Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparedness Solution for the Base of the Pyramid Page 1

Make Yourself Ready

Appendixes
João Landeiro Negrão Silva Rocha
1401971

Delft, 2010
2 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD

João Landeiro Negrão Silva Rocha

1401971
Integrated Product Design MSc Programme
2010

digitalgraphite@gmail.com
00351 911 948 596
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparedness Solution for the Base of the Pyramid Page 3

Notice
This Appendix is a companion to the full project report and borrows the
names of its appendixes from the original chapters. This is why it might
seem, that some Appendixes are missing from list below.
They are not.

5. APX A - Disasters

29. APX D - Shelter

33 APX E - Water

43 APX F - Cooking

53 APX G - Communications
4 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
1.
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 5

Appendinx A

Disaster
6 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 7

1. Introduction
In this appendix you can find informa-
tion on the incidence of Disasters by
Disaster type.
This additional data helps to under-
stand what Disasters are the most
common for each region in the world.
All data was collected from the EM DAT
database [ C1], available at:
http://www.emdat.be
8

2. Hydro-meteorological
disasters
Hydro-Meteorological disasters have
increased in frequency more than any
other type of Disaster. [ C2]
Besides physical destruction, these
types of Disasters have the potential
to ruin crops and agriculture-based
lively hoods.
Their increased frequency, combined
with their far-reaching effects can
effectively set back a region's develop-
ment for several years.
The described Disasters are:

Floods
Slides
Windstorms
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 9

Number of Occurrences of Flood Disasters by Country:

1974 - 2003

related to intense rainfall. Should this

happen in flat terrain, the water level
rises very fast, whereas in slopped ter-
rain, the water flows at a high speed
and with high destruction potential.
0 - 15
Storm surges happen on coastal areas
(including large lakes) and are cre-
15 - 60 ated by the mass movement of water
towards the shore, driven by strong
> 60 winds. In tide-affected bodies of wa-
ter, it can happen that a high tide is
combined with strong winds, resulting
in stronger storm surges. This type of
Source: EMDAT - International Disaster Database, 2010
flood has the potential to exceed 5m
2.1 Flood General floods are characterized by the with a significantly higher probability of mean water levels in a very short
gradual rising of water levels inland, than at others.(...)”. amount of time. This type of flood af-
Generically speaking, a flood is the fects low-lying coastal areas.
caused either by high total depth of Flash Floods are more unpredictable
“(...)significant rise of water level in
precipitation or snowfall. This rising that general floods, in the sense that
a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal
can refer to overflowing of rivers, ris- they depend mostly on weather and
region (...)”. Floods can be considered
ing of ground water table or sudden not on geographic or topographic char-
“general floods”, “flash floods” or
release of large bodies of water (such acteristics. Given the right conditions,
“storm surges” along coastal segments
[ C3] as melting glaciers and burst dams). “(...) A flash flood can occur at virtu-
.
“(...)General Floods can be expected
ally any place (...)” [ C4]. Flash floods
at certain locations (e.g. along rivers)
build up very rapidly and are usually
10 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
2.2 Slide
Number of Occurrences of Avalanche/Landslide Disasters by Country:
A slide or “landslide” is “(...)any kind 1974 - 2005
of moderate to rapid soil movement
including lahar, mudslide, debris flow.
A landslide is the movement of soil
or rock controlled by gravity and the
speed of the movement usually ranges
between slow and rapid, but not very
slow. It can be superficial or deep,
but the materials have to make up a
mass that is a portion of the slope or
the slope itself. The movement has to
be downward and outward with a free
face. (...)” [ C5].
Slides can often accompany other nat-
ural occurrences, from storms to earth-
quakes and volcanic activity. Given the
0-3
sudden movement of large amounts of
mud/snow/rock/debris/volcanic ash, a
slide has a very high destruction po- 4 - 10
tential, possibly changing topography
of slopes and accumulating debris on
11 - 35
the end of its course. Both natural and
built structures can be heavily affected
by landslides and when communities
are affected, entrapment of victims is Source: EMDAT - International Disaster Database, 2010
common.
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 11
2.3 Wind storm
Number of Occurrences of Windstorm Disasters by Country:
1974 - 2003 Wind storm is a generic term encom-
passing diverse types of storm, with
a focus on severe weather conditions.
Although a storm can also be char-
acterized by its transported content
(such as rain, snow, hail, dust, etc.),
the main defining characteristics of
a storm are those related to wind.
Therefore, “wind storm” is the chosen
nomenclature for the general phenom-
enon.
Wind storms have very strong winds
and a close link with atmospheric
factors such as atmospheric pressure,
air temperature, humidity and pres-
ence of large thermal masses. Wind
1 - 10 storms are often accompanied by
heavy precipitation and temperature
11 - 30 drops that can lead to other disaster
such as floods, slides and extreme
temperatures (cold). Due to its effects
> 30 on atmosphere, formation of light-
ning is common as is the formation of
clouds. Although the present descrip-
Source: EMDAT - International Disaster Database, 2010 tion includes most storms and respec-
tive characteristics, for the scope of
this project it would be impossible to
describe every single type of storm, its
causes and effects.
What is important to retain is that
storms have very high destruction
potential and are often included in a
broader picture of adverse weather.
12 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD

3. Geological
Although several sub-types of geo-
logical disasters exist, the selected
classifying system groups them in
only three main types (Earthquakes,
Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity. These
explain most of geophysical gener-
ated disasters and simplify interpreta-
tion of current disaster records.
Geological Disasters, although not
increasing in frequency, have a large
destruction potential.
Also, given their origin under the
Earth's surface, there occurrence is
not liable to be effectively cancelled.
One must prepare for them and, if
possible, set up forecasting and early-
warning measures.
The listed Geological Disasters are:

Earthquake
Tsunami
Volcanic Activity
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 13
3.1 Earthquake
Number of Occurrences of Earthquakes Disasters by Country:
1974 - 2003 An earthquake is the “(...)shaking and
displacement of ground due to seis-
mic waves (...) the result of a sudden
release of stored energy in the Earth’s
crust that creates seismic waves. They
can be of tectonic or volcanic ori-
gin"[ C6].
Although most earthquakes occur close
to fault lines [ C7] the internal stresses
of tectonic plates can be manifested
kilometers away from the fault itself
[ C8]
.These earthquakes are called intra-
plate earthquakes and not only are
rarer, they usually release less energy
than inter-plate earthquakes [ C9].
1 - 10 Earthquakes carry large destructive
potential, being especially severe on
11 - 30 structures that can’t absorb and dis-
sipate their energy. Earthquakes were
the leading cause of Disaster-related
> 30 death in the decade 2000-2010, accord-
ing to the United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction, in
Source: EMDAT - International Disaster Database, 2010 January 2010.[ C10]
14 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
3.2 Volcanic Activity
Number of Occurrences of Volcanic Disasters by Country:
Volcanic activity can be “(...) rock 1974 - 2003
fall, ash fall, lava streams, gases etc.
Volcanic activity describes both the
transport of magma and/or gases
to the Earth's surface, which can be
accompanied by tremors and erup-
tions, and the interaction of magma
and water (e.g. groundwater, crater
lakes) underneath the Earth's surface,
which can result in phreatic eruptions.
Depending on the composition of the
magma eruptions can be explosive and
effusive and result in variations of rock
fall, ash fall, lava streams, pyroclastic
flows, emission of gases etc.(...)”[ C11]
Volcanoes present an impressive dis-
play of Nature's might, but in the last
0
50 years (1960-2010) there were only 4
volcanoes that killed more than 1000 1-2
people [ C12].
The hardest hitting one, on 13 of >2
November 1985 in Ruiz, Colombia,
took the lives of 23.080, undoubtedly
a large number, but also one dwarfed
Source: EMDAT - International Disaster Database, 2010
by the death tools of other “more
ordinary” natural disasters, such as
weather induced ones.
Volcanoes can have a very destruc-
tive potential, completely destroying
entire settlements with its pyroclastic
flows, lava streams, falling rock and
hot ashes.
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid
3.3 Tsunami
Tsunami is a “(...)is a wave train, or
series of waves, generated in a body
of water by an impulsive disturbance
that vertically displaces the water col-
umn. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, explosions, and even the
impact of cosmic bodies, such as me-
teorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsu-
namis can savagely attack coastlines,
causing devastating property damage
and loss of life. (...)” [ C12].
Although not a geophysical disaster
per se (in the sense that a tsunami
does not actually occur in the earth’s
crust), most tsunamis have a geo-
physical origin, roughly 89% [ C13]. The
triggering geophysical activity can be
an underwater earthquake, sudden un-
derwater volcanic activity or explosion.
Non seismic origins of Tsunamis are
massive landslides that start inland
page 15
and culminate at the sea, underwater
nuclear detonations or the collision of
massive objects with the sea surface.
These non-geophysical origins are not
common and do not generate the most
powerful tsunamis[ C14].
Tsunamis can have a devastating ef-
fect on shore communities, especially
in low lying lands. Also, Tsunamis are
rarely a one time occurrence and one
wave is likely to be followed by others
with an interval of minutes or hours.
16 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 17
References [ C10] United States Geological Survey. 2005, U.S.
Geological Survey, Circular 1187, Version 1.1. [online],
[C1] United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/#waves
Reduction.2009, "Disaster Occurrence - Trends of the
[Accessed 03/02/2010]
Century." [online] available at: http://www.unisdr.org/
disaster-statistics/occurrence-trends-century.htm [ C11] NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric
[Accessed 02/02/2010] Administration. undated - Volcano Events (1960-2010;
›1000 deathss) [online]. [online] Available at: http://
[C2] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009,
www.ngdc.noaa.gov/idb/struts/results?ge_23=1960&l
Explanatory Notes-Glossary-“Flood”. [online] avail-
e_23=2010&type_15=Like&query_15=&op_30=eq&v_
able at: http://www.emdat.be/glossary/9#letterf
30=&type_16=Like&query_16=&op_29=eq&v_29=&ty
[Accessed 02/02/2010].
pe_31=EXACT&query_31=None+Selected&le_17=&ge_
[ C3] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009, 18=&le_18=&ge_17=&op_20=eq&v_20=&ge_7=&le_7
Explanatory Notes-Glossary- “Flash Flood”. [on- =&bt_24=1000&st_24=&type_25=EXACT&query_25=N
line] available at: check http://www.emdat.be/ one+Selected&bt_26=&st_26=&type_27=EXACT&quer
glossary/9#letterf y_27=None+Selected&type_12=Exact&query_12=&typ
[Accessed 02/02/2010]. e_11=Exact&query_11=&t=102557&s=50&d=50.
[Accessed 03/02/2010]
[ C4] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009,
Explanatory Notes-Glossary-“Landslide”. [online] [ C12] National Geophysical Data Center. 2009, Global
available at: http://www.emdat.be/glossary/9#letterl Tsunami Sources 1650 B.C. to A.D.2008 from Earth-
[Accessed 02/02/2010] quake, Volcano, Landslide and Other Causes [online]
available at: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/
[ C5] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009,
publications/tsunami_posteroct08.pdf
Explanatory Notes-Glossary-“Earthquake”. [online]
[Accessed 03/02/2010].
available at: http://www.emdat.be/glossary/9#lettere
[Accessed 02/02/2010]. [ C13] University of Washington - Earth and Space Sci-
ences - Tsunami!, 23/03/2005, The Physics of Tsunamis
[ C6] University of Memphis - Center for Earthquake
- How do landslides, volcanic eruptions and cosmic
Research and Information.undated, Public Awareness
collisions generate tsunamis? available at: http://
- Earthquakes Facts & Follies. [online] available at:
www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/phys-
http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/aware/follies.html
ics/characteristics.html
[Accessed 02/02/2010].
[Accessed 03/02/2010].
[ C7] Gangopadhyay, A.; Talwani, P.. 2003. Symptom-
[ C14] University of Washington - Earth and Space
atic Features of Intraplate Earthquakes. Seismologi-
Sciences - Tsunami!. 23/03/2005, The Physics of Tsuna-
cal Research Letters, 74(6), p. 1. [online] available
mis. [online] available at: http://www.geophys.wash-
at: http://www.seis.sc.edu/projects/SCSN/history/
ington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/physics.html
Publications/G&T_SRL_2003.pdf
[Accessed 03/02/2010].
[Accessed 02/02/2010]
[ C8] University of California, Berkeley -Space Physics
Research Group. 01/03/1999.Intraplate Earthquakes:
Possible Mechanisms for the New Madrid and
Charleston Earthquakes. [online] available at: http://
sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/matt/seismo.html
[Accessed 02/02/2010].
[ C9] UNISDR - United Nations International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction. 28/01/2010. Press Release - "
Earthquakes caused the deadliest disasters in the
past decade". [online] Available at: http://www.unisdr.
org/preventionweb/files/12470_PR20101CREDfigures-
FINAL.pdf
[Accessed 03/02/2010]
18 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 19

Appendinx D

Shelter
20 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 21

1. Introduction
On this Appendix, it is possible to
see a more thorough description of
what techniques were suggested
for shelter fabrication.
The accompanying pictures are
from my own experiences.
22 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD

2. Fire Plastic Bag Fusing

Just as I used an Wok to carry the
hot coals and press down the plas-
tic, other containers can be used.
This technique can be replicated
with different materials (fulfill-
ing same functions), but my used
materials will be listed between
brackets.
The objective of this study is to de-
fine the minimum material require- (4X Key rings) Advantages of Wok Plastic Bag Disadvantages of Wok Plastic Bag
ments for Plastic Bag Fusing. Pressing Plate Fusing: Fusing:

Material Requirements:
Heat-resistant pressing container
(1X Wok)
Heat-resistant protection from
sticking
(30cmX30cm Oven paper)
(50cmX40cm Metal sheet) Creates sturdy, waterproof shelter It is difficult to maintain constant
Plastic Bags material temperature and pressure
(3x60l Garbage bags/m2) Requires very simple materials Results are uneven
Fuel and supplies Released fumes (from coal and
(1,5Kg coal/m2) Allows for simple adaptation plastic) are unpleasant and might
have long-term health effects.

Fixtures for Oven Paper Open heat source is dangerous

Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 23

How to do it:

1. Take the Wok and place it above

the oven paper, measuring the
needed quantity of paper to cover
bottom and wrap around border.
Cut the needed paper and keep it
aside. One layer is enough.
2. Put hot coals in the Wok and
start a fire. Do not place oven
paper yet.
3. While coals heat up, place the
5. Place the plastic bags (2 to 4 Conclusion: If no electrical power is available,
pressing plate on an even, heat
layers at a time) on the pressing Fire Plastic Bag Fusion (FPBF) this technique can be used, but
resistant surface. A good work-
place and with the Wok, press requires little starting material its results and long term operating
ing height is important. If plate
down on it. Do not press for too investment and creates satisfactory costs are not the best possible
is wider than surface, bend down
long (more than 5 seconds) results. In specially poor communi-
sharp corners.
ties, it can be used.
4. When coals are hot (white) and
This works better with few layers. On the other hand, it requires a
no big flames exist, place the Wok
As the number of layers increases, big time investment (2m2/h) . This
on top of the paper cut in step 1.
the more difficult it is for the heat creates problems for long time effi-
Stretch paper over the border and
to reach the bottom layers ,in the ciency, as fuel costs start to mount.
fix it with the key rings.
meanwhile, the top layers will melt.
24 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
3. Electric Plastic Bag Fusing
The technique as Ruby Sprengle
initially explained it to me, Electric
Plastic Bag Fusing (EPBF) is much
more efficient than FPBF, both in
time and running costs. For a full
account of said increased efficiency
see chapter 7.3 of this section, "Op-
erating Costs Comparison).
I've used a1000 Watt clothes iron
on the *** setting (< 200 °C).
The advantages of constant tem-
perature, less warm up time, gener-
ally more pleasant ergonomics, all
contribute to a more effective way
of fusing plastic bags together.
Also the traditional delta shape
of an iron allows for more precise
work. This is important for repairing
of small holes or working the fused
plastic bags into specific shapes
(e.g. water bags or reinforcements).

Material Requirements: (3X60l Garbage bags/m2) Allows for simple adaptation

Fuel Is easier to control
Clothes Iron (0,022kWh/m2)
(1000W) Allows for precise control
Advantages of Electric Plastic Bag Results are very even
Heat-resistant protection from Fusing:
sticking Does not release coal fumes
(30cmX30cm Oven paper) Creates sturdy, waterproof shelter Disadvantages of Electric Plastic
Pressing Plate material Bag Fusing:
(Ironing board) Requires simple materials and
supplies Requires electrical power supply
Plastic Bags
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 25

How to do it:

1. Take Plastic Bags and place

them on ironing board. Measure
needed Oven paper over plastic
bag, making sure that there is no
direct contact between bag and
iron. Cut paper.
2. Set Iron on the *** (< 200 °C)
setting and wait until it warms up.
This should take one minute.
3. Placing cut oven paper on top
Conclusion: Its only disadvantage is the need
of plastic, start pressing on the
Electrical Plastic Bag Fusing is for electrical power, that might not
corners and edges and move in
definitely the most appropriate be available at an household level.
a pattern that squeezes out air
pockets. Do not press for too long technique for plastic bag fusing. It This might be overcome with some
(2 seconds). is faster, has lower running costs, degree of centralization of the
creates less mistakes and is gen- Plastic Bag Fusing activities, on an
erally more comfortable than the electrically supplied institution.
Oven paper lasts for much longer
tested Fire Plastic Bag Fusing. The fast operation allows for quick
with iron use and can be almost
Its tarp production output is fabrication of shelter material for
undefinetly used (folds and crimps
4,5m2/h. many.
do affect results).
26 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD

3.Connections
The described cover making tech-
niques allow for virtually any size
and shape of cover material to be
made, but this does not help
ad-hoc modification of shelter.
For that purpose, I describe the
following connections systems to
connect different shelter tarps and
pitching lines.
Like most of suggested solutions,
these are simple implements, easy The Inner and the Outer cap have Material Requirements: The Inner and the Outer cap have
to understand and build upon, different sizes, with the Outer cap different sizes, with the Outer cap
being bigger, to avoid the infiltra- 1X Inner cap being bigger, to avoid the
made from waste material.
tion of water through the connec- (bottle cap) infiltration of water through the
3.1 Connecting different tarps: tion hole. Furthermore, the rope 1X Connection connection hole. Furthermore, the
When conditions call for a different knots soak in the water that might (10 inches woven Nylon Rope) rope knots soak in water that might
use of existing material, it is use- trickle in. 1X Outer cap trickle in.
ful to have ways of adapting said (bent can top)
material. In this case, connecting
Tools
different tarps allows for the mak-
(Nails; Scissors; Pliers)
ing of larger pieces of shelter cover.
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 27

3.Overlap one piece of shelter

material over the other. The idea is
to have the higher piece over the
lower piece. The over lap should
be of around 5 inches. Pass 10
inches of rope through both holes
and the material and tie a knot on
the inside
4. Tie another knot on top of the
outer cap, as tight as possible.
Leave excess rope hanging on the
outside. This allows for reuse.
Advantages of Tarp-to-Tarp Gaps between points double as material (every 40 to 50cm)
Connection: ventilation for closed shelter Overlap of material is necessary to
Allows for adaptation of existing ensure water proofness. 3.2 Connecting tarp and pitching
shelter material line
Disadvantages of Tarp-to-Tarp
Keeps draining water outside Connection: How to do it: Connecting pitching lines to tarps
at the edge of those should be no
Requires very simple materials Does not create water tight, 1. Take can top and bend its sides problem and puncturing the mate-
and supplies continuous connection inwards, to avoid sharp edges. rial for this possibility does not
Is very simple Requires several connection points 2. Take Inner and Outer cap and reduce the sheltering function of
Is undoable and reusable for long stretches of connected make a hole through the middle. the material.
28
Connecting the material to other
components in the middle of the
tarp, however, calls for a technique
that does not permanently dam-
age the shelter material. Any holes
would reduce the water tightness
of the material and should be
avoided
For this I suggest a common camp-
ing trick that requires minimal
material.
João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Material Requirements:
1X Round, smooth piece of material
1X rope for the pitching line
Advantages of Tarp-to-Line
Connection:
Allow for non-damaging adaptation
of shelter material
Very simple
Is undoable and reusable
Disadvantages of Tarp-to-Line
Connection:
Not as strong as pre-made
systems
Might be difficult to make with
thicker shelter material
Crumples material around it
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid
How to do it:
1. Take the round piece of mate-
rial and place it under the shelter
material, making sure to leave at
least some 5 inches of clearance
around it.
2. Grab the piece of material
through the shelter material and
push it until shelter conforms to
its shape. This should result in a
page 29
mushroom shaped appendage very useful technique that might
3. Take the pitching line and tie it greatly improve living conditions of
those that did not know about it.
under said appendage. Make sure
that the round part will not fall, Avoiding tearing holes in tarps also
makes for reusable, more valuable
but do not tighten it too much.
tarps.
Conclusion:
The Tarp-to-Line connection is a
known camping trick so its innova-
tion potential is limited. Its sim-
plicity and effectiveness make it a
30 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD

3.3 Connecting two tarps

temporarily
Although no set shelter configura-
tion is suggested, the ability of
closing a shelter can improve its
quality and comfort. Openings/
Closures diverge from connections
in the sense that they allow for
repeated cycles of operation.
Openings/Closures can be devised
with an adaptation of the Tarp-to-
Line connection and some rope, Material Requirements: Advantages of Opening/Closures Disadvantages of Openings/Closures
allowing even for indoor/outdoor
equal operation. 2X Round, smooth piece of mate- Better separate user from outside Do not create water tight, continu-
rial Allow for some degree of Climate ous connection
An entrance done with this tech-
nique might require several closing 2X Connection control within shelter Require several connection points
points, much like a shirt is closed (7 inches of rope) Require very simple materials and for long stretches of connected
by several buttons. 1X Between-Points-Connection supplies material (every 40 to 50cm)

For each closing point, the follow- (25 inches) Are very simple Overlap of material is necessary to
ing material is needed. ensure water proofness.
Are undoable and reusable
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 31

How to do it: 2. Take the Between-Points-Connec-

1. On the outside of the mov- tion and make one loop on each
able door (that overlaps the fixed side. Attach each loop to each TTL,
shelter wall), make one Tarp-to-Line making sure it is stretched.
(TTL) anchor point and do the same
on the outside of the fixed wall.
Leave a clearance of roughly 10
inches around anchor points
32 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 33

Appendinx E

Water
34 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 35

1. Introduction
This appendix contains the descrip-
tion of the water treatment tech-
niques suggested in "Make Yourself
Ready".
It includes both the more thorough-
ly instructions on water treatment
techniques, described in some
detail and more general advice on
Sanitation and Hygiene
36
2. Boiling water
Boiling is the recommended meth-
od by a few major organizations
[H9]
as an emergency water purifica-
tion technique. It’s effectiveness
in killing micro-organisms is only
shadowed by its high resources
requirement.
Bringing water to a rolling boil is
useful in the sense that it clearly
signals a known temperature that
is above the instant pasteurization
temperature (70˚C). Besides that,
the gradual raise of temperature
up to boiling point (and afterwards,
down to drinking temperature)
means that water is likely to be
above at an high temperature for
some time (e.g. 15min for 65˚C)
becoming pasteurized.
Material Requirements:
Heat resistant container
Source of heat
Fuel
Way of handling container (op-
tional)
Advantages of Boiling:
Most certain way of killing all pos-
sible microbes
Easy and simple to understand
Requires no special materials
Disadvantages of Boiling:
Water will taste flat if not aerated
Requires plenty of fuel
Requires constant attention
Creates risk of burning
João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
How to do it:
1.collect water as clear, tasteless
and odorless as possible
1.filtrate or decant if
necessary
2. making sure there is some
distance between water level
and container border (1 inch), fill
container
3. cover container
4. expose to heat
5. supervise the process to avoid
dying of flames, fire or injury
6. when boiled, remove from heat
source or simply stop feeding fire
7. allow for cooling down
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 37

3. Bleach Advantages of Chlorine Treatment: How to do it:

(Chlorine) Easy and simple to understand 1.collect water as clear, tasteless
Chlorine is a cheap, fast and ef- and odorless as possible
Requires only simple and cheap
fective method of purifying large
materials 1.filtrate or decant if
quantities of water (above 5 liters).
Can be used for long term necessary
Its draw backs are mostly the taste
Disadvantages of Chlorine 2.check for Chlorine concentration
of the treated water (not harmuful)
Treatment: in bleach
and Chlorines tendency to evapo-
rate. 3.add recommended drops to
Water will taste chlorinated water
Material Requirements: Is less effective than Iodine based 4.mix
treatments
Chlorine source (e.g. Household, 5.cover container
Drops per non-scented, non-colour-fast fast Household Chlorine loses effect
litre of clear as time goes by (non-including 6.wait 30 minutes
Available Chlorine water bleach)
closed storage)
Eyedropper or equivalent
1% 10/litre
Container
4 - 6% 2/litre
7 - 10% 1/litre
38
4. Tincture of Iodine
(Iodine)
Iodine is a very effective desinfec-
tant, already used for water for a
long time.
Like Chlorine, it can treat large
quantities of water relatively cheap-
ly and fast, but its prolongued used Advantages of Iodine Treatment:
as a sole water treatment tech-
nique is advised against. The same
goes for pregnant women
For 2% Tincture of Iodine, the
recommended disinfection dose
is 4 drops per liter of water to be
treated. Like with Chlorine, Iodine
doses should be doubled if the wa-
ter to be treated is murky, cloudy
or very cold.
Material Requirements:
Iodine source (e.g. 2% tincture of
Iodine from first aid kit)
Eyedropper or equivalent
Container
Easy and simple to understand
Requires only simple and cheap
materials
Highly effective
Water has less noxious taste than
Chlorinated water
João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Disadvantages of Iodine
Treatment:
Should not be used by some
persons (pregnant women and
people with thyroid problems)
Should not be used for extended
periods of time
How to do it:
1.collect water as clear, tasteless
and odorless as possible
1.filtrate or decant if
necessary
2.add recommended drops to
water
3.mix
4.wait 30 minutes
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid
5. Solar Disinfection (SODIS)
SODIS is a valid water treatment
system that relies only on the cor-
rect exposure of water to sunlight.
The system advises for the use of
PET bottles, clearly identified with
the “1” symbol, over other plas-
tic bottles (e.g. PVC) because PET
bottles do not release additives
into the water, even after exposure
times. Furthermore, PET bottles do
not taint the flavour of the water
and contribute to the acceptance of
the method.
Material Requirements:
PET water bottles (2 l soda bottles
are recommended, bigger will
interfere with effectiveness of
system; bottles must have no
label and as clear as possible with
no residues from previous drinks,
milk and juices are not sanitary)
shade-free surface where to lay
bottles (preferably reflective)
Advantages of SODIS Treatment:
Easy and simple to understand
Requires only simple and cheap
materials
Highly effective
Does not change taste of water or
adds chemicals
Requires no fuel and bottles can
be re-used
Disadvantages of SODIS Treatment:
Requires sunlight and time
Populations tend to doubt its ef-
ficacy
Requires plenty of bottles (around
2X2l bottles per person,daily, as-
suming weather is favourable)
page 39
How to do it:
1.collect water as clear, tasteless
and odorless as possible
1.filtrate or decant if
necessary
2.fill bottle up to 3/4, close it and
shake vigorously for 20 seconds,
aerating water
3.open bottle and fill rest of water,
close
4.place horizontally in shade-less
place (making sure that as the
sun moves, no shade covers the
bottle)
5.wait
-6 hours in sunny, clear day
-2 full days in =/>50% sky
cloudiness
-1 hour at 50 ºC (water has
to reach and maintain such
temperature).
40
6. Water Storage
Biological contamination of water is
a ongoing process that cannot be
fully stoped. It can be interrrupted
and contained, but any compro-
mised water source requires a full
treatment cycle before it can be
regarded as disinfected again.
For this reason, the issue of cross-
contamination is a relevant one
and strategies to avoid it should be
in place.
Always separate treated and un-
treated water
Always treat the places where you
store treated water, including the
covers, taps and threads.
Cover all stored water, especially
treated water
Do not touch the treated water or
let unclean objects touch it (e.g.
if you use a drinking glass, do not
submerge it in the clean water)
When you put water in a glass and
do not drink all the water, put the
remaining back in the UNTREATED
water storage.
When possible, always store
treated water in containers with
a spout or tap, so you can serve
yourself without touching the
clean water.
João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
7. Sanitation and Build latrines between 6 meters
Waste Management and 50 meters from people’s
homes. As latrines get full, cover
Sanitation and Waste management
them with sand and build new
in emergencies are very important
latrines. Pay attention so they do
areas. However, they were consid-
not become dangerous places for
edered to fall outside of the already
children to fall in.
broad scope of the project.
Keep garbage in same place,
Instead of providing a full account preferably a dug hole, with plastic
of Sanitation and Waste manage-
lining the inside and periodically
ment rules, the educational materi-
covered with sand until it is full.
als offer the following advice:
Then make a new hole and re-
Always wash your hands after start the process
defecating and before and after Cover all stored water and avoid
preparing meals the creation of pools of stale
Do not place garbage, animal water.
waste, food remains, used medi-
cine and faeces anywhere less
than 30 meters away from water
and always downstream from any
water source (e.g. fontain, spring,
well, etc)
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 41
42 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 43

Appendinx F

Cooking
44 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 45

1. Introduction
In this appendix, you can find the
technical instructions on how to
make a rocket stove, according to
the way it was tested in this
project. The method that was ulti-
mately suggested in "Make Yourself
Ready" is different from this, in the
choice of outer casing. Other than
that, both techniques are virtually
equal.
46 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
1. How to make the stove:
A Rocket Stove can be made in
several ways, as long as the prin-
ciple of the insulated chimney is
observed.
These are the instructions to as-
semble a Rocket stove similar to
the one I used for testing purposes.

Material Requirements:

Stove casing
(2 small empty paint buckets)
Long chimney section
(two 1l tin cans)
Short fuel feeding port
(small 0,5l can)
Fueling tray
(tin from 0,33l beverage can)
Fixtures
(wire)
Insulation
(aluminium foil)
Tools
(marker; can-opener, tins nips; pli-
ers; nails)
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid
Instructions
1. Remove bottom of one of the
1l cans and of the small 0,5l can,
resulting in two tube sections.
2. Put small can perpendicularly
against the bigger can that was
not made into a cut and draw cir-
cumference of small can into side
of big can. Make this one inch
above the bottom.
3. Using the tins nips, cut the
marked circle in the big can, try-
ing to cut a bit on the inside to
ensure a snug fit. To start the cur,
one can start by hammering a
small nail into the line and use
the hole to start using the tins
nips.
4. Insert small can into made hole.
This results in an "L" shaped sec-
tion. Do not fix section yet.
5. Insert the big "tube" can into
the big can that had the side
hole cut into it. One should try to
insulate the connection. In my
case, aluminium foil was used to
cover the top can and the overlap
was tucked inside bottom section.
Cover the sides with aluminium
foil, trying to keep air pockets
between layers and fix with some
wire loops. This concludes the big
page 47
chimney section.
6. Cut bottom of one of the small
paint buckets, resulting in a tube
shape.
(I realized that making 8 1 inch
cuts in the bottom of the bucket
and bending them inwards helps
to create support for the cooking
pot. Also it restricts the escape of
heat. I suggest add this step)
48
7. Take the cut bottom of the
bucket and make several radial 1
inch cuts on it. Also, make a cen-
tral hole, one inch tighter than the
chimney. Bend the cuts inside, 90
degrees and try the fitting on top
of the chimney.
(This helps focusing the flames in-
side chimney and greatly improves
performance. I learned this while
testing the stove)
8. Take the other paint bucket that
still has a bottom and make 8 1
inch cuts downward on its rim.
9. Using pliers, bend inwards one
corner of each cut section. This
should result in a tapered shape,
that fits well with the inverted
"tube bucket". Putting these two
together results in the stove cas-
ing
João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
10. Using the big chimney section tion and bottom of casing)
as a measurement and adding an 12. As done in step 3, cut the
inch to its height, cut the stove marked circumference into the
casing. The objective is to have a stove casing. Test if small can fits
casing that is one inch higher than inside. This concludes the stove
the chimney. casing.
11. Using the small tube can, mark
its circumference on the side of
the stove casing. Do this 2 inches
from the bottom (allowing for one
inch of clearance between "L" sec-
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 49

13. Take the chimney put it inside

the lower half of the casing. Align
both side holes and insert the
small tube can through both.
14. Cover chimney with the flame
focusing cover made in step 7 and
put top half of casing in place.
15. Take 0,33l can and cut both
ends and longitudinally, ending
with a sheet of metal.
16. Using inside of small can tube
as reference, bend the sheet metal
so that it will stay inside the tube,
roughly at mid height.
50 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
2. How to use the stove:
The rocket stove is quite simple
to operate, but regardless of that,
here you can find the method used
to experiment with the built stove.

1. Take assembled stove (not

forgetting the moveable fuel tray)
and put some wood shavings or
splinters in the top of the tray on
the side can (the fuel port). Using
paper or dry leaves start the fire
on the top tray and blow air to ac-
celerate combustion.
2. As fuel gets used, insert more
from the fuel port. This requires
some attention because flames
are usually out of sight, due to
closed nature of the design.
3. Place pot or pan on top, taking
care to leave some open space for
air to escape. This is important to
create the much needed upwards
draft that sucks in more air.
4. Move pot to cover top or reduce
fuel to control the combustion.

To avoiding the blackening of pots,

one can coat them with some sort
of soap or nonflammable grease.
This will protect the pot from the
fire's black soot.
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid
Modification Guidelines
The adaptable nature of the Rocket
Stove allows for different configura-
tions that have different effects.
These can range from usability
issues, cultural aspects of cooking
or performance.
This section describes what ranges
of modification are possible, allow-
ing for more adequate configura-
tions.
Chimney Length
Shorter chimneys mean less
distance between pot and flame,
which might lead to higher heat
transfer speeds. But a longer
chimney allows for more efficient
burning and for a less smoky com-
bustion.[I7]
A longer chimney is recommended
for indoor use. The recommended
height for the chimney is 9 inches
with a 4 inches fueling port.[I8]
Materials
Better materials make for
better stoves. This means that
using chimney pipe (that can be
found in hardware stores) is
better than using interconnected
food cans.
Food cans are reported to last
around 3months of use. [I9]
Insulation Material
Insulating the chimney is central
for the good operation of the stove.
The best insulation materials have
low mass and plenty of trapped air.
Wood Ash fills the requirement,
but industrial fireproof insulation
should also work.
Sand or stones are bad insulators,
page 51
sucking in plenty of the chimney's
heat.
Aluminium foil is not the best
solution, but if multiple layers are
applied, with air between them, it
can be used.
Pot Support
The support for the pot can also be
a grid, easily made or found.
In my design, since I had not
covered the insulation chamber
initially, I opted by using the bent
bucket sides. This was in fact my
pot support too.
52 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 53

Appendix G

Communications
54 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD
Graduation Project: Design of a Disaster Preparednes Solution for the Base of the Pyramid page 55
1. Lifeline Energy 2. Send a Radio 3. Ears to our World 4. Farm Radio International
(an initiative of FEBA)
Internet address: Internet address: Internet address:
http://lifelineenergy.org/ Internet address: http://earstoourworld.org http://www.farmradio.org
E-mail addresses: http://sendaradio.org/ E-mail address: E-mail address
General: E-mail address: etow@earstoourworld.org info@farmradio.org
hello@lifelineenergy.org lifechange@feba.org.uk United States of America Canada
Partnerships:
United Kingdom PO Box 3230 1404 Scott Street
partnerships@lifelineenergy.org
Ivy Arch Road Cullowhee Ottawa, Ontario
United Kingdom: NC 28723-3230 Canada, K1Y 4M8
Worthing
Lifeline Energy West Sussex USA Tel: +2 613 761 3650
71 Gloucester Place BN14 8BX Tel: +1 828 226 0770
London Fax: +2 613 798 0990
United Kingdom
W1U 8JW Toll-Free: +2 1 888 773 7717
Tel: +44 (0) 190 323 7281
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 207 935 5350
Fax: +44 (0) 207 487 1328
South Africa:
Postal Address:
Lifeline Energy
P O Box 652156
Benmore, 2010
Johannesburg
South Africa
Physical Address:
Lifeline Energy
Sandhurst Office Park
Ground Floor, Block D
Corner Katherine St &
Rivonia Rd
Sandton, Johannesburg
South Africa
56 João Rocha | TU Delft, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD