grain and straw (Table 2), Table 2.

Table 2. Effects of IPNM on N content and uptake in rice and N status of soils after
harvest.
which directly influenced
grain yield. The highest avail- N in plant (%) N uptake (kg ha–1) Available
able N content was also ob- Treatment
served in this treatment, indi- Tillering Panicle Grain Straw Total N in soil
initiation (kg ha–1)
cating an improvement in the
fertility status of the soil. Control (N0) 1.43 1.40 9.2 3.2 12.4 165
Intercropping of rice with 100% RDF (N60) 1.72 1.64 16.4 7.3 23.7 172
N0 + black gram 1.56 1.53 11.8 5.1 16.9 172
black gram, green manuring N40 + black gram 1.70 1.66 16.8 8.7 25.5 175
along with Azotobacter, and N40 + black gram + 1.72 1.68 18.4 9.2 27.6 183
addition of FYM are the most Azotobacter
N40 + black gram + 1.76 1.72 21.0 11.0 32.0 199
suitable IPNM approaches for Azotobacter + FYM
rainfed upland rice in the CD (0.05) 0.06 0.05 2.4 1.8 3.5 16
tribal zones.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Impact of organic manure and inorganic phosphatic fertilizer

on yield and nutrient uptake in a rice-rice cropping system
R.K. Kaleeswari and S. Subramanian, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural College and
Research Institute (ACRI), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India

The complementary use of organic carbon 4.8 g kg –1 , nure (PM): 3.03% N, 1.04% P,
organic manures and chemi- available N 146 kg ha–1, avail- 1.16% K. All plots also re-
cal fertilizers augments the able P 9.50 kg ha–1, and avail- ceived 100 kg N ha –1 (urea)
efficiency of both substances able K 250 kg ha –1 . Twenty- and 80 kg K ha –1 (muriate of
to sustain a higher level of rice four treatment combinations potash)—a basal dose of 50%
productivity. An increase in used organic sources: M1 = no N and a full dose of P and K
grain and straw yields has organics, M 2 = farmyard ma- were applied at transplanting,
been reported with increasing nure (FYM), M3 = poultry ma- with the remaining 50% N
levels of Gliricidia leaves be- nure (PM), and M4 = green leaf applied in two equal splits at
cause of the overall improve- manure Gliricidia sepium 30-d intervals. The P fertilizer
ment in soil properties such as (GLM) at 12.5 t ha–1, and inor- doses were applied as per
water and nutrient retention. ganic P sources: P1 = single treatment requirements. To
Field experiments were con- superphosphate (SSP), P2 = study the residual effect, the
ducted at the ACRI research Udaipur rock phosphate original layout was main-
farm during the 2000-01 wet (URP) at levels L1-0, L2-30, tained without any distur-
seasons (Aug-Dec) to study and L3-26.4 kg P 2O5 ha –1. The bance throughout the study
the influence of organic ma- experiment was set out in a period. Each plot was di-
nures and inorganic phos- factorial randomized block vided into two portions: in
phatic fertilizers on the rice- design replicated thrice (net one, fertilizers and manures
rice cropping system. plot size, 5 × 4 m). The nutri- were added as per treatment
The experimental soil ent contents of organic ma- schedule (applied plots); the
had the following characteris- nures used in this experiment other portion was unfertilized
tics: sand 66.14%, silt 8.23%, are GLM: 2.90% N, 0.50% P, (residual plots). In the diacid
clay 21.92%, pH 7.3, electrical 2.80% K; FYM: 0.54% N, 0.28% digest of plant samples, N
conductivity (EC) 0.24 dS m –1, P, 0.57% K; and poultry ma- was determined by the micro-

IRRN 29.2 57
Kjeldahl method, and, in the Table 1. Effect of organic manure and inorganic P levels on grain yield (t ha–1) of rice.
triacid digest of plant Application Manure P Grain yield
samples, P and K were deter- ratea (as SSP)
mined by the vanado- N P K 2000 2001 WS 2001 WS
molybdate yellow color WSb (Applied) (Residual)

method and flame photomet- M1 0 0 0 0 2.64 3.25 2.55

ric method. M1 0 0 0 30 3.79 4.47 3.47
Incorporation of organic M1 0 0 0 60 4.61 5.40 4.20
M2 67.5 35 71.25 0 3.82 4.12 3.22
manure significantly in- M2 67.5 35 71.25 30 5.05 5.20 4.20
creased rice yield over plots M2 67.5 35 71.25 60 5.57 5.80 4.93
with no manure. Maximum M3 387.5 130 145 0 3.76 4.05 3.15
M3 387.5 130 145 30 4.64 4.96 4.06
grain yield (5.06 t ha –1 ) was M3 387.5 130 145 60 5.38 5.50 4.64
obtained by M 4, followed by M4 362.5 62.5 350 0 4.38 4.73 3.75
M2 (4.54 t ha–1) and M3 (4.33 t M4 362.5 62.5 350 30 5.66 5.81 4.82
M4 362.5 62.5 350 60 5.92 6.04 5.18
ha –1 ). Minimum grain yield
(3.68 t ha –1 ) was obtained in M1 0 0 0 0 2.36 3.00 2.47
no-manure plots (M 1). Incor- M1 0 0 0 30 3.34 4.12 3.31
poration of Gliricidia leaves at M1 0 0 0 60 4.07 4.90 4.01
M2 67.5 35 71.25 0 3.68 3.97 3.07
5 t ha –1 significantly increased M2 67.5 35 71.25 30 4.23 4.89 4.13
grain yield of rice by 8.68% M2 67.5 35 71.25 60 4.87 5.25 4.35
over green manure applica- M3 387.5 130 145 0 3.41 3.73 2.87
M3 387.5 130 145 30 4.04 4.61 3.68
tion (Turkhede et al 1996). Ir- M3 387.5 130 145 60 4.73 5.09 4.26
respective of source, applica- M4 362.5 62.5 350 0 4.07 4.45 3.57
tion of P fertilizers gave sig- M4 362.5 62.5 350 30 4.98 5.23 4.33
nificantly higher grain yield M4 362.5 62.5 350 60 5.33 5.51 4.61

than the control (N- and K- Treatment means

applied plots). Grain yield
was increased by P application M1 3.68 4.21 3.34
M2 4.54 4.87 3.98
and other studies reported M3 4.33 4.66 3.78
higher values with SSP than M4 5.06 5.30 4.38
with rock phosphate (Rani et P as SSP
100:0:503.72 4.04 3.17
al 1994). 100:30:50 4.90 5.11 4.14
The interaction effect of 100:60:50 5.51 5.69 4.74
manure with P sources on P as URP
grain yield was found to be 100:0:503.38 3.79 2.99
100:30:50 4.15 4.74 3.86
significant. The maximum 100:60:50 4.75 5.19 4.31
grain yield was registered by Interaction
GLM + SSP (5.32 t ha –1 ), Manure × P sources 0.11 0.07 0.02
Manure × P levels 0.14 0.08 0.03
closely followed by FYM + P sources × P levels 0.10 0.06 0.02
SSP (Table 1). The uptake of
N, P, and K by the rice grain M1 = 0 t ha–1; M2 = 12.5 t FYM ha–1; M3 = 12.5 t PM ha–1; M4 = 12.5 t GLM ha–1. bWS = wet season.
a

through GLM was maximum,

followed by FYM. During the
2000 wet season, the increase
in N, P, and K uptake over the
no-manure plot was 49.0%,
28.1%, and 47.1%, respec-
tively. In the residual plots,
the corresponding increases
in nutrient uptake were 63.7%,
46.6%, and 43.2% during the
2001 wet season. The result-
ing increase in nutrient uptake (Trivedi et al 1995). Among
by the grain with the addition the organic manures studied,
of GLM could be attributed to the contribution toward yield
the release of soil nutrients and nutrient uptake of rice
due to intermediate acids pro- grain was in the order
duced during decomposition, GLM>FYM>PM. The higher
in addition to the chelating CaCO 3 content of PM (10%)
effect of complex intermedi- might have neutralized the
ate organic molecules organic acids produced dur-

58 December 2004
Table 2. Effect of organic manure and inorganic P levels on nutrient uptake (kg ha–1) by rice grain.

N uptake P uptake K uptake

Application ratea Manure Inorganic 2000 2001 2001 2000 2001 2001 2000 2001 2001
WS WS WS WS WS WS WS WS WS
(applied) (residual) (applied) (residual) (applied) (residual)

M1 0 0 0 100 0 50 27.3 30.9 22.9 7.0 8.9 6.3 6.7 8.1 5.7
M1 0 0 0 100 30 50 44.1 47.2 32.5 12.9 15.0 11.1 9.5 17.7 8.3
M1 0 0 0 100 60 50 54.4 57.9 39.9 18.6 20.7 15.1 16.9 19.4 14.4
M2 67.5 35 71.25 100 0 50 36.4 40.5 29.6 9.8 11.9 8.5 9.2 11.2 8.0
M2 67.5 35 71.25 100 30 50 62.2 64.9 50.4 14.4 18.3 13.8 13.3 15.4 11.4
M2 67.5 35 71.25 100 60 50 71.8 76.9 63.5 21.4 24.6 19.7 16.5 18.6 13.8
M3 387.5 130 145 100 0 50 36.2 41.5 31.0 8.7 11.0 7.8 8.7 11.0 7.8
M3 387.5 130 145 100 30 50 60.6 65.5 51.9 13.4 15.9 12.3 11.9 14.3 10.7
M3 387.5 130 145 100 60 50 72.8 75.2 61.6 16.2 19.4 15.6 14.6 16.7 13.4
M4 362.5 62.5 350 100 0 50 42.0 46.6 36.0 12.6 15.5 11.1 10.8 13.3 9.9
M4 362.5 62.5 350 100 30 50 72.5 76.2 61.3 12.9 22.8 17.3 15.9 17.7 13.9
M4 362.5 62.5 350 100 60 50 78.1 81.2 67.2 23.7 26.6 21.6 18.9 21.3 17.4

N uptake P uptake K uptake

2000 2001 2001 2000 2001 2001 2000 2001 2001

WS WS WS WS WS WS WS WS WS
(applied) (residual) (applied) (residual) (applied) (residual)

M1 0 0 0 100 0 50 22.2 28.6 22.3 5.3 7.4 5.7 4.2 6.0 4.5
M1 0 0 0 100 30 50 32.9 42.5 31.8 10.9 13.2 9.8 6.9 9.8 7.2
M1 0 0 0 100 60 50 36.8 50.6 39.1 13.0 17.3 13.5 12.7 16.5 12.8
M2 67.5 35 71.25 100 0 50 35.3 38.7 29.2 8.6 10.8 7.4 8.2 10.6 7.4
M2 67.5 35 71.25 100 30 50 49.4 58.7 46.6 12.9 17.2 13.6 10.2 13.3 10.9
M2 67.5 35 71.25 100 60 50 59.2 66.3 53.6 16.0 19.7 14.9 12.9 15.1 12.2
M3 387.5 130 145 100 0 50 33.6 37.4 27.8 7.7 9.6 6.7 7.9 9.3 6.7
M3 387.5 130 145 100 30 50 49.2 57.5 44.3 11.0 14.4 11.9 9.5 12.2 9.4
M3 387.5 130 145 100 60 50 60.5 66.7 53.9 14.4 17.5 14.3 12.1 14.7 11.9
M4 362.5 62.5 350 100 0 50 38.7 43.1 33.9 11.1 13.5 10.3 9.8 14.3 8.9
M4 362.5 62.5 350 100 30 50 59.0 64.4 51.9 15.5 18.4 13.9 12.8 15.0 11.8
M4 362.5 62.5 350 100 60 50 67.3 71.9 58.2 17.9 21.2 16.2 15.3 17.2 13.6

Treatment means

M1 36.3 42.9 31.4 11.3 13.7 10.3 9.4 12.9 8.8

M2 52.4 57.7 45.5 13.8 17.1 12.9 11.7 14.0 10.6
M3 52.2 57.3 45.1 11.9 14.6 11.4 10.8 13.0 9.9
M4 59.6 63.9 51.4 15.6 19.7 15.1 13.9 16.5 12.6
P as SSP
100:0:50 35.5 39.9 29.9 9.5 11.8 8.4 8.7 10.9 7.9
100:30:50 59.9 63.5 49.0 13.4 17.9 13.6 12.6 16.3 11.1
100:60:50 69.3 72.8 58.1 19.9 22.8 17.9 16.7 19.0 14.8
P as URP
100:0:50 32.5 36.9 28.3 8.1 10.3 7.5 7.5 10.0 6.9
100:30:50 47.6 55.8 29.1 12.6 15.8 12.3 9.9 12.6 9.8
100:60:50 55.9 63.9 34.1 15.3 18.9 14.7 13.3 15.9 12.6
Interaction
Manure × P sources NS NS NS NS 1.07 0.96 NS NS NS
Manure × P levels 1.97 NS 4.41 NS NS NS 1.02 1.60 1.27
P sources × P levels 1.39 NS 3.12 0.97 0.83 0.93 0.72 NS NS

M1 = 0 t ha–1, M2 = 12.5 t FYM ha–1, M3 = 12.5 t PM ha–1, M4 = 12.5 t GLM ha–1. bWS = wet season.
a

IRRN 29.2 59
ing decomposition, thereby References
limiting the availability of Mahimairaja S, Bolan NS, Hedley MJ. organic amendments in groundnut.
acids for P dissolution 1995. Dissolution of PR during the J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 43(4):627-629.
composting of poultry manure: an Turkhede AB, Chaudhari BT, Chore CN,
(Mahimairaja et al 1995). P Tayde RD, Bobade PN. 1996. Effect
incubation experiment. Fert. Res.
dissolution from inorganic P 40:93-104. of green manuring and fertilizer
sources can be improved by Rani P, Duraisamy P, Ramasamy S. levels on yield of lowland paddy.
incorporation of GLM. Hence, 1994. Relative effectiveness of rock J. Soils Crops 6(2):181-189.
for the wetland ecosystem, phosphate vs superphosphate on
the combined application of rice yield and quality. Madras
Agric. J. 1(6):337-338.
GLM at 12.5 t ha –1 and inor- Trivedi BS, Bhatt PM, Patel JM, Gami
ganic P fertilizers can be rec- RC. 1995. Increasing efficiency of
ommended. fertilizer P through addition of

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Effects of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on

the upland rainfed rice-cropping system

H.K. Senapati and P.C. Senapati, All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) for Dryland Agriculture, Orissa
University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Phulbani 762001, Orissa, India

The cultivation of upland continuously in kharif and a on a par with the 100% recom-
rainfed rice is risky and ex- local variety of horsegram mended fertilizer dose (T 2)
pensive. Tribal farmers in was grown in rabi. The experi- and 50% N as FYM + 50% as
Orissa plant it on hilltops, hill- mental design was a random- chemical fertilizer along with
ocks, and hill slopes. Nutri- ized block design. full doses of P and K (T9). The
ent-use efficiency is very low Soil at the experimental yields obtained with GLM (T4
and moisture stress further site is an Alfisol with sandy and Cassia T 5) were similar to
reduces yield. Farmyard ma- loam texture, pH 5.2, 0.32% that of T2.
nure (FYM) and green leaf organic carbon, and 165 kg The highest increase over
manure (GLM) are used to in- available N, 4.4 kg P, and 91.3 the control was observed with
crease yield and maintain soil kg K ha–1. Rice was grown un- FYM (T 6) (151%), followed by
fertility. der rainfed conditions with T 2 (150%) and T 9 (149%). The
We conducted an experi- combinations of inorganic highest agronomic efficiency
ment to select an integrated and organic mixtures of (40.5 kg kg–1 N) and water-use
nutrient management practice chemical fertilizers, FYM, efficiency (1.42 kg ha –1 mm)
suitable for the rainfed rice- GLM (0.45% N), and Cassia were found with the FYM
cropping system. Organic and siamea (0.36% N). (See table treatment (T 6). With the con-
inorganic sources of nutrients for specific combinations in tinuous addition of FYM and
were used. The trials were each treatment.) GLM, organic carbon content
conducted during kharif from The results revealed that as well as organic matter of
1994 to 2001 in a permanent all treatments were superior to the soil increased, thereby in-
plot at the AICRP site. There the control. The highest mean fluencing nutrient availability
were eight experiments— grain yield of 2.01 t ha –1 was and improving soil fertility.
nine treatments replicated obtained with FYM supplying
thrice (27 plots, 10 ´ 8 m2 each). 30 kg N ha –1 and half the rec-
Short-duration (85 d) rice va- ommended dose (20 kg ha –1 )
riety Zhu 11-26 was grown each of P and K (T6). Yield was
60 December 2004