ME 335 (HEAT TRANSFER), FALL 2007, FINAL EXAM, SOLUTION

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan

PROBLEM 1 (30%)

GIVEN:
The exposed human leg, in standing position, losses heat by surface convection (thermobuoyant flow)
and surface radiation. Model the leg as a uniform-temperature cylinder of diameter D and length L, Figure
Pr.1, in a room with air at Tf,∞ and the radiation surroundings (representing wall to wall windows in a cold
outdoor condition) at Ts . For leg, the metabolic heat generation rate is Ṡr,c .
Ṡr,c = 15 W, D = 12 cm, L = 40 cm, Tf,∞ = 25◦C, and Ts = 15◦C. Assume blackbody surfaces, use air
properties at 300 K. Assume no heat losses at both ends. Use (6.89) which is for laminar flow only, for
hNuiL .
SKETCH:
Figure Pr.1(a) shows a human leg model [(i) without clothing (ii) with clothing] exposed to air and
radiation surroundings, loses heat by the thermobuoyant flow surface convection and by surface radiation.

(i) No Clothing (ii) With Clothing

Surroundings, Ts Surroundings, Ts

L L Clothing
u f , ∞ = 0, T f , ∞ Tl u f , ∞ = 0, T f , ∞

Tl '
Leg Model
g g

D l D
Figure Pr.1(a) A human leg model [(i) without clothing (ii) with clothing] exposed to air and radiation
surroundings, loses heat by the thermobuoyant flow surface convection and by surface radiation.

OBJECTIVE:
(a) Draw the thermal circuit diagram.
(b) Calculate the fraction of heat losses by surface convection and surface radiation.
(c) Redo (b) with a 1 mm thick fabric covering the leg skin, how much do the results in (b) change?

SOLUTION:
(a) Figure Pr.1(b) shows the thermal circuit diagram.

Qr ,l -s
Sɺr , c
Tl Eb,l = (qr ,o ) l Eb, s = (qr ,o ) s Ts
Ql Qs
(Rr,F)l-s

Qku T f ,∞
L

Rku L

Figure Pr.1(b) Thermal circuit diagram.

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(b) From Figure Pr.1(b), the energy equation in a steady-state condition is given as
hQku iL + Qr,l-s = Ṡr,c .
We then evaluate each of the heat transfer terms as

(i) Heat Transfer By Surface Convection:

For the thermobuoyant flow on the cylinder, the surface-convection heat transfer rate is given by (6.49) as
Ts − Tf,∞
hQku iL = Aku hNuiL kf .
L
From Table C.22 for air at Tδ = 300 K, kf = 0.0267 W/m-K, νf = 15.66 × 10−6 m2 /s, and Pr = 0.69,
and treating air as an ideal gas, from (6.77),
βf = 1/Tf = 1/hTf iδ = 1/300 1/K.
The hRaiL from Table 6.5 is given as

gβf (Ts − Tf,∞ )L3

RaL =
νf αf
9.807(m/s2) × 1/300( 1/K) × (T1 − 298.15)(K) × 0.43 (m3 )
=
15.66 × 10−6 (m2 /s) × 22.57 × 10−6 (m2 /s)
= 5.919 × 106 (1/K) × (T1 − 298.15)(K)

For the hNuiD using (6.89), we have

4 0.503 1/4
hNuiL = Ra
3 [1 + (0.492/Pr)9/16 ]4/9 L
4 0.503
= × [5.919 × 106 × (Tl − 298.15)]1/4
3 [1 + (0.492/0.69)9/16]4/9
= 25.31 × (Tl − 298.15)1/4 .
Then, we have

π × 0.12.4 × 25.31 × (Tl − 298.15)1/4 × 0.0267

hQku iL = × (Tl − 298.15)
0.4
= 0.2548 × (Tl − 298.15)5/4.
(ii) Heat Transfer By Surface Radiation:
Since the leg is modeled as a black body, and the area of the radiation surrounding is very large, (Rr,ǫ )l = 0,
and (Rr,ǫ )s = 0. The view factor from the leg to the surrounding is Fl-s = 1.
Then, we have
1
Rr,Σ =
Ar,l Fl-s
1
=
1 × π × 0.12 × 0.4(m2 )
2
= 6.631 1/m
Eb,l − Eb,s σSB (Tl4 − Ts4 )
Qr,l-s = =
Rr,Σ Rr,Σ
5.67 × 10−8 (W/m2 -K4 ) × (Tl4 − 298.154)(K4 )
= 2
6.631(1/m )
= 8.551 × 10−9 × (Tl4 − 298.154).

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 Then, the energy equation becomes

0.2548 × (Tl − 298.15)5/4 + 8.551 × 10−9 × (Tl4 − 298.154) = 15.

Using solver, we have

Tl = 303.03 K = 29.88◦C.

Using Tl , the hQku iL , and Qr are

hQku iL = 0.2548 × (303.03 − 298.15)5/4 = 1.848 W,

Qr,l-s = 8.551 × 10−9 × (303.034 − 298.154) = 13.15 W.

The fraction of the surface radiation and the surface convection is

hQku iL 13.15
= = 0.8767,
Ṡr,c 15
hQr,l-s i 1.848
= = 0.1232.
Ṡr,c 15

(c) Figure Pr.1(c) shows the thermal circuit diagram with the fabric.

Qr ,l -′s
Sɺr , c
Tl Rk ,l -l ′ Tl ′ Eb,l′ = (qr ,o ) l′ Eb, s = (qr ,o ) s Ts
Ql Qs
(Rr,F)l-s′

Qku T f ,∞
L

Rku L

Figure Pr.1(c) Thermal circuit diagram with the fabric.

Even though we introduce the extra conduction resistance for the fabric Rk,l-l′ . The total heat flow from
the surface is the same. So, the fraction does not change (except for slight increase in Aku = Ar,l ). The skin
temperature is replaced with fabric outside temperature. Thus, the fraction of the surface radiation and the
surface convection is same as the results in part (b).

hQku iL 13.15
= = 0.8767,
Ṡr,c 15
hQr,l-s i 1.848
= = 0.1232.
Ṡr,c 15

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PROBLEM 2 (40%)

GIVEN:
Water column (circular cylinder with diameter D) flowing from the faucet at temperature T1 = 0◦C and
average velocity uw , freezes under extreme surface-convection conditions (air cross flow uf,∞ and Tf,∞ ), as
shown in Figure Pr.2.
D = 5 mm, uw = 0.01 m/s, uf,∞ = 30 m/s, Tf,∞ = -50◦C.

SKETCH:
Figure Pr.2 shows the tube insulation.

T1 = 0° C

D
L1 uw
Cold Air Stream
u f ,∞ , T f ,∞
L2

Figure Pr.2(a) Cold water flowing out of facet at 0◦C and freezing by extreme surface convection heat
transfer. After complete freezing, the solid matter (ice) continues to cool and approaches the ambient
temperature.

OBJECTIVE:
(a) Draw the thermal circuit diagram for freezing water column.
(b) Calculate the length L1 required for complete freezing of water.
(c) After freezing length, L1 the ice continues to cool and gradually reaches the ambient temperature. Esti-
mate (rough approximation is fine) this ice cooling length L2 , using the results for fins.
(d) If the ice-cooling portion was included in calculation of (b), would L1 change? Give reason.

SOLUTION:
(a) Figure Pr.2(b) shows the thermal circuit diagram.

Sɺls Qku 1-∞

T1 T f ,∞
Q1
Rku D

Figure Pr.2(b) Thermal circuit diagram.

(b) From Figure Pr.2(b), the energy equation in a steady-state condition is given as

hQku i1-∞ = Ṡsl .

From Table C.22 for air at Tδ = (Ts + Tf,∞ )/2 = 248.15 K, kf = 0.0234 W/m-K, νf = 11.28 × 10−6
2
m /s, and Pr = 0.69.

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 For the force surface convection heat transfer rate, the Reynolds number is

huf,∞ iD 30 × 0.005
ReD = = = 1.330 × 104 .
νf 11.28 × 10−6

From Table 6.4, we have a1 = 0.193, and a2 = 0.618. Then,

hNuiD = a1 ReaD2 Pr1/3

= 0.193 × (1.330 × 104 )0.618 × 0.691/3 = 60.31.

The surface convection resistance is

D 0.005
hRku iD = =
Aku hNuiD kf π × 0.005 × L1 × 60.31 × 0.0234
0.2256
= .
L1

T1 − Tf,∞
hQku i1-∞ =
hRku iD
0 − (−50)
= = 221.6 × L1 .
0.2256/L1

From Table 2.1, the freezing rate is given as

Ṡls = −Ṁls ∆hls = Ṁls ∆hsl .

For the water from Table C.6, ∆hsl = 333.6 × 103 J/kg, and for liquid water from Table C.23, ρl = 1, 002
kg/m3 .

Ṁl = Ṁls = ρl uw A = 1, 002(kg/m3) × 0.01(m/s) × π × 0.0052 /4(m2 )

= 1.967 × 10−4 kg/s.

Then, the energy equation becomes

hQku i1-∞ = Ṡls = −Ṁls ∆hls = Ṁls ∆hsl W.

221.6 × L1 = 1.967 × 10−4 × 333.6 × 103 = 65.62 W.
65.62
L1 =
221.6
= 0.2961 m.

(c) Treating the moving ice as quasi steady-state, the frozen ice can be modeled as a fin, since we have
conduction heat transfer through the ice and cooling by the surface convection. For the ice, from Table
C.15, we have ks = 2.3 W/m-K.
The fin efficiency is given by (6.147) as

tanh(mLc )
ηf =
mLc
 1/2
Pku,f hNuiD kf
m = ,
Ak ks D

where
D2
Pku,f = πD, Ak = .
4

5
Then
 1/2
π × 0.005 × 60.31 × 0.0234
m = = 313.3 1/m.
0.25 × π × 0.0052 × 2.3 × 0.005

Note that m is sufficiently large, for low fin efficiency (the tip temperature reaching the ambient temperature)
ηf → 0, from Figure 6.31(a) here we use ηf = 0.1 as an approximate value. Then, from Table 6.7 for ηf , we
have
tanh(mLc ) 1.000
ηf = =
mLc 10.00
Then

mLc = 10
10 10
Lc = = = 0.03191 m = 3.191 cm.
m 313.3
Assuming no heat transfer through the end (at L2 ), we use Lc = L2 .

L2 = Lc = 0.03191 m.

For ηf → 0, L2 becomes larger (for ηf = 0, L2 → ∞), as this is an approximation for L2 . Note that the
temperature of the ice is non-linear along the cylinder axis. If we assume uniform distribution hQku i2-∞ ,
then we can also use

hQku i2-∞ = Ṁs cv,s (0 − Tf,∞ )

221.6 L2 ≃ Ṁl cp,l (0 − Tf,∞ ),

and this gives

L2 = 0.0.

Note that this assumes linear temperature distribution (constant hqku i2-∞ ).

(d) There is heat conduction through the end of L1 into the L2 region. If we add this heat transfer to the
energy equation for L1 , L1 is influenced by L2 region through this conduction. This additional conduction
will decrease L1 . Also, the shorter L2 is, the shorter L1 becomes.

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PROBLEM 3 (25%)

GIVEN:
Trans-Alaska oil pipeline has a metallic inner tube with inside diameter D and wall thickness l1 , covered
by a thick fiberglass insulation l2 , and finally a thin metallic tube (wrapping) protecting the insulation from
the environment, as shown in Figure Pr.3. The extracted oil is warm when pumped (there are a handful of
very large pumps distributed along the long pipeline) into the pipe and remains warm by viscous heating.
The pipeline is suspended, and surrounded by air. Consider a segment of the suspended pipeline, where the
length is L and the inlet temperature is hTf io . The volume flow rate through the pipe is V̇ . Albeit small,
there is heat loss from the oil to the ambient (air cross flow uf,∞ and Tf,∞ ), especially in winter.
D = 1.2 m, l1 = 1.2 cm, l2 = 10 cm, L = 50 km, uf,∞ = 3 m/s, Tf,∞ = −40◦C, hTf io = 50◦C, V̇ = 3.8
3
m /s, and fiberglass insulation conductivity hki = 0.02 W/m-K. Use engine oil properties at 310 K and air
properties at 270 K, and use stainless steel AISI 302 for the inner tube.

SKETCH:
Figure Pr.3(a) shows warm oil losing heat by surface convection flowing through pipeline.

Fiberglass Insulation
Thin Wrapping Tube
Inner Tube

Oil
Tf
o
L
Cold Air Stream u f , ∞ T f , ∞
Fiberglass Insulation Thickenss, l2
Thin Wrapping Tube
Inner Tube Wall Thickness, l1
Inner Tube Diameter, D

Figure Pr.3(a) Warm oil loses heat by surface convection flowing through pipeline.

OBJECTIVE:
(a) Draw the thermal circuit diagram.
(b) Neglect the viscous heating and calculate the oil exit temperature hTf iL .
(c) What should be the viscous heating rate Ṡm,µ , so there will be no oil temperature change?

SOLUTION:
(a) The thermal circuit diagram is shown in Figure Pr.3(b).
(b) For the bounded flow in the pipeline, hRku iD,1 is estimated. From Table C.23 for the oil at T = 310 K,
ρf = 877.8 kg/m3 , kf = 0.145 W/m-K, νf = 417 × 10−6 , Pr = 4,000, and cp,f = 1,950 J/kg-K.

Using V̇ = huf iD,1 A,

V̇ 3.8
huf i = =
Au,1 π × (1.2)2 /4
= 3.360 m/s.

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 T f ,∞

Rku D ,2

T3

Rk ,2-3

T2

Qu L-0 Rk ,1-2

T1

Rku D ,1
Sɺm, μ Control Volume for Part (c)

Qu,0 Qu,L

Tf Tf
0 L
(Mcp)f

Figure Pr.3(b) Thermal circuit model.

huf iD D
ReD,1 =
νf
3.360 × 1.2
= = 9, 669 ≃ 104 assume fully developed turbulent flow.
417 × 10−6
The entrance length using (7.39) is
1/6
Lδ = 4.4ReD D = 4.4 × (9, 669)1/6 × 1.2 = 24.37 m.

and this is much smaller than L, Lδ /L = 4.874×10−4 < 0.1. So we neglect entrance effects. Even though
Pr is lager than 160 for oil, from Table 7.2, we use only the relation for turbulent flows, i.e.,
4/5
hNuiD,1 = 0.023ReD,1 Prn where n = 0.3 for cooling
= 0.023 × (9, 669)4/5 × (4, 000)0.3
= 427.2.

Then,
D 1.2
hRku iD,1 = =
Aku,1 hNuiD,1 kf π × 1.2 × 50 × 103 × 472.2 × 0.145
= 9.298 × 10−8 W/K.

For AISI 302, from Table C.16, ks = 15 W/m-K, and we have from Table 3.2,
0.5 × 1.2 + 0.012
ln(R2 /R1 ) ln( )
Rk,1-2 = = 0.5 × 1.2
2πks L 2π × 15 × 50 × 103
−9
= 4.202 × 10 W/K.

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Similarly for the insulation, we have
0.5 × 1.2 + 0.012 + 0.1
ln(R3 /R2 ) ln( )
Rk,2-3 = = 0.5 × 1.2 + 0.012
2πkL 2π × 0.02 × 50 × 103
−5
= 2.409 × 10 W/K.

From Table C.22 for air at Tδ = 270 K, we have kf = 0.0249 W/m-K, νf = 13.09 × 10−6 m2 /s, and Pr =
0.69. Then
uf,∞ D2 3 × [1.2 + 2 × (0.012 + 0.1)]
ReD,2 = =
νf 13.06 × 10−6
= 3.271 × 105 .

Then, from Table 6.4, we have for cross flow

hNuiD,2 = a1 ReaD2 Pr1/3 ,

where a1 = 0.027, and a2 = 0.805, so hNuiD becomes

hNuiD,2 = 0.027 × (3.271 × 105 )0.805 × (0.69)1/3

= 656.1,

and
D 1.2 + 2 × (0.012 + 0.1)
hRku iD,2 = = (K/W)
Aku,2 hNuiD,2 kf π × [1.2 + 2 × (0.012 + 0.1)] × 50 × 103 × 656.1 × 0.0249
= 3.897 × 10−7 K/W.

Then,

RΣ = hRku iD,1 + Rk,1-2 + Rk,2-3 + hRku iD,2

= 9.298 × 10−8 + 4.202 × 10−9 + 2.409 × 10−5 + 3.897 × 10−7
= 2.458 × 10−5 W/K.

Note that the insulation resistance is dominant.

(Ṁ cp )f = ρf V̇ cp,f
= 877.8 × 3.8 × 1, 950 = 6.505 × 106 K/W.

From (7.74), we have

1 1
NT U = = = 6.254 × 10−3 .
RΣ (Ṁ cp )f 2.459 × 10 × 6.505 × 106
−5

For a single stream, (or from Table 7.7 for Cr = 0, since the outside flow is semi-bounded having infinite
heat capacitance), so no change in Tf,∞ . We have from (7.22),
−3
εhe = 1 − e−N T U = 1 − e−6.254×10
= 6.234 × 10−3 .

hTf iL − hTf i0
εhe =
Ts − hTf i0
hTf iL = εhe × (Ts − hTf i0 ) + hTf i0
= 6.234 × 10−3 × (−40 − 50) + 50 = 49.44◦ C.

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(c) To have no oil temperature change, the viscous heating Ṡm,µ should compensate the heat loss through
the oil pipe line. The energy equation for the entire volume gives, using hTf iL from above,

Ṡm,µ = −hQu iL-0 = −(Ṁ cp )(hTf iL − hTf i0 )

= 3.336 × 103 × 1, 950 × (49.44 − 50)
= 3.643 × 106 W.

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