WORKING MODEL OF AIR-CONDITIONER

A Major Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

by

ANITA VERMA – 30102

HITESH CHANDEL – 30112
KRISHNA SINGH – 30114
RAJEEV SHARMA – 30125
ABHISHANT SINGH –30140
SUMIT – 30145

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SUNDERNAGAR-174401, HP (INDIA)

MAY, 2011
 CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the final project report
entitled ”WORKING MODEL OF AIR-CONDITIONER” in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the B.Tech. and submitted to the Department of
Mechanical Engineering of J.N Govt. Engg. College is an authentic record of our own
work carried out during a period from January 2011 to June 2011 under the supervision of
Er. Amitesh Sharma & Er. Mridul & Dr. Mohit Dhiman

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by us for the award of any
other degree elsewhere.

Name :- Anita, Hitesh Chandel, Krishna Singh, Rajiv Sharma, Abhishant Singh, Sumit.

Roll no : (30102) , (30112) , (30114) , (30125) , (30140) , (30145)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates correct to the best of
our knowledge.

SUPERVISOR :-1) Mr. Amitesh Sharma

2) Mr. Mridul Sharma

3) Dr. Mohit Dhiman

[Lecturer, Deptt. of Mechanical Engg. J.N Govt Engg. College Sundernagar-174401]

Certified that the candidates were examined in the viva-voce examination held on ……

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Amitesh Sharma & Mr. Mridul & Dr. Mohit
Dhiman.

for there valuable guidance, encouragement, motivation and help throughout the course of
the project.

We are also thankful for there kind valuable suggestions during the course of project
work.

We extend our thanks to workshop staff for providing the laboratory facilities for carrying
out our project work. We are thankful to them for their valuable guidance and timely help
during the project.

We would also like to thank other staff members for their constant help and skill set.
Their guidance was the tool essential for the successful completion of our project.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE NO.

1) GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1) Introduction...................................................................................
1.2) Classification of Air Conditioner..................................................

2) COMPONENTS

2.1) Refrigeration System....................................................................

2.2) Control Devices............................................................................

2.3) Air Circulation System.................................................................

2.4) Electrical protection System.........................................................

2.5) Ventilation & Exhaust..................................................................

2.6) Specification.................................................................................

3) MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY

3.1) Creating encasement parts from galvanized

sheet metal and structural steel………………………………...

3.2) Punch pressing the sheet metal forms………………………….

3.3) Cleaning the parts………………………………………………

3.4) Powder coating…………………………………………………

3.5) Bending the tubing for the condenser and evaporator………….

3.6) Joining the copper tubing with the aluminum plates……………

3.7) Installing the pump………………………………………………

3.8) Construction.................................................................................

3.9) Working of Summer Air Conditioner..........................................

 3.10) Psychometrical Concept& Parameters.......................................

3.11) Cooling & Dehumidification.......................................................

3.12) Analysis.......................................................................................

3.13) Psychometrical Analysis..............................................................

4) CONCLUSION & PROBLEMS FACED................................................

REFRENCES...............................................................................................
 CHAPTER-1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1) INTRODUCTION

The air conditioning unit of engineering science deals with the study of conditioning of
air i.e supplying and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric conditions for human
comfort, irrespective of external conditions.

A Room Air-conditioner is a compact, self contained air-conditioning unit which is

normally installed in a window or wall opening of the room and is widely known as
window type air conditioner.

It works on vapour compression cycle

Air conditioners work by removing the heat from the space they service. An air
conditioner is simply a big refrigerator that uses the process of refrigeration to provide
cooling for a building.

Air conditioners work by using direct expansion coils or chilled water coils to remove
the heat from the air as air is blown across the coils.

Types of air conditioner systems that use direct expansion coils for cooling are

 Window units,
 Split system air conditioners,
 package unit air conditioners,
 Packaged terminal air conditioners like the air conditioners used in hotels
 Mini-split ductless air conditioners.
 Air conditioners which utilize chilled water for air conditioning are typically
commercial air conditioners for large commercial buildings.

It doesn't matter what type of air conditioner is used the coils in the air conditioner
system are brought to a temperature colder than the air.

These air conditioners coils are designed with materials like copper or aluminium to
absorbed heat easily and pass this heat to the refrigerant .
 .

Fig 1.1 Layout of Room Air Conditioner

1.2) CLASSIFICATION OF AIR CONDITIONER

1. According to the purpose

a. Comfort air conditioning system

b. Industrial air conditioning system

2. According to the season of the year

a. Winter air conditioning system

b. Summer air conditioning system
c. Year-round air conditioning system

3. According to the arrangement of the equipment

a. Unitary air conditioning system

b. Central air conditioning system

A complete unit of a room air conditioner consists of

1. The refrigeration system,

2. The control system (thermostat and selector switch),
3. Electrical protection system (motor overload switches and winding protection
thermostat on the compressor motor),
4. Air circulation system (fan motor, centrifugal evaporator blower ),
5. Ventilation (fresh air damper)
6. Exhaust system.
 CHAPTER-2

COMPONENTS

2.1) REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

a) Compressor: There are different types of compressors used in air conditioning.

There are -

-scroll compressors,

-reciprocating compressors,

-rotary compressors,

-screw compressors,

-centrifugal compressors.

All the different types of compressors have different capacities and are used in various
applications.

 The air conditioner compressor is like a pump. It pumps cool refrigerant vapor
from the air conditioner evaporator and compresses the vapor. When the vapor is
compressed its pressure and temperature are raised. This high temperature vapor is
pumped to the air conditioner condenser coils.

b) Condenser: The condenser is a continuous coil made of copper tubing with

aluminium fins attached to it to increase the heat transfer rate (rejecting heat to
atmosphere).

The air conditioner condenser coils receive the hot vapour from the compressor and
immediately the air conditioner compressor begins to condense the refrigerant into a
liquid by removing heat from the hot vapour. The heat being removed from the hot
vapour is the heat the refrigerant absorbed when the refrigerant was running through the
air conditioner evaporator coils. The air conditioner condenser is responsible for rejecting
the heat absorbed in the evaporator coil.

c) Cooling coil: These are the copper tubing coils in the evaporator. Air passes from
these coils, refrigerant flowing from these coils takes heat of air and gives cool air to the
required space.
 d) Expansion Device: Cappilary tube is used as expansion device. Its function is to
allow the liuid refrigerant under high temperature and pressure to pass at a controlled rate
after reducing its temperature and pressure.

e) Refrigerant drier:

f) Evaporator: It is a cooling coil also made of copper with aluminium fins attached
to it to increase the heat transfer rate (taking in heat from the room air)

The evaporator coil in an air conditioner system is responsible for absorbing heat. As air
(can also be water in a chiller) passes over the evaporator coils a heat exchange process
takes place between the air and the refrigerant. The refrigerant absorbs the heat and as it
absorbs heat is flashes to a vapour.

The air conditioner evaporator conditions the air in two ways when it is typically
operating below the dew point. It causes sensible cooling and it causes latent heat
removal. The latent heat removal is the process of drawing moisture out of the air and the
sensible cooling is dropping the temperature of the air. Both types of heat removal make
you more comfortable in the summer time. Most evaporator coils can be found in or near
the air handling unit.

2.2) CONTROL DEVICES-

a) Selector switch: It is often known as master control, it controls the compressor

motor, condenser fan motor, and evaporator fan motor.

When the control switch is in ‘Ventilate’ position, only evaporator blower motor operates
and outside fresh air is supplied in the room which is not cool as the compressor is not
working.

In the ‘Exhaust’ position, the condenser fan motor operates and all the room air is
exhausted to the atmosphere.

In the ‘cool’ position, all the motors i.e compressor motor, condenser motor, and
evaporator motor are in working state and cool air is supplied to the room.

b) Thermostat: It is used to control the temperature in the refrigerator. The bulb of the
thermostat is clamped to the evaporator or freezer. The thermostat bulb is charged with
few drops of refrigerant. The thermostat can be set to maintain different temperatures at a
time. When the desired temperature is obtained, the bulb can be set to maintain different
temperatures at a time. When the desired temperature is obtained, the bulb of the
thermostat senses it, the liquid in it compresses and operate bellows of the thermostat and
opens the compressor motor contacts. The temperature at which compressor motor stops
is called cut-out temperature. When the temperature increases. The liquid in the bulb
expands thereby closing the bellows contact of the compressor motor. The temperature at
which the compressor motor starts is called cut-in temperature. A thermostat is very
crucial in the operation of e refrigerator as the running time of the compressor is reduced
considerably thereby cutting the operation cost as well as enhancing the compressor life
due to non-continuous working.

2.3) AIR CIRCULATION SYSTEM

a) Fan: It provides the necessary air to cool the refrigerant in the condenser and
also exhaust air from the air-conditioned space when the exhaust damper is opened. If all
the air in the room is to be exhausted , the fan control of the unit is set to ‘exhaust’
position.

The condenser fan or blower exhaust all the air to the dampers and exhausts it through the
louvers in the rear of the unit.

b) Centrifugal evaporator blower: It sends the cool air in the room and is placed
behind the cooling coil.

2.4) ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM

a) Motor overload switches:

It is a motor controller whose contact mechanism is operated by a mechanical linkage
from a toggle handle or push button which is in turn operated by hand. A thermal unit and
direct acting overload mechanism provides motor running overload protection. Basically,
a manual starter is an “ON-OFF” switch with overload protection.

b) Winding protection thermostat:

It is providing protection against excessive temperatures will help to extend the life of
the motor. Excessive winding temperature can permanently damage the winding, greatly
reducing winding life (see chart) and can cause complete winding insulation breakdown
and failure. Down time in many motor applications isare prohibitive and a good
monitoring system is essential to minimizinge costs which can be incurred as a result
ofdowntime. A complete protection system for a winding is designed to remove the motor
from the line when any of the following conditions occur:

1. Locked Rotor
 2. Starting Overload
3. Running Overload
4. Abnormally High Temperatures
5. Voltage Unbalance

2.5) VENTILATION & EXHAUST SYSTEM

Fresh air damper: It is placed inside the cnabinet and regulates the fresh air intake of
the room air conditioner. The quality of fresh air may be varied by adjusting the dampers.

2.7) SPECIFICATIONS

COMPRESSOR - Hermetically sealed reciprocating type

Hermetically sealed reciprocating type compressor is the one in which the vapour
refrigerant is compressed by the reciprocating motion of the piston and the compressor
and motor operate on the same shaft and are enclosed in a common casing.

CONDENSER – Forced air cooled finned condenser coil

In forced air cooled condensers, the fan (either propeller or centrifugal) is used to force
the air over the condenser coils to increase its heat transfer capacity. It consists of steel or
copper tubing through which the refrigerant flows. Generally copper tubes are used
because of its excellent heat transfer ability. The tubes are usually provided with plate
type fins to increase the surface area for heat transfer. The fin spacing is quite wide to
reduce dust clogging.

FAN - A propeller type

It provides the necessary air to cool the refrigerant in the condenser and also exhaust air
from the air-conditioned space when the exhaust damper is opened.

EXPANSION DEVICE - Capillary tube

It is used as an expansion device in small capacity hermetic sealed refrigeration units. It is

installed in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator. A fine mesh screen
is provided at the inlet of the tube in order to protect it from contaminants. A small filter
drier is used on some systems to provide additional freeze-up application.

EVAPORATOR - Finned Evaporator

Finned evaporator consists of bare tubes or coils over which the metal plates or fins are
fastened. Since the fins greatly increases the contact surfaces for heat transfer, therefore
finned evaporators are also called extended surface evaporators. A finned coil should
never be allowed to frost because the accumulation of frost between the fins reduces the
capacity. The air conditioning coils which operate at the suction temperature which are
high enough so that frosting never occurs, have fin spacing as small as 3 mm.

REFRIGERANT- R-22 (Mono chloro di fluoro methane)

It is heat carrying medium which during their cycle (i.e. compression, condensation,
expansion and evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorb heat from a low
temperature system and discard the heat so absorbed to a higher temperature system.

R-22 is man made refrigerant developed for refrigeration installations that need a low
evaporating temperature, as in fast freezing units which maintain a temperature of -29°C
to -40°C. The boiling point of R-22 is -41°C at atmospheric pressure. It has a latent heat
of 216.5 kJ/kg at -15°C. The normal head pressure at 30°C is 10.88 bar. This refrigerant
is stable and is toxic, non-corrosive non-irritating and non-flammable. The evaporator
pressure of this refrigerant at -15°C is 1.92.

Since water mixes better with R-22 therefore driers (dessicants) should be used to remove
most of the moisture to keep water to a minimum. This refrigerant has good solubility in
oil down to -9°C. The leaks may be detected with a soap solution, a halide torch or with
an electronic leak detector. The cylinder colour code for R-22 is green.

MATERIAL-Stainless steel & Aluminium tubing

Air conditioners are made of different types of metal. Frequently, plastic and other
nontraditional materials are used to reduce weight and cost. Copper or aluminum tubing,
critical ingredients in many air conditioner components, provide superior thermal
properties and a positive influence on system efficiency. Various components in an air
conditioner will differ with the application, but usually they are comprised of stainless
steel and other corrosion-resistant metals.

Self-contained units that house the refrigeration system will usually be encased in sheet
metal that is protected from environmental conditions by a paint or powder coating.
 Chapter-3

MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY

3.1) Creating encasement parts from galvanized sheet metal and structural steel

Most air conditioners start out as raw material, in the form of structural steel
shapes and sheet steel. As the sheet metal is processed into fabrication cells or
work cells, it is cut, formed, punched, drilled, sheared, and/or bent into a useful
shape or form. The encasements or wrappers, the metal that envelopes most
outdoor residential units, is made of galvanized sheet metal that uses a zinc
coating to provide protection against corrosion. Galvanized sheet metal is also
used to form the bottom pan, face plates, and various support brackets throughout
an air conditioner. This sheet metal is sheared on a shear press in a fabrication cell
soon after arriving from storage or inventory. Structural steel shapes are cut and
mitered on a band saw to form useful brackets and supports.

3.2) Punch pressing the sheet metal forms-

From the shear press, the sheet metal is loaded on a CNC (Computer Numerical
Control) punch press. The punch press has the option of receiving its computer
program from a drafting CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Drafting/Computer Aided
Manufacturing) program or from an independently written CNC program. The
CAD/CAM program will transform a drafted or modeled part on the computer
into a file that can be read by the punch press, telling it where to punch holes in
the sheet metal. Dies and other punching instruments are stored in the machine
and mechanically brought to the punching arm, where it can be used to drive
through the sheet. The NC (Numerically Controlled) press brakes bend the sheet
into its final form, using a computer file to program itself. Different bending dies
are used for different shapes and configurations and may be changed for each
component.

Some brackets, fins, and sheet components are outsourced to other facilities or
companies to produce large quantities. They are brought to the assembly plant
only when needed for assembly. Many of the brackets are produced on a hydraulic
or mechanical press, where brackets of different shapes and configurations can be
produced from a coiled sheet and unrolled continuously into the machine. High
volumes of parts can be produced because the press can often produce a complex
shape with one hit.

3.3) Cleaning the parts-

All parts must be completely clean and free of dirt, oil, grease, and lubricants
before they are powder coated. Various cleaning methods are used to accomplish
this necessary task. Large solution tanks filled with a cleaning solvent agitate and
 knock off the oil when parts are submersed. Spray wash systems use pressurized
cleaning solutions to knock off dirt and grease. Vapor degreasing, suspending the
parts above a harsh cleansing vapor, uses an acid solution and will leave the parts
free of petroleum products. Most outsourced parts that arrive from a vendor have
already been degreased and cleaned. For additional corrosion protection, many
parts will be primed in a phosphate primer bath before entering a drying oven to
prepare them for the application of the powder coating.

3.4) Powder coating-

Before brackets, pans, and wrappers are assembled together, they are fed through
a powder coating operation. The powder coating system sprays a paint-like dry
powder onto the parts as they are fed through a booth on an overhead conveyor.
This can be done by robotic sprayers that are programmed where to spray as each
part feeds through the booth on the conveyor. The parts are statically charged to
attract the powder to adhere to deep crevices and bends within each part. The
powder-coated parts are then fed through an oven, usually with the same conveyor
system, where the powder is permanently baked onto the metal. The process takes
less than 10 minutes.

3.5) Bending the tubing for the condenser and evaporator-

The condenser and evaporator both act as a heat exchanger in air conditioning
systems and are made of copper or aluminum tubing bent around in coil form to
maximize the distance through which the working fluid travels. The opposing
fluid, or cooling fluid, passes around the tubes as the working fluid draws away its
heat in the evaporator. This is accomplished by taking many small diameter
copper tubes bent in the same shape and anchoring them with guide rods and
aluminum plates. The working fluid or refrigerant flows through the copper tubes
and the opposing fluid flows around them in between the aluminum plates. The
tubes will often end up with hairpin bends performed by NC benders, using the
same principle as the NC press brake. Each bend is identical to the next. The
benders use previously straightened tubing to bend around a fixed die with a
mandrel fed through the inner diameter to keep it from collapsing during the bend.
The mandrel is raked back through the inside of the tube when the bend has been
accomplished.

Tubing supplied to the manufacturer in a coil form goes through an uncoiler and
straightener before being fed through the bender. Some tubing will be cut into
desired lengths on an abrasive saw that will cut several small tubes in one stroke.
The aluminum plates are punched out on a punch press and formed on a
mechanical press to place divots or waves in the plate. These waves maximize the
thermodynamic heat transfer between the working fluid and the opposing
medium. When the copper tubes are finished in the bending cell, they are
transported by automatic guided vehicle (AGV) to the assembly cell, where they
are stacked on the guide rods and fed through the plates or fins.
3.6) Joining the copper tubing with the aluminum plates-

A major part of the assembly is the joining of the copper tubing with the
aluminum plates. This assembly becomes the evaporator and is accomplished by
taking the stacked copper tubing in their hairpin configuration and mechanically
fusing them to the aluminum plates. The fusing occurs by taking a bullet, or
mandrel, and feeding it through the copper tubing to expand it and push it against
the inner part of the hole of the plate. This provides a thrifty, yet useful bond
between the tubing and plate, allowing for heat transfer.

The condenser is manufactured in a similar manner, except that the opposing

medium is usually air, which cools off the copper or aluminum condenser coils
without the plates. They are held by brackets which support the coiled tubing, and
are connected to the evaporator with fittings or couplings. The condenser is
usually just one tube that may be bent around in a number of hairpin bends. The
expansion valve, a complete component, is purchased from a vendor and installed
in the piping after the condenser. It allows the pressure of the working fluid to
decrease and re-enter the pump.

3.7) Installing the pump-

The pump is also purchased complete I h from an outside supplier. Designed to

increase system pressure and circulate the working fluid, the pump is connected
with fittings to the system and anchored in place by support brackets and a base. It
is bolted together with the other structural members of the air conditioner and
covered by the wrapper or sheet metal encasement. The encasement is either
riveted or bolted together to provide adequate protection for the inner components.

3.8) CONSTRUCTION

STEPS-

1. Wooden platform of 36x36 dimensions has been made at carpentry shop

for placing all the components.

2. Compressor is bolted on the platform with nuts & bolts after drilling hole
of required dimensions using drill bit.

3. Condenser is fitted at the back side of the platform.

4. Evaporator is fitted at the front & capillary is joined with the condenser
outlet & evaporator inlet along with drier.
 5. Intake of condenser is joined with discharge of compressor.

6. Blower, fan & motor are fixed on one shaft, blower is with evaporator &
fan with condenser.

7. Fix the starting Relay and Thermostat for providing torque and
maintaining the temperatures respectively.

8. Electrical connection is provided for the working .

9. Start the motor by switching the plug connected with motor to the
electricity supply & measure the temperature difference of entering &
leaving air.

3.9) WORKING OF SUMMER AIR CONDITIONER

Air conditioners have four basic components: a pump, an evaporator, a condenser, and an
expansion valve & working fluid and an opposing fluid medium as well.

Fig. 3.1 Air Conditioning System

 Most air conditioners derive their power from an electrically-driven motor and pump
combination to circulate the refrigerant fluid. Some natural gas-driven chillers couple the
pump with a gas engine in order to give off significantly more torque.

As the working fluid or refrigerant circulates through the air-conditioning system at high
pressure via the pump, it will enter an evaporator where it changes into a gas state, taking
heat from the opposing fluid medium and operating just like a heat exchanger. The
working fluid then moves to the condenser, where it gives off heat to the atmosphere by
condensing back into a liquid. After passing through an expansion valve, the working
fluid returns to a low. All air conditioners have four basic components: pump,
evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve. Hot refrigerant vapor is pumped at high
pressure through the condenser, where it gives off heat to the atmosphere by condensing
into a liquid. The cooled refrigerant then passes through the expansion valve, which
lowers the pressure of the liquid. The liquid refrigerant now enters the evaporator, where
it will take heat from the room and change into a gaseous state. This part of the cycle
releases cool air into the air-conditioned building. The hot refrigerant vapor is then ready
to repeat the cycle.
When the cooling medium (either a fluid or air) passes near the evaporator, heat is drawn
to the evaporator. This process effectively cools the opposing medium, providing
localized cooling where needed in the building.

STEPS:

The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor
squeezes the fluid. This packs the molecule of the fluid closer together. The closer the
molecules are together, the high its energy and its temperature.

The working fluid leaves the compressor as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the
condenser. If you looked at the air conditioner part outside a house, look for the part that
has metal fins all around. The fins act just like a radiator in a car and helps the heat go
away, or dissipate, more quickly.

When the working fluid leaves the condenser, its temperature is much cooler and it has
changed from a gas to a liquid under high pressure. The liquid goes into the evaporator
through a very tiny, narrow hole. On the other side, the liquid's pressure drops. When it
does it begins to evaporate into a gas

.
As the liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. The
heat in the air is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas.

The evaporator also has metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with the
surrounding air.
By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, low pressure gas. It then
returns to the compressor to begin its trip all over again.

Connected to the evaporator is a fan that circulates the air inside the house to blow across
the evaporator fins. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so the hot air in the room rises to the
top of a room.

There is a vent there where air is sucked into the air conditioner and goes down ducts.
The hot air is used to cool the gas in the evaporator. As the heat is removed from the air,
the air is cooled. It is then blown into the house through other ducts usually at the floor
level.

This continues over and over and over until the room reaches the temperature you want
the room cooled to. The thermostat senses that the temperature has reached the right
setting and turns off the air conditioner. As the room warms up, the thermostat turns the
air conditioner back on until the room reaches the temperature.

3.10) PSYCHROMETRICAL CONCEPT& PARAMETERS

Here the air is generally cooled and dehumified.The outside air flows through the damper
and mixes up with recirculated air (which is obtained from conditioned space) The mixed
air passes through a filter to remove dirt, dust & other impurities. The air now passes
through o cooling coil. The coil has a temperature much below the required dry bulb
temperature of the air in the conditioned space. The cooled air passes through a perforated
membrane and losses its moisture in the condensed form which is collected in sump.
After that, the air is made to pass through a heating coil which heats up the air slightly.
The is done to bring the air to the designed dry bulb temperature and relative humidity.

Now the combined air is supplied to the conditioned space by a fan. From the conditioned
space, a part of the used air is exhausted to the atmosphere by the exhaust fans or
ventilators. The remaining part of the used air (known as recirculated air) is again
conditioned. The outside air is sucked and made to mix with the recirculated air in order
to make up for the loss of conditioned (or used) air through exhaust fans or ventilation
from the conditioned space.

3.11) COOLING & DEHUMIDIFICATION PROCESS

In this process dry bulb temperature & specific humidity of air decreases.
The final relativity of the air is generally higher than that of the entering air. The
dehumidification of the air is only possible when the effective surface temperature of the
cooling coil is less than the dew point temperature of the air entering the coil The
effective surface temperature of the coil is known as apparatus dew point (ADP).

Fig. 3.2. Cooling & Dehumidification

The cooling & dehumidification process is shown as under-

Here process 1-A in (a) is dehumidification & process A-2 is cooling

td₁= Dry bulb temp of air entering the coil

tdp₁ = Dew point temp of the entering air = td3

td₄= Effective surface temp or ADP of the coil

PARAMETERS:

BY PASS FACTOR-

BPF= td₂ - td₄ / td₁ – td₄

BPF = td₂ – ADP/ td₁ – ADP

BPF = W₂ – W₄ / W₁ – W₄

BPF = h₄ – h₂ / h₁ – h₂
SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR-

SHF= sensible heat / total heat

SHF= SH / (LH +SH)

SHF = hA – h₂ / h₁ – h₂

Where,

Total heat, q= h₁ – h₂ = LH + SH

LH = h₁ – hA

SH= hA – h₂ = sensible heat removed

EFFICIENCY OF COOLING COIL-

η = 1- BPF

= 1 - td₂ - td₄ / td₁ - td₄

= td₁ - td₂ / td₁ - td₄

COFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE-
The efficiency of a refrigeration system is measured by its coefficient of performance
(COP), and is normally given as the ratio of the refrigeration effect to the compressor
power:
COP = (Cooling output) / (Electrical input)

For most packaged commercial cooling units the COP varies between 2.5 and 4.0.
However, some modern commercial cooling units have COPs of about 5.0. As the
external temperature increases the COP is progressively reduced to about 2.0 at 40°C.

COP = 1 / (Th/Tl - 1)
 where, Th = the temperature of the hot, outside environment
Tl = the temperature of the inside. cool environment.

3.12) ANALYSIS

As experimented on 09/05/2011 at 1:00 P.M

Th = 30.6°C = 303.6K

Tl = 8.8°C = 281.8K

Theoretical C.O.P = 1/( 303.6/281.8-1)

= 12.92

Due to some inefficiencies of the cooling coil, actual c.o.p of refrigerant differs from
theoretical c.o.p

In summer air conditioning systems,

Actual c.o.p is nearly = 30% of theoretical c.o.p

= 30% of 12.92

=3.87

3.13) PSYCHROMETRICAL ANALYSIS

Considering comfort conditions of summer air conditioning, air having 30°C dry bulb
temperature is having around 52% relative humidity & with the help of psychrometric
chart we can calculate other parameters like dew point temperature etc.

td₁ = 30.1°C

tdp₁ = 19°C

Specific humidity at point 1, W₁ = 0.014 kg/kg of dry air

Enthalpy of entering air at point 1, h₁= 66 kJ/kg of dry air

Enthalpy of air a point A = 48.2 kJ/kg of dry air

Enthalpy of entering air at point 2, h₂ = 26 kJ/kg of dry air

Enthalpy of entering air at point 4, h₄ = 21.5 kJ/kg of dry air

 Apparatus dew point temperature of cooling coil, ADP,

td₄ = 6.4°C

td₂ = 8.8°C

Specific humidity at point 2, W₂= 0.0068 kg/kg of dry air

Specific humidity at point 4, W₄= 0.006 kg/kg of dry air

BYPASS FACTOR = td₂ - td₄ / td₁ – td₄

BPF = 8.8 – 6.4 /30.1 – 6.4

BPF = 0.1012

EFFICIENCY OF COOLING COIL = 1- BPF

η = 1 - td₂ - td₄ / td₁ - td₄

= td₁ - td₂ / td₁ - td₄

= 30.1- 8.8 / 30.1- 6.4

= 89.8%

SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR = sensible heat / total heat

= SH / (LH +SH)

= hA – h₂ / h₁ – h₂

= 48.2 – 26 / 66 – 26

= 0.55
 CHAPTER-4

CONCLUSION& PROBLEMS FACED

Conclusion:

We were able to complete our project with our hardwork and ample guidance of teachers.

It enhanced our practical knowledge and work experience in a group.

We learned a lot during the whole period of working on this project.

Problems:

1) Difficulty in collection of the parts.

2) In assembling of the various parts.

3) Leakage problems occurred at the joints during assembly.

4) Connection of electrical wiring.

5) Adjustment of motor shaft.

6) Installation and fixing of the parts.

 REFERENCES

1) R. S. Khurmi & J. K. Gupta, “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning”, S

Chand

Page no. 109,110,251,272,301,317,337,353,454,498

 LIST OF FIGURES

i) Layout of Room Air Conditioner.....................................................

ii) Air Conditioning System................................................................

iii) Cooling & Dehumidification...........................................................

 NOMENCLATURE

i) ADP - apparatus dew point

ii) td₁ - Dry bulb temp of air entering the coil

iii) tdp₁ = td3 - Dew point temp of the entering air

iv) td₄ - Effective surface temp or ADP of the coil

v) BPF - By Pass Factor

vi) SHF - Sensible Heat Factor

vii) LH - Latent Heat

viii) SH - Sensible Heat

ix) COP - coefficient of performance

x) Th - the temperature of the hot, outside environment

xi) Tl - the temperature of the inside. cool environment.

xii) W - Specific Humidity

xiii) h - Enthalpy