Fluid Mechanics, SG2214, HT2010

October 4, 2010

Exercise 12: Drag on Circular Cylinder and Wall Jet

Example 1: Drag on a Circular Cylinder

Use the integral form of the Navier–Stokes equations, Consider a fix volume in a fluid with velocity ū. The
continuity equation becomes, Z I
d
ρ dV = − ρuk nk dS.
dt V S
The momentum equation,
Z I   Z
d
ρui dV = − ρuj nj ui + pni − τij nj dS + ρFi dV
dt V S V

Use this to compute the drag force on a cylinder:

U0 n Uw

l n d Wake
n
n

n
L

∂ ū
The cylinder is stationary and so is the flow ⇒ = 0. Incompressible flow with constant density. The
∂t
continuity equation gives:
I Z l/2
uk nk dS = 0 ⇒ −U0 l − Lv|y=−l/2 + Lv|y=l/2 + Uw (y) dy = 0
S l/2

Due to the symmetry we get,

Z l/2
−U0 l + 2Lv|y=l/2 + Uw (y) dy = 0
l/2

The momentum equation in x: I  

ρnj uj ux + nx p − nj τxj dS = 0
S
Far away from the cylinder we can assume p = p0 and τxx = τxy = 0. This gives,
Z l/2 Z
−ρU02 l + 2ρU0 v|y=l/2 L + ρUw2 (y) dy + [nx p − nj τxj ] dS
−l/2 cyl
| {z }
FD

Multiply the continuity equation by ρU0 ,

Z l/2
−ρU02 l + 2ρU0 v|y=l/2 L = −ρU0 Uw (y) dy
−l/2

1
Insert into momentum equation:
Z l/2 Z l/2
−ρU0 Uw (y) dy + ρUw2 (y) dy + FD = 0
−l/2 −l/2

Z l/2   Z l/2   2 
Uw (y) Uw (y)
FD = ρ U0 Uw (y) − Uw2 (y) dy = ρU02 − dy
−l/2 −l/2 U0 U0
Make the variable substitution r = y/d,
Z l/2d   2 
Uw (r) Uw (r)
FD = ρU02 d − dr
−l/2d U0 U0

Now if d << l we get,

Z ∞   2 
Uw (r) Uw (r)
FD = ρU02 d − dr = ρU02 θ
−∞ U0 U0
| {z }
θ

The momentum thickness is called θ and is a measure of the loss of momentum in the flow. Now compute
FD θ
the drag coefficient CD = 1 2 = 2
2 ρU0 d
d

Example 2: Glauert Wall Jet

Compute an ODE for a self-similar wall jet.

The boundary layer equations read:

∂u ∂u ∂2u
u +v =ν 2 (1)
∂x ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
+ = 0 (2)
∂x ∂y
Seek a similarity solution where the dimensionless velocity u/Um (x), where Um (x) is the jet core velocity,
only depend on the dimensionless wall distance
y
η=
g(x)

The stream function satisfies (2):

∂ψ ∂ψ
u= , v=−
∂y ∂x
Make the stream function dimensionless:
ψ
f (η) =
Um (x)g(x)

Determine the terms in equation (1):

∂ψ ∂f ∂η 1
= Um g u= = Um gf ′ = Um f ′
∂y ∂η ∂y g
 
∂ψ ∂(Um gf ) ′ ′ ′ yg ′ ′
v=− =− = −Um gf − Um g f − Um gf − 2 = −Um gf − Um g ′ f + Um g ′ f ′ η
∂x ∂x g
∂u ∂ g′
= (Um f ′ ) = Um
′ ′
f − Um f ′′ η
∂x ∂x g
∂u ∂ 1
= (Um f ′ ) = Um f ′′
∂y ∂y g

2
  
∂2u ∂ 1 1
= Um f ′′ = Um f ′′′
∂y 2 ∂y g g2
Insert into equation (1):
g ′ ′′ 1 1
Um f ′ (Um
′ ′
f − Um ηf ) + (Um g ′ ηf ′ − Um
′
gf − Um g ′ f )Um f ′′ = νUm 2 f ′′′ ⇒
g g g
′ ′2 2 g ′ ′ ′′ 2 g
′
2 g
′
1
Um Um f − Um ηf f + Um ηf ′ f ′′ − Um Um ′
f f ′′ − Um f f ′′ = νUm 2 f ′′′ ⇒
g g g g
 ′ 2 
Um g Um g ′ g U ′ g2
f ′′′ + + f f ′′ − m f ′2 = 0 ⇒
ν ν | {zν }
| {z }
α β
′′′ ′′ ′2
f + αf f + βf =0
Boundary conditions:  
′
u(0) = 0
 f (0) = 0

v(0) = 0 ⇒ f (0) = 0

 
 ′
u(∞) = 0 f (∞) = 1
Similarity requires that α and β are constant. Assume the x-dependence:
Um = axm , g = bxn
Then we get
1 ab2
β = − amxm−1 b2 x2n = − m, 2n + m = 1
ν ν
1 1 ab2
α = amxm−1 b2 x2n + axm bnxn−1 bxn = (m + n)
ν ν ν
We can choose the length scale g such that α = 1:
ab2 1 m
= ⇒ β=−
ν m+n m+n
So we have:
f ′′′ + f f ′′ + βf ′2 = 0 (3)
For what β is the boundary conditions fulfilled? Work on (3):
f ′′′ + f f ′′ + βf ′2 = 0 ⇒
f ′′′ + (f f ′′ + f ′2 ) + (β − 1)f ′2 = 0
Integrate: Z ∞
′′ ′
f + f f + (β − 1)g = 0, g(η) = f ′2 dη > 0
η
Multiply with f ′ :
f ′′ f ′ + f f ′2 + (β − 1)gf ′ = 0 ⇒
f ′′ f ′ + (f f ′2 + gf ′ ) + (β − 2)gf ′ = 0
Integrate: Z ∞
1 ′2
f + f g + (β − 2) gf ′ dη = 0
2 η
Put in η = 0 and use the boundary conditions:
Z ∞
(β − 2) gf ′ dη = 0 ⇒ β=2 ⇒
0
m
β=− =2 ⇒ 3m + 2n = 0
m+n
Solve for m and n:
1 3
m=− , n=
2 4