "banzai" charge against power of the half-tracks. The readers
th9ugh many of us had a whistling-in- the position shortly before 0300 hours. were informed that Dog Battery had
Corporal Chavez was struck and seriously
the-dark approach to the matter of tac- wounded during this attack, but he refused riddled the objective with some 1l2,OOO
tics, we were sustained by our confidence to be evacuated to the aid station because rounds of ammunition, a record in any-
there was no other man available to replace
in our units. him. He stayed at his post voluntarily and body's league. From the compliments
On the 15th, I was able to make a despite his wound kept the weapon firing. that £lowed in from all echelons, we
When the enemy attack had been broken up
reconnaissa::lCe of 187. I found it to be by accurate and intense fire of the M-19, Cor- knew we now belonged on the team.
a long ridg,e running parallel to our poral Chavez, weakened by loss of blood,
collapsed unconscious and fell from the M-19
front. To the left Hank of 187 loomed a to the ground. He was then given medical
PART II
much larger hill mass, separated from attention and evacuated to the aid station.
As a result of his heroic actions the M-19
187 by the main road running north Was kept in action, the "banzai" charge
IN the preceding narrative I have de-
through a cut between the two hills. The was broken up, and the perimeter was kept scribed typical offensive action engaged
intact at that point. The gallantry displayed
larger hill was the assigned objective of in by my platoon of M16 half-tracks dur-
by Corporal Chavez on this occasion re/lects
the British Independent Brigade, while great credit on himself and the military serv- ing the current Korean campaign.
ice. Entered the military service from the
187 was to be tt~ken by elements of the After the initial action of February 16,
State of New Mexico.
famed Negro 24th RCT. The inevitable 1951, we proceeded with the tank-
rice paddy, cris:>crossed with primitive, infantry team cautiously to the south
low stone fences, separated my observa- we found ourselves floundering down an bank of the broad Han River. Here we
tion post from Hill 187. I set to work ancient oxcart trail. At 0900 hours, set up a defensive line and waited pa-
making a sketch of the terrain while a under snow laden clouds, we unleashed tiently for the signal from higher up that
British Centurion tank thundered away a torrent of fire power for which the would catapult us across on the new
at my elbow, seeking to extricate a 24th M45 is famous. The range varied above phase of Operation Killer.
RCT patrol pinned down by enemy and below 1,000 yards and 187 Hashed In a mighty predawn barrage on the
small arms somewhere out in the paddy with a thousand incandescent lights as morning of March 7, 1951 Dog Battery
to my front. Although I was hearing my the slugs raked the landscape. joined Baker Battery of the 21st AAA
first shots in anger, the cool detachment At 0915 hours the first friendly assault Battalion in close support of the assault
of the British crew manning the tank wave screened through us and out across crossing. Capt. Jack Lary's Charley Bat-
was comfortingly contagious. The Brit- the paddy toward their objective. At this tery supported the same crossing in an-
ish officer with his head out of the turret time, too, we began to receive small-arms other sector. Caliber.50 tracers spewed
kept his eyes glued to his field glasses, and mortar fire. The mortar fire was in- across the Han in a veritable Niagara of
oblivious to the occasional sniper's bullet accurate; so, we were not forced to jockey fire. It was on this day that the 25th
which whined in his proximity. He kept our positions. The small-arms fire gained Tropic Lightning Division, whom we
announcing, "Raise it a bit, old boy, I in intensity and shortly after 0920 a were supporting, set a record for casual-
cawn't see them yet"-apparently ad- gunner at my position was mortally ties inHicted and prisoners taken. From
dressing his gunner. At length the wounded, a bullet through his head. Al- their positions on the south bank, the
Centurion drew mortar fire and I lost no though we were deeply grieved by this 21st added another superb job to its
time in convincing myself my sketch was misfortune I noted the speedy dispatch credit. The main part of Dog Battery
done to beat a hasty retreat. with which he was replaced by an in- was employed at the diversionary cross-
Upon return to my assembly area I furiated comrade, who now fell to his ing site and was subjected to a bitter hail
briefed my crews on the projected opera- task with such a vengeance that I feared of enemy mortar fire from the Chinese
tion. he would burn out all four barrels in a forces dug in on the opposite bank. Col.
On the near side of the fence crossed matter of minutes! Henry was present at that hot spot to
paddy, away from 187, there was a As the infantry reached the base of observe and share its ferocity.
ravine. My platoon, accompanied by 187 we slackened our fire. We were At the main crossing site I had a part
medium tanks, was to proceed down a aided in locating their forward elements of the 2nd Platoon linked in with the
road bordering an icy stream parallel to by means of bright colored panels which full strength of Baker Battery, com-
the objective and come into firing posi- they wore on their backs. Control of our manded by Capt. Michael B. Kaminski.
tion by 0900 hours. The infantry line of firing line was rendered difficult by the Outside of playing touch-and-go with a
departure was actually to our rear, on a incessant staccato din of 32 machine concealed self-propelled weapon on the
plateau above and across the stream. guns. Radios could not be heard amid Chinese-held bank, our action was with-
They would jump off at 0915, after we such bedlam and I have often wished out unfavorable incident.
had laid do'A'Il a IS-minute barrage. since that the turret be equipped with an The honor of having the first tracks
"Road" is a loose term in Korea and at interphone headset for the gunner, to across the Han fell to the redoubtable
0845 hours on the morning of the 16th better control his fire. Capt. Kaminski and his Baker Battery.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 21
Lt. \ Villiam O. Keeling crossed the same ment to the right valley. Across the 1
day from the diversionary landing with was strung the other half of my pia
Silver Star
a section from Dog Battery's First Pla- four tracks, commanded by the..
SERGEANT FIRST CLASS WALTER T. CHAP.
toon. Two nights later I was ferried PElL, RA 16 019 977, Artillery, United States
capable Platoon Sergeant Joseph
across with two sections on rubber engi- Army, while a member af Battery A, 15th Weeks of Wauchula, Florida. So
Antiaircraft Artillery Autamatic Weapons Bat-
neer rafts. talian (Self.Prapelled), distinguished himself
geant \Veeks was hotly engaged
A series of sharp engagements steadily by gallantry in actian near Sogu.ri, Korea, As his battle began the ser ....'- r
on 17 November 1950. On this date, Sergeant
took us north, pressing against the Chi- Chappell was in charge of an autamatic
cei,'ed welcome support from • f
nese Communist forces building up weapons section attached to Campany B, infantry machine gun on the nd~t' ,
17th Infantry, far close ground support. At
north of the 38th Parallel for their pro- left. At length, ho\\'e,'er, it , asI ,
approximately 0950 haurs the calumn came
jected spring offensive. Our route took under heavy enemy fire from well hidden and its fire then turned on the
automatic weapons and small arms positions.
us along the historic invasion corridor under \\leeks' command. ThL in,' nt
An infantry soldier about one hundred yards
through gutted Uijongbu. I lost two ve- to the right of Sergeant Chappell's M.19 was sergeant brought his conccntr,lte, res
wounded. As the waunded man "arted crawl.
hicles in mine explosions south of ing tawards the road, he received heavy en.
to bear on the machine gun and ,\'as
Uijongbu. I was not the only one suf- emy sniper fire. With complete disregard far heard from no more!
his own personal safety, Sergeant Chappell
fering from these frightful weapons, instantly leaped from his vehicle and ran to
The company of infantr.\ oCLllpying
howe,'er, as my tanker friends and as- the assistance of the waunded man and with the intervening ridge bet\\cen the val-
the help of a comrade carried him through
sorted vehicles ranging from jeeps to leys had previously joinc,l the hre fight
the heavy enemy fire to safety behind the
2Y.!-ton trucks were also incurring losses M.19. This action undaubtedly saved the life and shortly found thcmseh'cs ;n a dis-
of the wounded saldier. Sergeant Chappell's
in the vigorous push. tressing situation. Their ammunition was
display of gallantry an this occasion reflects
Short of latitude 380 10' the Chinese great credit on himself and the military servo running out and all attempts to resupply
ice, Entered the military service from the
grew impatient with our insistent crowd- them failed. At about 0300 hours, as a
State af Illinois.
ing, and on the night of April 22nd, consequence, we got the order to with-
started a whopping counterattack. I was draw with the infantry.
shortly to learn the hard lessons of what more untenable as the Reds added mortar In a night marked with courage the
our British allies call the gentle art of fire to the attack and began lobbing men of Dog Battery now added an
retreat. grenades at the tracks. heroic, if slightlyJudicrous, act. r\t the
We pulled back across the hard fought Inspection by daylight the next morn- junction of the two valleys, perhaps
Han Tan, a small tributary of the Imjin, ing was to reveal how fortunate we were 1,000 yards from the onrushing Chinese,
and it was there on the south bank on to escape injury, for the half-tracks bore was Dog Battery's CP, vacated only a
the night of April 23rd that I found assorted gouges, dents, and bullet holes few hours before. Because of the sud-
myself with the 2nd Platoon in a hasty from the encounter. At the end of denness of the attack our CP had to be
defense of two adjacent valleys separated twenty minutes I became convinced that vacated quickly or risk capture. There
by an intervening, cross-compartmented ...
friendl" units to m" rear did not full" still remained seven one-ton trailers in
ridge. The defense line had been hastily realize the seriousness of the engagement the deserted CP area for which there had
set up and did not conform with the best and I therefore gave the command for a been no available prime mm'ers. Nor-
AvV, SP tactical doctrine which calls for short withdrawal to clear the infiltrated mally our trailers were shuttled to the
infantry protection of the half-tracks at area. Fearing that these infiltrators would new CP location by the few trucks avail.
night. pick off my cannoneers from the rear able, working in relays-a tedious job at
At approximately 0020 hours on the and negate all our good efforts, I ordered best, but the half-tracks were usually too
24th of April a seven-man Chinese patrol the right section to move back and cover, busy in their batt!e mission to be used as
reached the line of my tracks. An alert by fire, the withdrawal of the left. This prime movers.
squad leader, standing guard, cut down was accomplished without a hitch, for A few minutes previously, Sgt. \Veeks
three of their numbers with his carbine, which we were indeed grateful. Possibly had retired from his valley on the right,
and allowed us the time to crank up it also served to confirm the old maxim the infantry and tanks ha,'ing preceded
power chargers and get the turrets in about fire and maneuver. him. As he left the valley he sprayed it,
action. The patrol was apparently the Our withdrawal was approximately letting them have all four barrels. \Veeks'
vanguard of a larger force travelling close 250 vards in extent and from our new guns were still hot as he joined me at the
behind. \Vhat ensued was wild and vantage point we continued to rake the CP, hitched up the trailers, loaded up as
woolly. front with fire. Shortly we were joined much of the infantry as we could safely
\Ve remained in position and gave bat- b,' reinforcements in the form of an in. carryon the tracks, and headed due
tle at close quarters. Eventually the at- fantry company. Thus bolstered, we south!
tacking Chinese infiltrated around and advanced back into the dark valley 50 \\le proceeded to a point near the
behind us and we began to receive small- yards and continued firing. By now the 38th parallel, disembarked our infantry
arms fire from all directions. Due to the situation was becoming apparent. at a reorganization point, and then ac-
fact that we were firing blindly in the The attack was on a fairly large scale companied the tanks back a few miles
inky blackness, any estimate of the casu- and as far back as the regimental CP north to a blocking position. It was noW
alties we inflicted upon the oncoming at- interest began to be evinced. Further, nearing daylight and we learned that our
tackers would only be guesswork, but I our fire had apparently blunted the at- troops were hastily organizing a counter-
feel confident that we gave a good ac- tack in our valley (the left valley) and attack in which we were to participate.
count of ourseh'es. Our position became di,'erted the enemy effort cross com part- \Ve proceeded back at daylight to the
22 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
mouth of the valley where the night- The column seemed interminable as it when the M16 overturned).
marish action of a few hours earlier had passed me-and the effect was height- Somewhat later we arrived at our new
occurred. The next 36 hours, as I look ened by the sounds of the famous Chi- battery CP, steam hissing from the hoods
back on them, have a totally unreal as- nese bugles in the pitch blackness some- and ourselves in a state of exhaustion.
pect. The valley was literally crawling where out to my left Hank! Safely bivouacked, I stumbled around
with the Chinese and they brazenly ex- Keeling, with the First Platoon of the area congratulating Dog troopers on
posed themselves on the ridges and in tracks, was a welcome sight as he passed what I considered to be an extraordi-
the draws. With zeal we applied our- my position marking the tail end of the nary feat of nighttime operations for
selves to the task of eradicating them column. The engineer platoon had de- half-tracks, watched most of them go to
whene\'ef they appeared. The day was parted and with a sigh of relief I ordered sleep in any position which best afforded
bright and sunny and our air, artillery, Second Platoon to saddle up and tack it, and myself sought out an empty half-
and tracks hammered the oncoming Reds onto the column. track cab to slip off into a heavy, dream-
mercilessly. The carnage among our at- .My nemesis, the half-track, never per- less snooze.
tackers that day, even from my limited formed so well as it did that night. We This ends my chronicle, considerably
point of view, was fantastic. proceeded, under blackout conditions, abridged, of my platoon's support role.
Far to the east of me, my coplatoon over something which they barely call a In retrospect, I can assure you that the
leader, 1st Lt. William O. Keeling, and road even in Korea! My drivers removed men and the M45 mount performed
his First Platoon were also having a field the windshields to serve a double pur- magnificently; although the half-track
day. We shared a common radio chan- pose: it afforded better vision and the has been the recipient of many of my
nel and the transmissions which I over- icy blast kept them awake (they had not curses and earnest supplications, that
heard from their stations furnished an shut their eyes for 48 hours). ancient work horse, I confess, has earned
account more gripping than anything I Ambush was imminent as we con- my grudging admiration for a job ade-
have heard on the suspense radio pro- tinued the tense journey. Another half- quately performed under the most diffi-
grams. j track went off the road and overturned. cult circumstances of terrain and weath-
Darkness, combined with the "human Again the thermite grenades .were used er. It is true, however, that there were
sea" tactics of the Chinese, was more and a spectacular light spread over the some missions we were unable to perform
than our inadequate forces could intel- lonesome valley. The rest of the convoy simply due to the limitations of the half-
ligently risk, therefore at dusk we again by now had far outdistanced my last two track's mobility and lack of crew protec-
received the withdrawal order. The half- tracks. We lost valuable time destroying tion. A full-track vehicle with more
tracks hung aroun~ to shoot up the ter- the track, and again when we stopped to turret armor, in the opinion of many of
ritory after friendly elements had cleared pick up two wounded men who stum- us, would have enabled us to do our job
out. \iVe then beat a hasty retreat suf- bled onto the road from the darkness in a better manner.
fering a parting volley of small arms from beyond and stopped us. These men were We have received compliments from
the Chinese as they moved swiftly into personnel from a regimental CP which the rank and file of our infantry who are
the area we had just vacated. had been overrun. It is interesting to doing their customary valiant job in this
A few miles down the road my com- note that the hood of the track makes an hectic, dreary campaign. Of all these
mand track went off in a ditch and over- ideal litter space. We cushioned our bouquets I think my favorite was given
turned in the darkness. It had to be patients thereon and covered them with to me indirectly one night when a dough-
destroyed to avoid capture. I transferred blankets. The heat radiating from the foot wandered over to his neighbor's
my seat to an M16 and we proceeded a engine kept them fairly comfortable for foxhole alongside which a half-track had
few miles more all(' went into blocking the remainder of the journey. been dug in to strengthen the defense,
position, protected ~: a platoon of com- We drove through the night without peered at the track's silhouette, and re-
bat engineers. It was here that I received incident. At around 0800 hours the next marked to his buddy: "Man! Ef ah had
orders to remain in position until the en- morning we met an oncoming ambu- all that fiah powah next doah me, you
tire RCT broke contact with the enemy lance and transferred our wounded wouldn't heah me do nothin but sno all
and passed through my position. (which included one of our own, injured nightl"
Silver Star
MAJOR KENNETH L BOUlliON, a member
nated an explosive charge under the tank
and the 1\116. Although badly shaken
up, no one was seriously wounded. The
1
my's activity dropped a message stating 01 Headquarters, (then Battery B), 82nd AAA \'ehicles, however, were knocked out of
that the Reds were mo\'ing in consider-
AW Bn. (SP). 2nd Inlantry Division, displayed
gallantry in action against an armed enemy
action. J
able force to the ridge surrounding the an 2 September 1950 in the vicinity 01 Changn. As the assault de\'eloped, the enem
town.
yang, Korea. On that date he was an artil. began to leave their foxholes in an
lery liaison officer attached to a rille bat.
The captain issued his orders. The talian. The battalion's command past was tempt to escape. The fleeing Chi,
first platoon supported by the tanks was subjected to heavy enemy mortar and small presented an ideal target for the '
arms fire directed from a ridge to its im.
to attack the lower loop of the horsehoe mediate front. During this intense concen- and were quickly annihilated. ",-
ridge. The second platoon and my P.l16's tration 01 hostile fire he took command 01 attack progressed, the two rear \ I
an antiaircraft firing vehicle and directed its
were to proceed up the road into the crew into a position Iram where it could were brought up closer to increa,-(
town. There, they could give fire sup- return the enemy fire. Constantly exposing effectiveness of their fire. By this t e
himself to withering enemy fire, he was able
P0Tt to the first platoon. As soon as the to direct such devastating fire upon the the Reds were beginning to retre t n
enemy-held ridge that approximately 30 en- large numbers. Huddled in grm T" of
first platoon took its objective, it was to emy soldiers were killed and the remainder
give fire support to the second platoon in routed. His heroic and quick.thinking action from three to thirty men, it was to S 'or
a frontal assault on the remainder of the undoubtedly prevented many casualties to the the M 16's literally to cut them tc p ,-ces.
personnel 01 the command post. The gallan-
ridge. try displayed by Major Boullion on this oc. A doughboy, apparentlv impresS\:d by
At 0930 hours, the first platoon moved
casian rellects great credit upon himself and the M16's destructive Po\\U, said after
the military service. x x x North Dakota.
out, and the second platoon, with M16's, the action was over, "Every time I was
started into the town as planned. Sud- about to get me a gool-, one ot \OU Ack
denly the whole force was subjected to It is simple for the M 16 squad leader Ack guys would nail him fust. '
enemy mortar fire. As we moved into to point out targets with the caliber .30
the town, the intensity of the mortar fire machine gun which our battalion has
CJumggo-ri and the hJrseshoe ridge
was now ollrs. The as,istnllt divisio1l , •I
increased and was supplemented by moun ted on the M16 to cover dead space COmlJUlnder, Brigadier General "M ike"
heavy machine-gun and rifle fire from o\'er the cab. Loaded with a high per-
the ridge. The first objective was taken centage of tracer ammunition, this gun
Michaelis, wllO had beeil watching the
action, told the tnsk force cOll/mander I
very quickly, and we could now see the is an excellent means of outlining fields tlUlt it was tile best example of a coord i-
first platoon plainly at the top of the lUlled attack he had seen ill Ilis lifetime.
of fire and pointing out targets for
lower loop of the ridge. l'vleanwhile, the heavier machine guns. This action points out emphatically
P.l16's, in a widely dispersed formation, 1\leanwhile a brief artillery barrage the capabilities of the l\H6 in ground
had moved up within sight of the enemy. had been placed on the ridge. Now was support work. Its deadly fire power is
The Reds were well dug in, and the the time for the second platoon's assault. effecti\'e against troops in foxholes and
ridge was honeycombed with dugouts, Two M 16's moved out with the maneu- bunkers as well as troops in the open. Of
trenches and foxholes. vering platoon to deliver supporting fire the 250 enemy killed in this action, the
M16's received credit for 150 who were
The 1\116's took the enemy under fire. on the enemy positions on the lower por-
1\,lost of the fire was directed aoainst ob- tions of the ridge, while the remaining found in their dugouts shattered by M 16
1:1
two tracks continued to 1:1 oive coverino1:1 caliber .50 fire. In addition, the lives of
served positions, although the entire
many friendly troops ",ere undoubtedly
enemy held portion of the ridge was overhead fire on positions higher on the
ridge. In the meantime the four tanks saved. A continual rain of more than
sporadically swept with fire. At this
had left the first platoon and had joined 50,000 rounds of cali;,er .50 bullets, /ired
point, a decided decrease of intensity and
accuracy of enemy small-arms and mor- us in support of the assault. in this engagemert, kept the enemy
As the tanks and M 16's moved for- pinned down and prevented him from
tar fire became apparent. During the
firing. Once again the M 16 proved its
course of this firing, the task force com- ward, there was an almost simultaneous
explosion beneath one 1\1l6 and an adja- worth and slugging ability to the infan-
mander con tacted the M 16's and tanks
over the SCR 3OO's indicating special cent tank. An enemy soldier in a nearby try.
targets to be fired upon. foxhole had pulled a string which deto- Notify the Journal of Your Address Change
24 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
lETTER FROM A SAllOR*
By Dana Burnet
D.S.S. JAMESTOWN eCL. 100) high score in the games we had in the mand of the lead destrover. His can took
CARE OF FLEET POST OFFICE Med. and our gun crew got high score on a shell in her engine' room and Capt.
the ship. That is among the 5-in. gun Palmer got a shell fragment through his
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
crews. Oh before I forget, when we are neck but stayed on the bridge and after
At sea, 15 Feb. 19-
lying at Gib., that is short for Gibraltar the Japs turned back he made emergency
DEAR MAMA:
Mama, some British brass come aboard repairs and brought his can back to Leyte
Well it is like somebody died aboard and the Old Man is showing them the gulf almost sinking and holding his neck
this ship. You will see a guy chiping ship and they come to where I am work- wound together with his fingers. There
paint or polishing brightwork on deck ing in my gun mount. Well it is pretty is this old c.P.O. named Yancey in the
and he will look up at the meat-ball fly- dark in there and nobody see me as I am Jamestown, an old guy about 35 that was
ing from our radar mast, you know that sort of scrunched down behind the gun with Capt. Palmer in the destroyer and
is the pennant that shows we are the and I hear the Old Man say, "This is our he told me all about Capt. Palmer. But
champ of our class, the light cruiser class, best 5-in. gun mount. A colored boy I start to write about what happened to
well the guy will look up at the meat- named Williams is in charge of main- the ship not the skipper, but no accident
ball and you would think somebody died tance here." happen so don't worry Mama. Anyway
if you could see his face. Then he will So then one of the visitors says that is I will be home most as soon as this letter,
say a word I will not write in no letter to very interesting because he thought we as I will get liberty in Boston and cannot
you Mama, but it is a word you wash my had a race question in the States. "There mail this letter till Boston, but felt like I
mouth out with soap for one time when is no race question in this ship," Capt. had to write somebody what happen to
I am six, maybe seven years of age. I Palmer' says and I wish you could of the Jamestown so why not you Mama.
guess six because it was that year Papa heard the way he said it Mama, so quiet, Well not to keep you waiting, we are
died and we moved from East Brooklyn but like his voice would cut steel. Well three days out of Gib. heading for Bos-
to Harlem, the year I start in school and I never thought much about the skipper ton, a foul morning but all the guys feel-
can still remember how the soap taste. before, he was just another skipper to me ing good, thinking of liberty, their girls
Well you will want to know what I am but now I felt like standing up and say- at home etc. What I mean everybody
talking about somebody died aboard the ing, Sir, that is the truth. But did not was feeling like sailors always feel when
Jamestown, nobody died least of all me. make a move to let him know I was the course is laid for home, when all at
I am O.K. and still gunner's mate 3/c there, as I did not want him to think I once the siren sounds general quarters
in this ship. Like I wrote you from Ville- heard him praseing me. I can do my job and we all go to our places wondering if
franche, am in charge of maintainance, without no prase from the gold braid, something has blown up back in Europe
oiling, repairs etc., on the No. 1 5-in. much less the skipper, but he is the best or the Med. that will take us fun speed
gun mount, the best gun in the fleet in skipper in the fleet, all the guys say so, back to the Med. Then here comes the
our class, the CL. class, as the ship got not just me Mama. Old Man's voice over the squawk-box,
. He is the one I wrote you took com- "Now hear this." Well it is a radio he
mand last Nov. when we are at Istanbul, just got from Washington and decided
Influenced more by his experience as we better hear the news from him than
editor of The Cornell Widow than by the
and you do not want to think he is soft if
law degree he had earned, Mr. Burnet you are going up to mast, like one old to get it through the scuttlebutt. Well it
turned to writing as his professional ca- is the news I should of told you to start
reer. After an apprenticeship as a work-
c.p.a. said, Capt. Palmer will give you
ing newspaperman, he became a regular the brig if you spit to windward. But is with, as I guess you are all mixed up by
cantributor of short stories to The Satur- this time, but here it is, they are going to
day Evening Post. A number of his stories always fair, and a pretty good guy for an
have become popular movies, one of them officer, the best four-striper in the fleet de-commission this ship as soon as we get
being Hollywoodized three different times. home. They are going to put the James-
He is nearly as well known for his writing and got the Navy Cross in the war, so no
for Broadway. Mr. Burnet has contributed wonder we win the meat-ball under town in moth-balls and break up this
a moving sketch to this issue of the Pro- crew, the best in the fleet and they will
ceedings. Although the Proceedings does Capt. Palmer. Well enough about Capt.
not normally publish such sketches, an ex- Palmer, but he was skipper of a tin can never get another crew like this crew I
ception in this case seemed well iustified. don't care what anybody says even the
in the 2nd battle of the Filopine Sea
when the Japs caught our baby flat-tops President! But it don't seem to count in
with their heavy stuff and our destroyers Washington that we are the champ in
*Reprinted with permission, from the U. S. had to turn into the Japs with a torpedo our class.
Naval Institute Proceedings-February 1951 is- They are knocking out the champ,
sue--and courtesy of the author. spread and Capt. Palmer was in com-
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 25
and it is because of economy, the Old know about such things, am only a gun- gang will take orders from me a colored
1\fan said. Because the government ean- ner's mate 3/c in the best ship in her boy and not think anything about it and
not afford to keep such a big fleet at sea. clasS, and now they are going to retire it is why we win the meat-ball. So I wish
Mama, we did not have such a big fleet her from service, but cannot help won- the people at home could know that
in the Med. but I could not help think- dering if the people at home know what whe~ they de-commission a ship, they
ing what our fleet in the 1\fed. meant to it is to retire a ship. are breaking up something that cannot
the people of Istanbul, Athens, Lebanon, They think it is just a piece of ma- be put into moth-balls or wrapped up in
Crete, Tangiers, Naples, Venice, Ville- chinery, a steel hull and superstructure, cellopane to take out again whenever it
franche, Nice, Cannes and everywhere gun-mounts along the deck, an engine is needed.
we showed the flag. You would not be- room below, etc., all machinery, all steel After noon chow, I was on deck and I
lieve how the people turned out for us, and electricity and steam. But it is more saw Yancey, the old c.p.a. I told you
cheering and waving their own flag and than machinery to the men in the ship about, the one that was with Capt.
making it a holiday when we docked or and I can't tell you what it is Mama. But Palmer in the destroyer in the war. He
just coming to the shore of the harbor it is something that takes a lot of time was standing aft by the catapult looking
where we are anchored and you could and work to build up and when it is up at the colors, not the meat-ball this
see all the faces looking at us, men built and you break it you have done time but the American flag flying at the
women and children just standing there more than just lay up a ship. You can gaff. So I says to him, "How about it
looking at our ships like it made them call it teamwork, but it is bigger than Chief?" And he looks at me and says,
feel safe just to look at our ships. Well to that, it is too big for me to put in words, "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down," and
get back to the Old Man, he made a as you know I never even nnish high I thought he has gone nuts as the ensign
speech which I do not remember all of it, school, but I think the thing I am talking is no more tattered than I am. So I left
but a wonderful speech, all about how about is worth more than all the ships him standing there, but that night I ask
sorry he was, but in a country like ours and the planes and the guns and even Lieut. Amery, that is on the Cruise Log
the military men do not make the policy, the hydergen bombs we can turn out in Staff, about what Yancey has said, and
it is made by the civilians in the govern- the U.S.A. I think we can have the best he told me it is the first line of a pome by
ment, and that is how it should be, what ships and the best planes etc., we can a civilian named Mr. Oliver Wendell
we had to do was to carry out our orders have the most science and the biggest Holmes, that was written about the old
and keep up our Jamestown spirit to the bombs, but if we havent got what I am frigate Constitution when they were go-
end. He told us he was proud of us and talking about, where every man is for ing to break up the Constitution and the
the ship and would never forget us or all the men all the time, like where a pome got the people all stirred up so
the ship, it is the nnest command he ever man is in a ship and will do his job even everybody wrote to their Congressman
had and it is like saying goodbye to your if he is the only one left alive in the ship, and gave money to save the Constitution.
best friend to leave us and the ship. But why if you do not have that you might Well I do not think any pome will
we must not let down in our duties or let as well not have the other, the machin- save the Ja11lestown but could not sleep
him down or the Navy, but show the ery. that night for thinking about the ship,
whole country we are the best ship in the Mama we are at war with these Rus- and all the good guys in the crew that
fleet right up to the ~nd and keep the sians. Maybe the people at home don't will never be together again and the line
meat-ball flying right up to the end. know it but every man know it that has of that pome kept running through my
So then we are dismissed and Mama been to the Med. with our fleet, and I head. I could see the old Chief standing
you never saw so many guys all looking hope it will never come to the shooting on deck looking up at the colors and hear
the same way like their best friend had part or the terrible hydergen part which him saying, "Ay, tear her tattered ensign
died or something. Well maybe it is must be terrible, but no matter what hap- down."
economy, I don't know about that pen we got to be strong and cannot be So that is all the news I got to ten you
though from the news in the papers we strong without the thing that Capt. Mama, and will see you soon and be glad
get aboard ship there is plenty of money Palmer meant when he spoke about the to get home, but cannot help wondering
at home to spend on other things, every- Jamestown spirit. You say that to a if the civilians in our govennent know
body got to have a new car and what is landsman, it does not mean anything, or what they are doing. Well that is not for
spent on pleasure, and the ladies all hav- maybe he will think it is Navy crap, ex- a Gunner's Mate 3/c to say, but only
ing their beauty treatment and the gov- cuse me Mama, to talk about the spirit of hope to God they know what they are
erment paying millions for food and a ship, but it is as real as the rivets in her doing. Your loving son,
then dumping the food. But I do not hull, it is why the white boys in mv ClLAs. WILLIA~lS
26 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
145th AAA AW BATTALION (SP)
HOMESTEADS IN HOKKAIDO
By Col. Riley E. McGarraugh, Arty.
ME~IBERS of the Famous Forty- Lake area of Northeastern Oklahoma. The battalion entrained from Fort
fifth Infantry Division, Oklahoma Na- Present new men who have been added Bliss on a twenty-fi\'e-{:ar special and
tional Guard, are following in the foot- come from \'arious parts of the United each man had an individual Pullman
steps of their forefathers who blazed States. berth, ~ lessing was man'elous: three
trails in Oklahoma and Indian Territory The battalion is commanded by Lt. diners attended and not a KP was '\01-
as the western part of that state was Co!. John S. Wilkes, a regular army unteered" for the trip. Pulling into the
known in early days. This proud outfit officer who spent four years in the Pacific port of New Orleans, the men barely
which covered itself with battle honors Theater during \Vorld v\Tar II. The had time to look o\'er the French Quar-
in World War II, beginning with the executive officer is i\lajor John B. Spence ter until they were again loaded aboard
landing in Sicily, is now pioneering in of Pawhuska, Oklahoma. ship.
the wilds of Hokkaido. Battery commanders are: Headquar- Again their luck held! They ascended
Again their mettle will be tried as they ters Battery-Capt. John L. Dahl of the gangplank of the U.S. Na\.y's ship
work and adapt themselves to this Barnsdall, Okla. Battery A-1st Lt. Don- Ge II era I. Simoll Bllckller which is a near-
sparsely populated, coldest, most north- ald \V. Duncan from i\liami. Battery B luxury liner used normally for trans-
erly of the four large islands which con- -1st Lt. Earl \V. Lamb of Nowata. Bat- porting the dependents of servicemen
stitute present Japan. Even today the tery C-Capt. Clell W. Babler from across the Pacific.
primitive Ainu people of this region still Vinita. Battery D-Capt. Joseph Breaune
celebrate their annual bear dances using of ~Iiami.
live cubs from the mountains. Near the end of February 1951, the liFE was both busy and interesting
The 145th AAA A\V Battalion was Thunderbird Division, commanded by during the entire trip. Food was good
acti\'ated as an organic part of the 45th Major General James C. Styron, re- and a variety of entertainment was of-
Division in March 1949 and attended its ceived alert orders for overseas. This alert fered. Despite bad weather and rough
only summer camp that year. It was caused th<: partially completed AA train- seas, much training was carried on dur-
called to active service at Camp Polk, ing program at Fort Bliss to be dropped ing the twenty-eight days' crossing. A
Louisiana, September 1, 1950, where while all personnel immediately started surprise stop on the Pacific side of the
basic training was completed. The AAA working to complete their PO~I require- Panama Canal was a highlight. There
battalion was later sep'!rated from the ments. Each man was granted a ten-day the Caribbean Command extended the
division, going to Fort Bliss, Texas, for leave and returned in time to start on one courtesy of the Naval Base for an eve-
specialized training and service practice. of the softest touches any army man ever ning and a top-notch band played during
While at Fort Bliss the Thunderbirds had. the ship's arrival and departure.
were attached to the 102d AAA Brigade
and received added support from the AA
Center. Thus the battalion was able to
get in much valuable experience. The
men from the 145th did well on the
desert ranges north of Bliss and returned
with good scores for a unit having had
no previous antiaircraft firing.
\Vhere are the boys from? Headquar-
ters and Headquarters Battery come from
Pawhuska, Oklahoma-located in the
Osage Indian Nation which is famous
for its oil and cattle production. Baker
Battery is from Fairfax, also in the Osage
0Jation. Able hails from Nowata, Char-
lie calls Vinita home and Dog from
Miami. The latter three batteries named
are from what is known as the Grand
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 27
Long ago some philosopher aptly re- this the nearest-ta-Stateside post in all of 145th Battalion personally supervised
marked that the one thing which can be Japan. The balance of the di\'ision had the building of his outdoor church in the
depended upon in life is change! On a to design and carve out their £irst home wild woods. He had some difficult\. in
chilly April morning the out£it landed in in the Far East. e;o.;plaining to the Japanese operato'r of
a southern Hokkaido port. Snow still the bulldozer what he wanted until he
patched the mountains and occasionally mentioned he wanted the area cleared
a smoking volcano was visible. E:\'THUSIASi\1 was not lacking and and level like a baseball diamond, then
The following day they proceeded to no time was wasted. An area of Camp the operator caught the idea with en-
their new home. At £irst it was a great Chitose. which is commanded by Col. thusiasm. In a short time General Hal
disappointment since most of the area Robert J. r.lartin, Artillery, had been i\luldrow, Division Artillery Command-
was still in the raw. Division headquar- chosen and giant dozers began pushing er, found himself commanding a sizable
ters and one combat team were located at out the scrub timber growth. Under- tent city.
Camp Crawford. Here they were well neath, a porous volcanic ash surface was In r.lay, training was in full swino
o
housed thanks to the efforts of General found and this proved excellent material and the 145th A1\1\ Battalion looked for-
Swing and members of the II th Air- for the drainage of an ideal camp site. ward to service practice and combined
borne Division who had labored to make Chaplain Russell T. Rauscher of the training problems.
Pfcs. Martin Schaffer, Emray Wrobel to strategic locations in Japan and Oki-
Cp!. G. Cornwell, artillery mechanic: and H. Barry. nawa.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951
29
* * * * ****** ******* ****
HONOR ROLL *
Original Honor Roll 212th AAA Group 62nd AAA AW Bn (SPl 443rd AAA AW Bn (SPl
Col. J. A. Moore, N. Y. Lt. Col. R. G. Finkenaur Lt. Col. J. F. Reagan
88th AAA Airborne 8n 2l4th AAA Group 63rd AAA Gun Bn S07th AAA AW Bn
Ma;. Thomas F. Penney Cal. J. G. Johnson, Ga. Lt. Col. B. I. Greenberg Maj. S. J. Paciorek
228th AAA Group 6Sth AAA Gun Bn S18th AAA Gun Bn
216th AAA Group
Col. D. W. Bethea, Jr. Lt. Col. R. F. Moore Lt. Col. O. L. Greening
Col. W. E. Johnson
107th AAA AW Sn (M) 68th AAA Gun Bn 697th AAA Gun Bn
218th AAA Group
Lt. Col. T. H. Pope, Jr., S. C. Lt. Col. R. C. Cheal Lt. Col. James McMinn
Col. V. P. lupinacci, Po.
305th AAA Group 69th AAA Gun Bn (Ml 698th AAA Gun Bn
224th AAA Group
Col. John S. Mayer, N. Y. Col. E. W. Thompson Maj. D. C. Sherrets Lt. Col. F. Monico, Illinois
226th AAA Group 70th AAA Gun Bn 70Sth AAA Gun Bn
Separate Commands Lt. Col. K. R. Philbrick Lt. Col. M. P. DiFusco, R. I.
Col. John D. Sides
Army AAA Command 227th AAA Group 71 st AAA Gun Bn 707th AAA Gun Bn.
Maj. G"n. W. W. Irvine Col. P. l. Wall Lt. Col. A. J. Montrone Lt. Col. F. Fulton, Jr.
Third Army Training Cenler 229th AAA Group 7Sth AAA Gun Bn 708th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. C. H. Armstrong Col. Edw. lsaachsen, Illinois Lt. Col. A. A. Koscielniak Lt. Col. P. I. Getzinger
2Slst AAA Group 78th AAA Gun Bn 709th AAA Gun Bn
Brigades Col. A. long, Calif. Lt. Col. T. W. Ackert Lt. Col. l. A. long
3Sth AAA Brigade 302nd AAA Group 79th AAA Gun Bn 712th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. Homer Case Col. John M. Welch, Ohio Maj. R. M. Booz Lt. Col. H. H. Taylor, Jr., Fla.
40th AAA Brigade 313th AAA Group 80th AAA Airborne Bn 713th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. James G. Devine Col. A. F. Hoehle, Po. Lt. Col. L. W. Linderer Lt. Col. B. N. Singleton
47th AAA Brigade 374th AAA Group 82nd AAA AW Bn (SPl 71Sth AAA Gun Bn
Col. G. C. Gibbs Col. T. F. Mullaney, Jr., Illinois Maj. F. A. Werner Lt. Col. W. H. Uter, N. Y.
l03rd AAA Brigade Sl Sth AAA Group 9Sth AAA Gun Bn 71 6th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. R. Y. Moore, Conn. Col. F. G. Rowell, N. Mex. Lt. Col. l. S. Dougherty Lt. Col. Joe R. Stewart
107th AAA Brigade 1 01st AAA Gun Bn (Ml 717th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. J. W. Squire, Va. Battalions Maj. l. D. Collins Lt. Col. E. D. Pelzer
lOSth AAA Brigade 3rd AAA AW Bn (SPl 102nd AAA Gun Bn 726th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. A. H. Doud, N. Y. Lt. Col. C. W. Stewart Lt. Col. M. H. Roesser Lt. Col. John T. Watson
109th AAA Brigade
Brig. Gen. Julius Klein, Illinois
ll1th AAA Brigade
4th AAA AW Bn (Ml
Lt. Col. R. J. Connelly
9th AAA Gun Bn
107th AAA AW Bn (Ml
Lt. Col. T. H. Pope, Jr., S. C.
11 Sth AAA Gun Bn.
7S3rd AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. W. A. Smith
768th AAA Gun Bn *
Brig. Gen. Chas. G. Sage, N. Mex.
ll2th AAA Brigade
It. Col. H. O. Johnson
lSth AAA AW Bn (SPl
Lt. Col. W. D. McCain
1 20th AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. T. H. Kuyper, lIIinois
773rd AAA Gun Bn
*
*
Brig. Gen. J. W. Cook, Calif. Lt. Col. S. F. Hudgins Lt. Col. H. C. Gray Lt. Col. G. F. Slavin
21st AAA AW Bn (SPl 126th AAA AW Bn (SPl 804th AAA AW Bn (Ml
Groups Maj. Chas. E. Henry Lt. Col. R. C. Carrera, Mont. Lt. Col. Wm. C. Wells
10th AAA Group
Col. W. H. Hennig
22nd AAA AW Bn
Lt. Col. R. J. Jones
A Btry, 2Sth AAA AW Bn
127th AAA AW Bn (SPl
Lt. Col. H. G. White, N. Y.
142nd AAA AW Bn
867th AAA AW Bn
Maj. S. M. Arnold
*
*
11 th AAA Group
Col. W. B. logan Capt. l. M. Peterson Lt. Col. C. Beckman, N. Y. Operations Detachments
19th AAA Group 3Sth AAA Gun Bn. 1SOth AAA Gun Bn 10Sth AAA Opns. Det.
It. Col. J. E. 8urrows Lt. Col. L. O. Ellis, Jr. 1st Lt. E. A. Sisson
*
Col. H. P. Gard
97th AAA Group 39th AAA AW Bn (Ml 24Sth AAA Gun Bn 177th AAA Opns. Det.
Col. J. T. Wrean Lt. Col. N. W. Baltzer Maj. S. C. Davidson Maj. W. F. Hale, Va.
200th AAA Group 41st AAA Gun Bn 2S0th AAA Gun Bn 179th AAA Opns. Det.
Col. C. M. Woodbury Lt. Col. W. A. Keyson Lt. Col. A. J. Twiggs Maj. J. l. Butler
202nd AAA Group 46th AAA AW Bn (SPl 260th AAA Gun Bn 1 81 st AAA Opns. Det.
Col. J. W. Anslow, Illinois
204th AAA Group
Col. J. Barkley, La.
Lt. Col. Wm. M. Vann
SOth AAA AW Bn (SPI
Lt. Col. l. J. Lesperance
Lt. Col. R. H. Stephens, D. C.
26Sth AAA Gun Bn
Maj. H. Botts, Fla.
Maj. R. H. Moser
SOlst AAA Opns. Det.
Maj. E. F. Deleon *
207th AAA Group
Col. G. T. Stillman, N. Y.
208th AAA Group
Col. H. S. Ives
S9th AAA AW Bn (SPl
Maj. K. E. Pell
60th AAA AW Bn
It. Col. R. T. Cassidy
340th AAA Gun Bn
It. Col. G. V. Selwyn, D. C.
398th AAA AW Bn (SPl
Lt. Col. l. B. Dean
S03rd AAA Opns. Det.
Capt. R. R. Berger
S07th AAA Opns. Det.
Capt. E. F. Bookler
*
JOURNAL HONOR ROll CRITERIA *
1. To qualify or to requalify for a listing on the Journal Honor Roll, 3. Brigades and groups with 90% or more subscribers among the officers
units must submit the names of subscribers and a roster of officers assigned to the unit are eligible for listing, provided that the unit
assigned to the unit on date of application.
2. Battalions with 80% or more subscribers among the officers assigned
consists of not less than seven officers.
*
to the unit are eligible for listing, provided that the unit consists of
not less than twenty officers.
4. Units will remain on the Honor Roll for one year after qualification
or requalifIcation.
*
*~~~~~~ ••••••••••••••• *¥
30 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Editor's Visit To The AAA t
GM Center
YOUR editor had the good fortune The AAA and Gl\l Center is nul.\' a Army. accompanied by three other Dan-
to attend the Senior Officer Guided l\1is- big league affair. They have long boast- ish officers and the Danish Military at-
sile Indoctrination Course at the Anti- ed of the huge reservation; whether you tache in Washington, paid a visit to
aircraft and Guided Missiles School 6-8 call it 5,000 square miles, or three mil- study the operations at the Center. On
June. It was truly a superb course. lion acres, it is still twice the size of the l\londay evening General and Mrs.
\Vith tIle idea of getting a rather com- state of Delaware, and as actually shaped Lewis gave a delightful dinner party at
plete indoctrination and also of spread- it makes a splendid proving ground and the Club in honor of General Mollet
ing some, too, as to the purpose and firing center. They now speak also of and his party.
merit of your ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL, their dozens of battalions, their thou- On Wednesday morning at 0725 the
I arrived on Sunday well before the sands of students and trainees. EA'})an- class assembled for business. It included
course started. Bear with me for a ram- sion is no longer an experiment at Fort Maj. Generals David L. Ruffner and
bling report. Bliss. They have a system. Bruce C. Clark, armored division com-
Colonel Robert H. Krueger, Coordi- With all that, they take their greatest manders; Brig. Generals John A. Dab-
nator of Instruction in the School, met pride in the battle accomplishments of ney. Camp Gordon commander; F. L.
me and escorted me to the comfortable those AAA battalions in Korea that were Hayden, 38th AAA Brigade; Guy O.
guest quarters on Fifth Avenue. Soon originally trained at Fort Bliss. Kurtz, 28th Divarty; Thomas E. Lewis,
we moved on to the Kruegers' attractive Back to the system and the machine VI Corps Arty; and Harry P. Newton,
quarters on Sheridan Road where Jean in the AAA and GM Center. Colonel Retired.
led us promptly out on the lawn to en- Cyrus Q. Shelton, the Chief of Staff, The total class of sixty included a
joy the twilight desert breeze. There and his staff keep it oiled for coordina- number of senior General Staff officers
we were joined by Brigadier General tion. Among the new members since our from Washington and representatives
and l\1rs. Jesse D. Balmer, Colonel and last report, Colonel Robert A. Turner from the Engineer, Ordnance, Signal
l\1rs. George Van Studdiford, Colonel has joined as G3. Of particular interest and Chemical Corps, and the Air Force.
and Mrs. Wm. A. Weddell, and a few to us, Major L. B. Wantuck is the ag- Among the AAA stalwarts there were
more before we moved on to the buffet gressive PIO who provides us with news Colonels A. T. Bowers, Wm. A Cau-
supper and dance at the Fort Bliss Of- items and photographs of Fort Bliss ac- then, Lee J. Davis, Vernum C. Stevens,
ficers' Club. There it was like old home tivities. and Wm. A. Weddell.
week. Suffice it to say that the Club is Brig. General Frederick L. Hayden Brig. General Jesse D. Balmer. As-
just as attractive as reported. Some may was activating the 38th AAA Brigade to sistant Commandant, and Lt. Col. F.
be interested to hear that the dance take over command of the AAA com- M. McGoldrick, Director of the Guided
Hoor has been enlarged to accommodate bat units. Col. W. Bruce Logan com- Missiles Department, oriented us brieRy
the popular attendance at the Saturday mands the lIth AAA Group; Col. Fred and turned us over to the instructors.
and Sunday evening dances. J. Woods, the 16th; and Col. John A. Soon we were in the Power Plant Lab
On Monday morning I learned early Sides, the 226th. All of these groups where Lt. Col. M. B. Dodson broke the
that Fort Bliss is a busy place. Before have been through the mill in activating news to us about propulsion systems, sub-
seven o'clock my sound sleep was inter- and training battalions and operations sonic and supersonic speeds, and gave
rupted by the activity in the radar, ve- detachments. us some instructive demonstrations.
hicle and gun parks nearby. The extent of activity in the AAA After a break l\1ajors J. H. Crowe
;\lajor General John T. Lewis received RTC led us to ask for the article which and L. L. Stahl conducted another in-
me early and took time to orient me on appears elsewhere in this issue. teresting period in guidance systems. Be-
the main features of the AAA and GM Another activity of interest is that of ginning easily with attitude and path
Center. As you know, General Lewis the 1st Guided 'Missile Group under control. they moved rapidly to mechanics
is also Commandant of the School and Colonel Thomas C. Foreman. The and electronics-to ya\\', pitch, and roll.
President of AFF Board 1'\0. 4. I was Group has now advanced to practical Fortunately, they did not take us far
interested to note, in view of his broad and impressive training operations. We out into space where fins and rudders
experience in Army school work, that are promised an article on its activity count for naught.
he had simply turned over the active next issue. Continuing in the afternoon Lt. Col.
direction of the School to General Bal- The activities at Fort Bliss attract the J. G. Sweek of the AFF Board ~o. 4
mer, the Assistant Commandant. l\lore attention of many distinguished military presented the status of development of
of that later. Likewise Colonel Charles visitors from our own Armed Forces and AAA Capt. F. C. Kajencki did the same
E. Shepherd handles the Board activi- abroad. During my visit Major General for surface-to-air missiles (SAM). Then
ties. E. C. V. Moller, Chief of Staff, Danish Lt. Comdr. Brooks covered the tactical
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 31
employment of the SAM. direction of Colonel Paul B. Nelson, The highlighis were 1) the course
General Lewis and the faculty held a Gunnery Department, the 716th AM was well organi1/ed and put over by top-
reception for the class at the Officers' Gun Battalion (9Omm) (Lt. Col. Joe R. Hight instructors, 2) the schedule clicked,
Club, six to seven P.M. After dinner ar- Stewart) and the 28th AM Gun Bat- and 3) the staff and faculty of the Anti-
rangements were provided for those who talion (12Omm) (Lt. Col. A. A. Adams) aircraft and Guided Missiles School are
desired to visit Juarez. put on a separate and joint firing demon- integrated.
Thursday morning Lt. Cols. A. F. stration against towed targets. Specific action has been renewed late-
Rollins and M. W. Wood covered the On Hueco Range No.2, the 59th ly at higher levels toward the integration
subject of the surface-to-surface missiles AM AW Bn (SP) demonstrated the of the Artillery officers' education. In
(SSM). Capt. J. P. Tyler covered for- M 19 twin forties in ground firing and this School considerable progress has
eign developments. aerial firing against RCATs by the been made already. General Balmer, an
We later left for \Vhite Sands Prov- M 19's, the towed 40mm guns, and the erstwhile field artillery veteran, directs
ing Ground where we lunched with the M16 quad fifties. In both the heavy and the School activity as a guided missile
commander, Cot G. G. Eddy. He later light AAA demonstrations fire power enthusiast. Likewise, Colonel William
outlined his operations, took us for a and accuracy were evident. Taylor, Jr., directs the Tactics Depart-
tour, and gave us a show in rocket firing In the afternoon Lt. Cot Rollins gave ment. Colonel Harold T. Bratherton is
which we shan't soon forget. us a study on strategic operations and the coordinator of administration; Lt.
Friday morning we observed three ef- Lt. Cot McGoldrick outlined the train- Cot Kenneth A. Eddy is the Secretary;
fective demonstrations. Colonel Forman ing problems involved in expansion. there are also a large number of other
with officer and enlisted assistants dem- To dose the course General Balmer field artillerymen and representatives of
onstrated the training operations of the conducted a discussion period in which other branches throughout the staff and
1st G. M. Group. the students were allowed to spring the faculty.-C. S. H.
On Hueco Range No.4, under the questions. Notify the Journal of Your Address Chang.
32 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
r Fire Colltrol System AA T-33 Rallge
Officer or Operator (-+ wks)
15
17
19
7
Nov
Jan
51
52
-+ 16 July 51 19 11 Feb ,-
-?
5 27 Aug 51 21 17 ~Iar 52
6 to 12 with starting dates from 23 21 Apr 52
October to June. -,
?-
26 l\ la\' 52
34 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
The AAA RTC, Fort Bliss, Texas
CO:\.1BAT soldiers who have been pursued within the AAA RTC. It places and training-in artillery firing, in infan-
trained in the Army's only Antiaircraft responsibility for the superior training try combat, in athletics, and elsewhere.
Artillery Replacement Training Center, of an individual upon the unit com- Realistic field training and vigorous
at Fort Bliss, Texas. are now serving in mander in order to develop a well- physical conditioning are emphasized to
the Far East and in Europe. rounded cadreman rather than a special- develop soldiers ready for combat. The
Since its establishment on August 10, ist. The need for such a balanced pro- trainees spend many days in the field in
1950, the AAA RTC has trained more cedure was demonstrated when direc- bivouac, field problems, and in counter-
than 13,000 soldiers. Approximately half tives were received to ship direct to Ko- ing guerrilla type action. Surprise ag-
as many more are currently in or about rea, qualified officer and enlisted cadres gressor actions are introduced to help
to begin their cycles of instruction. for battlefield replacement of combat teach security. The trainees also get
The AAA RTC is commanded by soldiers selected for return under the sound conditioning in foot marches
Colonel Earl W. Heathcote. Major Gen- Army rotation program. under packs. Colonel Heathcote tolerates
eral John T. Lewis, commanding the An integral part of the AAA RTC is no vehicle-bound personnel.
AA and GM Center, also takes an active a leader's course which implements the Confidence gained during the basic
interest and hand in all of its operations. objective stated in ATP 22-1 "to select training infiltration course is increased
The primary mission of theAAA RTC potential leaders early in their military as the men negotiate rocky, desert-like
is to receh'e, train and ship as automatic careers, and to develop their capacity for combat courses. A combat village in the
weapons crewmen or heavy antiaircraft leadership by example, by instruction, Franklin Mountains on the outskirts of
artillery cannoneers pipeline personnel and by guidance in the actual perform- El Paso provides realistic training in
who preYiously have received their basic ance of duties which involve the lead- village combat.
training in one of the several training di- ing of troops." Antiaircraft artillery trainees receive
dsions ,":ithin the continental United The Department of the Army estab- training with their weapons. Firing is
States. The trainees get eight weeks lishes for each continental army quotas conducted against both ground and aerial
training in the AAA RTC after they for the leader's course. The course has targets; the latter including both air-
have completed six weeks in the basic graduated 387 potential leaders. A recent plane-towed and radio-controlled air-
training division. A secondary mission is directive to double its capacity will en- plane targets.
to train as basic soldiers for post units all able it to produce more individuals ca-
The RTC maintains an active athletic
untrained personnel received from re- pable of becoming noncommissioned of-
program. Pvt. Samuel Kelly, Btry A 3rd
ception centers. These trainees also get ficers. Through the generosity of the
Battalion won the Fourth Army middle-
an eight weeks training course adapted Citizens Committee for the Army, Navy,
weight championship at Fort Sill in De-
to the specific needs. and Air Force, Inc., of New York City,
cember.
As currently organized, the AAA RTC outstanding graduates have been pre-
The RTC won the post basketball
includes one group of six battalions of sented the American Spirit Honor Medal
championship in February and still has
four batteries each. Frequently general and Certificate, at appropriate ceremo-
two softball teams in the post league:
resen'e AAA units or provisional bat- nies such as reviews.
Btry C, 4th Bn. and Btry A, 6th Bn.
talions are also attached to provide facil- Specifically the American Spirit Honor
ity for temporary expansion of the RTC. l\1edal and Certificate is awarded for the Captain John C. Briggs, the I & E
display of outstanding qualities of lead- Officer, supervises a very effective pro-
Recently Colonel Heathcote has ex-
ership, best expressing the American gram in that field, with the emphasis
panded the activity to meet a specific
need. The recently federalized National spirit of honor, initiative, loyalty and on the battery programs and on the night
classes at Texas Western College.
Guard battalions arrive at far below T /0 high example to comrades in arms. The
& E strength and lacking some key per- following trainees have received the Training battalion commanders are:
sonneL They require assistance; so the medal this year: Major David Cooper, 1st Bn.
AAA RTC conducts the initial training Col. Geoffrey W. Sargent, 2nd Bn.
Frederick A. Waterous, St. Paul,
of the filler personnel for these battal- Major Elwood G. Schwartz, 3rd Bn.
Minn.
ions. Concurrently, the 11th and the Lt. Col. John Martinelli, 4th Bn.
James B. Blunk, Santa Monica, Calif.
226th AAA GROUPS, general reserve Major John E. Hendry, Jr., 5th Bn.
George P. Hambleton, Richmond, Va.
units, carry on specialists' schools for Na- Major F. R. Whitehead, Sr., 6th Bn.
Clayton W. Wood, Phoenix, Ariz.
tional Guard cadre and specialists. Upon
Granville Tate, Nevada, Miss. AAA RTC staff officers include:
completion of five weeks training within
Ira L. Gross, Los Angeles, Calif.
the Replacement Training Center the Major James D. Benner, Executive
fillers and trained cadremen will join the Leadership potentials are de\'eloped Lt. Col. Richard A. Shagrin, S4
Aational Guard battalions which will throughout the basic and branch material Major Martin O. Hemingway, S3
immediately start unit training. programs of the RTC. The student Capt. F. B. Matthews, Personnel
The unit, rather than the committee' leader is given actual practice in com- Capt. Dudley S. Shine, III, S2
•or faculty type, method of instruction is mand and in leading in all instruction Capt. Robert A. LeitzelI, Adjutant
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 35
A Substitute For Trial Fire
By Major M. R. McCarthy
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 37
leveling 90mm and 120mm Guns
By Captain Peter P. Genero, Arty.
38 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
INDIRECT FIREWITH THE MI9
By Captain Kenneth W. Swayze, Arty.
solution which can be applied in the fixed on the original point. This can
field in a very simple manner. readily be seen by boresighting on a
Following the invasion of Inchon in point and scribing the position of the
To, View
September, our Battery C, 50th AAA direction of flight arrow on the indicator
AW Battalion (SP), was attached to the assembly ring. (At this point check the
lor •• T." Arr....... f
First Battalion, 1&7th RCT (Airborne) direction of flight arrow to see if it is set lutell Ne I
at Madong-ni, approximately four,miles solid. The pin holding the direction of was found best to scribe the lower half of
south of the Han River. There we flight arrow to the shaft is often loose, the deflection scale so that the index
formed a task force with Company C of permitting a certain amount of error; can could have a larger bearing surface on
that battalion. The airborne infantrymen be corrected by center punching.) You the fan. Total cost for the sight was five
rode on our M19s and M16s to a point can then traverse 6400 mils and when dollars in \Von.
about Jh. mile from the river. At this you again boresight you will find the In test firing w~th the use of the sight
point the infantry dismounted to clear direction of flight arrow and the scribe
the high ground to the right of the road. marks will match. With this in mind
We stood by ready to fire supporting we devised a sight based on thai: prin-
cover for the infantry. ciple.
The vehicles were deployed and crews We procured a sheet of stock alumi-
were standing by when we spotted North num 3/16" thick, cut out the sight in
Koreans crossing the river in boats at a the form of a deflection fan, 12" long
point (later determined to be 4,500 to (see sketch), and drilled a hole in the
5,500 yards) to the left flank of our guns. rear to fit over the direction of flight ar-
We immediately opened fire on them.
Although some of the enemy were killed and an aiming circle we found that accu-
and wounded, the firing was definitely rate shifts of fire up to 1,000 mils could
not controlled as well as it might haye be made.
been. There was far too great a lapse of
time between contact and the time when One Weapon Control:
accurate fire was brought on the enemy.
Naturally the ~re was quite erratic in IF firing is to be conducted directly by
dispersion, due to self-detonation at the chief of section, the sight works per-
tracer burnout, and most rounds were air fectly with his field glasses. Since the
bursts over the water. However, we were 1\113 sighting system is a line of sight
firmly convinced as to the lethal effec- row indicator assemble. Using the center type, it is usually above target at ranges
tiveness of the 40mm gun up to and of the hole as a vertex, a mil deflection greater than 1,500 yards; the tubes must
including the airburst range. We also scale was marked for a thousand mil be depressed to facilitate resighting un-
saw that we had to have a better sighting shift-zero to 500 mils right and zero to less some makeshift method is used. This
system for long-range firing. 500 mils left. The sight is held in place system permits the chief of section to
by three screw tabs (sketch 2) in the top measure mil deviation at a point away
JULY-AUGUST,1951 39
deflection shift, when the mount is not guns, that landmark can be used as the indirect fire?" If you can do so, you can
level results in more inaccurate firing in common reference point in lieu of the execute many valuable missions when
range. air burst described above. If the guns are otherwise the crews would be idle.
spread widely the landmark should be at Sometimes it is much better to lay down
Platoon or Battery' Control: a great distance. effective fire at from two to four thou-
CoNSTRUCTION
PROCEDURE
You face a fanatical foe to whom life is cheap and death common-
place.
In battle your enemy has no qualms about charging into withering
fire. They know that hesitation will only bring death from their own
officers' guns.
Your training is rugged to enable you to face the enemy-and live.
You are conditioned to hardships and fears and confusion of battle.
You are not going into combat without understanding. Every officer
in the Army is under orders to make clear to every man the reason why
he will fight, and the nature of the victory he strives to win.
You will have at your command the best medical care obtainable in
the world.
While our immediate aim is to prepare you for battle, ultimately we
intend to bring you safely home strengthened morally and physically.
You who enter military service compose the finest group of men and
women in the world. You have a belief in God, in decency, in fair play,
and in the truth.
And a strong determination to remain free, and to help protect free-
dom for all mankind.
(From an article by Gen. Mark W. Clark appearing in a recent issue of
"See" magazine.-EdJ-Armed Forces PressService.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 43
"Maxim Gorki"-Soviet Propaganda plane over Moscow's Red Square.
MASS TERROR:
The Key to Com,munist Control!
By Andrew M. Denny
ONE third of the world's population
-more than 800 million people-is today
the Kremlin who manipulate these bolshevik rule of terror is a highly per-
people with an aggressive world-wide fected and intricate system of total intim-
controlled by a few power-mad men in communistic organization which num- idation which is based upon the skillful
bers less than two per cent of the peoples interplay of many agencies and of many
it controls. And as more and more people techniques of control. It is a system of
Mr. Andrew M. Denny is Chief, Russian fall under the spell of this e\'il group, an total terror, planned in nature, and it may
language section, Military Intelligence and
language Department, U. S. Army Europe
understanding of how it is able to main- be individual or mass in impact. It invari-
Intelligence and Military Police School. He tain this control is essential to those who ably hovers O\'er all the members of the
was born in China and attended schools in
Harbin, Manchuria, and Shanghai. He holds
would avoid also becoming its victims. Soviet society, and systematically liqui-
degrees from Wayne University, Detroit. Dur- It would, of course, be fallacious and dates all real and. potential opposition.
ing World War II, Mr. Denny served on
misleading to attribute the success of the It stifles freedom of thought, makes
active duty with military intelligence agencies
in the European theater. communist rule over the masses to any everyone suspicious of everyone else,
one method of control. Actuallv the reduces contacts with kindred people,
44
ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
j
which has as its primary purpose the
elimination of potential opposition. is
used also to integrate the ablest young
people into the Party. The most enter-
prising and promising of the masses are
selected for special treatment. and these
and the members of the Part\' are both
carefully cultivated to be different from
the masses. They are encouraged to take
pride in their social. political. and eco-
nomic status. Thus the rulers hope to
create a "reliable" class of technical
workers, military and state officials, and
shock workers upon whom the Party
may rely in times of crisis.
A wards azul DecomtiollS mId 1IIli-
forms, which are awarded in great pro-
fusion, are used to inculcate gratitude
toward the rulers. Since 1943, millions
of these ha\'e been freely dispensed for
Military might in Red Square. this purpose. i'\ew uniforms ha\'e been
designed further to differentiate between
and undermines faith in the usefulness order to maintain itself in power. 1\ lost the hard core and the junior partners of
of any action against the communist emphatically its remaining in power is the system. There is scarcely an individ-
regIme. not due to the free volition of the masses ual today in the Soviet Union who does
The s\'stem of terror and intimidation, or to legal elections. Because they them- not have some kind of uniform, or badge
as it is practiced in the Soviet Union and selves have usurped power, the Soviet of distinction.
her satellites', is not purely an invention leaders are obsessed with the fear lest Power over Olle's Fellow Citi::CIlS,
of the bolshe\'iks. This is one of the someone else should wrest their power which is either afforded to large numbers
few things which, I am sure, they will from them. Thus fear is felt throughout of people or promised to them, has
refrain from claiming to have been the the Soviet Union and her subject natiom created a very unhealthy lust for power
first to invent! The use of terror to rule -in suppressed and suppressors alike. among the communist subjects. Thus,
the masses is as old as history. As prac- The primary techniques and agencies e\'en though each indi\'idual must be
ticed in the communist world, however, used b\' the communists are outlined subject to someone else's authority, he is
it is dilferent only by its high degree of below. given additional authority O\'er others to
development, the multitudinous ways in Propagmlda, which in the areas under compensate him. This is one of the
which it is used, and the universality of Soviet control pervades every aspect of fundamental methods of the bolshevik
its application. Today, no one within the lives of the people, and which is re- art of coercion.
that stricken area is without fear and sponsible for the projection of an unreal Collective Hespollsibility m/(l Ulliver-
suspicion. The tragic part of it all con- world of myths, fictions, and illusions. sal ClIilt. ln a free society, each citizen
sists in the fact that everyone there can Communist ideas are camoullaged and is responsible for his own individual
become unwittingly an "enemy of the identified with the hopes and aspirations actions before the law, but in the Soviet
State," and quickly be liquidated. Every- of the people, and one of the greatest Union and areas dominated by the Reds,
one-from high ranking Party ollicial or fictions is that of mass participation in e\'ery man, woman, and child is held
a simple worker-must be reconciled to government. Propaganda may be di- responsible not only for his own actions
the idea that he may be arrested, de- rected against an individual, or at the but also for the actions of all others
famed, tried, tortured, exiled, or executed, population as a whole. \Vhen directed around him. He is held liable for the
whether he has committed a crime or not. against an individual, it takes the form deeds-and even the possible deeds-of
This system of planned guilt weighs generally of public criticism for his his relatives, friends, members of the
heavily upon all men and women under "transgressions," in which he is branded group with whom he works, his military
Soviet control. It hypnotizes the popu- with such titles as "saboteur," "wrecker," unit, and even his casual acquaintances.
lation and weakens its will to resist-it is "deviationist," "bourgeois nationalist," or This feeling of collective responsibility
the principal reason for the success of even "s02ial butterlly"! ~ lass propaganda has the result of making practically
the Soviet regime. ~ lost of these meas- is often camoullaged as education. everyone guilty-or at least to feel guilty
ures have by now been introduced in Mock Trials, which pin the responsi- of a myriad of crimes, to intensify the
one form or another into the areas re- bility for the chronic failure of the Soviet feeling of fear and insecurity, for there
cently occupied by the Red forces. economy to reach its goals upon a few, is the ever-present likelihood of sudden
who almost always "confess," and are arrest or disappearance for any act that
quickly and effectively punished or liqui- one might have done in the past, or e\'en
THE SO\'iet regime is, of course, dated. for ones that one might possibly do in
forced to rely upon these measures in Selectillg a Corps of tIle Faithful, the future.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951
45
Fear of one's past is a \'ery real and in se\'eral ways: (I) to keep the popula-
present fear. His social extraction, his tion in a state of perpetual fear and
fonner activities, his acquaintance with dread; (2) to eliminate or neutralize the
others who ma\' later be declared hostile effect of dissidents within the popula.
to the state-am' ..of these may be used tion: (3) to distract the masses from, and
by the public prosecutor agai.nst him. to find scapegoats for, shortcomings of
Even the highest party and government the SO\'iet system, such as the chronic
officials are dismissed at times because of food shortages, and to focus attention
deeds committed twenty ,'ears earlier. instead upon supposedly discovered
Soviet cultural workers, such as scien- "agents of imperialism" who are claimed
tists, professors, educators, journalists, to be responsible for poverty and hard-
and composers, live especially in con- ships of the people; (4) to preclude a
stant dread of their past. For if they group of people from banding together
follow the Party-line at one time in their to form organized resistance to the rulers
work, they will be out of step with the by shifting the purgees around from
least change in the Party-line. For ex- place to place; (5) to keep the Security
ample, the line in the 1920's portrayed Services of the Soviets in combat readi-
the Tsars as "bloodthirsty exploiters and ness to forestall am'. threat to the rulers' ,
vampires," and cultural workers were and (6) to provide the concentration
required to conform in their work. How- camps with a prescribed quota of fresh
ever, in the late 1930's the Tsars became laborers.
by official decree "defenders of Holy Red Army girl i\I.P.'s use colored flags
i\lother Russia," and those who had
carried the previous version had to recant
to direct traffic.
46 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Affairs, who was himself later purged. These were originally designed as the who may have deviated from the Party-
The purpose of this purge 'was to de- CHEKA (Extraordinary Commission), line. After a few years in a camp of this
stroy all opposition to Stalin. as the GPU (State Political Administra- kind, a man is released, physically and
f. There was a pre-\VorId \Var II tion). and as the NKVD (People's Com- mentally broken, at which time he is
purge. which "cleansed" the "political missariat of Internal Affairs). With each \\'illing to do anything that he is told
unreliables" from the frontier areas and change in designation, the functions of rather than go back. These men make
the newly acquired regions of Bessarabia, these organizations greatly increased in good informants, for no matter how hard
Eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lith- authority and scope until at this time, a life he must lead as an informant, it is
uania, and Finland. they envelop all phases of life and ac- better than camp life. Other camps are
tivity in the Soviet Union and her sat- used as "slow-death" punishment for real
g. Then came a post-World War II
ellites. or imaginary crimes, from which men
purge, which began in 1944 and which
Stalin and Beria exercise direct con- seldom return.
has continued ever since. It took care of
trol over the organs of State Security The Total Result. In total result, all
hundred of thousands in the areas re-
through personally appointed subordi- of these agencies and all of these tech-
occupied by the Red Army. It went into
nates. This control is exercised through niques are extremely effective. They are
some five to six million Russian forced
the media of the Party, the State, and used in waves in ingenious-combination.
laborers in Germany and Central Eu-
through the State Security agencies; and After a wave of horror, living conditions
rope, who refused r() go home, and into
affect the Soviet subject in the following begin to improve slightly once again, and
the Nazis' Russian prisoners of war. It
ways: the masses are urged to exert themselves
also descended upon certain elements of
as never before to bring about an era of
the Red Army of occupation who were a. As a Soviet citizen, he is controlled
prosperity. In times like these, life seems
adjudged to have become "contaminated" by a number of State organizations, such
to be getting better, but then when
bv Western culture, and the "unhealthy as labor unions, units of the armed forces,
claims of the governmental officials,
~urgeois environment." and yarious clubs and societies, as well
as eJl.pressed in the official propaganda,
h. One purge, in which the system of as by local and regional organs of the
do not materialize, the country is plunged
collective responsibility was invoked, was Communist Party.
once again into the throes of artificially
the case in whi.:::hall of the Germans of b. As a "potential enemy" of Soviet sponsored spy trials, exiles, purges, etc.,
the German Volga People's :I1epublic Society, he is under the continuous sur- and the widespread fear of the Soviet
were held responsible for the potentially veillance of the organs of State Security. regime is given another shot in the arm.
dangerous actions of their fellow citizens, This surveillance is accomplished in one In my opinion, however, the fear of
and were exiled as a group-more than a or more of the following ways: the rulers and of one's fellows is not as
million of them. This same policy was
~ Through village political sections. bad as the fear of oneself that this svstem
applied to the Tartars of Crimea, the engenders. An individual must be con-
Checheno-Ingushes, the Kalmucks, and ~ Through special sections of fac-
tinuously on guard, for a chance remark,
others. tories or other places of work.
a wrong step, or a misinterpreted action
Purges enjoy a certain morbid popu- ~ By means of "special depart- of any kind, could bring disaster upon
larity among the politically ambitious. ments" of the armed forces. any individual in the Soviet Union.
For by means of the planned purges, ~ By hundreds of thousands of se- Hope for Relief. In the Western
many important positions are vacated an- cret informants recruited by the World, many intelligent people wish-
nually in the Party and in the govern- organs of State Security. fully delude themselves with the hope
ment. These are filled by candidates that a mass u,prising will occur in the
~ By means of special identity
who are grateful to the rulers for an op- Soviet Union to destroy this iniquitous
papers and the entire system of
portunity to elevate themselves above the regime that is the most systematically or-
passports, used even within the
masses and enhance their living stand- ganized, most scientifically mn scheme of
Soviet Union.
ard. Of course, they too may be purged evil ever perpetrated against the human
later, but there is always the hope that Some of the functional organizations race. The holders of this hope point to
the purges will not affect them. This used in the system of controlling the the early stages of W arId War II, when
introduces a dog-eat-dog psychology masses are the following: 1) The Work- in Soviet territory invaded by the Nazis,
among the Soviet officialdom, and con- ers and Peasants Militia, 2) fire depart- the l1eople welcomed the invaders, and
sequently the files of the State Security ments, 3) the administration of the con- revolted against their own rulers.
agencies are always filled with denun- centration camps, 4) the administration However, they had the courage to do
ciations, reports, and incriminating evi- of the "Corrective Camps," 5) the Statis- this only with the strength of an invad-
dence turned in by the ambitious. tics and Archives Departments, 6) ing army behind them. These incidents,
The Agencies of Intimidation. Al- ZAGS (Bureau of Vital Statistics), 7) I feel, -may be used as an indication that
though controls over civilians are a the counter-intelligence agencie~, 8) there is not popular support for the So-
function of every governmental and SMERSH, the so-called "Death to Spies" viet Regime, but not as an indication of
party institution in the USSR, the spe- sections in the armed forces, and 9) even the possibility of popular revolt.
cific responsibility for control is concen- the Department of Highways, railroad Internal revolt is possible, I feel, if
trated in the Ministries of State Security departments, and other such agencies! the Western Powers stand in fearless,
and Internal Affairs (the MGB and the Soviet Concentration Camps often unwavering determination against the
MVD). serve as corrective schools for citizens lawlessness of the Kremlin, using every
JULY-AUGUST,1951 47
resource that is necessary-in men, nist heelnray see that their overlords are of the Soviet terror, and we can hope for
money, material, thought and heart- no longer all-powerful, that they are not the growth of internal resistance to the
to stop in its tracks every incursion of the able to fulfill their claim to conquer the horror and intimidation that today char-
Bolsheriks into the free world. world. iVhen that occurs, then perhaps acterize e1'ery segment of the Commu-
Then the masses tinder the C01n1nIl- the SO'l>ietmasses can shake off the fear nist world.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951
51
THE BATTALION AAA SURFACE
GUNNERY SCHOOL
By 1st Lt. Carl M. Guelzo, 3rd AAA AW Battalion
IN
JOURNAL
the March-April ANTIAIRCRAFT
Lt. Wm. B. Campbell in his
them. In the latter case, four persons
from each firing battery should be the
the students to the basic fundamentals of
FO procedure: organization of the FO
article FA Gunnery Training For AAA maximum attending. party and means of communication; the
gives an outline for a battalion school The course of instruction should be mil rule; theory of the range bracket;
course. It is well worth study by a pro- organized on the assumption that the How of observer corrections and S-3 com-
spective instructor, particularly the refer- students know nothing of the subject mands; types of fire; elements of initial
ences to ST 44-4-3, FA Gunnery for matter. Surface gunnery can be divided data and subsequent corrections; an-
Heavy MA, M & GM Branch, TAS, into two distinct phases: forward ob- nouncement of numbers; field glasses.
and to FM 6-40. server procedure and fire direction center
Second hour. Practical period on the
My experience leads me to differ with procedure. Attempts to mix the two
calculation of initial data using the mil
Lt. Campbell somewhat in the shape of phases at the same time only serve to
rule and announcing initial fire request.
the course. However, my main effort confuse the students. Forward observer
here is to get down closer to the practi- procedure can be taught and understood Third hour. Brief review of calcula-
cal problems and limitations in the bat- without any knowledge of FDC pro- tion of initial data using the mil rule;
talion. cedure, but an understanding of what familiarization on use of rough trig meth-
No sales talk appears necessary. The the FO is doing renders teaching and od; introduction to the conduct of pre-
AAA gun battalions simply have to con- understanding FDC procedure much cision fire by base point registration.
duct such schools, and the self-propelled easier. Conclmion: Teach FO proce-
Fourth hanr. Conduct of precision fire
AW developments in Korea indicate a dure first and make it a prerequisite to
missions.
need there. Fortunately, the subject is the FDC phase.
fascinating and fairly easy to learn for The FO phase requires the lesser Fifth hour. Conduct of precision fire
those who have sound basic arithmetic. amount of equipment. A classroom with missions and introduction to area fire.
There may be some difficulties about in- tables, chairs, blackboard, chalk, eraser,
Sixth hour. Conduct of area fire.
structors, equipment, and time; still it is field glasses, and a burst spotter are re-
entirely practicable to conduct the school, quired. Let's take a closer look at the Seventh hour. Time fire in connection
and it is so essential to efficient battery burst spotter. with precision and area fire missions.
and battalion training. In the absence of an artillery puff-
Eighth hour. Mixed fire missions.
For instructors the school will require board range or a slide projector, a good
one officer (preferably the S-3 or his way of indicating the location of bursts Ninth and tenth hours: Review, 20
assistant) and one enlisted assistant for with respect to a target in the classroom minutes; examination, 60 minutes; cri-
full-time duty during the course. If they is on the blackboard. The reticle of a tique, 20 minutes.
are well grounded in the subject and pair of field glasses is drawn on the black-
have the lesson plans prepared before the board, blown up to about three feet in The ideal examination would involve
course starts, they can conduct four length, with the 0 mil division on the taking the students out to an artillery
hours' classroom work per day. The target. The bursts can be "spotted" any- range and permitting them to fire live
course requires 28 classroom hours' in- where around the target with the burst missions. Forward observing is actually
struction, or seven working days. With spotter, which is simply a handle about a skill-it involves being able to do some.
experienced instructors and apt students two feet long with a round disc of metal thing rather than just be able to answer
the course can be done in one week. three inches in diameter nailed to one questions about it. The object is to pose
The students in one class should be end. One side of the metal disc can be questions that enable the student to use
limited to 15, and include the battalion painted black and the other yellow to what he has learned rather than just to
operations and intelligence sergeants, the indicate air and graze bursts. parrot back academic principles.
master gunner, and four MOC plotters; Examination 1 illustrates a practical
one officer and one enlisted man from
each firing battery. Other battery per-
sonnel can be given the same training
T HE FO phase can be taught in 10
hours divided as follows:
and objective type examination that was
actually used in a gun battalion. The test
should be just long enough for the
by the battery students in this course or slower students (not the slowest) to fin-
by giving the course a second time for First hour. A conference introducing ish in the allotted time. The better stu.
52 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
dents will finish much earlier. There is have to be improvised. A mimeographed dangerously erroneous idea about the
no need to set up any fancy grading sys- stencil on which are cut the scales to be scales.
tem. If the student's paper indicates found on the pertinent GFT will serve
that he can do the job, pass him; if not, the purpose nicely. The scale itself can
flunk him. You are hoping, of course,
that all can pass it.
be constructed by using the tabular
firing tables. The master gunner in the
T HE FDC procedure phase can be
taught in 18 hours, exclusive of actual
range practice and brush-up periods, as
EXAld:INATION--FOmrARD OBSERVER PROCEDURE follows:
/1:'
Sj2; F;
In the actual case the examinations RECORD OF PRECISION FIRE
shown in Examinations 1 and 2 were T; 600}6. Rn: 5300yd::
both given at the same time. We recom- FDC FDC
Azimuth Elevation Observer Corrections
mend that each one be given at the close Sensinl2: Sensinl<:
of the respective phase, as indicated 1708 315 L 2oo,-f 400
above already. 1738 L 321 - 200
When the examinations are completed 1728 R 317 {.100
let the student know at once how he 1735 L 316 - 50, FFE
came out; better still, send the student's 1730 31? '1 R
paper and grade through the battery 'l R
commander.
-Ln
It is much better to have the selected f Ln
instructors give the whole course than to ? L
farm out various lessons to various in-
- Ln
structors. They may be pretty well
fagged out at the close of the course, but 24.3 see /l.
B
Notify the Journal of Your Address Change a. What is the adjusted azimuth?
b. What is the adjusted elevation?
c. What is the adjusted time?
Examination 2.
ttJlP' ttJlP' ~
54 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Using vertical plexiglass boards.
56 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
THE AIRBORNE DIVISION
By Lt. Col. Page E. Smith, Arty.
~aniu.tionaJ cbart
IVhssJON Figure 1.
The mission of the airborne division is battalions; an airborne engineer battal- division: This change was necessary in
to seize and hold important objectives by ion; and the normal technical and ad- order to give the airborne division the
airborne assault; to close with the enemy ministrative service support. same tank support when conducting
by fire and maneuver in order to destroy Some of the differences between the normal ground operations as the infantry
him; or to repel his assault by fire and standard infantry division and the air- division possesses.
close combat. The division is capable of borne division result from the inability of At regimental level, the conventional
engaging in airborne assault by means of present-day aircraft to air drop or air land heavy mortar company and tank com-
paradrop and air landing. It can also certain items of heavy equipment. For pany are replaced by a support company.
conduct all types of ground operations, example, the airborne infantry regiment This company has a heavy mortar pIa:
acting either alone or as a part of a does not have an organic tank company toon, and an antitank platoon similar to
larger force. Under the latest reorganiza- such as is found in the standard infantry the one at division level. See Fig. 2.
tion the airborne division is capable of regiment. In the division artillery, the major dif-
sustained operations in combat for an There are some other major differ- ference between the airborne and infan-
extended period of time. ences. At division level you will find try divisions is that each field artillery
ORGANIZATION
that an antitank platoon, equipped with battery has only four pieces instead of
six 90mm antitank guns, has been added the conventional six. The antiaircraft
The division is organized as shown in in order that some degree of antitank pro- battalion has towed weapons rather than
Fig. 1. Note that it is organized essen- tection will be available in the initial the self-propelled found in the infantry
tially the same as the standard infantry stages of an airborne assault. A para- division, and has only three firing bat-
division. It has three airborne infantry chute maintenance company is included teries instead of the conventional four
regiments of three battalions each; a di- for the purpose of packing and main- batteries. See Figs. 3 and 4.
vision artillery with three airborne light taining personnel and equipment para-
field artillery battalions, one airborne chutes. Note that there are two tank EMPWYMENT
antiaircraft battalion, and one medium battalions instead of the conventional As stated previously, an airborne divi-
field artillery battalion; two medium tank one battalion found in the infantry sion may be employed in any of the con-
OTltsnlzatJonal ('bart
Figure 2.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 57
country from which major ground or air
operations may be conducted. This type
of operation requires the use of extensive
ground and air forces, and is supplied
completely by air. After the airhead is
seized and secured bv airborne forces.
other ground forces ar~ air landed in the
airhead and subsequently are employed
,
I
Figure 3. in their normal role. An example of this
type of operation was Operation Swarmer
ventional type operations in which an conducted by the V Corps in the Camp
infantry division normally participates. 1\ IcCall-Fort Bragg area in 1950.
These are the penetration, single or dou- Other types of operations in which
•
ble envelopment, defense, retrograde airborne forces may be employed are:
movement, and the pursuit. In addition ~ AIRHEAD
58 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
tain the remainder of the battalion. school of thought maintains that a It is realized that such de\'elopments
Depending upon the situation, the bat- weapon can be developed which can sat- are several years in the future and that
talion may be employed initially to fur- isfy the requirements of being light and certain interim measures are desirable.
nish antiaircraft and ground defense for substantial enough to be air dropped and Among these might be the adop:ion of
the drop zone, landing zone, or an air- at the same time have the required de- the 1\ 119 si2ht and an on-carriaoe oaso-
strip in the airhead as the case may be. gree of mobility. The major argument ~ '" "'.
line power unit for the 40mm gun. Thi,;
As soon as corps AM A\ V units can be against the first line of thought is that would gi\'e more effective fire control
air landed the organic airborne AAA the airhead will have no protection for and a faster rate of tracking.
battalion will be released from this mis- the first few days of an operation, and
sion and will be available to the division until air-landed operations can com- AIRBORNE DuTY
commander for protection of the di\'ision mence. This period is considered to be In order to obtain duty with an air-
artillery, for close support of infantry, or critical because once our plan is obvious borne unit it is merelv n;cessarv to sub-
such other missions as may be deemed to the enemy, it is logical to assume that mit a letter through channels t~ the Ad-
appropriate. he will concentrate his air attacks on our jutant General, Department of the Army,
airhead. The second line of thought ap- volunteering for parachute training and
RECOl\L\lENDED FUTURE DEVELOP:\lENTS
pears reasonable and can be effected by duty. A physical examination is also re-
As pointed out earlier in this article it the development of a removable turret quired. Upon approval the individual
is believed that the present equipment of for AA1\ guns, similar to the present will be sent to Jump School, at Fort Ben-
the airborne AAA battalion is not ade- !\I55, which can be air dropped, and ning, Georgia, and subsequently assigned
quate for the various missions that may which can also be designed to fit into a to either the 88th Airborne AAA Battal-
be assigned. The major objections to the full tracked self-propelled mount similar ion with the II th Airborne Division at
present equipment are that it lacks mo- to the presen t 1\ 119. The most ad vanced Fort Campbell, Kentucky or the 80th
bility once it is on the ground, and the system of fire control capable of with- Airborne AAA Battalion with the 82d
hre control and tracking equipment is standing the shock of parachuting could Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, N. C.
not adequate for the present and future be incorporated into the turret. Such a If overseas duty is desired, one battery
high speed enemy aircraft that may be removable turret would giv~ the airborne which was formerly with the 88th Bat-
encountered. battalion the capability of being used talion is now in Korea with the 187th
There are two schools of thought on early in an airborne operation. \Vhen Airborne Regimental Combat Team.
the first point in question. One is that large cargo aircraft commence operations \Vhile on parachute status with one of
the airborne battalion should have the in the airhead the tracked vehicle carrier the above units, and provided a jump is
same equipment as the self-propelled could be brought in. The turret could made at least once e\'ery three months,
unit in order that the airborne division then be placed in the carrier and thus the individual receives hazardous duty
will have the same effective AA1\ sup- give the battalion the desired mobility pay which is $50.00 a month for enlisted
port as an infantry division. The other for sustained ground operations. men and $100.00 a month for officers.
Artillery drop.
AIRBORNE warfare, the theorv of Hying aircraft. To do what might appear battalion is supposed to drop in or air
vertical envelopment, the new and rapid to be a mansized job, the jumping anti- transport in its heavier equipment. At
means of transporting large bodies of aircraftsmen are equipped with boys' this time, equipped with towed 40mm
troops, is as radical a de\'elopment as the tools. The assault is made with the guns and the M55, quadruple mounted
Chinese im'ention of gunpowder, even dubious aid of the 1\163, a single barreled caliber .50 machine guns, it goes into a
though it has been developed smoothly caliber .50 machine gun, on an M role comparable to its counterpart in the
and without radical losses. The calcu- mount. regular infantry division. However, the
lated dreams of Generals John Lee, 1\lat- In my opinion, there is little need for airborne division is a hard striking, rapid
thew Ridgway and "Slim Jim" Gavin airborne AA in the assault. As Major moving outfit; the weapons with its AAA
have developed into the rapid mm'ement General Ga\'in points out in his excellent battalion are hardly suitable for anything
over thousand of miles, of death-dealing work, "Airborne \Varfare," such an op- so mobile. Even though the AA guns are
troops who drop, without warning, onto eration requires total air superiority. brought into the battle area early there is
the necks of our enemies. \Vith air superiority, there is no need no pro\'ision for moving them. Airborne
Larger and more efficient loads are for antiaircraft. Even if enemy aircraft troops expect to receive no motor ve-
being parachuted into the drop zones slip past our fighters, and it is conceiv- hicles, other than possibly a jeep or so,
and efficient methods of resupply are able, our own AAA could not be allowed and they are taught to manhandle their
being developed and tested in the Ko- to open fire, for fear of destroying our guns.
rean campaign. \Vhere the jumping of own planes. My recommendation would be to
a jeep was once considered a novelty, There is also a lack of transportation equip the 'airborne AAA battalion with
the huge 6 x 6 is now dropped with little to move it. Just to air transport an AAA the equipment now current in the self-
misgiving. Only a few years ago the pack battalion (a'1d I have Tl'vl 71-210 before propelled unit and to allow it to join the
75mm howitzer was the artillery piece me) takes dozens of huge carrier aircraft, division when priorities are not so criti-
for parachutists; today, the 105 is com- and the airborne commander will need cal. Since our chances at enemy aircraft
monly dropped and the 155 is air trans- those planes to drop his infantry, field will probably be less than our chances at
ported with nonjumping troops. artillery and other true assault forces. enemy ground personnel, we should be
Airborne antiaircraft, however, has Resupply for all of these troops is a ter- given something that we can chase the
made little progress. \Ve have a poorly rific problem, and there is simply little or enemy with; something as mobile as the
defined mission, a poor system of employ- no room for airborne A!v\ at this time. rest of our division.
ment and are inadequately equipped for 1\1Y theory is partially borne out by Ko- Recommendation Three: Give us a
maximum employment, particularly in rean developments, too, as the 187th dual purpose.
reference to our role in ground support. Regimental Combat Team didn't make
Airborne antiaircraft could be made
Recommendation One: Remove AAA, use of their AA people until 0 plus 2,
more useful to the division commander
in its present form, from the assault. when they were allowed to jump in,
if it had a dual purpose. I agree that
Present tactical doctrine calls for an equipped with pack 75mm howitzers!
there is a definite need for antiaircraft
assault on H-hour, with airborne troops Recommendation Two: Equip air-
after the assault, the same as with the
pouring from the sky to help seize and borne AA with more mobile weapons!
infantry division. But I think, too, that
defend the drop zones from enemy low After the assault, the airborne AM
the days of assault could give these para-
troopers a chance to show their worth.
I advocate equipping the airborne AA
battalion with recoilless weapons, giant
bazookas and such other light antitank
equipment as we develop. Allow AM
detachments to jump in the assault and
act as a tank killer team. At no other
time is the airborne division so vulner-
able to the tank as during the assault,
and at no other time is the AAA more
useless to them. They could be utilized
to help achieve the division objecti\.e.
Then when their self-propelled equip-
ment does reach them it should be such
equipment as can be truly useful in the
dual role now played by AM-that of
antiaircraft and ground support, so com-
Fairchild Aircraft Photo-by Dan Frankfurter
Loading the 40mm gun on carriage. mon in Korea.
60 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
How's Your Air Mobility?
By Lt. Col. George W. Shiuers, Jr., Arty.
TAKE your hands off of your hips, The sergeant slapped the man in the "Listen," the sergeant said, "in this
Colonel," the sergeant said. door sharply across the rump and the business you do what you are told, ex-
The sergeant was a slender man of jumper leaped out in space. After the actly the way you are told."
medium height. He stood, erect and sol- leading man jumps, all others auto- There was a pulsing silence.
dierly, and looked me straight in my sur- matically shuffie forward and literally "You had that line under and over
prised eyes. In twenty-five years as a pour out of the door. your wrist, when you have been told to
commissioned officer in the United "Hold it! Stop where you are!" the have it over and under.
States Army this was a new experience. sergeant roared. "Now," the sergeant continued, "I
\Ve looked at each other a moment in He walked up to one scared looking don't give a damn what happens to a
silence, while I struggled inwardly for youngster, took his hand from the static guy what can't do what he is told. \Vhat
self-control. The sergeant waited for me line, turned it around and made him would happen to you is that line would
to obey his orders, as the quiet assurance grasp it the proper way. tangle around your arm when you jump-
and tense lines of determination in his
face made clear. I dropped my hands to
my sides without a word. The sergeant
walked away, also without a word.
This makes more sense than you might
think. It rests on the solid foundation
that when a man jumps out of an air-
plane in Right ... well, the law of
gravity does not salute. This is one of
the first things you discover as a student
paratrooper at the Airborne School, Fort
Benning, Georgia.
You also develop a certain stilte of
milld which is not the unrelieved grim
determination you might imagine it to
be. There is a constant awareness of
danger, but it is viewed with a special
kind of humor that keeps things in
perspective. Then there is the esprit de
corps of the paratroopers ... but come
with me to jump School, and you will
see what I mean.
Our first hour was a vigorous exercise
period. It was in the ten minute break
following this hour that the sergeant in-
structor so tactfully informed me, in
eight words, that when you are engaged
in this business it is no time to be stand-
ing around with the mental attitude that
accompanies having your hands on your
hips. That back-on-your-heels posture
is verboten at jump School.
In the second hour we reported to
wooden replicas of airplanes for what is
called Mock Door training, practice in
the details of how to get out of an air-
plane in Right, doing e\'erything the way
the sergeant said. l'airchild Aircraft Photo--bll Dan l'rankfurtrr
t4Go!" Drop zone.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 63
cd out the door, and maybe pull the technique: Drop earthward feet first; shook out the folds of the soft fabric in
damn arm off. That's OK with me, tuck your head forward; place both front of us, "and nylon is smooth and
except I got to kick your arm outa the hands over the resen-e 'chute on your nice to touch, in case you didn't know."
way," this was illustrated graphically chest; count "one-thousand, two-thou- He looked around at us, dead pan.
with a violent kick. "before the next man sand, three-thousand." We all looked back at him, also dead
can "jump. \ "hile I kick your arm outa ~Iy nrst time out of the door is some- pan, because nobody wanted to be told,
the way, the rest of the stick is crowding thing I don't remember very clearly, ex- 'This ain't funny, all you men wearing
forward, so you risk the lives of good cept that I'm glad I'll ne\-er ha\'e to do smiles, down on the ground and knock
soldiers because you can't do what you that for the nrst time again. It was not out ten."
are told." until my third jump from the tower that That knock Ollt ten was with us all
The sergeant spat disgustedly out of the sergeant said: day, e\'ef)' day, everywhere we went. It
the door, gave another lusty kick at the "That was satisfactory, Colone1." meant that the culprit who had in SOme
imaginary arm in the door and we con- In every practice jump, ~Iock Tower way incurred the sergeant's displeasure,
tinued with our practice, each mentally or ~ lock Door, each man counts aloud must execute ten push-ups. That is,
resolved not to ever get our hand the and loudly: "One-thousand, two-thou- drop full length on the ground, support-
wrong way around that static line. To sand, three-thousand." ing his body on his toes and hands, and
lose an arm would be bad, but to suffer Why? chin himself on the ground ten times.
the sergeant's public scorn would be Because a parachute jump is normally This is not punishment, according to
worse. at a height of only 1,000 feet or lower. the Airborne School. It is a quickening
Figure it .out yourself, after you have exercise that keeps you alert (to avoid
fallen for three seconds, and your main it), or (if you don't avoid it) the ten
THE nrst time we really sweated was 'chute has not opened, there isn't much push.ups develop the muscle that covers
in the ~ lock Tower area. time left in which to pull your reserve. your shoulder blade, which is one of the
\Vhile a i\lock Door is only two feet The count is to measure the three sec- "points of contact" when you make a
above the ground, a Mock Tower prac- onds, and your life may depend on doing landing fall.
tice plane stands on top of tall 34 foot this. From the Mock Tower area we ad.
telephone poles. That may not sound Or to express it the way one of our vanced to the High Tower area. Here
high but, believe me, it is easy to con- dear sergeants phrased it: we were hauled up on a cable and
fuse a Mock Tower with the Empire "So you don't like to be in no hurry dropped from 250 foot high steel towers
State Building, if you arc up there look- ... well, you better like it. In this in real 'chutes. And it was here we
ing down with the idea of jumping off. business seconds mean life or death- learned about the only situation in which
There is a door so you can jump out, either you pick up your 'chute and walk a paratrooper is allowed to swear.
and straps from a harness are attached away, or they pick you up in a shovel. If one 'chute ever gets close to and di-
to you, in a way that allows you to fall You guys better get that straight." rectly over another, the lower 'chute may
some ten feet toward the earth, and then If the wind is blowing, your inHated steal the air and the top 'chute collapse,
you arc brought up with a jerk, to dangle 'chute will drag you over the countryside which may drop the upper man on top
in the air on a cable that delivers you to unless you know how to collapse it. So of the lower 'chute, collapsing it also.
a sawdust landing pile. we learned how. This is not nearly so dangerous as it may
This is the place that the men arc As usual, any new activity was opened sound if you know what to do.
separated from the boys, the place where with one of our hot sergeants giving us It is because of this inherent danger
you and everybody else nnds out if you the hot oil about how to do it. of a collapsed 'chute that a paratrooper
have the one ingredient without which "This here is a parachute." one in- is authorized to swear when another
you can never be a paratrooper: The structor explained solemnly, holding up jumper lands on top of his 'chute. At
nerve and will to jump. the folds of the mottled greenish sky such times it is permissible for the lower
As in the Mock Door, when you exit umbrella. man to rear back, and shout to the man
from the tower you follow a definite "These 'chutes are made of nylon," he above:
"Get the hell off my canopy!"
One day I stopped in at my training
company orderly room, and there had a
brief chat with an old-timer, the nrst
sergeant. There was a sign on his desk,
facing the door. It read:
"}'ollr story has touched my heart.
Never have I met an)'one with
A'fore trollbles than )'011 have.
Please accept my sincere sympathy."
"\Vell, Sergeant," I said, "I guess you
hear a good many reasons why they
..-. ~ ... --- ~"':""-6 haven't got what it takes."
Fairchild Aircraft Photo--bv Dan Frankfurt" The sergeant gave me a quick look
Airborne takeoff. and said feelingly, "I sure do, Colonel.
64 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Would you like to see the Quit File?" "It is too much for me to take." that time comes the palms of your hands
\\Then a would-be paratrooper fails he "I froze in the 34-foot tower, and become slightly moist, you get a sort of
is required to 611 in a Quit Slip, and have not got the nerve to jump." hollow faint fcelino, and you silentlv ask
" ..
state in writing that he wants to quit. "Afraid of the 250-foot tower." yourself: "Now just why did I ever get
He must also answer two fundamental "I don't like this place here." myself into this 6x?"
questions. These questions, with some "I am too nervious for the training." But you jump!
of the answers given in the Quit File, '1 am 6scally unable to continue." I'll spare you the details of how I
are: "I haven't got what it takes," sweated it out; just let it suffice that I did
"\Vhen I had a car wreck I had a jump. It's quite a sensation.
Question: \Vhy did you volunteer for brain kencushion, and I don't But when you hit the ground, find
Airborne? want to hurt my health." yourself all in one piece, and rise to your
feet ... it was more than worth the ef-
Answers: "I wanted to become a
When I 6nished the £lIeand handed it fort. The air tastes good in your lungs,
trooper."
back to the sergeant it was time for din- the earth feels good under your feet; you
"I 6gured I could take it."
ner. He went to a microphone connected are proud to be a paratrooper.
"A bunch of fellows said it was a
to loud speakers and announced in a As 1 was experiencing this feeling for
good idea,"
vibrant voice that penetrated to every the 6rst time, there were sudden foot-
"I could use the extra money."
corner of the barracks: steps behind me, and I turned to find an
"I was talked into it by friends."
"All right, Glamor Boys .. , outside, erect and soldierly figure walking toward
"I wanted to join a good out6t,"
and line up for chow!" me, He was smiling, and held out his
hand with obvious pleasure.
Question: \Vhy are you quitting?
"Congratulations, Colonel," was all
Answers: "I gave it what I could, but OF course the time eventually comes the sergeant said, but he conveyed a wel-
I can't take it." when they take you up in an airplane come; I now belonged. I could sweat
"Parents are against my jumping." and expect you to jump out of it, \Vhen blood and smile!
STAND UP AND HOOK UP," tra- Korea. Altogether this has necessitated carrier and air transport units. Exercises
ditional prejump command of the air- another complete cycle of training with are conducted to develop proficiency in
borne, has echoed over the skies for the basic paratrooper training at Fort Ben- the techniques of departure and arrival
past few months as members of the 88th ning and unit training at Fort Campbell airfield control. There are never as many
Airborne AAA Battalion have progressed and elsewhere. airplanes as we desire; so, we get a good
with their training as an organic part of There's a lot more to it than just dose of the essential training in trimming
the II th Airborne Division. jumping, To start with we train for down on the load and also in working
Last year we participated with the ground operations like other A\V battal- the drops in relays.
II th Airborne Division in Operation ions. Then we train for airborne as well In May the battalion moved to Fort
Swarmer; fired our service target prac- as air-landing operations. \Ve jump in- l\'liles, Delaware, for thirty days on the
tices at Camp Perry; and participated in dividually and we jump with our equip- range in target practice. At first the
the training of the lOOth Airborne Divi- ment, from the 40mm gun and jeeps crews were new, but by the close of this
sion, Reserve, down to the bundles of essential supplies phase the record of targets shot down
By late summer we were busy in the and equipment. Stress is placed on load- showed' the results of intensive training.
formation of the 187th RCT for service ing, rigging, stowing, and dropping \Ve are now back at Fort Campbell
in Korea. It included Battery A of this equipment under a variety of condi- continuing to meet our requirements for
battalion. Since then we have activated tions. Another item worthy of mention, replacements in Korea and preparing for
our present Battery A and we have also is that all hands have to work in close more maneuver exercises and the sum-
furnished the required replacements in coordination with the Air Force troop mer camp training.
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 65
BOOK REVIEWS
A SOLDIER'S STORY. By General of much difficulty was encountered by staff
the Army Omar N. Bradley. Henry planners in arranging for the distribu-
Silver Star
Hall and Company. 640 pp.; $5.00. tion of available space for the shipping
FIRST L1EUrENANT STEPHEN A. MATEJOV,
while a member of Battery A, 15th AAA AW
of material to the landing beach.
\ Videlv acclaimed as the best of the Bn. (5P). distinguished himself by gallantry "Artillery asked to bring guns ashore
in action against on armed enemy near
field commanders' stories to come out of 5agu-ri, Korea, an 17 November 1950. On
e\'en at the expense of engineer troops.
\Vorld War II, General Bradley's book this date, the platoon which Lieutenant Engineers demanded bridging ashore
Matejav commanded was providing close
achieves a delicate balance in outlining support for the 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry.
even at the expense of antiaircraft guns.
the many-sided forces and factors that He led a section of his platoon at the head And antiaircraft asked for more guns
of a column which was advancing north
entered into the winning of the \Var. against the enemy. At about 0950 hours, the
even at the expense of quartermaster
1\lany reviewers have laid stress upon paint was fired upon from positions on both trucks .. each demanding a larger share
sides of the road. This intense fire came
the author's carefully weighed analysis from automatic weapons and small orms.
of the lift, each contending that if its
of the personalities im'olved in the allied With complete disregard for his awn personal particular allotment were cut, the whole
safety, Lieutenant Matejov immediately left
high command and the honest differ- the relotive security of his M-19 and pro.
invasion might fail."
ences among them. The book, taken as ceeded under heavy fire to a forward posi- The conflict between personalities of
tion from which he was better able to spot
a whole, places these observations in the arms and services involved and the
the sources of the enemy fire. He remained
their proper relationship to the over-all in his exposed position for a period of one honest differences of opinion that re-
and a half hours spatting enemy targets and
story that General Bradley so capably placing his 40mm and .50 caliber fire thereon.
quired careful consideration of the plan-
tells. His coolness and heroism under fire enabled ning staff are presented in an interesting
his platoon to moss its fires on numerous en.
Those who participated in campaigns emy targets, and the destruction thereof 01.
and sympathetic manner.
against Nazi Germany will regard this lowed the column to continue its northward General Bradley's book makes the
attack with dispatch. His display of gallantry
as their story too. For many, General most of the human interest factors. I-lis
reflects great credit an himself and the mili.
Bradley's book is the first account of the tory service. x x x State of New York. simplicity, humility and abundant good
complex considerations and the action humor are revealed throughout. It is
taken at top levels of command which certainly among the most important his-
resulted in the ensuing operations in torical works yet to be produced in the
which they played a part. ceived heavy raids by the Luftwaffe and military field.-R. W. O.
Nothing could be more lucid and the meeting had been called to "explore
simple than the author's presentation of the need for improvement in Allied ROCKETS, MISSILES, AND SPACE
his story. He deals frankly with con- fighter cover and air support." TRAVEL. By Willy Ley. The Viking
troversial questions that other military 'Tedder had scarcely repeated the air Press, Inc. 436 pp.; $5.95.
writers might be pardoned for by-pass- force claim of Allied air supremacy in
ing. Yet no one can possibly take offense the Mediterranean theatre when four \Villy Ley might easily be called the
at any of the views or reactions ex- Focke-Wulf-190's sped in over the city. modern Jules Verne; however, he, unlike
pressed. \\'here the author has been Strafing the streets of Gafsa, they stam- Verne, verifies and justifies his predic-
forthrightly critical, he has never been peded a camel caravan past our door. tions with scientific and engineering
disparaging and he is quick to accord At the end of their run they dropped facts now known. All artillerymen who
recognition to the best qualities and per- their bombs. Plaster flaked from the ceil- are interested in extending the capabili-
formance of dutv, amono0 those of the ing and when we went to open the door, ties of existing cannons will be fasci-
American and Allied forces who carried I found that the concussion had wedged nated by this book.
the heavy burden of command through it tightly shut. In preparing Rockets, 1'1'1 issiles, and
to the final victory. 'Tedder packed his pipe, looked up Space Travel, the author devotes con-
The reconciliation of differences be- mischievously from the table, and smiled. siderable space to historical development.
tween allies and between the separate Tooey looked out of the window. He 1\luch of this history lies within the
branches of our own forces was a prob- turned to Patton and shook his head. boundaries of Germany, Ley's native
lem that constantly rose to plague the 'i'\ow how in hell did you ever manage land until the advent of Hitler. In ad-
top planners. General Br3dley describes to stage that?' dition, the efforts of Goddard, though,
an amusing conference among Air Chief "'I'll be damned if I know,' George have not been overlooked by the author.
l\Iarshall Tedder and General T oocv shouted back, 'but if I could find the Later developments in the United
Spaatz with the author and General Pa~- sob's who flew those planes, I'd mail States are described, within security limi-
ton in Gafsa, North Africa. U. S. ground them each a medal!' " tations. Some of the more recent and
forces under Patton's command, had re- In preparing for the Sicilian invasion, better known missile projects, such as
66 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
I\erobee, Viking and Bumber, are in- Official \X1W'II History Offered
cluded. indicating the timeliness of the Free To Vets
book. SPECIAL
Servicemen wounded in action during
In the later chapters, attention is di-
\Vorld War II may obtain a free copy SU BSCRI PTION
rected to what may be called \Villy Ley's of the official Army record of "where it
"first lm-e," tra,-el in outer space. Space RATES
happened."
ships are definitely considered to be a
Armv Historical Division said that the
possibility. The military and scientific
series, :'American Forces in Action," is For
,-alue of such man-made satellites are em-
now available to all servicemen.
phasized. Atomic power plants, when
~l\"ailable, will provide an important im- \Vhile the entire paper-bound series Military Personnel
petus for such travel. is for sale, anv man wounded in a geo-
graphical loc;le covered by any single LIFE ........ $5.50
\ Vhen \Villy Ley progresses to the pos-
,'olume mav obtain that ,'olume, free,
sibilities of establishing a base upon the
bv, writino<:> ~o the Office of the Chief of
and
moon, he becomes enthusiastic. He de-
scribes the procedure of building such a
J\lilitarv, I-liston',• \ Vashinoton
<:>
25, D. C . TIME . . . . . . . . $4.75
Followino<:> are the titles available:
base with considerable detail. per year
"Papuan Campaign," 'To Bizerte with
The book provides excellent back- the II Corps," "Salerno," "Volturno,"
ground material on the guided missile "The \Vinter Line," "J\lerrill's Maraud- order from
field. J\luch material on fuels and pro- ers," "Omaha Beachhead," 'The Ad-
pulsion is given. The more vexing prob- miralties," "Makin," "Guam," "Small
lems of stabilization and control are not Unit Actions," "St. Lo," "Anzio Beach-
emphasized. Two informative appen- head," "Utah Beach to Cherbourg."
dices and a bibliography complete the -Armed Forces Press Service.
book.
JOURNALsubscribers wishing to pur-
The book is particularly interesting at 631 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
chase copies, may order from the ANTI-
this time in view of the guided missile
AIRCRAFrJOURNAL. Washington 4, D.C.
programs now in progress in this country,
which are cloaked in secrecy.
New Books
LT. COL. IVER A. PETERSON,GSC.
"Russia Then and Now," a book
hailed in Europe and England as an in-
THE SOVIET MILITARY ORGANIZA- cisive study of Russian culture and Rus-
TION. A compilation of articles on the sia's cultural relations with western Eu-
Journal
Russian military structure from the rope, will appear in an American edition
ARMY INFORMATION
Fifty cents.
DIGEST. 64 pp. this fall published by John Day. The
author is \Vladimir \Veidle, an eminent
RADAR
anti-Soviet humanist now living in PAMPHLET
From Tsar to Commissar, the first ar- France, where his book was published By
ticle deals with historical background of recently under the title "La Russie Ab-
the Red Army. The other six are pointed Lt. Col. Leonard M. Orman
sent et Presente." Recipient of the Prix
in detail to arrive at the final study, Rivarol, and a selection of the \Vorld
Structure of the High Command. Affairs Book Club in England, it is the A compilation of anicles by the
The portions of the pamphlet dealing first volume of a trilogy of which the author, published in
with the training and mobility of the second will concern "The Structure of
The Journal.
Soviet soldier give a keen insight into his Europe" and the third "English Values."
attitudes and professional stature. STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE.
Guerrilla operations are covered under By Sherman Kent _ $3.00 A LIMITED NUMBER
the heading of Soviet Partisan \Varfare. MAKERS OF MODERN STRATEGY. Now available at
The "shadow army," whose tactics are Edited by E. M. Earle, G. A. Craig
25 cents per copy.
and Felix Gilbert $5.00
being met in Korea today by the United
ECONOMIC ASPEOS OF ATOMIC
Nations Forces, was a factor in Napo- POWER.
leon's ill-fated drive into Russia. This Directed by Sam H. Schurr and Order From
was also an important contribution to Jacob Morschak $6.00
the debacle met by the Germans on the THE RIDDLE OF MacARTHUR.
Antiaircraft Journal
Eastern Front in \Vorld 'Var II. By John Gunther $2.75 631 Pennsylvania Ave., N.\Xf.
THE CAINE MUTINY.
Everv member of the Armed Forces By Hermon Wouk $3.95
Washington 4, D. C.
can well study the implications of Asiatic WAR IN KOREA.
warfare as outlined in the pamphlet. By Margurite Higgins _ $2.75
JULY-AUGUST,1951 67
cus \V. i\lav Jr. and his staff, and Ameri-
can and British Air Force officers. After
visiting the brigade units at their respec-
ti\'e bases, the general said, HI have noth-
ing but the highest praise for these men.
The officers and enlisted men impressed
me as knowing their jobs well. I ha\'en't
seen better looking soldiers anywhere."
Gen. Lawton makes his home at the Hotel Chamber- -Arm)' Times.
lin, Old Point Comfort, Fort Monroe,
Virginia.
Colonel Nelson Dingley, III,
Retires
General Kelly graduated from USJ\IA
in 1918 and was commissioned in the The President of the Board of Trus-
CAe. tees of the New York J\lilitary Academy
In 1943 General Kelly took the 1st has announced the appointment of Colo-
AAA Group to Casablanca where he nel Nelson Dingley, III, General Staff
commanded the Antiaircraft and Coast Corps, U. S. Army, as Superintendent
Defenses of the Atlantic Coast of French of the Academy. Colonel Dingley, who
J\'lorocco. He returned to Camp Stewart, will retire from the Army on August 31,
Georgia, in June to take command of the is presently serving as Senior Military
56th AAA Brigade. Attache at the American Embassy in
Returning to Africa in 1944 he be- Stockholm, Sweden. He is an alumnus
came the antiaircraft officer of the of the Ne\\;York Military j\cademy ('10).
Seventh Army for the invasion of South- Colonel Dingley was commissioned in
ern France and in the advance through the CAC in 1916, serving both in the
the Vosges Mountains, Alsace Plain, Mexican Border Campaign and as an
Germany, and Austria. artillery commander in France in \ Vorld
Returning to the States in 1945, Gen- \oVar I. He served initially with antiair-
eral Kelly served with AFF and the craft artillery in Hawaii. Later he served
Fifth Army until he went to Japan in in Europe as assistant to General Lucius
Chief of Staff, AFF, Promoted
1947 to become Chief of the Special Clay in Military Governmen t, as G 1 in
Major General \VilIiam S. Lawton the Third Army and as Military Attache
Services Section, Far East Command.
graduated from USJ\'IA in 1922 and was in Poland. Decorations: L1\I, BSM, CR.
His retirement culminates an active
commissioned in thc Air Service. After
career of 33 years in the Army.
graduating at the Advanced Flying General \Xi'ilson Retires As
War decorations: LM (OLC), and
School he transferred to the CAe. AER Director
In 1939 he went to Hawaii. Begin- BSM.
At his own request, the resignation of
ning there as a captain in the Harbor- l'vlaj. Gen. Walter K. Wilson, USA,
Defenses, by 1944 he had climbed to 32d AAA Brigade Highly Praised Ret., as Director of Army Emergency Re-
the grade of brigadier general as Deputy MILDENHALL, England.-HThe lief has been accepted to become effec-
Chief of Staff of the Pacific Ocean outstanding way in which antiaircraft tive 1 July 1951. He will be succeeded
Areas. Those who served in the Pacific artillerymen of the 32d AAA Brigade by Maj. Gen. Edward F. Witsell, the
remember him as the coordinator and and its units immediately began to work Adjutant General of the Army, who re-
expediter around the "Pineapple Penta- smoothly and enthusiastically with the tires on June 30, 1951.
gon," particularly as to its far-Rung ac- American Air Force and the British mili- General Wilson has served as Director
tivities in pushing the war to Japan. tary units in England is commendable, of Army Emergency Relief continuously
General Lawton returned to the States and should serve as a source of great since January 11, 1944. In addition to
in 1947 to serve with Headquarters Fifth pride for each officer and enlisted man being Director of AER, General Wilson
Armv. He served later as Commandant in the organization," said Lt. Gen. was appointed by the late Honorable
of the Coast Artillery School at Fort Charles L. Bolte, Army Deputy chief of Henry L. Stimson as the Secretary of
Winfield Scott until transferred in 1950 staff for plans and combat operations, War's Liaison Officer with the American
to his present assignment as Chief of after his recent visit to the American AA Red Cross. It was in the latter capacity
Staff, Army Field Forces, Fort J\lonroe, units at their bases in the United King- that he was largely instrumental in
Virginia. dom. effecting an efficient and cordial operat-
War decorations: DSi\I, LM (OLC), The general, who was in the United ing agreement between the Red Cross
BSJ\I, CR. Kingdom to give a series of lectures spon- and AER with a view of coordinating
sored by the Kermit Roosevelt Founda- the activities of both organizations. This
Brig. Gen. Kelly Retires tion, was accompanied to this base by agreement is still in operation and in-
Brig. Gen. Paul B. Kelly retired for J\laj. Gen. J. P. McConnell, USAF, and sures a minimum of duplication of the
physical disability at Letterman General was met at the headquarters of the 32d emergency financial assistance which
Hospital on 31 1\lay 1951, and now by the brigade commander, Co!. Metti- both organizations are prepared to render
68 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
to Army personnel and their dependents. ting the Headquarters Battery into two near future.
In the last seven and one-half years sections, in effect making it a Headquar- O. K. i\lARSHALL
in which General \Vilson has been the ters and Service Battery. This called for Lt. Co\.. 48th AAA A\V Bn (SP)
Director, AER has disbursed over eight ammunition details from the firing bat- 1st Infantry Division, APO 403
million dollars through loans and grants teries, but these men still felt that they
were working for their own batteries. To the Editor:
in providing financial assistance to over
100.000 members of the Army and their \Ve also found that we could utilize the The A:-''TIAIRCRAFrJOURNALhas be-
families. SRi\IU men to a better advantage as come a favorite of all officers and men
General \Vilson graduated from extra radio repairmen rather than letting within this battalion. \Ve are pleased to
US~IA in 1902 and was commissioned them sit in a rear area doing little or submit to you this list of applications
in the Artillery. He served in the Field nothing. Our main difficulty was in com- which will bring this battalion up to one
Artillery, the Coast Artillery Corps, and munications due to the fairly long dis- hundred percent and hence place us on
on the General Staff until he was ap- tances between batteries. This was your honor roll.
pointed a general officer in 1937 to take solved, however, in having all battery The 35th 1\AA Gun Bn. (90mm), is
command at Corregidor. lIpon his re- communications sections operate under a regular army unit, activated I April
turn to California in 1940 he activated the supervision of Battalion. Our com- 1951. It is a negro unit, with the cadre
and commanded the III Army Corps. munications were always excellent al- furnished by the 450th AA/\ A \ V Bn.
Upon the outbreak of war in 1941 he though the communication sections and the 719th AAA Gun Bn., both at
oroanizcd and commanded the Southern really worked overtime. The personnel Fort Lewis, \Vashington. Fillers have
b
California Sector of the \Vestern De- who remained behind with the fire con- been received from Fort Bragg. N. C.
fense Command, and later the Northern trol equipment were the battery radar and Fort Benning. Georgia.
California Sector, until he came to \Vash- repairmen and some other range section Camp JOliN E. BURROWS
inoton in 1944 to take over the AER. personnel. That scheme worked and our Stewart, Ga. Lt. Col., Arty, Comdg.
b
JULY-AUGUST, 1951 69
To Colonel Koontz: and Hushing, etc., which cannot be dence of combat neuroses in the last war,
I see that you have been up to your feigned; that between 37 and 52% of the explanation generally accepted by
old tricks, picking on the psychiatrist, the cases in the last war had a positive psychologically trained personnel. In the
and I read with interest your article, family history; and that the condition first \Vorld \Var, diagnostic methods
"Psychiatry in the Korean War." You has an excellent prognosis and short were too undewloped to recognize many
know how strongly I feel on this subject duration if caught in time so that most psychiatric cases for what they were. The
and how I concur in your remarks, and of the sufferers returned to duty in a more precise techniques of the last dec-
particularly in your last paragraph. short time. Furthermore, these soldiers ade simply discO\'ered more ailments in
Psychiatry is unquestionably a specialty underwent prolonged fear, exhaustion, more soldiers, but not because there were
of medicine but the psychic and the and deprivation, and often experiences so more ill soldiers in World War II than
somatic of the human being are so com- horrifying that the consequent break- in 1. The tremendous improvement in
pletely interwoven that you cannot tear down would be no surprise even to a lay- psychiatry in those 25 years enabled
the parts away from each other without man. So I am astonished to find a psy- clinicians of the last war to screen cases
losing something of each. We know that chiatrist (although perhaps Col. Koontz that would have passed unnoticed in
the old-time country physician was a is not a psychiatrist) who feels that these '1917. There is no evidence that any of
psychiatrist in his way, perhaps in the pitiful cases are malingerers simply be- that 100% increase was due to any other
over-aU, equalled by few modem psy- cause he cannot see any Hesh tom by hot factor save this improvement in diag-
chiatrists. He knew all of the tricks metal. nosis. So much for the colonel's hypoth-
'which brought the psychic into line so As far as the colonel's second supposi- eses.
that the somatic might get well. tion goes, it is not necessary to argue the The layman believes that anything
RICHARD H. EANES relative sophistication of the public. Most that is published in a scientific journal
Colonel, USA, Retired psychiatrists believe that true, conscious must be unvarnished truth. Those of us
malingering is rare, and not hard to who read these periodicals regularly
Chief Medical Officer SSS
detect in any event. Thus even if a sol- know that a surprising amount of pure
To the Editor: dier was possessed of some psychiatric hogwash gets printed in them. With
I was shocked by Colonel Koontz' ar- knowledge, and was impelled in some this consideration in mind, I ask the com-
ticle in the March-April issue of the way to fake an ailment (knowing the bat veteran, the soldier who has had
AA JOURNAL. As a psychologist and a American soldier, I would be extremely combat fatigue, or has seen the unmerci-
onetime combat soldier, I find this bit cautious about such an accusation-it's ful wreck that war can make of a man's
of theory fraught with errors, some quite most likely not accurate), he would still mind, not to think that Col. Koontz
grievous. Colonel Koontz suggests that be detected with ease. speaks officially for psychiatry or psychol-
there are three reasons for the 100% in- It has become fashionable nowadays ogy. I assure you that he does not. To
crease in psychiatric war casualties in to take advantage of the current interna- those men who have not yet, but who
World War II over World War I: 1) tional tension, and blame any disliked some day may, face combat-psychiatry is
"the blight to our patriotism," resulting circumstances, whether imaginary or with you, not against you.
from an "insidious, creeping, socialistic othervvise, on "foreign ideas" or "social- EUGENE E. LEVITT
philosophy," which presumably makes ism." The dynamics of the infiltration are 1st Lt., Arty, NYNG
the American soldier soft and ready to seldom specified; Col. Koontz has not
succumb to war's rigors; 2) a widespread offered any.explanation of how this "in- [Colonel Koontz is a surgeon, not a
public knowledge of the facts of certain sidious" drug changes the American citi- psychiatrist. However, as a medical stu-
psychiatric conditions leading to many zen from a patriotic, self-reliant, freedom- dent at Johns Hopkins he studied psy-
prearranged attempts to fake one of these loving individual, into the milksop who chiatry for two years under Dr. Adolph
conditions; 3) a callowness and lack of cannot stand the first tribulation. Nor Meyer, a foremost authority. In World
experience on the part of psychiatrists has the colonel delineated the contents War II Colonel Koontz served 1940-42
which induces a "credulous attitude" on of this "socialistic philosophy." Perhaps as the Medical Director of Selective
their part making for the ultimate suc- the colonel is implying that the members Service in Maryland with experience in
cess of the feigned ailment. of one political party make better sol- the psychiatric handling of cases incident
One might conclude from the colonel's diers than the men of another party. Cer- to induction. Later he served 43 months
speculations that premorbid experience, tainly if "socialism" makes for weaklings, in the Pacific where he commanded
family history, combat conditions and than we have nothing to fear from Rus- hospitals (one the 18th General-a
other factors play no part in the combat sia, her satellites, or Red China. With Johns Hopkins unit) and served finally
neurosis. One might also conclude that their philosophy, they should be break- as Surgeon for the U. S. Army Forces in
there were no physiological symptoms of ing down right and left. the South Pacific. There he had respon-
this ailment, and that its onset guaran- But as far as I know, the American sibility for the handling of psychiatric
tees the soldier a long rest somewhere in citizen still works eight hours a day to battle casualties.
the rear areas. None of these conclu- pay for bread, butter, and rent. And he Our files include expressions of con-
sions v\.'Ouldbe true. pays taxes; ask the average man if the currence from reputable surgeons and
The facts of the matter are that com- Government is supporting him, then combat commanders. Colonel Eanes,
bat fatigue (or neurosis) has certain duck quickly. Medical Director of the Selective Service
physical symptoms such as trembling, Col. Koontz has somehow overlooked System, quoted above, has directed ex-
incessant swallowing, sweating, paling the basic reason for the increased inci- tensive research in this field. He also
70 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
participated in the Study Of :'\europsy- to a large extent undermined the good there were not enough good psychiatrists
chiatric Rejectees, reported in the Jour- sense of both our major political parties, to go around. We had a lot of "6o-day
nal of the American Medical Association, and I maintain that the svstem causes wonders." A great many of our top-
February 17, 195L a deterioration in the verv moral fiber of flight psychiatrists have agreed with
Colonel Koontz' ideas on psychiatry, our citizens. It tends t~ do away with what I ha\"e said about the psychiatric
however controversial, appear to rate at- initiati\'e, thrift, self-reliance, and self- bungling of V\TorId\Var II. And for the
tention. He has more to say here.-ED.] respect. It breeds a concept that the benefit of Psychologist Leyitt I wish
citizen owes nothing to his country, but to state that the Professor of Psychology
To the Editor: that the country owes everything to the in one of our leading universities, who
Lieutenant Levitt states that "combat citizen. How can a man be a good sol- has had a wide range of experience in
fatigue (or neurosis) has certain physi- dier under such a mistaken conception? abnormal psychology, has seen all of the
cal symptoms such as trembling, inces- The lieutenant goes on to say that if papers I have written on military psychia-
sant swallowing, sweating, paling and socialism makes for weaklings, then we try and he agrees with all of them.
flushing, etc., which cannot be feigned." have nothing to fear from Russia. His Everyone who has served with line
These are the symptoms of fear. One statement is wrong for Russia is ~either troops knows that the best deterrent to
cannot blame a soldier in combat for a socialistic country with a small "s," nor "combat fatigue" and other so-called psy-
being scared, but most of them soon get a communistic country with a small "c," chiatric conditions (I am not speaking of
over it. The lieutenant states that the but is a Communistic country with a real psychoses) is good leadership on the
condition has "an excellent prognosis capital "C." The word Com~unist is part of the line commander. The com-
and short duration if caught in time." synonymous with totalitarianism, just as pany or battery commander who enforces
With that I agree, and the time to catch the words Nazi and Fascist are. discipline (the disciplined soldier is the
it is as soon as it occurs and not allow The lieutenant also states that the happiest soldier) and who inspires his
the man to be evacuated as a psychiatric American citizen still works for a living soldiers by topnotch leadership, has very
case. Some men are cowards and some and pays taxes. It is true that most Amer- few men transferred out with a psychiat-
are not. It is said that every man has ican citizens work for a living and pay ric label. Of course, these men are
his breaking point. With some the thresh- taxes, and it is also true that a large part scared at times, but the inspired com-
old is low; with others it is very high. of their taxes go for the support of mander does all he can to alleviate that
This has always been recognized in war people who will not work even when fear and is generally successful. On the
and has generally been dealt with by the work is available for them. They prefer other hand, poor leadership is disastrous
line commanders and not by psychia- to live off the government-off of your in combat. I know of one regiment which
trists. I believe that a study of the record taxes and mine. That is another evil of during an island campaign in the Pacific
will show that line commanders have socialism and one of the many ways in evacuated 360 men in one day as psy-
handled it on the whole better than the which it undermines moral fiber. chiatric cases. This debacle was caused,
psychiatrists did in 'World War II. Lieutenant Levitt states that the rea- in the first place, by poor leadership on
Lieutenant Levitt states that "most son that there were proportionately more the part of the line commanders, and, in
psychiatrists believe that true, conscious psychiatric cases in World War II than the second place, by poor judgement on
malingering is rare, and not hard to de- in World War I was that during World the part of inexperienced medical of-
tect in any event." This bears out what War I "diagnostic methods were too un- ficers. These men should have been sent
I said about psychiatrists being credulous developed to recognize many psychiatric back to duty as soon as possible-at least
people. No one who has had much cases for what they were." It is fortunate after a sedative and a little rest. Instead,
experience in military medicine agrees for the soldiers of World War I that the they got all the way back to a general
with them. If it is true that malingering diagnostic methods were rather primitive. hospital where a psychiatrist, instead of
is not hard to detect, then that furnishes They got along very well without the sending them back to duty, evacuated
another bit of evidence for the credulity stigma of a "psychiatric" label. The lieu- them to the Zone of the Interior with
of psychiatrists, because many an induc- tenant's statement bears out what I have psychiatric labels. They knew that there
tee in World War II was coached by said time and time again, namely that was nothing wrong with them but that
another who had been rejected for "psy- there were actually not a greater pro- they were simply getting out of the war.
chiatric" reasons and in turn fooled the portion of psychiatric cases in World Psychiatry has a definite place in med-
psychiatrist into rejecting him also. War II than in World War I, but there icine, but it is a very immature science.
The lieutenant takes me to task for were a great many more cases which Our best psychiatrists realize this and
blaming some of the softness encoun- were diagnosed psychiatric cases. In have openly said that psychiatry has to
tered in World War II, which was not World vVar II the induction examina- clean house from the inside. A professor
encountered in \Vorld War I, on social- tion was supposed to eliminate psychiat- of psychiatry in one of our greatest medi-
ism. He states that I implied that the ric cases in the armed forces. In this cal schools was recently quoted as saying
members of one political party make process of elimination the psychiatrists just that publicly. It can be, and it has
better soldiers than men of another party. turned down many normal people who been, demonstrated that psychiatry failed
If he is talking about old-time Democrats were engaged in useful civilian occupa- us in World War II. It is up to every-
and Republicans, let me assure him that tions and who have been ever since. one concerned to realize the failures and
I intend no such implication. Socialism, Overseas I saw many cases sent home by to try to avoid them in the future.
however, is not a political party. It is a psychiatrists simply because they said &ws R. KOONTZ
system of political philosophy which has they had "done their share." Admittedly Baltimore, Md. Col., ADS, Ret.
JULY-AUGUST,1951 71
ARTILLERY ORDERS
DA Special Orders Covering May 1, 1951 through June 30, 1951.
Promotions and Demotions not included.
COLONELS Billups, James S, Jr., to Office Seey of Def, Smith, Phillip R., to CGSC, Fr. Leavenworth,
Wash, DC Kans.
Allen, William H., Jr., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Brown, Gerhard E., to 80th AAA Group, Ft Smith, Woodrow M., to AGO, Wash, DC
Ammerman, James F., to OFCS 8485th AAU, Totten, NY. Sutherland, John F., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,
W'ash, DC
Burrows, John E., to CGSc, Ft Leavenworth, Germany.
Bailey, Donald J., to Hq Cen AAA Comd, Kans. Taber, Robert C, to Stu Det A Lang Sch, Mon.
Kansas City, Mo.
Caulder, Bruce B., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth, terey, Calif.
Beach, Dwight E., to Army \X'ar College, Car- Kans. Thompson, Edgar H., Jr., to A See Tac Tgt
lisle Bks, Pa.
Cone, Sidney L., to 22d AAA Group, Ft Cus- Br Dir of Intel USAF, Wash, DC
Blemenfield, Charles H., to OC of S, W'ash, ter, Mich. Tyson, Robert N., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,
DC Creel, 'George R., Jr., to Univ of W'isc, Madi- Germany.
Boyd, Harry R., to OC of S, Wash, DC son, Wise. Urban, Peter L., to CGSc, Ft Leavenworth,
Brucker, Wallace H., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Deason, Robert H., to OC of S, Wash, DC Kans.
Brusher, Harold A., to Hq Sp Wpns Comd, Floryan, Thaddeus P., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Walker, Robert M., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth,
8452d AAU, Sandia Base, N. Mex. George, Claude D., Jr., to OC of S, Wash, DC Kans.
Camp, Howard E., to AGO, \X'ash, DC Goodnow, James L., to Hq Fourth Army, Ft Weisberg, Benjamin, to OC of S, \X'ash, DC.
Cardell, Robert L., to OC of S, Wash, DC Sam Houston, Tex. \X'eld, Seth L., Jr., to Army \X'ar College, Car.
Cather, Leo, to Office Chief AFF, Ft Monroe, Green, Gilforo D., to CGSC, Ft. Leavenworth, lisle Bks, Pa.
Va. Kans. W'illiams, Albert C, to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,
Cole, Hubert M., to Third AV Corps, Ft Bragg, Greening, Orlando L., to CGSC, Ft Leaven. Germany ..
NC worth, Kans. \'{'illiams, Urquhart P., to Office ChIef AFF,
Crawford, Stuart F., to OC of S, Wash, DC Guy, John ]., to Hq Eastern AAA Comd, Stew- Ft Monroe, Va.
Davis, Lee J., to Air War College, Maxwell art AFB, NY. Wollaston, Pencock H., to Quarry Heights, CZ.
AFB, Ala. Hanson, Charles C, to Office Chief AFF, Ft. W'ood, Milford W., to CGSc, Ft Leavenworth,
Denson, Pierre B., to Hq \X'estern AAA Comd, Monroe, Va. Kans.
Hamilton AFB, Calif.
Hardy, George R., to 2171st ASU, Army Clm MAJORS
Duehring, George C, to OC of S, Wash, DC.
Cen, Md.
Ellis, Walter F., to Hq AAA Comd, Ent AFB,
Hasselback, Frederick \X'., Jr., to OC of S, Baker, Joseph W., to 38th AAA Brig, Ft Bliss,
Colorado Springs, Colo.
Wash, DC Tex.
Ferris, John W., to ROB 8492d AAU, Wash,
Holterman, Gordon H., to EUCOM, Bremer- Bennett, George E., to N Mex NG Instr Gp,
DC
haven, Germany. Carlsbad, N Mex.
Folk, Frank T., to Hq Fourth A, Ft Sam Hous- Isreall, Lee E., to 3444th ASU, Cp Stewart, Ga. Beyer, Robert W., to Office Chief AFF, Ft
ton, Tex.
Jameson, Roy A., Jr., to Mich NG Instr Gp, Monroe, Va.
Frederick, William R., Jr., to OC of S, Wash,
Detroit, Mich. Bryan, Thomas L., to OC of S, Wash, DC
DC Johnson, Dan \V., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth, Carpenter, Roy B., to ORC Instr Gp, Mem-
Harriott, Donald B., to OC of S, Wash, DC
Kans. phis, Tenn.
Hartman, Norman E., to AGO Pers Bur, Wash, Keating, Paul G., to Hq V Corps, Ft Bragg, Chapman, D;tnie1 T., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth,
DC
NC Kans.
Hillberg, Lauri ]., to Army War College, Car-
Kinard, William H, Jr., to OC of S, Wash, DC Davidoff, James E., to OC of S, Wash, DC
lisle 13ks, Pa.
Larson, Werner L., to FECOM, Yokohama, Downey, John J., Jr., to CGSC, Ft Leaven.
Irvine, Michael M., to Office Chief AFF, Ft
Japan. worth, Kans.
Monroe, Va.
McCann, James H., Jr., to Hq Cen AAA Comd, Downing, Edward P., to US Naval War Col.
Luar, Aaron M., to 250th AAA Group, Ft
Kansas City, Mo. lege, Newport, RI.
Lewis, \X'ash.
McLean, John R., to Office Chief AFF, Ft Mon- Duda, Frank, to Hq Second A, Fl. Meade, Md.
Lewis, David C, to 11th Abn Div, Ft Camp-
roe, Va. Evans, Jack C, Jr., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth,
bell, Ky.
McMillan, Donald L., to CGSC, Ft Leaven- Kans.
McFeeley, Henry G., to OC of S, Wash, DC
worth, Kans. Farr, Richard, to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth, KanFs .
Means, Dale E., to OC of S, Wash, DC Maples, Herron N., to OCof S, Wash, DC ..... Hagemeier, Paul E., to 2d AAA AW Bn, t
Paige, Byron L., to Army \X'ar College, Car-
lisle Bks, Pa. Marshall, John F., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth, Bliss, Tex.
Kans. Holmes William E., to Hq Eastern AM
Ratcliffe, Lamar C, to Army War College, Car-
Miller, Samuel T., to CGSC, Ft. Leavenwort h , Come!, Willow Run Airport, Mich. d E
lisle Bks, Pa.
Kans. Jefferies, Charles C, to Hq A AAA Com, nt
Roy, Paul A., to OC of S, Wash, DC
d AFB, Colorado Springs, Colo.
Scarborough, Lawrence M., to Office Chief Murray, Douglas B., to 4052d ASU AAA an Jones, Willard L., to 3444th ASU, Cp Stewart,
AFF, Ft Monroe, Va. GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. Ga.
Scheer, Charles H., to 301st Log Comd, Cp O'Connor, George G., to OC of S, Wash, DC Kamp, Anthony M., Jr., to OC of S, Wash, DC.
Rucker, Ala. Olhausen, James N., to CGSc, Ft Leaven- Lambert, William H., to FECOM, Yokohama,
Shaver, Maurice P., to OC of S, Wash, DC worth, Kans. Japan.
Shea, Patrick E., to ROTC Instr Gp, Univ of Parker, John C, to CGSc, Ft. Leavenworth, Lorek, Horace C, to Cen A AAA Comd, Kan-
Santa Clara, Calif.
Kans. sas City, Mo.
Schmick, Peter, to OC of S, Wash, DC
Payne, Harry M., to A See Tac Tgt Br, Dir Maline, Paul J., to CGSc, Ft Leavenworth,
Smith, Coburn C, to OC of S, Wash, DC
of Intel USAF, Wash, DC Kans.
Speiser, Robin G., to Army War College, Car-
lisle Bks, Pa. Pennell, Robert, to 2d Armd Div, Ft Hood, Mayers, Thomas H., to 3444th ASU, Cp Stew-
Sundt, Harold S., to OC of S, Wash, DC Tex. art, Ga.
Trussell, John B. B., to OCSA, Wash, DC Phillips, Paul D., to 1st Armd Div, Ft Hood, Murphy, James 0., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth,
Wedemeyer, William A., to ROTC Instr Gp, Tex. Kans.
Yale Univ, New Haven, Conn. Pichard, Andrew D., to OC of S, Wash, DC Peterson, Ralph M., to 7686th Hq Gp ASFA,
Quirey, William 0., to CGSC, Ft Leaven- Salzburg, Austria.
LIEUTENANT COLONELS worth, Kans. Pigue, Paul E., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven, Ger-
Robinette, William R., to 3444th ASU, Cp many.
Anderson, Charles H., to Office Chief AFF,
Ft Monroe, Va. Stewart, Ga. Pryor, Frank D., Jr., to Hq Fourth A, Ft Sam
Barry, Robert B., Jr., to 88th Abn AA Bn, Ft Ross, James 0., to NG Instr Gp, Austin, Tex. Houston, Tex.
Campbell, Ky. Samson, Charles P., to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth, Rogers, Maurice A., to 4054th ASU AA and
Beere, Donald C, to CGSC, Ft Leavenworth, Kans. GM Br T AS, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Kans. Sandell, Bertil B., to CGSC, Ft. Leavenworth, Schoeller, Julius E., to 4052d ASU AAA and
Beiser, John J., to Univ of Pa, Phil a, Pa. Kans. GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Bennett, Donald V., to Office Chief AFF, Ft Seaman, Jonathan 0., to EUCOM, Bremer- Sherretts, Donald C, to Stu Det Arty Sch,
Monroe, Va. haven, Germany. Ft. Sill, Okla.
72 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
II
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