1.What do you mean by Twisted-pair Cabling ?

A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one
another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and
electromagnetic induction.

2.What is the differnce between Unshielded twisted pair(UTP) and Shielded twisted
pair(STP) ?

The most commonly used form of twisted pair is unshielded twisted pair (UTP). It is just
two insulated wires twisted together. any data communication cables and normal telephone
cables are this type. Shielded twisted pair(STP) differs from UTP in that it has a foil
jacket that helps prevent crosstalk and noise from outside source. In data communications
there is a cable type called FTP (foil shielded pairs) which consists of four twisted pair
inside one common shield (made of aluminium foil).

3.In which OSI layer does a telecom sector stand for ?

4.what is difference between ISDN and ATM?

5.what is tcp/ip?what is the use of tcp/ip

6.why is OSI model layered?

It provides an structural approach to troubleshoot an issue.

7.What is the difference between Client and desktop Operating systems?

desktop operating system is a standalone operating system, able to perform all operations
and requests independently. client o/s cant do that , moreover client uses all s/w via
requests to servers. basically a node connected to server( linux concept). Thanks

8.what is the difference between L3 Switch and Router, If they Perform the same
function why we need both of them?

Layer 3 switches do routing with ASIC chips. Routers do it with a microprocesor and its
associated software. Therefore the Layer 3 switches are much faster than traditional
routers, but cost more. We need them both because in many situations a slow router is
sufficient and cheaper than a gigabit layer 3 switch router.

What is the difference between TCP/IP and NETBEUI protocol?

The main difference is that NetBEUI is a non-routeable protocol so there is no moving

packets from one network to another, TCP/IP on the other hand is routeable so you can
connect multiple networks to share info and Frag!
The internet is basically a bunch of TCP/IP networks connected together!

what is FTP & UDP?

What is the different version of IP?

FTP is simple File Transfer Protocol.

UDP is User Datagram Protocol in which it is not sending the ack.
Different version of IP is IPV6.

What is DHCP Server?

DHCP is used to assign ip address (which are defined in scope only) automatically to the
system in the network. It makes life very much easier than previous WINS Server. And it
also provide Static IPs to whatever server require like DNS FTP. like that.
DHCP mainly used for IP address assigning.

Explain practical uses of Active Directory.

What is printer server?

Active directory As per name its the directory of active objects in you Domain. Active
directory first time introduced in windows 2000 family, In active directory we can
maintain all user records, printer, computer, groups , OU records. through active
directory we can easily maintained or controlled all the domain resources. Active
directory installed when you configure your server as Domain server.

Printer Server ( In My words) On which machine printer attached physically and shared
for everyone and you can speciy permission and priority settings as per environment.
Through printer we can kept records like printing copies per user on many things.

What is Protocol? How many types of Protocols are there?

"Protocol" usually refers to a set of rules that define an exact format for communication
between systems. For example the HTTP protocol defines the format for communication
between web browsers and web servers, the IMAP protocol defines the format for
communication between IMAP email servers and clients, and the SSL protocol defines a
format for encrypted communications over the Internet.

In which layer does RARP work? Why

RARP is Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.

This protocol is working in Datalink layer. Coz it is made so to work, in that layer to find
the DLCI number in a WAN Link.

What do you check first when your network connection is not working?
BIOS
O/P devices
I/P devices?

O/P devices.
In system tray an icon of n/w, will show us a message of Connection Status.

If printing is given Print from two different Computers in a Network Which One Will Be
preference first. Pcs are in domain first.?

Printer is based on spoling which give FCFS(FIRST COME FIRST SERVE) therefore
one who gives his print command first will take the printout first.

Which layer are used in router and switch?

Unmanaged Switch works on Layer - 2

Router works on Layer –3, Routers work in the Network layer.

What is the difference between layer 3 switch and router?

What is the full form of "ping" (network commnd) ?

PING Stands for Packet InterNet Gopher

What is the difference between networking and remote networking?

The main difference between networking and remote n/w, is the network which we use in
offices or other places locally such LAN or INTRANET and remote n/wkg is one in
which we use RAS or TERMINAL Services to communicate with the remote users such
WAN or EXTRANET.

How is the collission domain & broadcast domain related to the data rate in Ethernet
Network?

hen u pass or send the data through hub or switch if it's working on layer 1 then they both
are consider single collision and single broadcast domain.in collision domain your
destination pc find out by mac address then the hub and switch broadcast who port reply
then send the data that's why create collision. collision called (data accident).

why they are single collision and single broadcast ?

Ans:-they have no filter table in layer 2 device all device has a filter table.
What is difference between Domain and Work group?

Workgroup:
1. All computers are peers; no computer has control over another computer.
2. Each computer has a set of user accounts. To use any computer in the
workgroup, you must have an account on that computer.
3. There are typically no more than ten to twenty computers.
4. All computers must be on the same local network or subnet.

Domain:
1. One or more computers are servers. Network administrators use servers to
control the security and permissions for all computers on the domain. This makes
it easy to make changes because the changes are automatically made to all
computers.
2. If you have a user account on the domain, you can log on to any computer on the
domain without needing an account on that computer.
3. There can be hundreds or thousands of computers.
4. The computers can be on different local networks.

What is Frame Relay?

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

Difference b/w subnet mask and default gateway?

What is difference between TCP/IP and UDP?

TCP is connection oriented protocal

UDP is Connectionless Protocal

1. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol). TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, a

connection can be made from client to server, and from then on any data can be
sent along that connection.
o Reliable - when you send a message along a TCP socket, you know it will
get there unless the connection fails completely. If it gets lost along the
way, the server will re-request the lost part. This means complete integrity,
things don't get corrupted.
o Ordered - if you send two messages along a connection, one after the
other, you know the first message will get there first. You don't have to
worry about data arriving in the wrong order.
o Heavyweight - when the low level parts of the TCP "stream" arrive in the
wrong order, resend requests have to be sent, and all the out of sequence
 parts have to be put back together, so requires a bit of work to piece
together.
2. UDP(User Datagram Protocol). A simpler message-based connectionless
protocol. With UDP you send messages(packets) across the network in chunks.
o Unreliable - When you send a message, you don't know if it'll get there, it
could get lost on the way.
o Not ordered - If you send two messages out, you don't know what order
they'll arrive in.
o Lightweight - No ordering of messages, no tracking connections, etc. It's
just fire and forget! This means it's a lot quicker, and the network card /
OS have to do very little work to translate the data back from the packets.

Encryption operation performed at what layer?

1.presentation layer
2.physical layer
3.transport layer

Operation Perform in Presentation Layer is1:Data EncriptionDecription,2: Protocal

Conversion,3: Character Conversion.

Ans is 1:-Presentation Layer

what is the concept of subnetting and why its used and

where it is used?

sub-netting means we r going to divide a single network to

many different sub network by borrow host bit as a network
bits in subnet mask. after subnetting the default subnet
mask has been increasing.(but have same prefixes)

basically when we have a single network address and we need

more than one network address for security, network
broadcast Strom, load balance, remote sites etc. reason then
we are going for subnetting.

How to set Proxy Setting?

open Internet explorer -> Tools

--> options --> connections --> Lan settings, here we have
to specify Proxy server address (IP Address), port number,
username and password (if exists).

In firefox tools --> options --> Advamced --> Network -->

Settings --> Manual proxy configuration, here we have
to specify Proxy server address (IP Address), port number,
username and password (if exists).

How to creat proxy server ? which software need?

Using Third party softwares like winproxy we can create

proxy server, after creating proxy server, we have specify
those details in client side open Internet explorer -> Tools
--> options --> connections --> Lan settings, there we have
to specify Proxy server address (IP Address), port number,
username and password (if exists).

Another Ans:
1.required two nic cards
2.ISPN connectoin(ex:airtel,Bsnl,tata broad band connection)
3.NIC1,NIC2.
NIC1 type broad band connection
IP 192.168.0.1
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Default dateway 192.168.1.1
PDns 202.239.15.1
ADns 202.239.25.2
4.NIC2 type your company ip addres give.
IP 10.1.0.1
Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0
Default dateway: -
PDns 10.1.0.1
ADns:-
5.install in proxy server software.ex:win proxy,analog
proxy.
6.go to client pc.open internet
explorer>tools>options>connection>Lan settings>chck use a
proxy server for Lan.Address:10.1.0.1,port:80
present use analog proxy give port number 6565.
7.client side working internet.

which software need?

A.win proxy,analog proxy.

How do Routers work??(TCS)

Routers are specialized computers that send your messages

and those of every other Internet user speeding to their
destinations along thousands of pathways

how can you configure router?(wipro)

router>
router>enable
router#configure terminal
router(config)#interface ethernet <0-1>
router(config-if)#ip address <a.b.c.d> <a.b.c.d(subnetmask>
router(config-if)#no shutdown
router(config-if)#exit
router(config)#

How many backup types in windows2003

Answer
5 type of backup
1 Normal backup
2 Daily backup
3 Copy Backup
4 Differential Backup
5 Incremental Backup

How many layers in Network?

Answer
7 layers

#Application layer
#Presentation layer
#Session layer
#Transport layer
#Network layer
#Datalink layer
#Physical layer

what is frame realy?

Frame Relay is a high-performance WAN protocol that

operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI
reference model. Frame Relay originally was designed for
use across Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
interfaces. Today, it is used over a variety of other
network interfaces as well. This chapter focuses on Frame
Relay's specifications and applications in the context of
WAN services.

Frame Relay is an example of a packet-switched technology.

Packet-switched networks enable end stations to dynamically
share the network medium and the available bandwidth. The
following two techniques are used in packet-switching
technology:

•Variable-length packets

•Statistical multiplexing

How can I be sure that a UDP message is received?

Answer
by using Icmp protocol.

Question
What is the role of TCP protocol and IP protocol.

Answer
TCP and IP are two of the protocols in this suite. (They
will be described below.) Because TCP and IP are the best
known of the protocols, it has become common to use the
term TCP/IP or IP/TCP to refer to the whole family. It is
probably not worth fighting this habit. However this can
lead to some oddities. For example, I find myself talking
about NFS as being based on TCP/IP, even though it doesn't
use TCP at all. (It does use IP. But it uses an alternative
protocol, UDP, instead of TCP. All of this alphabet soup
will be unscrambled in the following pages.)
tcp controls the transport of datas of other higher layer
protocols.

the role of tcp is to the data form one machine to another

machine
the role of ip is to idenfify the machine

Question
what is DNS & Active diretory ?

Answer
DNS:
service that translates domain names into IP
addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're
easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based
on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name,
therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the
corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name
www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.
The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS
server doesn't know how to translate a particular domain
name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP
address is returned.

Active Directory:
A directory service from Microsoft that is
a part of Windows 2000. It is an implementation of Internet
standard directory and naming protocols that uses a
database engine for transactional support, and also
supports a variety of application programming interface
standards.

Question
what is the ethernet interface?where and when we can use?
how to connect hte host systems to target system?(sasken)

Answer
A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox
Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976.
Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and supports data
transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification
served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which
specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet
uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous
demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN
standards.
A newer version of Ethernet, called 100Base-T (or Fast
Ethernet), supports data transfer rates of 100 Mbps. And
the newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports data rates of
1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second.
Also see the Ethernet Designations chart in the Quick
Reference section of Webopedia.

Question
What's the meaning of ARP in TCP/IP?(Cisco)

Answer
The "ARP" stands for Address Resolution Protocol. The ARP
standard defines two basic message types: a request and a
response. a request message contains an IP address and
requests the corresponding hardware address; a replay
contains both the IP address, sent in the request, and the
hardware address.

Question
Give 4 examples which belongs application layer in TCP/IP
architecture?

Answer
FTP, TELNET, HTTP and TFTP

Question
differnt type of port number and theire uses?

Answer
the ones you might encounter are
Port 80 is used by the web
Port 110 is assigned to email otherwise known as POP 3
Port 143 is used by IMAP part of email
Port 25 is for SMPT which is a part of the email system
Port 21 is taken over for FTP services
Port 22 is for SSH
Port 23 is Telnet
Some applications have adopted ports for example PC
Anywhere uses 5631 and Remote Desktop port 3389

There are over 65,000 possible ports, many of which have

been assigned for specific uses. Others have been usurped by
players of particular games or pieces of equipment.

Question
What is IPSec?

Answer
IPSec is a set of IP extensions that provide security
services, such as encryption, authentication, and data
integrity. IPSec is typically used with a VPN.
IPsec (IP security) is a suite of protocols for securing
Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating
and/or encrypting each IP packet in a data stream. IPsec
also includes protocols for cryptographic key establishment.
Question
Difference between TCP/IP and IP protocol?

Answer
The difference is that TCP is responsible for the data
delivery of a packet and IP is responsible for the logical
addressing. In other words, IP obtains the address and TCP
guarantees delivery of data to that address.
The difference is that TCP is responsible for the data
delivery of a packet and IP is responsible for the logical
addressing. In other words, IP obtains the address and TCP
guarantees delivery of data to that address.

TCP/IP is a two-way communication between the client and

the server and it is a reliable and there is a confirmation
regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is
like a phone call.

UDP is a one-way communication only between the client and

the server and it is not a reliable and there is no
confirmation regarding reaching the message to the
destination. It is like a postal mail.