Question 3 (20 Marks)

The following data set is the blood pressure measurements from 13 randomly selected samples. Use this data
to answer the following questions below.
[mark allocation]

Sample Blood Systolic Blood Diastolic Systolic Diastolic Diastolic

pressure pressure (mm Blood Blood Blood Blood
(mm Hg) Hg) pressure pressure pressure pressure
(mm Hg) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (mm Hg)

X Y X Y Y2
1 141/58 141 60 103 57 3249
2 128/63 128 65 106 60 3600
3 135/69 135 71 109 60 3600
4 117/58 117 60 115 62 3844
5 106/55 106 57 117 65 4225
6 103/64 103 66 118 66 4356
7 121/74 121 76 121 71 5041
8 128/82 128 84 121 72 5184
9 118/86 118 88 123 76 5776
10 121/70 121 72 128 76 5776
11 115/60 115 62 128 84 7056
12 123/74 123 76 135 88 7744
13 109/86 109 88 141 88 7744
∑ 1565 925 67195
∑x/n 120.385 71.154

3.1 Define the terms mode, median and mean.

Mode defines as the most frequent value in a data set. 1
Median defines as the middle value in a data set. 1
Mean defines as the average value of the data set. 1

3.2 Calculate the mean, median and mode for systolic blood pressure.
Mode Median Mean 6
Multiple modes Median Location= 13 + 1 / 2 = 7 ∑x/n=120.38
121 and 128 121
3.1 Define the terms mode, median and mean.
Range defines as the lowest to the highest values 1
Variance defines as squared deviations from mean 1
Standard deviation provides a measure of deviation from mean 1

3.3 Calculate the range, variance and standard deviation for diastolic blood pressure.
Range Variance Standard deviation 6
= 88-77 = [67195 - (925)2 / 13] / 13-1 √ 114.808
= 31 =1377.692 / 12 = 114.808
= 114.808

3.4 Draw the relationship between mean, median and mode

3 mark
in positively skewed distribution.
2

Mean

Mean
Median
Mode

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Question 4 (20 Marks)

A public health researcher believes that smoking affects gender of offspring. She records the gender of newborns
that were delivered in a local hospital over a one-year period. She interviewed the parents of the newborns to
determine their degree of smoking. The data collected shown in the table below. [mark allocation]
Offspring
Cigarette Smoked Boys Girls Total
Neither parents smokes a 60 40 100
least a pack-a-day
One parents smokes a 57 43 100
least a pack-a-day
Both parents smoke a 18 32 50
least a pack-a-day
Total 135 115 250

4.1 Distinguish between categorical and numerical data.

Numerical data used only interval and ratio scales 4
Categorical data used only nominal and ordinal scales

4.2 State the null and alternative hypothesis from the study.
1. Hypothesis 2
Ho: Gender of offspring is independent to cigarette smoked by their parent.
HA: Gender of offspring is dependent to cigarette smoked by their parent.
4.3 Test the hypotheses on the relationship between the two variables at 0.05 level of significant.
2. Test statistics
Offspring gender
Boys Girls Total
Cigarette smoked N Count 60 40 100
Expected Count 54 46 100 1
O Count 57 43 100
Expected Count 54 46 100 1
B Count 18 32 50
Expected Count 27 23 50 1
Total Count 135 115 250
Expected Count 135 115 250

O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E 3

B-N 60 54 6 36 0.667
B-O 57 54 3 9 0.167
B-B 18 27 -9 81 3
G-N 40 46 -6 36 0.783
G-O 43 46 -3 9 0.196
G-B 32 23 9 81 3.522
X2=8.335 1

3. Critical value 2
df=(R-1)(C-1)
df=(3-1)(2-1)
df=2
X2 2,0.05 = 5.99 (2m)
4. Decision 2
Since X2cal (8.335)> X2cri (5.99) (
Therefore, reject Ho

4.4 State the conclusion from the test.

5. Conclusion
Gender of offspring is dependent to cigarette smoked by their parent at 0.05 level of significant 2

4.5 State the possible type of error that can be made from the test 1
Type 1 error
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Question 4 (20 Marks)

The resting heart rates were measured in a sample of women and non-smokers at a state
university. There were 14 smokers and 18 non-smokers in the sample. [mark allocation]
Resting heart rates
Smokers (x) Non-smokers (y) x2 y2 2
78 72 6084 5184
100 82 10000 6724
88 62 7744 3844
62 84 3844 7056
94 61 8836 3721
88 68 7744 4624
76 72 5776 5184
90 64 8100 4096
85 76 7225 5776
82 62 6724 3844
77 66 5929 4356
91 68 8281 4624
90 96 8100 9216
68 58 4624 3364
87 7569
80 6400
78 6084
69 4761
Total 1169 1305 99011 96427
(∑x)2 1366561
(∑y)2 1703025
∑x2 99011
2
∑y 96427

4.1 Calculate mean and variance of resting heart rates for smokers and non-smokers
4.2 Test if there is any significant difference in the resting heart rates of the two groups (Use α=0.05).

4.3 State the conclusion from the test.

4.4 State any practical implications that can be made from the test.
Q4.1 Calculate mean and variance of resting heart rates for smokers and non-smokers

Mean=∑x /n
Mean=1169/ 14 1
Mean=83.5

Mean=∑y/n 1
Mean=1305/ 18
Mean=72.5

Variance= [ ∑x 2 - (∑x )2 / n ] / n-1

= [99011 - (1169)2 / 14] / 14-1 1
= (99011 - 1366561/14) / 13
= 1399.5 /13
= 107.654

Variance= [ ∑y 2 - (∑y )2 / n ] / n-1

1
= [96427 - (1305)2 / 18] / 18-1
= 96427 - 94612.5 / 17
= 36494 / 17
= 106.735

Q4.2 State the null and alternative hypothesis

Hypothesis
Ho: µ1= µ2 (The RHR among smoker is equal to the RHR among the non
smoking group) 1
HA: µ1≠µ2 (The RHR among smokers is different to the mean RHR among
1
the non-smokers)

Q4.2 Test if there is any significant difference in the resting heart rates of the two groups
(Use α=0.05).
Test Statistics 1
F-ratio
F=Large variance / Small variance
F=107.654/ 106.735
F=1.009

F critical 1
Fcri = F df (large Variance) , df (small variance), (0.05)
Fcri = F (14-1), (18-1), (0.05)
1
Fcri= F (13), (17) , (0.05)
Fcri= 2.53

Decision 1
Since Fcal (1.009) < Fcri (2.53)
Use equal variance formula
1
Pool variance= (14-1)107.654 + (18-1)106.735 / 14 + 18 - 2
1
Pool variance= 107.1331

T calculated 1
t = 83.5 - 72.5 / √ (107.133 / 14) + (107.133 / 18) 1
t = 2.982

Critical Value 1
t0.025, 30 = 2.042
1
Decision
Since Tcal 2.982> Tcri 2.042
Reject Ho

Q4.3 State conclusion 1

The RHR is different between smokers and non-smokers at 0.05 LOS

Q4.4 State any practical implications that can be made from the test. 1
In a healthy population resting heart rate is associated with total and
cardiovascular mortality. Elevated resting heart rate is associated with greater
risk in subjects with a history of smoking than in never smokers.
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