The Roots of the Filipino Nation

Volume II

e
The Roots of the Filipino Nation
Volume II

O. D. Corpuz

The University of the Philippines Press

Diliman, Quezon City
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PRESS
E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City 1101
Tel. No.: 9253243 / Telefax No.: 9282558
e-mail: press@up.edu.ph / uppress@uppress.org
website: www.uppress.org

© 2006 by O. D. Corpuz
All rights reserved.
No copies can be made in part or in whole without prior
written permission from the author and the publisher.

First published in 1989 by AKLAHI Foundation Inc., Quezon City, Philippines

Book Design by Zenaida N. Ebalan

ISBN 971-542-461-9

Printed in the Philippines by the UP Press Printery Division

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 12: TOWARDS BAGUMBAYAN: NEW TOWN, KILLING GROUND, 1

Towards Politics: Reformers and Demonstrators, 3
A Mutiny and the Terror of 1872, 20
The Youth and the Terror, 42

CHAPTER 13: “WE ARE THE CHILDREN OF THE CENTURY OF PROGRESS”:

1870S-1890S, 46
The Century of Progress, 51
The Flawed Century, 65

CHAPTER 14: THE PUEBLOS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION: 1870S-1890S, 79

The Tribunal and the Cockpit, 81
Pueblos, Fiestas, 98
Students, Gobernadorcillos, The Girls of Malolos, 115

CHAPTER 15: THE AGE OF FILIBUSTERISMO: 1870S-1890S, 128

Disturbances and Demonstrations, 129
Filibusterismo: Denunciations, 136
Filibusterismo: Deportations, 154

CHAPTER 16: INDIOS BRAVOS; REFORM AND RADICALISM: 1880S-1892, 172

The Indios Bravos: Romance and Patriotism, 174
The Propaganda: La Solidaridad, 197
The Propaganda: Intrigue Against Rizal, 206
The Larger Propaganda; The Eclipse of La Solidaridad, 212
The Legacy of the Propaganda: Radicalism and Revolution,
225
 vi  THE ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO NATION

CHAPTER 17: THE KATIPUNAN, THE REVOLUTION: 1892-1898, 244

The Death of the Propaganda, 244
The Liga Filipina: Bridge to the Katipunan, 248
The Original Katipunan, 250
The Katipunan and the New Nation, 259
The Revolution: To the Fall of Cavite, 265
The Execution of the Supremo, 287
The Revolution: To Biak-na-Bato and Hong Kong, 301

CHAPTER 18: THE REVOLUTION; THE REPUBLIC: 1898-1899, 319

“Placing Their Lives in Danger a Thousand Times,” 320
The People’s Army, 350
“The Filipinos Should Be the Ones Who Should Govern the
Sons of This Land,” 364

CHAPTER 19: THE REPUBLIC AND AMERICAN IMPERIALISM, 1898-1899, 403

Jingoism, 404
Turkey Shoot in the Bay, Sham Battle for Manila, 409
Three American Consuls and the Revolution:
November 1897-August 1898, 412
An American President’s Piety and Imperialism:
May 1898-January 1899, 423
Challenges to Aguinaldo: July 1898-January 1899, 448
Black Saturday, 4 February 1899, 470

CHAPTER 20: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR: 1899-1902, 477

Serge, Serge, Serge: February-November 1899, 479
How the Heart of a Patriot Beats:
November 1899-April 1901, 516
The Inglorious War: 1901-1902, 545

CHAPTER 21: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR: 1902-1906; THE AMERICAN

OCCUPATION, 570
Patriots, Ladrones, Pulahanes, 574
The Moro Wars: 1899-1912, 596
The Aftermath, 613
The Purchase of the Friar Lands, 621
Elite Politics, Independence Without Nationalism, 631
 CONTENTS  vii

EPILOGUE, 670
NOTES, 688
LIST OF SOURCES, 761
INDEX, 789