Solids, Liquids, and Gasses

Review
• Low densities
• High compressibility
• Completely fill container
Solids
• High densities
• Slight compressibility
• Rigid, maintain shape
Liquids
• Properties found between solids and gasses
• Closer to solids than gasses
• Energy required to melt 1 molH2O=6kJ/mol
• Energy required to vaporize 1mol H2O = 41 kJ/mol
• It takes a lot more energy to change from a liquid to a gas than a solid to a
liquid
• We can also look at densities of each phase of H2O to see how solids and
liquids are closely related
Density of H2O
•
Solid (ice) = .9168 g/cm3
• Liquid(water) = .9971 g/cm3
•
Gas (water vapor) = 5.88 x 10- 4 g/cm3
• Water in its gaseous state is 2000 times more dense than water in
its liquid state
• Water in solid state and liquid state have similar densities
Water and Phase Changes
• 97% of earth’s water is found in the oceans
• Colorless, odorless
• Freezes at 0oC and vaporizes at 100oC
• For substances to change state, heat(Q) must be added or
removed
• Water is unique in that its solid state is less dense than liquid
state (Why?)
 H2O and Density
• Density is equal to mass of a substance divided by its volume
(D=m/v)
• As a sample of water freezes, its volume increases while its mass
is relatively unchanged.
• This increase in volume brings on a decrease in density
• This is why ice cubes float in water
Energy Changes for Changes in State
• During a phase change, NO chemical(intramolecular) bonds are broken.
• A phase change involves physical changes only
• Bonds that hold a single molecule together are called intramolecular
bonds
• The bonds that occur between molecules and cause them to aggregate to
form liquids and solids are called intermolecular bonds
Phase Change and Energy
• Energy required to melt one mole of a substance is called molar heat of
fusion
• For ice, the molar heat of fusion is 6.02kJ/mol
• Energy required to change 1 mole of a liquid to its vapor(gas) is called the
molar heat of vaporization
• For water, the molar heat of vaporization is 40.6kJ/mol
• It takes more energy (almost 7 times as much) to change 1mole of water
into a gas than it does to melt one mole of ice
Why Such a Difference?
• To separate molecules into a gas, virtually all intermolecular
bonds must be overcome.
• The stronger the intermolecular bonds
Polar molecule
• two or more nonmetals that have unequal sharing of electrons
causing a positive and negative charge on opposite ends of the
molecule.
• Caused by large differences in electronegativity of two or more
elements
 Electronegativity
Nonpolar molecules
• two or more nonmetals that have equal sharing of electrons
throughout the molecule
• Nonpolar molecules usually have elements that are close in
electronegativity
Polar/Nonpolar Difference
• A nonpolar molecule is distinguish from a polar molecule by there
difference in electronegativity
• If the electronegativity difference (usually called ΔEN) is less than 0.5,
then the bond is nonpolar
• If the ΔEN is between 0.5 and 1.6, the bond is considered polar
• If the ΔEN is greater than 2.0, the the bond is ionic.
• If the ΔEN is between 1.6 and 2.0 and if a metal is involved, then the bond
is considered ionic. If only nonmetals are involved, the bond is considered
polar.
Types of Intermolecular Bonds
1. Dispersion Bonds
• Also called London Forces, these are weak bonds that result from
temporary shifts(dipole moment) in the density of the electrons in the
electron cloud.
• Exist in all molecules
• It’s the only intermolecular bond in non-polar covalent molecules
• Larger the molecule, the stronger the dispersion bond
Dispersion Bonds
Multiple Dispersion Bonds
Examples of Dispersion Bonds
Boiling Points of Noble Gases
Graphite Structure
Dispersion Bonding and Molecules
Types of Intermolecular Bonds
 2. Dipole-Dipole Bonds
• exist between polar molecules only
• Stronger than dispersion bonds
• Polar molecules have a permanent positive end and a permanent negative
end
• Polar molecules are composed of a highly electronegative element along
with elements of low electronegativity.
• There is a special type of dipole-dipole bond called a hydrogen bond
Hydrogen Bonding
• Strongest type of intermolecular bond
• Type of dipole-dipole bond
• Exist between hydrogen on one molecule bonding with one three elements
on another molecule
• Those three elements are nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine
• Lets look at some examples of hydrogen bonding
Water and Hydrogen Bonds
Water and Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bond Example
Hydrogen Bonding and DNA
• Hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs of DNA together
DNA

Intermolecular Bond Review

Types of Solids
• Crystalline- have a regular repeating pattern (lattice structure)
• Amorphous – random, unorganized pattern
Crystalline Solids
• All have high melting points
• Three types: ionic solids, molecular solids, and atomic solids
Ionic Solids
• Composed of ions (usually a metal paired with a nonmetal or
polyatomic anion)

Molecular Solids
• No ions are present (usually composed of all nonmetals
covalently bonded)

Atomic Solids
• Solids composed of only one element covalently bonded to each
other

Bonding in Solids
• Ionic solids- high melting points, held together by strong oppositely
charged ions/examples include NaCl, BaSO4, NH4F
• Molecular solids- low melting points, held together by weak
intermolecular bonding(dispersion, dipole-dipole)/ examples include ice,
dry ice(solid CO2), sugar
• Atomic solids- lots of variation, properties depend on radius, valence,
electron structure, etc./ examples include diamond, copper, iodine

Amorphous Solids
• No regular repeating pattern
• Don’t hold shape well if temperature is increased
• Examples include tar, wax, plastic, glass, rubber

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/34764229/Solids-and-Liquids