3.application of Dist Prot With KD Appendix

Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Application of Distance Protection
Jay Gosalia
Vice President of Marketing
Doble Engineering Company
Distance Protection
¾ 3 Zones of protection
¾ Zone 1 operates with no intentional time
delay
¾ Zone 2 provides back up protection to Zone
1 and operates with some time delay
¾ Zone 3 typically has offset characteristic
and has a time delay longer then Zone 2
¾ Zone 2 and Zone 3 are used in pilot
scheme if employed
for Energy Delivery
General Application Rules
A B C D
Zone 3
Zone 2
Time
Zone 1
Zone11protects
¾¾ Zone protects80-85%
80-85%of ofline
linelength
lengthABAB
Zone22protects
¾¾ Zone protectsline
lineAB
AB++50%
50%of ofline
lineBC
BC
Zone33Protects
¾¾ Zone ProtectsABAB++Line
LineBCBC++20-30%
20-30%ofofline
lineCD
CD++20-30%
20-30%
ofline
of linebehind
behindterminal
terminalAA
for Energy Delivery
Reach Setting Criteria : Zone 1
A B C D
Zone 1
¾ Zone 1 should never over reach for the faults on or

beyond remote terminal
Considering 5% accuracy of CTs and PTs maximum
reach of Zone 1 can be 90% of line length AB
Considering accuracy of Zone 1 protection 5% and safety
margin of 5% Zone 1 reach can be 80% of the line length.
In some instances based on the previous practices Zone
1 is set to 90% of line length
It is safe to set Zone 1 reach 80% of line length in general
for Energy Delivery
Zone 1: Requirements
A B C D
Zone 1
¾ Should cover the protected circuit and should

provide good fault resistance coverage
¾ Fast operation for limiting the system disturbance
¾ Directional discrimination for security and reliability
for Energy Delivery
Reach Setting Criteria : Zone 2
A B C D
Zone 2
¾ Zone 2 should always over reach for the faults on or

beyond remote terminal
Zone 2 should always reach beyond the remote terminal and
cover at least 50% of next line section
Zone 2 time delay should be larger then the operating time
of Protection + CB (at terminal C of line CD) + safety margin
• Breaker fail timer co ordination is required
Zone 2 is used in the pilot aided trip scheme to provide
instantaneous protection for faults anywhere on line BC
for Energy Delivery
Zone 2 Time Delay : Criteria
A B C D
1 2 3 4 5 6
Zone 2
¾ Determine Zone 2 time if Breaker fail protection is employed

Breaker fail protection clears the fault by tripping back up breaker if
the primary breaker fails to clear the fault after the protection trip
¾ For fault on line CD, protection at breaker 5 will see the fault and
issues a trip command to breaker 5 and at the same time initiates
breaker fail protection
If breaker 5 trip it resets the breaker fail protection
The fault is seen by the protection at breaker 3, in Zone 2.
If breaker 5 fails then Breaker fail protection trip all breakers at bus C
¾ What should be the Zone 2 time delay for protection at breaker 3?
for Energy Delivery
Breaker Fail Scheme
¾ Breaker fail scheme principle
Consists of a timer, high speed pick up/drop out over
current protection and lock out protection
Some time re-trip protection is employed
Needs 52a breaker input to sense breaker status
¾ When protection operates it initiates breaker fail
scheme
Timer is starts and seals in with the high speed over
current protection
Issues re trip command to second trip coil of the breaker
If breaker trips then 52a resets the timer and at the same
time over current protection.
If breaker fails to trip then timer times out and picks up lock
out protection to trip the back up breakers connected to the
bus
for Energy Delivery
Breaker Fail Protection Logic
62X
62Y
OR
AND Timer 86
50
for Energy Delivery
Timing Diagram : Normal Operation
Drop out time

Protection
Of current prot : 1 Cy.
Trip: 1Cy.
Operating Margin: 5 Cy.
Time of CB: 2Cy.
Breaker fail timer time delay : 7 Cy.
Breaker fail protection start
for Energy Delivery
Timing Diagram : Failed CB
Drop out time

Protection
Of current prot : 1 Cy.
Trip: 1Cy.
Operating Margin: 5 Cy.
Time of CB: 2Cy.
Breaker fail timer time delay : 7 Cy. Operating Margin

Breaker fail Time of CB: 2 Cy. 7 Cy.
Breaker fail protection start Protection trip : 0.5 Cy
Remote Zone 2 Back up protection operation time :say 20 Cy.
for Energy Delivery
Reach Criteria Zone 3
¾ Zone 3 is a back up protection and last resort for the
isolation of the fault if everything fails
¾ Time Delayed protection. Time delay is longer then
Zone 2 delay
¾ When a very long line is following the short line Zone
3 reach may be very long
Can interfere with load on the line
Lens characteristic is a potential solution
¾ It is used in the pilot aided protection when blocking
scheme is employed to detect the fault direction
¾ Typically set in the offset mode to cover the reverse
fault
for Energy Delivery
Zone 3 : Load Encroachment
Load
for Energy Delivery
Zone 1 Reach : 3 Terminal Line
X Ix Ix + Iy Z
d
Iy
Faultvoltage
Fault voltageatatXX==VVF==Ix*Z
Ix*ZF++Iy* Iy*(1-d)Z
(1-d)ZF
F F F
Fault current at X =
Fault current at X = IxIx
ApparentImpedance
Apparent Impedanceat atXX=V=VF/I/IF==VVF/Ix
/Ix=Z
=ZF++Iy/Ix
Iy/Ix(1-d)Z
(1-d)ZF
F F F F F
Additional impedance due to in feed = Iy/Ix
Additional impedance due to in feed = Iy/Ix (1-d)ZFF (1-d)Z
Faultwill
Fault willbe
beseen
seenfarther:
farther:Protection
Protectionwill willnot
nottrip
trip
for Energy Delivery
Zone 1 Reach : 3 Terminal Line
X Ix Z
F
Let’sSet
Let’s Setthe
thereach
reachconsidering
consideringmaximum
maximumininfeedfeedso
soprotection
protectiontrips
trips
Nowsay
Now saybreaker
breakerat atYYisisout
outfor
formaintenance
maintenance
Nowthe
Now thefault
faultininthe
thenext
nextline
linesection
sectionwill
willbe
beseen
seenas
asinternal
internal
Protectionwill
Protection willtrip
tripfor
forthe
theexternal
externalfault
fault
for Energy Delivery
Rules for Zone 1 and Zone 2 Reach
¾ Zone 1 should never overreach and Zone 2 should

always over reach the remote terminal
¾ For 3 terminal line set the
Zone 1 Reach
• As if there is no in feed
• Set the Zone 1 only up to tap point
Zone 2 Reach
• Set the Zone 2 reach considering maximum in feed
¾ General rule and good practice for Zone 1
Its better not to trip for an internal fault then to trip for the
external fault
for Energy Delivery
Phase to Phase Fault
A
Zs B
G
C
¾ Phase to phase fault MHO is an ideal characteristic

Fault resistance is arc resistance
Fault current = V/(Zs+ZL+ Rarc)
Arc resistance inversely proportional to current and directly
proportional to line spacing
• Rarc = (8750 * L)/ I1.4
For strong source: lower Zs, creates high fault current,
produces lower arc resistance
For weak source : higher Zs, creates lower fault current,
produces higher arc resistance
For phase to phase fault MHO characteristic adjusts based
on the source impedance
for Energy Delivery
Arc Resistance
for Energy Delivery
Phase to Phase Fault: Fault Resistance
¾ Phase-Phase faults
consist only of arc
resistance
¾ Earth faults consist of
arc and tower footing
resistance
for Energy Delivery
Arc resistance Coverage
ZR ZR
Rarc Rarc
Zs Zs
Strongsource,
Strong source,Lower
LowerZs,
Zs,smaller
smallerRarc,
Rarc,lower
lowerexpansion
expansion==Good
GoodRarc
Rarccoverage
coverage
Weaksource,
Weak source,Higher
HigherZs,
Zs,larger
largerRarc,
Rarc,higher
higherexpansion
expansion==Good
GoodRarc
Rarccoverage
coverage
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing
¾ Variation in power flow
Sudden removal of fault
Loss of synchronism between ends of power system
Change in the direction of power flow
¾ Protection on the system may see the impendence
moving from load condition to its operating zone.
¾ During transient condition Protection should not trip
¾ Only protection that requires system disconnection
at suitable point should trip
¾ To prevent tripping some type of sensing need to
be employed to distinguish between power swing
and actual fault
¾ Requires Power Swing Blocking Protection
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing
A I B
EA ZsA ZL ZsB EB
E 21
Power Flow
¾Power
¾ Flow from
from AA to
to BB
EAleads
EA leadsEB
EBby
byangle
angle δδ
Total impedance
¾Total
¾ impedance :: Z=ZSA
Z=ZSA +ZL+ZSB
+ZL+ZSB
Current II == (EA-EB)/Z
¾Current
¾ (EA-EB)/Z
Voltage EE at
¾Voltage
¾ at the
the Relay
Relay == EA-I*ZSA
EA-I*ZSA
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing : Normal Condition
I B
EA ZsA ZL ZsB EB
ZR=E / I
E 21
EA
EA - EB
I I*ZSA
E
δ
EA - EB
EB
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing : Abnormal Condition
I B
EA ZsA ZL ZsB EB
ZR’=E’ / I
E I
21
ZR’isismuch
¾¾ ZR’ muchsmaller
smallerthen
thenZR
ZR
E’isissmall
E’ small
EA
I*ZSA EA-EBisislarge
EA-EB largedue
duelarge
largeδδ
E’ EA - EB
δ
EB
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing
EA
I*ZSA
E’ EA - EB
EA δ
EA - EB EB
I I*ZSA
E
δ
EA - EB
EB
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing : Locus
X ZSB
PSB
Z
P.S. LOCUS
ZL LOAD
O
R
ZSA
for Energy Delivery
MHO Characteristic : Power Swing
X ZSB
P.S. LOCUS
ZL LOAD
ZSA
for Energy Delivery
QUAD Characteristic : Power Swing
X ZSB
P.S. LOCUS
ZL LOAD
ZSA
for Energy Delivery
Switch ON to Fault
¾ Ensures inst. Trip under switch on to fault condition when

line is energized with earthing clamps connected to
breaker terminals
¾ Need for SOTF
Protection against close up 3 Phase Faults when line
VTs are used
When used with Bus PT pre fault memory polarization
can provide tripping through distance protection
for Energy Delivery
Distance Protection: Switch ON to
Fault
for Energy Delivery
Distance Protection: VT Supervision
¾Condition shall be Detected when;

¾3Vo > 20% of VN (L-N) & 3Io < 20% of IN
¾FUSE FAILURE WILL CAUSE VOLTAGE UNBALANCEAND HENCE VO(V2) BUT

NO CURRENT UNBALANCE IO(I2)
¾UNBALANCED FAULTS CAUSE BOTH VOLTAGE/CURRENT

UNBALANCE,PREVENTING VTS OPERATION
¾FUSE FAIL SUPERVISION IS BLOCKED FOR 150 TO 300ms FOLLOWING LINE

ENERGIZATION IN ORDER NOT TO OPERATE FOR UNEQUAL POLE CLOSING &
ALSO DURING AUTO-RECLOSING
for Energy Delivery
Distance Protection: Setting Criteria
for Energy Delivery
for Energy Delivery
for Energy Delivery
for Energy Delivery
for Energy Delivery
PERMISSIVE OVERREACHING SCHEMES ARE
ADOPTED FOR SHORT LINES ( ALSO CALLED
DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON SCHEMES) ADVANTAGES
ARE;
¾ BETTER PERFORMANCE FOR HIGH RESISTANCE

FAULTS.
¾ SUPERIOR TO PILOT WIRE AS DIGITAL DECISIONS

ARE EXCHANGED AND NOT ANALOGUE
¾ SUPERIOR TO PHASE COMPARISON WHICH

REQUIRES FAITHFUL TRANSMISSION OF PHASE
INFORMATION.
for Energy Delivery
¾Communication signal is sent to remote

end when the fault is detected in the reverse
direction. Tripping is achieved when this
blocking signal is not received within a time
T0 (20-40 ms) and the local relay has
detected a fault in the forward direction.
for Energy Delivery
for Energy Delivery
¾ BLOCKING SCHEMES ARE USED WHEN

COMMUNICATION SIGNALS SHALL NOT
BE TRANSMITTED OVER FAULTY LINE
FOR RELIABILITY REASONS
for Energy Delivery
for Energy Delivery

3.application of Dist Prot With KD Appendix

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3.application of Dist Prot With KD Appendix

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Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

Application of Distance Protection

¾ Zone 1 should never over reach for the faults on or

¾ Should cover the protected circuit and should

¾ Zone 2 should always over reach for the faults on or

¾ Determine Zone 2 time if Breaker fail protection is employed

Drop out time

Breaker fail timer time delay : 7 Cy.

Breaker fail protection start

Drop out time

Breaker fail timer time delay : 7 Cy. Operating Margin

Remote Zone 2 Back up protection operation time :say 20 Cy.

¾ Zone 1 should never overreach and Zone 2 should

¾ Phase to phase fault MHO is an ideal characteristic

¾ Ensures inst. Trip under switch on to fault condition when

¾Condition shall be Detected when;

¾FUSE FAILURE WILL CAUSE VOLTAGE UNBALANCEAND HENCE VO(V2) BUT

¾UNBALANCED FAULTS CAUSE BOTH VOLTAGE/CURRENT

¾FUSE FAIL SUPERVISION IS BLOCKED FOR 150 TO 300ms FOLLOWING LINE

¾ BETTER PERFORMANCE FOR HIGH RESISTANCE

¾ SUPERIOR TO PILOT WIRE AS DIGITAL DECISIONS

¾ SUPERIOR TO PHASE COMPARISON WHICH

¾Communication signal is sent to remote

¾ BLOCKING SCHEMES ARE USED WHEN

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