Chapter 1: Files, Directories and Redirection

File system commands: ls -[lAa], mkdir, cd, pwd, cp, mv, rm

Standard output redirection (>)
Viewing files: cat, less, head, tail
Commands and their options: touch, cal, wc
1. Create a file
Create a file called "hello.world" (without the quotes). Hint: touch
Touch hello.world
2. Create a directory
Create a directory called "otherworld" (not including the quotes).
mkdir otherworld
3. Store a calendar
Store the 2008 calendar produced by the "cal" command in the file "calendar" wit
h no modifications to the output of the "cal" command. Hint: Standard output red
irection using ">".
cal 2008 > calendar
4. List visible files
List all (non-hidden) files in the directory "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg
" and store this list into a file called "listvis". Ensure that this is exactly
the output of the command "ls".
ls /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg > listvis
5. List all files
By "all files" we refer to every file which is not a directory, including hidden
files whose names begin with ".". List all files in the directory "/usr/local/l
inuxgym-data/gutenberg" and store this list into a file called "allfiles". Ensur
e that this is exactly the output of the command "ls". (Hint: consider the "all"
and "almost-all" options in "man ls")
ls –a /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg > allfiles
6. Top of file
The "cat" function prints out the contents of a file. For example "cat /usr/loca
l/linuxgym-data/census/a-j_malenames.txt" shows you an alphabetically ordered li
st of male names recorded by the US Census Bureau. Because the list scrolls off
the top of the screen, you can not easily read the first 10 names. The "head" co
mmand solves this problem. Experiment with the "head" command and store the firs
t 10 lines from the file a-j_malenames.txt into a file called "first-ten-names.t
xt". (Hint: Redirect the output using ">")
head –n 10 /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/a-j_malenames.txt > ten-names.txt
-n : number of lines
7. Merging files
The "cat" function which prints out the contents of a file, can be used to print
 the contents of several files by giving it more than one argument. In the direc
tory /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/ there are two files: a-j_malenames.txt and
k-z_malenames.txt. Use "cat" to print out both of these files and store the out
put in a file called "a-z_malenames.txt" in the correct order. (Hint: Redirect t
he output using ">")
cat /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/a-j_malenames > a-z_malenames.txt
cat /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/k-z_malenames >> a-z_malenames.txt
>> : merge with existing content
8. File size
Look at the files in the directory /usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny and indentify
which is the smallest file. Copy this file into your ch1-fdr directory. (Hint: c
p, ls -l)
ls –l -s /usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny (or ls –l –s –S)
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny/filename filename (smallest) /home/stude
nt/….
-l : show information for each file
-s : size of files
-S : arrange from biggest to smallest file
Chapter 2: Elementary VIM
In preparation for the exercises in this chapter create a directory called "ch2-
vim" in your home directory. Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/vimdata/tut
or.txt" into your "ch2-vim" directory, change into the directory and start editi
ng the file "tutor.txt" using vim by calling: "vim tutor.txt" and following the
instructions within the file. If anything should go awry, just exit vim by
(1) hitting Esc - the button at the top left of your keyboard; and then (2) issu
ing the command ":q!"
To start over again, copy "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/vimdata/tutor.txt" into your
"ch2-vim" directory and start editing the file again. For all the questions bel
ow, perform the operation on the file indicated and save it before marking the q
uestion.
1. Insert text
Within your "ch2-vim" directory, create a file called "hw.txt", with only one li
ne of text saying: "hello world" (without the quotes) and save the file.
mkdir ch2-vim cd mkdir ch2-vim
touch hw.txt vim hw.txt press “i” to
insert ‘hello world’
Esc :wq (to save changes and exit)
2. Join lines
Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/vimdata/wordlist.txt" into your "ch2-vim
" directory. Edit the file so that all of the text is on a single line with only
a space (not a newline) between the words.
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/vimdata/wordlist.txt wordlist.txt
vim wordlist.txt
3. Delete a word
Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny/1mwsm10.txt" into your "ch2-vim" d
irectory. Delete the first word at the beginning of line 6 - and the space which
follows it - and save the file, making absolutely no other changes (Hint: dw)
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny/1mwsm10.txt /home/student/ch2…
6G (go to indicated line)
esc i
dw (delete the word where indicated with the space that follows)
:wq
4. Search and line deletion
Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/07frd10.txt" into your "ch2-vi
m" directory. Delete the line containing the word "opera-girls" - and save the f
ile, making absolutely no other changes. (Hints: / and dd.)
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/07frd10.txt 07frd10.txt
vim 07frd10.txt
: /opera-girls : / command to search words
dd dd delete line
:wq
5. Deletion by line numbers
Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/0ws3110.txt" into your "ch2-vi
m" directory. Starting at line 50 delete 4000 lines (including line 50) - and sa
ve the file. Make absolutely no other changes.
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/0ws3110.txt 0ws3110.txt
vim 0ws3110.txt
50G G GO to line nu
mber indicated
4000dd
:wq
6. Copy and paste by line numbers
Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny/3mwsm10.txt" into your "ch2-vim" d
irectory. Delete the first 10 lines and append them to the end of the file. Save
the file and make no other changes.
10yy yy yank command which copies the indicated lines
OR
10dd dd delete 10 lines (copies them into cache automatica
lly)
GP GP G command goes to end of the file and P commend
pastes
7. Delete to the end of a file
Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/7wdvn10.txt" into your "ch2-vi
m" directory. Delete all the lines from line 1024 to the end, including line 102
4 and save the file.
G1024
[Number of lines in file – 1024] dd
8. Search and replace strings
In the next two questions we have to distinguish between words and strings. A st
ring is a sequence of characters, while a word is a sequence of letters within a
string, surrounded by non-word characters. For example, the string "This is a t
esting time" contains the words "This", "is", "a", "testing" and "time". It does
not contain the word "test", but it does contain the string "test". Copy the fi
le "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/vimdata/hermit.txt" into your "ch2-vim" directory.
Replace every occurence of the string "and" with the string "OR". Ensure you mak
e no other changes to the file.
:%s/and/OR/gc replace ‘and’ with ‘OR’ for strings
9. Search and replace words [1]
Recall that we have to distinguish between words and strings. A string is a sequ
ence of characters, while a word is a sequence of letters within a string, surro
unded by non-word characters. For example, the string "This is a testing time" c
ontains the words "This", "is", "a", "testing" and "time". It does not contain t
he word "test", but it does contain the string "test". Copy the file "/usr/local
/linuxgym-data/vimdata/7herm10.txt" into your "ch2-vim" directory. Replace every
occurence of the word "and" with the word "OR". (Hint: make sure you don t chan
ge words such as "sandy" into "sORy".)
:%s/<and>/OR/gc replace only words with ‘and’ with ‘OR’
10. Cut and paste by markers [1]
Copy the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny/4mwsm10.txt" into your "ch2-vim" d
irectory. Cut (remove) the lines between (and containing) those with "START HERE
" and "UPTO HERE" and insert them at the marker "PASTE HERE". Save the file and
make no other changes.
yy – copy
dd- copy & delete P – paste
Chapter 3: People and Permissions
Chmod
7 = all 4 = read 3 = write & execute 2 = wri
te 1 = execute
Topics covered: concepts: users and groups, permissions, standard error redirect
ion (2>)
Commands and their options: whoami, ls -l, chmod, pwd
1. Who am I
The command "whoami" tells you your userid. Store your userid in the file "myuse
rid" in your ch3-pp directory. (Hint: Redirect the output using ">")
mkdir ch3-pp
cd ch3-pp
Touch myuserid
Whoami > myuserid
2. Permissions
Create a file called textperm.txt with permissions as follows: You yourself have
permission to read and write; Your group has permission to read; The rest of th
e world have no permissions whatsoever.
Touch textperm.txt
Chmod u +rx chmod g +r chmod o –rxw
OR chmod620 textperm.txt
3. Copy executable
There is only one file in the directory /usr/local/linuxgym-data/permissions whi
ch is executable. Copy this file into your ch3-pp directory, giving it the name
"executable.sh".
Cd /usr/local/linuxgym-data/permissions
ls –l
cd ~/ch3-pp
Cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/permissions(executable file name) executable.sh
4. Execute
Execute the file "executable.sh" which you copied in the previous question, and
store the output in the file "ex.out" in your ch3-pp directory. (Hint: Executing
a file in the current directory requires the filename being preceeded by "./".
Storing the output is to be done using ">".)
touch ex.out
./executable.sh > ex.out
5. Copy my group file
There is only one file in the directory /usr/local/linuxgym-data/permissions whi
ch is assigned to your group. Copy this file into your ch3-pp directory, giving
it the name "myfile".
ls –l /usr/local/linuxgym-data/permissions
cp (group file) myfile
ls –l to view f
ile information
6. Secret file
Create a file called "secret.txt" in your "ch3-pp" directory containing your nam
e and telephone number. Change the permissions of this file so that you can read
and write to it, but no-one else can read or write to it. Also ensure that no-o
ne can attempt to execute (run) it.
touch secret.txt
vim secret
chmod 600 secret.txt (there is an easier way)
7. Small Bash script
The file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/permissions/hw.sh" is a bash script. Copy it
into your "ch3-pp" directory and change the permissions so that you are able to
execute it.
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/permissions/hw.sh hw.sh
chmod 740 hw.sh (there is an easier way)
8. Standard error preparation
Create a file called "forgotten.txt" in your "ch3-pp" directory. Change its perm
issions so that you are not allowed to see its contents.
cat > forgotten.txt
chmod 222 forgotten.txt (there is an easier way)
9. Standard error message
If you attempt the command "cat forgotten.txt" (as created in the previous quest
ion), because you do not have permission to read it, there will be an error. The
goal of this question is to store this error in a file called stderr.out in you
r ch3-pp directory, making sure there are no additional characters or spaces. (H
int: Do not attempt to edit this file by hand. )
cat > stderr.out
cat forgotten.txt 2> stderr.out
The ">" operator redirects the standard output while the "2>" operator redirects
the standard error.
Chapter 4: Piping and Wildcards
Concepts: pipes (|), appending (>>, 2>>), wildcards(*,?,[]), recursive list and
copy. Commands and their options: wc -[mwl], tail -n, ls -[Rrt], cp -r.
wc: displays a count of lines, words, and characters in a file.
wc –m: Count characters.
wc –w: Count words delimited by white space characters or new line characters.
wc –l: Count lines.
tail: Delivers the last part of the file.
tail –n: n = number the starting location in the file is measured in lines instead
of bytes. The origin for counting is 1; that is, -n+1 represents the first line
of the file, -n-1 the last.
ls: Lists the contents of a directory.
ls –R: Includes the contents of subdirectories.
ls –r: Reverses the order of how the files are displayed.
ls –t: Shows you the files in modification time.
cp: Copies files from one location to another.
cp –r: copy directories recursively
>> : append standard output to a file (command >> file)
*: wildcard match any number of characters
?:wildcard match one character
ls | wc -l list word count
ls | wc -1 > filename redirect word count
1. Word count redirect
Use the command "wc" to count the number of words in the file "/usr/local/linuxg
ym-data/gutenberg/0ws0310.txt". Store the exact output of the wc command when us
ed with the "word counts" option in the file "count.txt". Ensure that the filena
me within the file contains the full pathname. (Hint: Use redirect ">").
wc -w /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/0ws0310.txt > count.txt
2. Character count piping
Experiment by using the command "cat | wc -m", typing a few lines, and then usin
g ctrl-D to return to the command prompt. This outputs a single number indicatin
g the number of characters you ve typed. Unlike the previous question, no filena
me is printed. Modifying this technique, store the number of characters of the f
ile /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/0ws0310.txt into a file called "pipecount
.txt" with no other text, such as the filename.
cat | wc –m
type a few lines
ctrl d
cat /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/0ws0310.txt | wc –m > pipecount.txt
wc –m -m command prints characters from the wc command
3. Wild list
List all the files in the directory /usr/local/linuxgym-data/emptystuff/ which c
ontain the string ws in their filename, and put the result in a file called "w
sfiles.txt". Do NOT include the full path, and ensure that there is only one fil
ename per line.
(HINT: To avoid getting the full pathname for each file, change directory to /us
r/local/linuxgym-data/emptystuff/ so that the ls argument refers to local files.
)
touch wsfiles.txt in ch4-pipewild
cd /usr/local/linuxgym-data/emptystuff/
*ws* > ~(ect)/wsfiles.txt OR
ls *ws* > /home/student/ch4-pipewild/wsfiles.txt
*ws* search for ‘ws’
4. View the end of a file
Store the last 103 lines of the file "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/4mwsm10
.txt" into the file "lastlines.txt". [Hint: Look at the bash function "tail" and
its options]
touch lastlines.txt
tail -n103 /usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg/4mwsm10.txt > lastlines.txt
tail starts from end of the file
5. Append the output
Copy the file /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/a-j_malenames.txt to a file called
appendix.txt in your ch4-pipewild directory. Append to appendix.txt the content
s of /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/k-z_malenames.txt making no other modificat
ions. [Hint: cat, ">>"]
touch appendix.txt
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/a-j_malenames.txt appendix.txt
cat usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/k-z_malenames.txt >> appendix.txt
6. Listing according to a regular expression
Make a list of all the files from the directory "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenb
erg" who s names contain the string "rd" and save this list as "rdfiles.txt". En
sure that only the filenames are listed WITHOUT the pathnames as a prefix.
touch rdfiles.txt
cd /usr/local/linuxgym-data/Gutenberg
ls *rd* > path/filename.txt
7. Copying according to a regular expression
Create a directory called "s2" under your "ch4-pipewild" directory. Copy all the
 files from the directory "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg" who s names conta
in the string "s2" into your "ch4-pipewild/s2" directory.
mkdir s2
cp *s2* /usr/local/linuxgym-data/Gutenberg (go to that spe
cific directory)

OR
cd usr/local/linuxgym-data/Gutenberg
ls | grep s2 | xargs cp {} ~/ch4-pipewild/s2
8. Listing files ordered by their modification time
List the (visible AND hidden) files in the directory "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/s
pacetime" from least, to most recently modified. Store this list into the file "
timeordered.txt", with only the filenames.
touch timeordered.txt
cd /usr/local/linuxgym-data/spacetime
ls –at > ~(etc)timeordered.txt
9. Copying a directory
Copy the whole directory "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny" and its contents into
your "ch4-pipewild" directory. [Hint: You can do it with just one call of cp and
recursion.]
cp –r /usr/local/linuxgym-data/teeny teeny
10. Listing files ordered by their size
List the (non-hidden) files in "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg" ordered by s
ize from large to small, and store this list in a file called "large_to_small" i
n your "ch4-pipewild" directory. Include only the file names. Do not include the
path prefixes.
touch large_to_small
cd /usr/local/linuxgym-data/Gutenberg
ls –S > ~/ch4-piplewild/large_to_small
(HINT: To avoid getting the full pathname for each file, change directory to /us
r/local/linuxgym-data/emptystuff/ so that the ls argument refers to local files.
)
Chapter 5: Introduction to Scripting
Scripts are files containing a sequence of commands which can be executed by typ
ing the file name - don t forget to ensure the file is executable. The first lin
e in a bash script should always be: #!/bin/bash
Topics and commands covered: shebang (#!), echo, parameters ($#, $0, $1, $*,...)
, assignment (=), arithmetic operators.
CHMOD ALL FILES 777
1. Hello world
Create a script called "print.sh". This script should print out the string: "Hel
lo world" (do not include the speech marks/inverted commas in the output). [hint
: echo]
#!/bin/bash
echo Hello World echo pri
nts out a particular string
2. Echo one parameter
Write a bash script called arg.sh which will print out the SECOND argument to th
e script. For example, if the script was called as ./arg.sh ay bee cee then the
script will output bee and NOTHING ELSE.
#!/bin/bash
echo $2 $
2 – takes the second argument entered by user
3. Echo all parameters
Write a bash script called "args.sh" which will print out each argument passed t
o it. Each argument should be separated by a space only.
#!/bin/bash
echo $@ @
- print out argument with space
4. Sum of two parameters
Create a script called add.sh in your home directory. This script should add 724
to its first argument and print out the sum. The sum should be the only thing p
rinted out.
#!/bin/bash
let “sd=724”
sum= $(( $1 + $sd ))
echo $sum MA
KE SURE the spaces are correct..
5. Product of two parameters
Create a script called mult.sh in your home directory. This script should multip
ly its first argument by 13 and print out the product. The product should be the
only thing printed out.
#!/bin/bash
let “a = ($1 * 13)”
If [ $# != 2 ] then
Echo $a
Exit
Else
Echo error
Fi
6. Number of arguments
Write a bash script called numargs.sh which will print out the number of argumen
ts to the script. For example, if the script was called as: ./numargs.sh ay bee
cee then the script will output: 3 and NOTHING ELSE.
#!/bin/bash
echo $# # - prints
out the number of argument inputted
7. Echo to standard error
Write a bash script called "stderr.sh" which will print out all arguments passed
to it on a single line sent to STDERR.
#!/bin/bash
echo $* 1>&2
OR
echo $* @>&2
OR
echo $@ls
8. List to standard error
Write a bash script called "lsstderr.sh" which will execute ls on the first argu
ment and output the result to STDERR.
#!/bin/bash
ls $1 1> &2
9. Word count script
Write a bash script called wcscript.sh which will perform the word count on the
first argument (a file), and print out the number of words it contains and nothi
ng else. For example, if the script were called on a file a.txt containing 95 wo
rds with ./wcscript.sh a.txt it will output: 95 and NOTHING ELSE. [HINT: use "ca
t" to provide standard input to wc]
#!/bin/bash
cat $1 | wc –w
10. Check number of arguments
Write a bash script called "checknumargs.sh" which will echo to STDOUT all argum
ents passed to it on a single line IF THE NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS IS 3. If the numbe
r of arguments is not 3, then it should echo "error" to STDERR.
#!/bin/bash
Echo $* 1>$2
If [ $# != 3 ] then
Echo error 1>&2
Exit
Else
Echo $* 2>&1
Fi

Chapter 6: Data Processing

In this chapter we will utilise the skills attained in previous chapters to anal
yse statistics on the popularity of female names. The data to be analysed is in
the file /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/femalenames.txt with each line conainin
g NAME, FREQUENCY, CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY, and RANK, where RANK=1 is the most popu
lar name. The file is ordered by RANK.
Topics and commands covered: - searching through data (grep -[lvw]); - comparing
contents of files (diff); - data manipulation (uniq, sort, join).
1. List manipulation
Create a file called "table.csv" containing all the lines of /usr/local/linuxgym
-data/census/femalenames.txt with all white space between words changed into a s
ingle comma. For example, the line: MARY 2.629 2.629 1 will become MARY,2.629,2.
629,1 Make no other changes. Hints: 1. Notice that the regular expression "\s\+"
means "a sequence of one of more white spaces". 2. Ensure there is no extra whi
tespace in the file
:%s/\s\+/,/g
\s\+ a sequence of white spaces (delimiter to be replaced) /,/ refers to
the delimiter desired
2. List sorting
Create a file called "alphabetical.txt" in your "ch6-data" directory containing
the lines of /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/femalenames.txt ordered alphabetica
lly by NAME. Ensure that there are no other changes to the data. (Hint: Use "sor
t" and redirection.)
vim - insert mode
: sort
3. List cut
Create a file called "names.txt" containing only the first column of /usr/local/
linuxgym-data/census/femalenames.txt in its existing order. Ensure that there ar
e no other changes to the data. (Hint: Use the command "cut" together with its f
ield and delimiter options.)
cut –f1 –d “ “ (filename/path) > filename.txt
-f1 indicates to the column -d “ “ indicates the delimiter which i
s in this case a space
4. Search prefix
Create a bash script called searchprefix.sh which takes two arguments, a string
and a file (in that order). The output should be each line which matches the str
ing *from the beginning of the line*. For example, given a string "ANA" the line
starting with "ANABEL" will be printed, but the line starting with "SUSANA" wil
l not. (Hint: Use grep and ^ to indicate the beginning of the line).
vim
#!/bin/bash
cat $2 | egrep ^$1
5. Multiple file string detection
Create a file called "anne-files.txt" containing the list of names of files in /
usr/local/linuxgym-data/gutenberg which contain the STRING Anne inside them (i
ncluding Annemarie and Annetta). Ensure there is one filename per line (WITH THE
FULL PATHNAME), that there are no extra blank lines in anne-files.txt, and that
no filename occurs more than once. Each line should ONLY contain the filename,
no additional detail. [Hint: use grep]
vim
egrep –l “Anne” path/filename/* > filename.txt
6. Grep and words
Create a file called "anne-words.txt" containing only the lines of "/usr/local/l
inuxgym-data/gutenberg/12frd10.txt" containing the name (WORD) Anne . Note that
 Annette and Annemarie do not count. Ensure there are no extra blank lines i
n the file "anne-words.txt" and the lines should be in the same order as in 12fr
d10.txt. [Hint: use grep and redirection]
grep –w “Anne” path/filename > filename.txt
-w choose lines containing the whole word
7. Grep and regular expressions
Create a file called "natmat.txt" containing, IN THE ORIGINAL ORDER, only the li
nes of /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/femalenames.txt starting with the string
NAT or MAT . Ensure there is no extra white space in the file "natmat.txt". [
Hint: use regular expressions in grep and redirection]
egrep “^[NM]AT” path/filename > filename.txt
[NM] N or M
8. Name frequency
Create a bash script called namefreq.sh which takes one argument - a name. The o
utput should be the FREQUENCY of that name s use, which is the entry in the seco
nd column of /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/femalenames.txt For example ./namef
req.sh ANA will return 0.120 and nothing else, which corresponds to the line "AN
A,0.120,55.989,181" of the file "table.csv" you created in the "List manipulatio
n" question. Hints: 1. Search "table.csv" instead of "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/c
ensus/femalenames.txt"; 2. Grep for "words" rather than strings. 3. Use "cut" to
output a particular field.
egrep $1 filename.txt | cut –f2 –d,
-d, delimiter is a comma “ , ”
9. Single file word detection
Write a bash script called gender.sh which takes one argument - a name. The scri
pt should print "female" if the word appears in the file /usr/local/linuxgym-dat
a/census/femalenames.txt, and "male" otherwise. Hints: 1. Redirect stdout so it
doesn t get printed, or use the grep "quiet" option; 2. View the exit status $?
of grep
vim
#!/bin/bash
egrep –iq $1 path/filename
if [ $? == “0” ]; then
echo “female”
else
echo “male”
fi
10. Same frequency
Challenge question Create a bash script called samefreq.sh which takes one argum
ent - a name. The output should be the alphabetically ordered list of all name s
with the same frequency (popularity) as measured in the second column of the ta
ble: /usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/femalenames.txt For example ./namefreq.sh A
NA will return a list of two names (on separate lines) ANA and RENEE, both of wh
ich have frequency 0.120. Hints: 1. Instead of "/usr/local/linuxgym-data/census/
femalenames.txt" search "table.csv" (created in the question "List manipulation"
of this chapter) using words rather than strings; 2. Store the frequency of the
name using backquotes; 3. Search for the frequency while viewing only the first
two columns (use cut) - name and frequency; 4. Sort the final list of names.
vim
#!/bin/bash



a= grep -w $1 table.csv | sort | cut -f2 -d,
grep -w $a table.csv | sort | cut -f1 -d,

Chapter 8: Web Development

1. Html elementary
Create a web page accessible at the URL http://localhost/~student/text.html and
within this page insert five headings from largest to smallest heading types. In
sert also at least two paragraphs of text, and make some of the text in this pag
e "bold" and some of it "emphasized".
vim filename.html
<html>
<bold> </bold>
<em> </em>
<h1> </h1> x 5
</html>
2. Html hyperlink
Create an HTML web page accessible at the URL http://localhost/~student/extlink.
html with exactly one anchor tag linking to http://www.google.com
vim extlink.html
<html>
< a href = “http://www.google.com”>

3. Html preformat
Create a web page accessible at the URL http://localhost/~student/preformat.html
and within this page insert two elements: one paragraph, and one block of prefo
rmatted text.
vim preformat.html
<p></p>
<pre></pre>
4. Html list
Create a web page accessible at the URL http://localhost/~student/list.html. Cre
ate within this file only one ordered list with 4 list items. The items may cont
ain any text or html. (You can check your answer by browsing to http://localhost
/~student/list.html)
vim list.html
<html>
<ol>
<li> coffee </li>
<li> milk </li>
<li> hot chocolate </li>
<li> tea </li>
</ol>
</html>
5. Html table
Create a web page accessible at the URL http://localhost/~student/table.html con
taining a table with 2 rows and 4 columns, each cell containing a small amount o
f text.
vim table.html
<tr> </tr> x 2
<td> </td> x 4
6. Html picture
Copy the image file /usr/local/linuxgym-data/public_html/fish.jpg into your publ
ic_html directory. It should be viewable by following the link http://localhost/
~student/fish.jpg Create an HTML web page accessible at the URL http://localhost
/~student/picture.html displaying the fish.jpg image, together with some explana
tory text.
cp /usr/local/linuxgym-data/public_html/fish.jpg fish.jpg
vim picture.html
<html>
<img src = “fish.jpg” alt = “Big Fish”>
</html>
7. Html index
An index.html file is automatically accessed by the browser without specifying t
he filename. The goal of this exercise is to create an HTML web page accessible
at the URL http://localhost/~student/ As the "front page" of this chapter, give
the index.html page links to several other pages in your public_html directory w
ithout using "http" in the address. This is called a "relative link". (A link us
ing "http" in the address is called "absolute".)
vim index.html
<html>
<a href = “picture.html”>
<a href = “table.html”>
etc
</html>