10 Motor Protection 1

Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Motor Protection
Basic Protective Relaying
Ed Khan
Proprietary and confidential

1
Motor Protection
Types of Failures
Before we get into the protection of motors:
It is important to understand the types of

failures motors can be subjected to and their
probabilities:
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Basic Protective Relaying Seminar Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management 2
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Motor Protection
Overload 30%
Contamination 18%
Single Phasing 15%
Bearing Failure 12%
Aging 10%
Rotor Fault 5%
Miscellaneous 10%
Source: ERA of UK
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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Dramatic improvement has been made

in the weight to Horse Power ratio.
Ratio is getting even better
Hence motors are much lighter.

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
This means the motor mass is smaller and
consequently the thermal constants are lower.
This means:
Motor heats up faster and overload capability is lower

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Why can’t we protect motors using simple bi-metal
type of relay in all instances:
It is still a reasonable method under steady state

conditions;
Motor starts cold runs at nearly constant load until
an emergency causes a trip.

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Bimetallic relays cannot duplicate transient and
cyclic conditions.
We need more detailed algorithm to adequately

Protect the motor under overload

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Non-organic insulating material such as glass fiber
And silicone resins provide lot of benefits:
Higher dielectric strength
Higher operating temperature
More HP per pound
Etc.

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Non-organic insulating material however do not take

as much abuse as the older insulating material like
cotton and varnish.

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Prolonged overloads
Stalling
Too frequent starting
We need good TRACKING of TEMPERATURE

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Motor does not have one temperature:
There is a temperature spectrum:
Stator slots
Stator iron
End Rings

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Motor Protection
Some Facts:
Synchronous motor protection as far as stator winding
is the same as induction motor

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Motor Protection
Motor Protection depends on the size

and rated voltage
Low Voltage
Motor
Protection
Across the line magnetic motor starter

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Motor Protection
Motor Protection depends on the size
and rated voltage
Low Voltage
Motor
Protection
Reversing across the line magnetic motor starter

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Motor Protection
Smaller Motors have more thermal capacity than

larger motors.
Hence, we need more elaborate protection schemes

to protect these larger motors.

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Motor Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Phase fault in the motor
circuit has to be removed
quick.
I >>
Or ANSI 50 It must distinguish between
Starting current and a
Short circuit
If starting current
approaches short circuit level
differential protection is applied
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Motor Protection
General Rule of thumb:
If motor KVA (or approx.

HP) = 50% of the transformer
KVA, Phase instantaneous
will work
I >>
Or ANSI 50

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Motor Protection
Set I>> >1.6 I LR
and < 33% of I 3ph
Time
I >>
or ANSI 50
I LR I>>
Current
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Motor Protection
Differential Protection
R
Motor
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Motor Protection
Differential Protection
Conventional
Id
Biased Differential Ir
Relay Differential normally applied
On 1500 HP and > motors
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Motor Protection
Overload and Locked Rotor Protection
Typical Motor Damage
Curve or Thermal
Capability
Time
Locked Rotor
Capability
Typical
Starting Current in Multiples of FLA
characteristic

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Motor Protection
Protection Engineer needs
To know:
¾Full load current
¾Permissible continuous allowable temperature rise
¾Locked Rotor Current and permissible maximum time at
that current

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Motor Protection
Three parts of the curve:
¾Lower part is rotor limited

Locked Rotor
¾Middle portion is the acceleration
Time
Capability
thermal part of the curve
¾The upper section relates to normal
overload when the motor is running
normally.
Current in Multiples of FLA

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Motor Protection
Locked Rotor Protection
A rotating motor dissipates far more heat than a motor at
Standstill because the cooling medium flows easily.
Hence motor starting is a very high duty situation.
Motors have a locked rotor capability in seconds—This is the

time you can allow the motor to remain in locked rotor
condition.
10-50 times more heat generated during stalled condition

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Motor Protection
This is the simple way of protecting the motor against
Overload
There are three parts of the motor capability
Curve:
The upper part is the capability under normal
Running overload
The middle part is the capability during motor
Time
acceleration
Protective Relay Locked Rotor Capability
Characteristics

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Motor Protection
This is the simple way of protecting the motor against
Overload
Typical Motor Damage
Curve or Thermal
Capability
Time
Protective Relay Locked Rotor Capability

Characteristics

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Motor Protection
RTDs
Embedded winding RTDs are very useful in monitoring

the temperature of the windings.
These trip independently of the other relays
Except in Numerical relays where the information

from the RTDs is used in the calculation of the
overall thermal condition of the motor.

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Motor Protection
NUMERICAL RELAY ALGORITHM
Numerical Relays have made significant improvement
To motor protection especially the overload protection.
The protection we looked at is static in nature—

No real time adjustments
Numerical relays provide real time adjustments

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Motor Protection
NUMERICAL RELAY ALGORITHM
Numerical motor protection relays are of many
Types and have different algorithms:
However, all of these address the basic short comings

Of static monitoring of the motor thermal condition.

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Motor Protection
NUMERICAL RELAY ALGORITHM.
4 Basic items considered are:
¾Thermal model curve that can be shifted up and down

based on motor thermal condition
¾Overload pickup level
¾Motor cooling time constants
¾Biasing of the thermal model based on hot cold
information and or measured stator temperature

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Motor Protection
Thermal Capacity Used is a very important

concept:
The relay calculates the thermal capacity of the motor that

has been used up. If zero capacity is left, the motor
will be shut off while running or will not be allowed
to be started if it is at standstill.

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Motor Protection
Thermal Capacity Used is a very important

concept:
The algorithm uses memory in the form of a register

Called Thermal Capacity Used.
This register is updated every power cycle using
has been used up. If zero capacity is left, the motor
will be shut off while running or will not be allowed
to start.

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Motor Protection
Another useful feature of numerical relays is its

ability to remember how long it takes for a motor
to start.
It keeps a record of last 4-5 starts and uses
the largest value as the starting time.

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Motor Protection
Load-Jam Protection
This protection comes into play when the
driven load get jammed.
When this happens we have a locked rotor

condition.
The setting for this element is in current
Set at a little less than Locked rotor setting

and an appropriate delay.
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Motor Protection
Load Loss Protection
With no PTS present, this protection is based

only on current levels.
When the load is lost current levels go down

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Motor Protection
Set it at >no load motor current but < normal

motor load current.
Appropriate delay needs to be provided.
This delay has to be greater than starting time
of the driven load

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Motor Protection
If Pts are applied at the motor terminal or the

bus feeding the motor, power can be used
as a monitored quantity instead of current

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Motor Protection
Current Unbalance Protection
If the terminal voltage is unbalanced, the

Current flowing in the motor will be unbalanced
Unbalanced currents contain negative sequence

Currents
Lot of heating!!!!!

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Motor Protection
In thermal models used by numerical relays

Heating due to negative sequence is accounted for
However, some users prefer a separate current
balance protection

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Motor Protection
There are two ways in which relays

Can calculate the unbalance:
If average current is greater than motor rated full load current

% unbalance= 100 X (I dev –I average)/ I average
Where Idev is the phase current which has the largest deviation
From I average.

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Motor Protection
If average current is less than the motor rated full load current
% unbalance= 100 X (I dev –I average)/ I FLA
From I average and IFLA is motor rated full load current

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Motor Protection
If average current is less than the motor rated full load current
% unbalance= 100 X (I dev –I average)/ I FLA
From I average and IFLA is motor rated full load current

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Motor Protection
If motor current is below 20%-25% of the motor rated current

this function is automatically disabled by the numerical relays

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Motor Protection
Typically 6% unbalance current flows in the motor if the

Voltage unbalance is 1%.
So if at your facility the voltage unbalance is 2% set the

Function at >12%.
A typical setting of 14% alarm and 20% trip is good

Alarm delay could be set at 9 seconds
Trip delay at 4-5 seconds is a good setting

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Motor Protection
If motor current is below 20%-25% of the motor rated current

this function is automatically disabled by the numerical relays

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Motor Protection
Ground fault protection

Remove motor as quickly
as possible to limit damage
400 A
Ig>>

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Motor Protection
Two prong SOLUTION:
Use fast acting relay
Use low resistance grounding
At the source transformer
400 A
Ig>>

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Motor Protection
Core Balance CT
R
S
T

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Motor Protection
Bearing RTD is a useful tool

to monitor the temperature
of the bearing

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Motor Protection
Reactive Power Monitoring
You can monitor reactive power

in and out of the motor in the case
of synchronous motors and this
can be used to detect loss of
synchronism or loss of field
conditions

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Thank You
Any Questions?

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Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

Proprietary and confidential

Before we get into the protection of motors:

It is important to understand the types of

– Proprietary & Confidential

Dramatic improvement has been made

Ratio is getting even better

Hence motors are much lighter.

– Proprietary & Confidential

– Proprietary & Confidential

It is still a reasonable method under steady state

– Proprietary & Confidential

We need more detailed algorithm to adequately

– Proprietary & Confidential

– Proprietary & Confidential

Non-organic insulating material however do not take

– Proprietary & Confidential

We need good TRACKING of TEMPERATURE

– Proprietary & Confidential

There is a temperature spectrum:

– Proprietary & Confidential

– Proprietary & Confidential

Motor Protection depends on the size

Across the line magnetic motor starter

Reversing across the line magnetic motor starter

Smaller Motors have more thermal capacity than

Hence, we need more elaborate protection schemes

– Proprietary & Confidential

If motor KVA (or approx.

– Proprietary & Confidential

– Proprietary & Confidential

– Proprietary & Confidential

¾Lower part is rotor limited

Current in Multiples of FLA

– Proprietary & Confidential

Hence motor starting is a very high duty situation.

Motors have a locked rotor capability in seconds—This is the

– Proprietary & Confidential

Current in Multiples of FLA

Protective Relay Locked Rotor Capability

Current in Multiples of FLA

Embedded winding RTDs are very useful in monitoring

Except in Numerical relays where the information

– Proprietary & Confidential

The protection we looked at is static in nature—

Numerical relays provide real time adjustments

– Proprietary & Confidential

However, all of these address the basic short comings

– Proprietary & Confidential

4 Basic items considered are:

¾Thermal model curve that can be shifted up and down

– Proprietary & Confidential

Thermal Capacity Used is a very important

The relay calculates the thermal capacity of the motor that

– Proprietary & Confidential

Thermal Capacity Used is a very important

The algorithm uses memory in the form of a register

– Proprietary & Confidential

Another useful feature of numerical relays is its

– Proprietary & Confidential

When this happens we have a locked rotor

Set at a little less than Locked rotor setting