Present Perfect

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:
You have seen that movie many times
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.

Wh questions

Simple Present Simple Past

Susan writes a report now
Susan doesn’t write a report now
Does Susan write a report?
Where does Susan write a report? Now
What does Susan write now? A report
What does Susan do now? Write
Who writes a report now? Susan
Present progressive
Susan is writing a report now
Susan is not writing a report now
Is Susan Writing a report now?
Where is Susan writing a report? Now
What is Susan writing now? A report
What is Susan doing now? Writing
Who is writing now? Susan
Susan wrote a report yesterday
Susan didn’t write a report yesterday?
Did Susan write a report yesterday?
Where did Susan write a report? Yesterday
What did Susan write yesterday? A report
What did Susan do yesterday? wrote
Who wrote a report yesterday? Susan
Future time will
Susan will write a report tomorrow
Susan won’t write a report tomorrow
Will Susan write a report tomorrow?
Where will Susan write a report? tomorrow
What will Susan write tomorrow? A report
What will Susan do tomorrow? Write
Who will write a report tomorrow? Susan

Future time be going to Present Perfect

Susan is going to write a report tomorrow
Susan is not going to write a report tomorrow
Is Susan going to write a report tomorrow?
Where is Susan going to write a report?
tomorrow
What is Susan going to write tomorrow? A report
What is Susan going to do tomorrow? Write
Who is going to do tomorrow? Susan
Susan has written a report last year
Susan has not written a report last year
Has Susan written a report last year
Where Has Susan written a report? Last year
What has Susan written last year? A report
What has Susan done last year? Written
Who has written a report last year? Susan

MODAL VERBS

What are Modal Verbs?

Modal verbs are special verbs which
behave very differently from
normal verbs. Here are some
important differences:
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s"
in the third person.
Examples:
 · He can speak Chinese.
· She should be here by
9:00.
2. You use "not" to make modal
verbs negative, even in Simple
Present and Simple Past.
Examples:
· He should not be late.
· They might not come to the
party.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be
used in the past tenses or the
future tenses.
Examples:
· He will can go with us. Not
Correct
· She musted study very hard.
Not Correct

3. Question with modals:

To make a question, one places the
modal at the beginning of the sentence.

Example:
Would John like to leave?
Remember: Never use with: do, does,
or did. The modals include:
SUMAMRY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

Possibility

AUXILIARY USES EXAMPLES USES IN PAST

May 1) polite request May I borrow your pen?

2) formal permission You may leave the
pudiera, podría is classroom.
3) less than 50% Where’s Jhon?
used with present or
certainly He may be at the
future library.
Can 1) ability/ possibility I can run fast. I could run fast when I
was a child, but now I
puedo can’t
2) informal permission You can use my car
tomorrow.
3) informal polite requestCan I borrow your pen?
4) impossibility (negative That can’t be true! That can’t have been
only) true!
Could 1) past ability I could run fast when I
was a child.
past of can: pude 2) polite request Could I borrow your
pen?
podría
Could you help me?
3) suggestion I need help in maths. You could have talked
You could talk to your to your teacher.
teacher
4) less than 50% --Where’s John? He could have been at
certainly He could be at home. home
5) impossibility (negative That couldn’t be true! That couldn’t have
only) been true
Might 1) less than 50% --Where’s John? He might have been at
past of May podría; certainly He might be at the the library
library.
solamente se 2) polite request (rare) Might I borrow your
traduce en pasado pen?
would 1) polite request Would you please pass
past tense of will the salt? Would you
mind if I left early?
(or its contracted
form 'd) no tiene
traducción le da al
verbo la
terminación (ría)
2) preference I would rather go to the I would rather have
park than stay home. gone to the park.

Necessity

AUXILIARY USES EXAMPLES USES IN PAST

must 1) strong necessity I must go to class today I had to go to class

yesterday
debe 2) prohibition (negative) You must not open that
door.
3) 95% certainly Mary isn’t in class. She Mart must have been
must be sick. (present sick yesterday
only)
Should 1) advisability I should study tonight I should have studied
last night
debería 2) 90% certainly She should do well on She should have done
the test. (future only, not well on the test.
present)
have to 1) necessity I have to go to class I had to go to class
ought to yesterday

2) lack of necessity I don’t have to go to I didn’t have to go to

Tienen el mismo (negative) class today. class yesterday.
significado: tiene
que, debería.

Passive Voice

Use of Passive
· Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important
or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
· We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when
we do not know who caused the action.
Example: My bike was stolen. (steal-stole-stolen)

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not
know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following
example shows:
Example: A mistake was made. (make-made-made)

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame
anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive
How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:
Object + to be + verb in past participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) e.g. (make-
made-made)
Object + to be + past participle

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive
sentence

• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive
sentence (or is dropped or left out)
Example:
Active: Peter builds a house.
Passive: A house is built by Peter.

Examples
Active Peter builds a house.
Simple Present
Passive: A house is built by Peter.

Active: Peter built a house.

Simple Past
Passive: A house was built by Peter.

Active: Peter is building a house.

Present Progressive
Passive: A house Is being built by Peter.

Active: Peter has built a house.

Present Perfect
Passive: A house has been built by Peter.

Active: Peter will build a house.

will-future
Passive: A house will be built by Peter.

Is going to
Active: Peter a house.
buid
Be going to
Is going to be
Passive: A house by Peter.
built

Active: Peter can build a house.

Modals
Pasive: A house can be built By Peter

Active: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Tense Subject Verb Object

writes a letter.
Simple Present Active: Rita

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Present Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Progressive
Passive: A letter Is being written by Rita.
Future Will Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Active: Rita Is going to write a letter
Future: Be
going to Pasive: A letter Is going to be written by Rita
Active: Rita Must write a letter
Modal
Pasive: A letter must be written by Rita

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

▪ Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that
one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object.
Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the
focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

wrote a letter to me.

Active: Rita

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

▪ As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant.
That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

▪ Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence
becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an
object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

▪ Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal

passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the
passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice,
 you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called
Impersonal Passive.
▪ Example: he says – it is said

ACTIVE PASSIVE/solution
1. Tommy will know
Galapagos Islands in Ecuador.
2. My boss sent me detailed
instructions.
3. Sam's friend solved the
problem.
4. The student will complete
the new project the next year.
5. Paul is going to repair the
car.
6. My brother forgot his wallet
at the bank.
7. My sister will send a letter
to my mother.
8. The little girl is drawing her
pet.
9. She dropped her bag in the
train.
10. My brother takes his
medicine every day.

1. John and Fred will climb the

Aconcagua Mountain.
2. My wife crashed the new
car.
3. I opened the windows.
4. I drink a glass of water.
5. You did not send the parcel.
6. They did not catch the
thieves.
7. Jane has taken some
photographs.
8. The passengers are going to
visit the museum.
9. The teacher made a big
mistake.
10. Mary was preparing a lot of
food.

SEGUNDO PARCIAL "V"

 EXPOSICION TALLER-MODALS TOTAL/20 /4.5
BEJARANO CRIOLLO ANGEL LEONARDO 15 20 17,5 3,937
BONILLA ESCUDERO EDISON FERNANDO 0 20 10 2,25
BUÑAY TENEMAZA SEGUNDO ANDRES 0 0
CAJIAS BORJA EDUARDO FABRICIO 20 20 20 4,5
CALERO LOPEZ GERARDO RAUL 20 20 20 4,5
CHULDE QUIROZ KLEBER ALEXANDER 14 20 17 3,82
CORONADO GAVIDIA BYRON ALFREDO 0 0 0 0
FIALLOS TORRES JERSON XAVIER 14 20 17 3,82
FIALLOS VELASCO CRISTIAN GUILLERMO 20 20 20 4,5
FLORES ROMO ANA CRISTINA 0 20 10 2,25
JIMENEZ CAICEDO FABRICIO ALFREDO 20 0 10 2,25
JIMENEZ HIDALGO AMANDA LISETH 20 0 10 2,25
LARA TUZ DANIELA KARINA 20 20 20 4,5
LASLUISA RODRIGUEZ CARLOS ALFREDO 18 20 19 4,27
LOPEZ TADAY FRANKLIN BENITO 18 20 19 4,27
LOZADA LOPEZ MARIA ELENA 20 20 20 4,5
MORA CAMPANA MARCELA ESTEFANIA 0 0 0
NIAMA BORJA KATERYNE KIMBERLYN 14 20 17 3,82
ORTEGA ZHUILEMA ANGEL GUSTAVO 18 20 19 4,27
PANCHEZ CHINCHE CRISTIAN JAVIER 20 20 20 4,5
PARRA LOGROÑO DAVID ALEJANDRO 0 0 0 0
POMAQUERO SANGA DARWIN ROBERTO 0 0
RAMIREZ QUINTERO MIREYA ELIZABETH 20 20 20 4,5
REPETTO PAREDES JUAN CARLOS 15 20 17,5 3,937
SAIGUA CARVAJAL SILVIA FERNANDA 20 0 10 2,25
TACO ALLAICA WILMER ALONSO 10 20 15 3,37
TAMAYO CALERO JOSELIN LISET 0 0 0 0
TAPUY CERDA WELINGTON LEONARDO 20 20 20 4,5
TIPÁN LÓPEZ ALEX SALVADOR 0 0 0 0
TIXI VALDEZ MIRIAM ELIZABETH 20 0 10 2,25
VARGAS VIMOS XIMENA ALEXANDRA 0 0
VILLA ZUÑIGA ANA CECILIA 20 20 20 4,5
VIQUE ALMEIDA LISSETH ALEXANDRA 20 20 20 4,5
MORALES CARLOS 20 20 20 4,5

SEGUNDO PARCIAL
'U"
Apellidos y Nombres EXPOSICION TALLER-MODALES total/20 /4
ALULEMA AIMARA FANNY ALEXANDRA 0 20 10 2,2
BASANTES BASANTES MELIZA ANABEL 0 0 0 0
BUENO LEMA EFRAIN IVAN 20 0 10 2,2
CARRAZCO BUENAÑO MAGDA MARISELA 16 20 18 4,0
 CARRILLO TRUJILLO MARÍA GABRIELA 0 0 0 0
CASTILLO SALAS CAROLINA ESTEFANIA 20 0 10 2,2
CEVALLOS ASTUDILLO JULIO ENRIQUE 0 10 5 1,1
CHAMORRO CARRERA EDISON MARCELO 14 20 17 3,8
CHAVEZ SUAREZ TATIANA RAQUEL 20 10 15 3,3
CHÁVEZ TOSCANO PAMELA ESTEFANÍA 20 20 20 4,
COYAGO TOMALO JHINSON EDGAR 0 20 10 2,2
CUSHQUICULLMA COLCHA LUIS FERNANDO 0 20 10 2,2
DEMERA CHARCOPA SERGIO DANIEL 0 20 10 2,2
ERAZO PEÑA JENNYFER KATHERINE 20 20 20 4,
FONSECA NAVAS FERNANDA JANETH 20 20 20 4,
GAIBOR ANDALUZ BETTY MARLENE 0 0 0
GAIBOR GUASTAY ITALO OMAR 0 0 0 0
GAIBOR PUENTE JOSÉ ENRIQUE 20 20 20 4,
GAVILANES CARVAJAL STALIN ADRIAN 0 10 5 1,1
GUAMANQUISPE SÁNCHEZ MEDARDO
0 20 10 2,2
NAPOLEÓN
GUANGASI PILAPANTA WILLIAM NEPTALI 0 20 10 2,2
GUANO MORENO ROMMEL ISRAEL 20 20 20 4,
GUERRERO PILCO CAREN GABRIELA 17 20 18,5 4,16
HERRERA ALVARADO EDWIN RAFAEL 20 20 20 4,
HUEBLA QUISHPE RAQUEL MARLENE 20 20 20 4,
MASABANDA PUJOS JAIME FABIAN 20 20 20 4,
MORALES GUADALUPE EDUARDO JAVIER 20 20 20 4,
MORALES RUIZ CARLOS EDUARDO 20 10 2,2
MUÑOZ PALA WASHINGTON PATRICIO 0 20 10 2,2
ORTIZ YUMISACA LEONARDO ALEXANDER 20 20 20 4,
QUISHPE YAMBAY GENOVA ESTEFANIA 20 20 20 4,
RIBADENEIRA POZO VERONICA ELIZABETH 16 20 18 4,0
ULLOA HIDALGO MARIUXI ELIZABETH 0 20 10 2,2
VASCONEZ NUÑEZ VANESSA ALEXANDRA 18 20 19 4,2
ZHICAY ORDOÑEZ RAFAEL ENRIQUE 10 20 15 3,3
BUNAY SEGUNDO 20 20 20 4,
VARGAS XIMENA 20 20 20 4,
POMAQUERO DARWIN 10 20 15 3,3