EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DESIGN OF L1 (PHYSICAL LAYER)

COMPONENTS FOR UE OF LTE-
ADVANCED

Submitted to:
Sir Ahsan Khawaja

Submitted by:

Ammar Liaqat (SP08-BET-014)

Bilal Ahmed(SP08-BET-021)
M. Kamran Nawaz(SP08-BET-055)

Date: 7 / 1 / 2011
INTRODUCTION
LTE stands for long term evolution. LTE mobile communication systems have been
deployed as a natural evolution of GSM (Global system for mobile communications) and
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System).LTE can be considered as the
advancement in the mobile broadband.When we talk about the advancement we mean the
high data rate i.e high uplink and downlink. LTE-Advanced (also known as LTE Release
10) significantly enhances the existing LTE Release 8 and supports much higher peak
rates, higher throughput and coverage and lower latencies resulting in a better user
experience. Additionally, LTE Release 10 will support heterogeneous deployments where
low-power nodes comprising picocells, femtocells, relays, remote radio heads, and
so on are placed in a macrocell layout.

LTE Peak Rates LTE ADVANCED

(RELEASE 8) (RELEASE 10)

Uplink-75Mbps Uplink-500Mbps
Downlink-300Mbps Downlink-1Gbps

LTE-ADVANCED has:

 High data rate

 Low latency
 Improved system capacity
 Less cost
 Flexible B.W operation
 Power efficient(due to micro-sleep mode)

To achieve the above mentioned capabilities LTE-A uses:

 Carrier aggregation to extend bandwidth.

 Advanced uplink and downlink.
 Spatial multiplexing.
 DL coordinates heterogeneous networks

The technology used to implement LTE ADVANCED is:

 SC-FDMA(single carrier frequency division multiple access)

 OFDM(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)

For Uplink SC-FDMA is used and for Downlink OFDM is used.
PHYSICAL CHANNELS

CARRIER AGGREGATION
To transmit the data on the multiple sub-bands contiguously located by using single RF
transmitter and one BB processing (single large FFT). Lager bandwidth than 20MHz can
be supported by the carrier aggregation.this LTE-A is supported via carrier aggregation.
Carrier aggregation allows deployment bandwidths of up to100 MHz, enabling peak
target data rates in excess of 1 Gb/s in the DL and 500 Mb/s in the UL to be achieved.
Two or more component carriers are aggregated to support wider transmission
bandwidths up to 100 MHz. Spectrum deployment can be either contiguous or non-
contiguous.

OFDM
OFDM is a combination of both modulation and multiplexing. Unlike general
multiplexing technique it is applied to only one independent channel, where a set of
signals from the same source is divided or spitted into a number of independent channels
(sub-set of the main signals) and each modulated by separate carrier, and then
multiplexed into an OFDM signal for transmission. Each independent sub-set channel can
be multiplexed either by frequency or code division multiplexing.

THE ADVANTAGES OF OFDM

• Immunity to delay spread and multipath

• Resistance to frequency selective fading
• Simple equalization
• Efficient bandwidth

SC-FDMA IMPLEMENTAION
In the UL, single-carrier frequency-division multiplexing (SC-FDM) is
implemented via discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-
SOFDM). DFT-S-OFDM has similar numerology to the OFDM
transmission scheme used on the DL, with the main difference being
that the constellation symbols are DFT precoded before mapping to the
different subcarriers. The DFT precoding operation is performed to
reduce the cubic metric (CM) of the signal, leading to higher maximum
transmit power. This CM reduction may be used to improve cell edge
coverage and conserve UE battery life.

UE IMPLEMENTATION
SC-FDMA using DFT-S-OFDM is the PHY access scheme
in the UL. With carrier aggregation, N × SC-FDMA, which
is conceptually analogous to parallel SC-FDMA transmitters
is used. In this case N DFT-inverse fast Fourier transform
(IFFT) pairs are required to implement carrier aggregation in
the UL. A block diagram of the UL demonstrating N × SC-
FDMA for N = 2 is shown in Fig..One potential issue with
carrier aggregation is the limitation on the UE’s transmission
power. As a result, for FDD it is expected that two
component carriers supporting aggregated bandwidth of 40
MHz may be the most practical scenario. For TDD,
however, up to 100 MHz must be supported based on the DL bandwidth. UE has ability
to simultaneously transmit both the physical uplink shared channel and physical uplink
control channel
POWER EFFICIENCY
Micro- Sleep MODE: This mode allows the UE to turn off its power amplifier after
determining that there is no data to be received in its sub frame. This lowers power
consumption of the UE hence enhancing its battery life.The time-division multiplexing
(TDM) structure between control and data enables micro-sleep to be implemented in the
user equipment (UE, same as a mobile or a
user)

TARGETS:

 Improvement in spectral efficiency.

 Reduction in latency
Reduce transition time from idle to connected mode to less than 50ms. (in LTE it
was 100ms)
Transition from dormant to active should be reduced from 50 ms in LTE to less
than 10 ms in LTE ADVANCE.

ADVANCED UPLINK AND DOWNLINK

The performance of DL and UL transmission in LTE will be enhanced by following

features:

 Enhanced signal cell DL MU-MIMO

 Extension to eight layer DL spatial multiplexing
 DL CoMPsupport
 Extension to four layer DL multiplexing
 DL CoMP
 Extension to four layer UL spatial multiplexing
SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING
Spatial multiplexing special type of multiplexing where different signals or data bits are
transmitted through several independent (spatial) communication channels by multiple
antennas and at the same time the receiving side also use multiple antennas for receiving
signals-this way increase the date transmission rate which is in direct proportion to the
number of antennas used for both transmission and receiving purpose. The higher the
number of antennas, the higher the number of data transmission rate. It is a proprietary
multiplexing techniques developed by Stanford university.
Benefits of spatial multiplexing

• It does not require any additional power

• No additional bandwidth requirement

ENHANCED COVERAGE AND CAPACITY

Relaying

LTE-Advanced extends LTE Release 8 with support for relaying in order to enhance
coverage and capacity. In the case of relaying, the UEs communicate with the relay node
which in turn communicates with a donor eNodeB also called anchor eNodeB. The relay
node is wirelessly connected to the donor cell of a donor eNodeB via the Un interface,
and UEs connect to the relay station via the Uu interface as shown in Figure.The (anchor)
eNodeB may, in addition to serving one or several relays, also communicate with non-
relayed UEs directly according to the Release 8 specifications.
 UE(RFICs) BLOCK DIAGRAM

Simplified block diagram of transmitter and receiver in an LTE device

References:
• http://urgentcomm.com/mag/radio_moving_front_pack/
• http://hubpages.com/hub/mimo-ofdm
• http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/technology/lte
• http://www.mwjournal.com/search/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_8778
• “LTE-ADVANCED: NEXT-GENERATION WIRELESS BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY” AMITAVA
GHOSH, RAPEEPAT RATASUK, BISHWARUP MONDAL, NITIN MANGALVEDHE, AND TIM
THOMAS, MOTOROLA INC.
• Motorola, “DFTS-OFDM Extension for LTE-A,” 3GPP doc. R1-084422, RAN1, mtg. #55, Prague, Czech
Republic, Nov. 2008; ftp://ftp.3gpp.org
• ITU-R Rep. M.2135, “Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Interface Technologies for IMT-Advanced,” 2008.