Dr.

Igor Itskevich
ANALOGUE CIRCUITS AND DEVICES
Module 13207
Part 1: ANALOGUE CIRCUITS
 PROGRAM of PART 1
Linear elements in electric circuits
(voltage is a linear function of current)
R C L

Resistor Capacitor Inductor (coil)

1. Capacitance and inductance in a d.c. circuit

2. Alternating current (a.c.)
3. Elementary a.c. circuits
4. Analysis of a.c. circuits: phasor diagrams
5. Analysis of a.c. circuits: complex notations
6. Frequency response of a.c. circuits
7. Power in a.c. circuits
8. General network theorems
 1. CAPACITANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN D.C. CIRCUITS
Main things to learn • Transients in CR and LR circuits
• Time constant

C L
E E

R R
In a steady d.c. circuit: C is equivalent to the open circuit
L is equivalent to the short circuit
Our aim is to study the transient processes in CR and LR circuits
What will be happening in such circuits just after the switch is turned on / off ?
 TRANSIENT IN A CR CIRCUIT
A q - charge at the plates of the capacitor
I +q E - electromotive force in the battery
−q C
E I - current in the direction of the arrow
R UAB - potential difference between A and B
B
Before the switch is turned on: q = 0 , UAB = 0 , I = 0
Long time after (established): UAB = E , q = C·E , I = 0
After the switch is turned on, a transient from q = 0 to q = C·E takes place
How to analyse the transient? - The transient is slow, therefore
at every moment of time t , the 2nd Kirchhoff’s law is valid

UAB(t) - E = - I (t)·R
q(t) = C ·UAB(t)
dq (t )
Relation between charge and current (note sign): I (t ) =
dt
 These three equations result in a differential equation
q (t ) dq (t ) We denote
− E = −R
C dt
y (t ) = q(t ) − CE
dq (t ) 1
=− (q(t ) − CE ) τ = RC
dt RC
dy
dt
=−
y
τ
∴ y = y 0 exp( − t )
τ
( y 0 - value of y at t = 0 : y 0 = −CE )

q(t ) = CE [1 − exp( − t )] = CE [1 − exp( − t )]

RC τ
U AB = E [1 − exp( − t )] = E [1 − exp( − t )]
RC τ
E t E
I (t ) = exp( − )= exp( − t )
R RC R τ
τ = RC t τ 2τ 3τ 4τ
- time constant exp (-t/ τ ) 0.37 0.14 0.05 0.02
 ANALYSIS OF OBTAINED RESULTS

UAB I
E E
R

t t

At t = 0 : q = 0; U AB = 0; I = E
R
At t = ∞ : q = CE ; U AB =E; I =0
Though the capacitor provides the open circuit,
the current at t = 0 is such as if it is a short circuit !
This happens because at t = 0, UAB = 0

τ = RC R = 1 MΩ and C = 1 µF : τ = 1 sec
 TRANSIENT IN A LR CIRCUIT

L - self-inductance of the coil

I Ei -EMF of the electromagnetic induction
L
E Φ - flux of magnetic field through the coil
R Φ = L·I

Reminder: Electromagnetic induction in the coil

dΦ(t ) dI (t )
Ei = − = −L
dt dt
Before the switch is turned on: I=0
Long time after (established): I=E⁄R
After the switch is turned on, a transient from I = 0 to I = E ⁄ R takes place
At every moment of time t , the 2nd Kirchhoff’s law is valid

E + Ei = I ⋅ R
 A differential equation is obtained
dI (t )
E −L = I ⋅R We denote
dt
E
dI (t ) R E y (t ) = I (t ) − and τ =L
= − (I (t ) − ) R R
dt L R

dy
dt
=−
y
τ
∴ y = y 0 exp( − t )
τ
E
( y 0 - value of y at t = 0 : y 0 = − )
R
E t ⋅R E
I (t ) = [1 − exp( − )] = [1 − exp( − t )]
R L R τ
t ⋅R
E i (t ) = E exp( − ) = E exp( − t )
L τ

τ =L - time constant for an LR circuit

R
 ANALYSIS OF OBTAINED RESULTS
I Ei t
E
R

t −E

At t = 0 : I = 0; E i = −E
E
At t = ∞ : I = ; Ei = 0
R
Though the coil provides the short circuit (its resistance is almost zero),
the current at t = 0 is such as if it is an open circuit
At t = 0, the external EMF is fully compensated by the EMF of self-inductance

τ =L R = 1 Ω and L = 1 henry : τ = 1 sec

R