How is friction relevant?

Hydraulic Roughness • affects water levels

GEO3-4305, 2011
Dr. Maarten Kleinhans
m.kleinhans@geo.uu.nl
www.geo.uu.nl/fg/mkleinhans
(go to teaching)
• changes during floods
– bedforms
– vegetation in floodplains
• changes during seasons
– vegetation
– pioneer → mature vegetation

Utrecht University
Faculty of Geosciences

This course: the morphodynamic system Introduction

• Introduction 1. Flow friction
flow • River flooding
• Hydraulic roughness and 2. Bedforms
• bedforms
3. Vegetation
sediment
• Sediment transport
transport
• Mixture effects
BIG QUESTIONS
• Hydraulic geometry • What determines flow resistance?
morphology • Bars, bends, islands
• Overbank sedimentation
• What parameters of bedforms and vegetation
• Channel patterns are relevant for flow resistance?
• vegetation

1. Flow resistance Division of friction

• hydraulic roughness • Total friction = form friction + skin friction
+ obstruction – form friction: bedforms, bars, channel curvature
= flow resistance • vegetation!
• engineering structures
– skin friction: grains!
• Normal flow:
2
τ = τ / + τ //
u 12 R
τ = ρgRS = ρg   C = 18 log10 f = f / + f //
C  ks • NOTA BENE: rules:
1 1 1
= +
C 2
( ) (C )
C/
2 // 2

k = {(k ) + (k ) }
1 1 3
/ 3 // 3

1
 Skin friction in pipes Rouse diagram (1942)
uD
Re =
ν
hl 2
fL u
hl =
D 2g C
D u 8g
L

Friction factor
f = φ (u, D, roughness & viscosity)

Moody Diagram
(Plot of Colebrook's 1944 Correlation) Skin friction: grain roughness
0.100
• many rules of thumb, because scatter in nature
– D65, 2.5D50, D84, D90, 3D90
Transition Fully Rough Flow - Complete Turbulence
Critical Zone

Zone Relative ks/D90

Roughness
Friction Factor

0.05
0.01
0.005
0.002
0.001
0.0005
0.0002
f = 64/Re for 0.0001
laminar flow 0.00005
Smooth T (mobility)
0.010
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 ks/R Knighton p.102 van Rijn 1993
Reynolds Number
http://me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH441/

Flow resistance 2. Bedform friction

• rough walls: • similar concepts: roughness related to a length ks
– relative roughness ks/h • Now problems added of dune prediction
– turbulent or laminar flow

2
 Roughness in open channel flow Dune roughness flow separation
• Friction in a channel with movable sand bed • large-scale turbulence at brinkpoint
flow separation

– Engelund 1976 – flow separation vortex 100

– boils H

2.5 ∆
 − 
k // = 1.1∆1 − e λ  van Rijn, 1984
 
∆
0.3

= 0.11 50  (1 − e − 0.5T )(25 − T )
Rule of the thumb : D 
h  h  
ripples : k // = ∆ λ = 7.3h


1 
dunes : k = ∆// θ / - θ cr/ 
with T =
2 θ cr/ 

Effect: Flow resistance

• rough walls:
transition – relative roughness ks/h
Water – turbulent or laminar flow
level
(m)
• bedforms:
– height (length) of brinkpoint
dunes
Plane bed • or: vortex size. Length = 5x height
antidunes

Flow velocity (ms-1)

3. Flow resistance by vegetation Submergence and/or through-flow

• submerged • well-submerged vegetation
– also flow over it h > 5l veg
• through-flow
– blocking • submerged veg with through-flow
– vortex shedding 5l > h > l veg

• friction?
• through-flowed vegetation
h < l veg
• seasonal effects
• vegetation structure, layers, etc.

3
 Vegetation resistance Vegetation density (van Velzen et al. 2003)
• Baptist model Ecotope CD Dv ks
1 g h
C= + ln
+ (2 g ) C D Dv H v
Softwood forest 1.5 0.028 0.6
−2
Csoil
−1
κ Hv
bare soil vegetation submergence Hardwood forest 1.5 0.023 0.6

• note: Young willow shrub 1.5 0.13 0.4

Nota bene:
– CD = drag coefficient varies with Re 1 1 1
– Dv = vegetation density: 1/m = +
Ct2 Cb2 Cv2 Thornbrush 1.5 0.17 0.4
– Hv = vegetation height 12h
Csoil = 18 log Grass & shrub savannah 1.8 0.23 0.1
ks
• example: calculate C and kvegetation 2g
Cv = Reed, grass, rush 1.8 0.4-1.2 0.1
– h=2 m, ks soil = 0.05 m hCD Dv
– Hv=0.5 m, Dv=0.3 /m, CD=1.5 for through-flow

Drag coefficient Mapping vegetation density

www.armfield.co.uk
www.math.rug.nl/~veldman/DNS/
• laser from helicopter (Straatsma 2007)

• varies with Reynolds number

Effect on floodplain flow Straatsma (2007)

• 2DH or 3D model
• Baptist roughness

• Note:
– not only water depth effect
– also flow distribution effect
• zones with high velocity

4
 flow velocity model 1 (ecotope maps)
Baptist (in Straatsma 2007)
(model 2 has Straatsma method) Flow resistance
• rough walls:
– relative roughness k s/h
flow velocity difference
– turbulent or laminar flow
with different spatial vegetation variation
• bedforms:
– height (length) of brinkpoint
• or: vortex size. Length = 5x height
• vegetation:
water level difference
with different spatial vegetation variation – density
– relative height H/h (submergence)
– drag coefficient f(Reynolds number)

Big questions
• What determines flow resistance?
• What parameters of bedforms and vegetation are
relevant for flow resistance?