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Assignment
of

Organizational Behavior

Submitted To:

Sir Waliullah

By: Jahangir Akbar Arbani

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Theories of Personality

Personality Type refers to the psychological classification of

different types of people. Personality types are distinguished
from personality traits, which come in different levels or
degrees. For example, according to type theories, there are two
types of people, introverts and extraverts. According to trait
theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous
dimension, with many people in the middle. The idea of
psychological types originated in the theoretical work of Carl
Jung and William Marston, whose work is reviewed in Dr. Travis
Bradberry's The Personality Code. Jung's seminal 1921 book on
the subject is available in English as Psychological Types.

The model is an older and more theoretical approach to

personality, accepting extraversion and introversion as basic
psychological orientations in connection with two pairs of
psychological functions:
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Perceiving functions: sensing and intuition (trust in concrete,

sensory-oriented facts vs. trust in abstract concepts and
imagined possibilities)

Judging functions: thinking and feeling (basing decisions

primarily on logic vs. considering the effect on people).

Type theories

Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types

of people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits,
which come in different levels or degrees. For example, according to type
theories, there are two types of people, introverts and extraverts.
According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a
continuous dimension, with many people in the middle. The idea of
psychological types originated in the theoretical work of Carl Jung and
William Marston, whose work is reviewed in Dr. Travis Bradberry's O

  . Jung's seminal 1921 book on the subject is available in English
as
 

 .

Building on the writings and observations of Jung, during World War II,
Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katharine C. Briggs, delineated
personality types by constructing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This
model was later used by David Keirsey with a different understanding from
Jung, Briggs and Myers.In the former Soviet Union, Lithuanian Aušra
Augustinavičiūtė independently derived a model of personality type from
Jung's called Socionics.

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 hand, tended to be relaxed, less
competitive, and lower in risk. There was also a Type AB mixed
profile. Dr. Redford Williams, cardiologist at Duke University,
refuted Friedman's theory that Type A personalities have a higher
risk of coronary heart disease; however, current research
indicates that only the hostility component of Type A may have
health implications. Type A/B theory has been extensively
criticized by psychologists because it tends to oversimplify the
many dimensions of an individual's personality.

Dr. William Moulton Marston was a member of the bar (New York)
as well as a psychologist and took his doctorate and law degrees
from Harvard. He is acknowledged by most as the inventor of the
lie detector. He invented (1915) the systolic blood pressure test
for deception (first published in 1917). A committee of
prominent psychologists gave Marston·s deception test a 97
percent reliable rating.

The interesting thing about his work with researching ´liesµ he

interviewed 4200 criminals in Texas penitentiaries and found only
three of them who believed themselves to be dishonest!
Marston stated that when the lie detector has convinced a
criminal (consciously or subconsciously) that he can no longer lie,
it becomes easy to break down that criminal·s habits of lying and
build up, instead, mental habits of telling the truth. It then
followed that the ultimate use of the lie detector was not for
crime detection but for crime elimination by changing criminals
into honest individuals.
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Marston worked on the Carl Jung Reaction Time Test and proved
it was not reliable for determining deception. This proves that
Marston was well aware of Carl Jung·s work that is the
foundation of the Meyers-Briggs test, and probably why Marston
never endorsed Carl Jung·s work in his book Emotions of Normal
People?

Marston said, ´Only the truth can bring about a real emotional
adjustmentµ. The lie detector test offers a new tool to
consulting psychologists in making personality adjustments. He
wrote articles on how to apply the lie detector test to marital,
social and personality adjustments.

All of this said it simply goes to prove ´you never find yourself
until you face the truthµ

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