OBERBECK CONVECTION IN CHIRAL FLUID

THROUGH A VERTICAL CHANNEL IN THE

PRESENCE OF TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD
ABSTRACT: Nonlinear oberbeck convection in chiral Boussinesq fluid in a
vertical permeable channel is investigated in this paper in the presence of
transverse magnetic field, convective current and viscous dissipation. The two
boundaries are permeable and assumed to be isothermal kept at different
temperatures. The nonlinear-coupled momentum and energy equations are
solved analytically using regular perturbation method valid for small values of
buoyancy parameter N. The velocity and temperature, mass flow rate and rate
of heat transfer for various values of electromagnetic thermal number W1. We
found that increase W1 increases the velocity and temperature. The effect of
perturbation parameter N is shown to decrease the skin friction heat transfer
and the mass flow rate. These results are useful in effective control of heat
transfer in Biomedical engineering and industrial problems.
 1. INTRODUCTION
Mechanical, electrical and electronic devices give off heat as a byproduct
of power consumption when a device is on or being used. Fans and
regular fluids are used to improve the cooling process, but they increase
the device weight, size and bulk. These days the industries are continue
to churn out miniature and portable devices for this purpose. Therefore,
manufactures are challenged to find new ways to combat the persistence
problem of thermal management. In addition, miniaturization has an
increasing importance in many fields in the present day modern
technological world. As devices continued to decrease in dimension,
there is a growing need to miniature devices with thermal management
application. When reduced to submillimeter size, the integrity of the
material typically used for cooling structure breaks down, materials like
silicon become very brittle and easily shatters, while metallic structure
used become bendable and weak. Therefore, there is an urgent need of
suitable materials to overcome the above deficiencies.
At present nano and smart materials are becoming popular for use in
overcoming the above deficiencies. Apart from using this novel
material, we can note that chiral material, solid or fluid, can also be used
for the above purpose. The literature reveals that solid chiral material
have been used to manufacture devices like antennas, but not much
attention has been given to chiral fluids like turpentine, sugarcane
solution used in sugar industries, body fluids used in designing artificial
body organs, organic substances and so on. By definition chiral material
is one which cannot be brought into congruence by its mirror image by
translation and rotation, i.e. this fluid has the property of handedness,
either left-handed or right- handed, which can be efficiently used for
cooling purposes involving effective heat transfer. This heat transfer
may be due to density changes with temperature, when temperature
gradient is aligned to the direction of gravity, called natural convection.
However, if the temperature gradient is applied perpendicular to gravity,
fluid movement arises instantaneously, due to the generation of vortices
at the boundaries is called oberbeck convection.
Oberbeck convection in ordinary fluid saturated porous media
have been investigated by in the literature [1] and [2]. But to our
knowledge much attention has not been given to the study of
oberbeck convection in chiral fluids through a vertical channel in
spite of its applications in many practical problems sited above.
The study of it, in an incompressible and viscous chiral fluid
incorporating chirality in the electromagnetic field in the presence
of transverse magnetic field, is the objective of this paper. To
achive this objective the plan of it as follows.
 2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

The physical configuration considered in

this paper is shown in Fig.1. It consists of
an infinite vertical permeable channel
bounded on both sides by the rigid
isothermal plates kept at different
temperatures. The temperature of the hotter
and cooler plates respectively T1 and T2. A
transverse magnetic field is applied in y-
direction. Then the required basic equations
for an Oberbeck-Boussinesq chiral fluid in
the absence of displacement current:
Fig. 1 Physical configuration of flow
 r r r
∇.q = 0 ρ = ρ 0 [1 − βT ( T − T0 )] Dq ∂q
=
Dt ∂t
r r
+ ( q.∇ ) q

DT
ρc p = K ∇ 2T + µ∇ q 2
Dt
r ur ur ur
Dq 2r
ρ0 =−∇p+ρg +µ∇ q+ J ×B
Dt
These have to be supplemented with the conservation of charges
and Maxwell’s equations for chiral fluids
∂ρe r r
+ ( q.∇ ) ρ e + ∇.J = 0
∂t
r
r r ∂B r r r
∇ ⋅ D = ρe ,∇ × E = − ,∇ × H = J , ∇gB = 0
∂t
 The constitutive equations for chiral fluids are

r r r r r r
D = eE + i?B , B = µ H − i µ ? E
where, is the chirality coefficient, the magnetic permeability, the
dielectric constant, re the density of charges and is for convective
current. To simplify the problem we assume fully developed,
unidirectional flow in the x-direction, so that the velocity and
temperature are independent of x and t and function of y only. Then
using these approximations in equation (2.2a) and (2.2b) and
making dimensionless using the scales b for length for re, for
velocity, for temperature, we get
2
d 2u d 2θ  d u 
2
+ θ + W 1 = 0 , 2
+ N   = 0
d y d y  d y 
 where are the electromagnetic thermal number, and the Buoyancy
parameter, together with the boundary conditions
u = 0 at y = ±1, θ = 1at y = 1, θ = −1 at y = −1 (2.6)
and the analytical solution of (2.5a) and (2.5b) are obtained.

3. ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS
Analytical solutions of equation (2.5 a, b) are obtained using perturbation
technique. u = u + Nu + N 2u + ..............
0 1 2

θ = θ 0 + Nθ1 + N 2θ 2 + ..............
with N as the perturbation parameter and satisfying boundary conditions
(2.6)

Y3 Y 2 Y w1 Y8 Y7 Y6 Y5 3 Y2
u0 = − + w1 + + , u1 = +W1 + a1 +W1 +Y a1 − A6 + A7Y + A8
6 2 6 2 6720 840 360 360 2
 Y6 Y5 Y 4 Y3 Y
θ0 = Y , θ1 = − − W1 − a1 − W1 − + A5Y + A6
120 20 12 18 36
The velocity (u) and temperature (?) can be obtained as above and
using (3.1), up to order N

4. SKIN FRICTION AND RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER

In many practical applications involving separation of flow it is

advantages to know the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer
at the boundaries. The skin friction t at the walls is in
dimensionless form using the scale ρ gβb∆T for t ’ and using the
scales for u and y used earlier, and using (3.1a) we get

τ = ( du0 / dy) y=±1 + N ( du1 / dy) y=±1

Similarly, the rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the plate is
given by q ' = − k ( ∂ θ / ∂ y ) y making
=±b this dimensionless using − K ∆T for heat
flux is expressed in terms of the Nusselt number and using (3.1a) we
get

N u = ( dθ 0 / dy ) y =±1 + N ( dθ1 / dy ) y =±1

If mf denotes the mass flow rate per unit channel width in the
b
presence of dissipation, then m = f ∫
ρ u d y 0
− b

The t , Nu and mf are computed for different values of N and

W1 the results depicted graphically in Fig 4 to 6.
 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The analytical solution obtained for velocity and temperature for
different values of W1 and the results are depicted graphically in
figure 2, for velocity and figure 3, for temperature. From figure 2, we
found that the effect of increase in the values of W1 increases the
velocity profile. Form figure 3, we found that an increase in W1
increases temperature of the system. The skin friction is drawn in
figure 4, for different values of W1 and N. we found that the skin
friction at hoter plate increases with W1 and decreases with an
increase in N. The rate of heat transfer is predicted in figure 5, for
different values of W1 and N and we found that increase in W1
increases the heat transfer at hot plate while increase in N reduces the
heat transfer. The mass flow rate is depicted in figure 6 for different
values of W1 and N and we found the increase in W1 and N decrease
the mass flow rate. From the results obtained we conclude that the
applied magnetic field in chiral fluid controls the heat transfer, which
is very useful in manufacture of artificial organs and mechanical,
electrical and electronic devices.
 35 W 1 =50

30

W 1 =40
25
Velocity u

20

15
W 1 =25

W 1 =20
10

5
W 1 =10

0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Y

Fig 2: Velocity profiles of various w1and N=0.1

 22
W1=50
20

18

16

14 W1=40

Temperature
12

10

6 W1=25
4 W1=20
2
W1=10
0

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Y

Fig. 3: Temperature profiles for various w1 and N=0.1

 180

160

140

120
N=0.05
100
Skin Friction

N=0.1
80

60

40

20

0 20 40 60 80 100
W1

Fig. 4: Skin friction of various values of w1

 350

300

250
Rate of heattransfer
200
N=0.05
150 N=0.1

100

50

0 20 40 60 80 100
W1

Fig. 5:Rate of heat transfer for various w1

 200

N=0.05

150
Mass flow rate

N=0.1

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
W1

Figure 6: Mass flow Rate for various w1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is sponsored by ISRO under research project under Respond No.
ISRO/RES/2/335/2007-2008. Also the work of Nagaraju is supported by
Siddaganga Institute of Technology (SIT), Tumkur and I am grateful to Prof.
M. N. Channabasappa, Director, Prof. Basavarajaiah, Dean(planning) ,and
Prof. S. M. Shashidhara ,Principal, SIT, Tumkur for their encouragement.
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