Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ICT for fighting Corruption
Deris Stiawan
PhD Candidate
PhD Candidate
Faculty of Computer Science & Information System
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Faculty of Computer Science
University of Sriwijaya
University of Sriwijaya, Indonesia
, Indonesia
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Proactive dissemination
Government
Government Release of requested material
Release of requested material
Transparency
(Piotrowski, 2007) Public Meeting
Leaks from Whistleblowers
Transparency and the right to access government information are now
internationally regarded as essential to democratic participation.
Government to E‐Government
Governance by Governance by
MANUAL ICTs
Transforms
‐ Change Work & behavior Culture
‐ Changes in Work Processes (Business Process)
h i k ( i )
‐ SOPs and Policies Politics
‐ Rules and Regulations
‐ Leadership
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The United States has creating sites that allow access to the data of government
expenditures. A number of state governments in the US have similar sites for the public
to monitor government spending for waste and fraud, allow for the tracking of
transactions so that it is possible to track the progress requests applications.
e‐government initiatives is the Seoul Metropolitan Government's Online Procedures
Enhancement for civil applications (OPEN) system which are for reduce citizens
Enhancement for civil applications (OPEN) system, which are for reduce citizens
interacted directly.
In India, putting rural property records online has greatly increased the speed at which
the records are accessed and updated, while simultaneously removing opportunities for
local officials to accept bribes as had previously been rampant
In Pakistan, the entire tax system and department was restructured with the specific
purpose of reducing direct contact between citizens and tax officials to reduce
opportunities for requests for bribes
The Philippines Department of Budget and Management established an
e‐procurement system of government agencies to use to allow public bidding on
government contracts to both prevent price fixing and allow public accountability
In Chile, the ChileCompra e‐procurement system has been used to allow government
officials and citizens to compare the costs of bids to and services purchased by the
government.
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Improve transparency in the public sector by increasing
the coordination, dissemination and administrative
capacity of the public sectors’, as well as improve service
delivery by employing user‐friendly administrative
systems.
Facilitates the collection of digital footprints and complete
audit trail which increase the opportunity to hold
individuals accountable and ultimately increase the
possibility to detect corrupt practices.
Facilitate the work of civil society organization working
towards greater transparency and against corruption by
supporting a mix of methods of campaigning on
transparency and educating citizens on what corruption is
about and their civil rights.
about and their civil rights
Facilitate information sharing and social mobi‐
lization and ultimately provide digital platforms where
citizens can report incidents anonymously.
In practices of transparency, the Internet era has greatly
reduced the cost of collecting, distributing, and accessing
government information (Roberts, 2006)
Trends e‐government for greater access to information and for
promotion of transparency, accountability, and anti‐
corruption goals
The process of connecting citizens
The process of connecting citizens
Public sector use of the Internet and digitally to their government in
other digital devices to deliver order that they might access
services, information, and information and services offered
democracy itself (West, 2005). by government agencies
(Lau et al, 2008)
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ICTs can reduce corruption by promoting good
governance
Strengthening reform‐oriented initiatives, reducing Performed work by
potential for corrupt behaviors (Bhatnagar, 2003),
Enhancing relationships between government (Shim & Eom, 2008),
employees and citizens
employees and citizens (Relly
( y & Sabharwal, 2009),
, ),
(Anderson, 2009
Allowing for citizen tracking of activities
Monitoring and controlling behaviors of government
employees
To Successfully Reduce of Corruption ICT as a tools
(Bhuiyan, 2011)
Increasing information access to ensuring rules
are transparent
Applied to building abilities to track the
decisions and actions of government employees
‐ Better service delivery to citizen
‐ Participation public policy desc‐making
‐ Information gov decision & actions
Provide ‐ Opening government process
‐ Disclosing of assets & investment civil
‐ one stop integrated data with application
Effectiveness of internal
‐ Effectiveness of internal
‐ Managerial control & Collaboration
Enhanced ‐ Promoting Accountability
‐ Transparency & audits
‐ Monitoring & Participating
‐ Empowerment & Services
‐ Standardization of Metadata
‐ Early warning to Behavioral corrupt
‐ Reduce citizens interacted directly
Prevention ‐ Identify elected officials & civil servants
‐ Detection of some corruption
‐ motive/ behavior that deviant with
automation of processes
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Summary of ICT based actions to combat corruptions
Action type Logic to achieve benefits Main target ICT used
Remove human agents and hence Petty bribery in everyday
Automation corruption opportunities from Operations Any system
operations
Transparency Remove opportunity for Mobilize the public, Web sites where information is published.
discretion inform users Manual or automatic input
Both details and aggregates from Petty bribery as well as
Detection in
Detection in operations can be monitored to detect
operations can be monitored to detect large scale operations
large‐scale operations Log analysis tools, standard as well as
Log analysis tools standard as well as
Operations anomalies and unexpected specially targeted ones
performance
Online social networks and Large‐scale corruption, Social network analysis and social media
Preventive individuals can be monitored to e.g. in procurement or analysis tools
Detection detect preparations for corrupt international trade
action
If the public is aware of
Awareness government rules and procedures Petty bribery Any technology, but web sites are most
raising they are better able to resist Common
arbitrary treatment
Mobilizing users/community to
Mobilizing users/community to
report cases will make it easier Web sites, social media networks, online
Reporting to take corrective action towards Petty bribery newspapers, mobile phones, SMS for
individuals and to reorganize input
systems to avoid “loopholes”
Publishing information about
Deterrence reported corruption as well as Petty bribery Web sites, social media networks
indicators
Promoting Engaging the public by means of
ethical pursuing discussion in various online Public attitude change Social media forums
attitudes
Administrative reform.
Traditionally types of
Law enforcement.
anti‐corruption
Social change.
E‐Budget
E‐Services
nment
nabled
E‐Procurement
E‐govern
Web‐en
E‐Payment
E‐Medical ICT as a tools
E‐Accessibility
E‐Society
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E‐Procurement
E‐procurement refers to the use of integrated information technology systems
for procurement functions, including sourcing, negotiation, ordering, receipt and
post‐purchase review (Croom and Brandon‐Jones, 2007).
Gunasekaran, et l. 2009
The major reasons for this are: (i) cost cutting, (ii) real‐time bidding and
response, (iii) transparency of the process, (iv) reduced cycle time,
and (v) increased geographical outreach , (Yu et al., 2008).
E‐procurement topologies (A. Durán, 2003)
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Policy Hardware
Governance Software
Business process
E‐Proc Brainware
Users
Infrastructure
Modern purchases where there is a close relationship between business strategy and
strategies systems of ICTs
strategies systems of ICTs.
‐ Cost control and expense tracking
‐ Offers a portfolio of order type options designed
‐ Enhances productivity due to faster order processing and online automation
‐ Aligns our organization with leading industry e‐business standards
‐ Increases visibility to corporate spending
‐ Eliminates dual order entry requirements
Advantages and Benefits Surabaya e‐Procurement https://www.surabaya‐eproc.or.id/
System (SePS)
System (SePS)
‐ One time registration
‐ Communication via online
‐ Paperless
‐ Assuring the good quality and services
‐ Financial liquidity data suppliers, SKK & SKP will be counted
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http://lpse.sragenkab.go.id/eproc/app
http://home.eperolehan.gov.my/home/
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E‐Payment
Classification of electronic payment systems (Kim et al, 2010).
When E‐ Commerce created the need for e‐payment services, traditional cash‐based
and account‐based payment instruments were used as a model. Simultaneously, new
intermediaries such as PayPal succeeded in fulfilling some of the new needs of online
merchants and consumers (Dahlberg et al. 2008).
1. Electronic‐cash: transactions are settled via the exchange of electronic currency.
2. Pre‐paid card: customers use a pre‐paid card for a specified amount by making an
entry of the unique card number on merchant sites. The value of the card is
decreased by the amount paid to the merchant.
3. Credit cards: a server authenticates consumers and verifies withthe bank whether
adequate funds are available prior to purchase; charges are posted against a
customer’s account; and the customer is billed later for the charges and pays the
balance of the account to the bank.
4. Debit cards: a customer maintains a positive balance in the account, and money is
deducted from the account when a debit transaction is performed.
5. Electronic checks: an institution electronically settles transactionsbetween the
buyer’s bank and the seller’s bank in the form of an electronic check.
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E‐Payment
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SCM ‐ CRM
e‐procurement brings several challenges that are mainly addressed by the supply
chain management (‘SCM’) concept in private companies .
g ( ) p p p
(A. Groznik and P. Trkman, 2009)
E‐Gov should be viewed as a Supply Chain providing services to customers on the
downstream side while integrating suppliers on the upstream side of the Supply
Chain
• Stage 1: to provide information;
• Stage 2: to facilitate end‐user involvement;
• Stage 2 to facilitate end user involvement
• Stage 3: to integrate solutions for citizens; and
• Stage 4: to move towards SC integration
Agencies /
Government
Supplier A Offices
Agencies /
Supplier B Government Citizen’s
Offices
Agencies /
Supplier N Government
Offices
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Problem & Challenges
Performed work by (Bhuiyan, 2011), there are problem & challenges:
‐ Social and cultural constraints
‐ Political consensus constraints
‐ Human resources constraints
‐ Digital divide constraints
‐ Infrastructural development constraints
Government Officials
Citizens Infrastructures
Social Networks Trust
Community
Community Empowerment
Building a culture
Successful Commitment & Enforcement
Openness atmosphere
Investments
I t t Acceptance
A t
Laws & Regulations
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References
S.E. Alptekin and E.E. Karsak, “An integrated decision framework for evaluating and selecting e‐learning products,”
Applied Soft Computing, vol. 11, Apr. 2011, pp. 2990‐2998.
S.H. Bhuiyan, “Modernizing Bangladesh public administration through e‐governance: Benefits and challenges,”
Government Information Quarterly vol 28 Jan 2011 pp 54‐65
Government Information Quarterly, vol. 28, Jan. 2011, pp. 54 65.
T.B. Andersen, “E‐Government as an anti‐corruption strategy,” Information Economics and Policy, vol. 21, Aug. 2009,
pp. 201‐210.
A. Gunasekaran, R.E. McGaughey, E.W.T. Ngai, and B.K. Rai, “E‐Procurement adoption in the Southcoast SMEs,”
International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 122, Nov. 2009, pp. 161‐175.
U. Nations, “Anti‐Corruption Symposium 2001 : The Role of On‐line Procedures in Promoting Good Governance,”
Symposium A Quarterly Journal In Modern Foreign Literatures, 2003.
R.W. Nichols, “Innovation, change, and order: Reflections on science and technology in India, China, and the United
States,” Technology in Society, vol. 30, Aug. 2008, pp. 437‐450.
D. Soper and D.S. Soper, “ICT Investment Impacts on Future Levels of Democracy , Corruption , and E‐Government
Acceptance in Emerging Countries,” Information Systems, 2007.
P. Sturges, “Corruption, Transparency and a Role for ICT?,” Journal of Information Ethics, vol. 2, 2004, pp. 1‐9.
E. Ponce and A. Durán, “Characterization of the Security Implications of Alternative E‐procurement Topologies
Alternative E‐procurement Topologies,” Security, 2003, pp. 114‐122.
A. Groznik and P. Trkman, “Upstream supply chain management in e‐government: The case of Slovenia,” Government
Information Quarterly, vol. 26, Jul. 2009, pp. 459‐467.
Presented by :
Prof. Abdul Hanan Abdullah. M.Sc., Ph.D,
Receive the B.Sc. and M.Sc from San Francisco, California, and Ph.D degree from
y g y p
Aston University, Birmingham, UK, in 1995. He is a Professor at Faculty of Computer
Science & Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
His reseach interest is in Information/ Network Security & ICT Infrastructure.
He is also a head of Pervasive Computing Research Group (PCRG) UTM and member
of IEEE & ACM.
Contact : hanan@utm.my & blog : http://csc.fsksm.utm.my/hanan/
Provide by :
Deris Stiawan. Holds an M.Eng from University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia,
since 2006, he is Computer Science faculty member at University of Sriwijaya,
Indonesia. He is member of IEEE and currently pursuing his Ph.D degree at
Faculty of Computer Science & Information System, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM) working in intrusion prevention system. He joined research
group Information Assurance and Security Research Group (IASRG) in the
area of Intrusion Prevention and Detection (ITD) at UTM. His professional
profile has derived to the field of computer network and network security,
specially focused on intrusion prevention and network infrastructure.
http://webs.fsksm.utm.my/blog/pcrg/derissetiawan/
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