TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER

Instructed By: Miss J.A.I.T. Jagoda Name: Kumara W.H.C.L.

Index No.: 020224
Group: G4-06
Group Members: Kulathunga A.S.S.B. Field: CSE
Kumara G.R.M.K. Date of Per.: 16.10.2003
Kumara W.D.I.D. Date of Sub.: 30.10.2003
Kumar S.W.A.R.
Calculations

R1 – primary winding resistance

R2 – Secondary winding resistance
X1 – Primary winding leakage winding
X2 – Secondary winding leakage winding
Xm – Magnetizing reactance
Rc – Core loss resistance
N2/N1 – turns ratio

The equivalent circuit of the above circuit can be specified as follows.

I1

V2

The phasor digram of the above circuit is as follows.

Discussion
 A transformer is a device that transfers AC wave forms into smaller or higher DC wave forms
with out loosing energy. But this happens only theoretically. The basic operation is, it can accept
energy at one voltage and deliver it at another voltage. The main purposes of the transformers are
distribute the voltages which generated at relatively low voltages and transmitted at high voltages and
low currents, thus reducing line losses, and to be used at safe voltages.

There are three kinds of losses in transformers. They are the core losses, which for a given
voltage and frequency are practically independent of the load; the copper losses, this occur because of
the resistance of the windings; and the stray losses, largely due to eddy currents induced by the leakage
fluxes in the tank and other parts of the structure. The sum of copper losses and the stray losses is
called the load losses. The efficiency of a transformer at rated load is quite high. A value of 90 percent
is not uncommon for transformers as small as 1 kVA, with greater values of efficiency as the rating
increase.
It is also generally impractical to perform load tests, especially on large transformers. A
satisfactory method, There are other two tests which provides a great deal of information about the
transformer, they are open-circuit and short-circuit tests. So we can calculate the necessary information
from the data obtained.
The voltage regulation of the transformer is the percentage change in the output voltage from
no-load to full-load. And since power factor is a determining factor in the secondary voltage, power
factor influences voltage regulation. This means the voltage regulation of a transformer is a dynamic,
load-dependent number.
Core Losses may be determined by the open-circuit test. One winding of the transformer is
connected to a supply of rated voltage and frequency and the other is left open -circuited. Under these
conditions, normal flux will be set up in the steel core material, and therefore, normal hysteres is and
eddy current losses will occur. Since, on open circuit, the current taken by the transformer is small , the
copper losses are negligible and it can be assumed that the power input measured on the open-circuit
test is equal to the iron losses at rated conditions.

Copper Losses can be calculated by the short-circuit test. One winding of the transformer is
short-circuited and a low voltage is applied to the other winding that just enough to circulate rated
currents in both windings. The voltage required to do this is a very small percentage of rated voltage,
so the core flux will be negligible, so the iron losses also becoming small and it also can be neglected.
It is usually assumed that the power input measured in the short-circuit test is entirely due to copper
losses.

In this practical we used analogue meters, because of that many errors happened. When we
take reading using analogue meters we can only do approximation can’t get a precise value. Also it’s
very difficult to use & read also because we have to choose most appropriate scale; otherwise certain
values can be dissipated or become wrong. And an analogue instrument is often fitted with a pointer,
which indicates on a scale the value of the quantity being measured. Some factors such as friction of
the pointer may cause to reduce sensitivity of analogue meter. Also magnetic field generated inside the
transformer is also trouble the field inside the meter and can give wrong measurements. But using
digital meters, which display numbers to corresponding value, the above error can be minimized.
Connecting wires have internal resistance. We neglected them in calculations. Therefore some error
can be involved in our results. Many of human factors are caused to appear these errors. It is
impossible to eliminate errors like that.

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

 Consideration of losses in electrical machines is an important of aspect from the engineering
point of view for the following reasons
1)It determine the efficiency which influences the operating cost
2)It determines the heating of machine, which places an upper limit for output , which can be
obtained without any deterioration of the influence.
The major losses which occur in the transformer are
1) Copper losses in windings, which vary with the current.
2)Hysterisis and eddy current losses in the laminated iron core constant in the neighborhood of
normal operating voltage.
The dielectric losses in the insulating material are appreciable only in the high voltage trans
formers.The no load current of a transformer is very small compared with the rated current (5%
to 10% of rated current) and far from sinusoidal because of the non linear properties of iron,
effect of this usually swamped out by the sinusoidal load current.

R1 – primary winding resistance

R2 – Secondary winding resistance
X1 – Primary winding leakage winding
X2 – Secondary winding leakage winding
Xm – Magnetizing reactance
Rc – Core loss resistance
N2/N1 – turns ratio

The equivalent circuit of the above circuit can be specified as follows.

I1

V2