Victoria Piceno

Mr. Allman

AP Euro Period 7

6 May, 2011

Outline

Title

Romanticism

I. The Romantic Movement

Reaction against the thought of the Enlightenment

A. Romantic Literature

1. All literature that did not observe classical forms and rules and gave free play

to the imagination

2. Madame de Stael was a leader in the Romantic Movement in France

3. Friedrich Schlegel wrote an early Romantic novel, Lucinde (1799) that attacked

prejudices against women as capable being little more than lovers and domestics

4. The Irish writer, George Shaw, argued against Romanticism and false

respectability

B. Romantic Art

1. Romantic painters often portrayed scenes from the Middle Ages

a. Represented the social stability and religious reverence that was

disappearing from their own era

2. In Salisbury Cathedral, from the Meadows, John Constable portrayed a stable

world, where neither political turmoil nor industrial development challenged the

traditional dominance of the church and the landed classes (1831)

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3. Romantics were politically conservative, rural life=connection to the medieval

past and was opposed to the increasingly urban, industrializing, commercial

society that was developing around them

a. British Houses of Parliament (1836-37) built in the Neo-Gothic style

C. Religion

1. Romantic religious thinkers sought the foundations of religion in the inner

emotions of humankind

2. Methodism arose in the mid-eighteenth century, leader John Wesley, had great

success and influence in America

3. Friedrich Schleiermacher considered Christianity the “religion of religions” he

also believed every world religion was unique in its expression of the primal

intuition of the infinite in the finite, 1799

II. Industrial Revolution

Overcame the economy of scarcity, demanded new skills, new discipline in work, and a large

labor force.

A. Great Britain Leads

1. Great Britain was the home of the Industrial Revolution and, until the middle

of the nineteenth century, remained the industrial leader of Europe

a. Began in the 1780’s in Great Britain and 1815 on the Continent

2. Took the lead in the consumer revolution that expanded the

demands for goods that could be efficiently supplied

B. Advancements

1. The steam engine both improved iron production and increased the demand for

iron (1769)
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2. Textile production is what pioneered the Industrial Revolution and met growing

consumer demands was textiles for clothing

C. Diminished the Roles of Working Women

1. Women had a role in the work force in agriculture, which industrialism

replaced with machinery operated by men.

2. Removing women out of the work force resulting them to become

prostitutes, or engage in other criminal activity, ruining reputations

3. Women also resorted to become domestic servants in the thousands, making

them be associated with the home

D. Social Structure

1. The upper-class men controlled the political and economic affairs of the town

2. The middle-class, the most dynamic element of the urban population, itself was

and would remain diverse and divided

a. Willing to put their capital and energy to work, whereas they portrayed

the nobility as idle

b. Made up people whose lives fostered the revolution in consumption

c. Did not rise to challenge the nobility; rather seeking to increase their

existing political power and social prestige in the eighteenth century

d. Saw the lower classes as a threat to property, violent in society, and in

their poverty a drain on natural resources

E. Health

1. Between 1600 and 1750 the cities that grew the most were capitals and

ports, which started the emergence of new cities and growth of small towns

a. Reflected the success of monarchial state building and the

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consequent burgeoning of bureaucracies, armies, courts, and other

groups who lived in the capitals

2. Reports on the cities of Europe during this period emphasize both the striking

grace and beauty of the dwellings of the wealthy and the dirt, filth, and stench that

filled the streets

a. The urban rich were often visibly segregated from the urban poor

3. Many migrated the nearest city to seek a better life, only to discover poor

housing, little food, disease, degradation, and finally death

III. Nationalism and Liberalism

Observers have frequently regarded the nineteenth century as the great age of “isms”

A. Nationalism

1. Nationalism proved to be the single most powerful European political ideology

of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

a. Opposed the Congress of Vienna

2. Nationalists created nations in the nineteenth century

3. A small group of nationalists, using the printing press, spread the nationalistic

concept of the nation, giving people a sense of their past and a literature of their

own

a. Schoolteachers spread nationalistic ideas by imparting a nation’s official

language and history

4. These small groups of early nationalists established the cultural beliefs and

political expectations on which the later mass-supported nationalism of the second

half of the century would grow

B. Liberalism
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1. Nineteenth-century European conservatives often regarded as liberal almost

anyone or anything that challenged their own political, social or religious values

2. Their general goal was a political structure that would limit the arbitrary power

of government against the persons and property of the individual citizens

a. Sought to achieve political arrangements through written

3. Sought to abolish the economic restraints associated with mercantilism or the

regulated economies of enlightened absolutists

C. Austria and the Germans

1. The early-nineteenth statesman who, more than any other epitomized

conservatism, was the Austrian prince Metternich

a. He safeguarded the German Confederation, consisting of 39 states under

the Austrian ruler, created by the Congress of Vienna

2. Frederick William III, 1817, created a new Council of State which was

responsible to him alone

a. In 1823, established eight provincial estates or diets, which were

dominated by the Junkers

3. Student who wanted an untied Germany formed Burschenschaften, which made

German rulers uneasy

a. After a member assassinated a conservative dramatist who ridiculed the

Burschenschaften, Metternich persuaded the major German states to issue

the Carlsbad Decrees, which dissolved Burschenschaften and provided for

university inspectors and press sensors (1819)

D. Power Repression in Great Britain

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1. After 1815, Great Britain experienced poor harvest, at the same time,

discharged sailors and soldiers and out-of-work industrial workers swelled the

ranks of the unemployed

2. In 1815, Parliament passed the Corn Law to maintain high prices for

domestically produced grain (called “corn” in Great Britain) by levying import

duties on foreign grain

a. In 1799, the Combination Act had outlawed workers’ organizations or

unions

3. In December 1816, an unruly mass meeting took place at Spa Fields near

London in protest, gave Parliament an excuse to pass the Coercion Acts of March

1817

a. Which temporarily suspended habeas corpus and extended existing

laws against seditious gatherings

4. The radical reform campaign culminated on August 16, 1819, with a meeting in

the industrial city of Manchester at St. Peter’s Field

a. As the speeches were about to begin, an order was given for the militia

to move into the crowd, resulting in panic and death, 11 dead and a

number injured, the event came to be known as the Peterloo Massacre

5. December 1819 Parliament passed a series of laws called the Six Acts

a. Which [1] forbade large unauthorized, public meetings, [2] raised fines

for seditious libel, [3] speeded up the trials of political agitators, [4]

increased newspaper taxes, [5] prohibited the training of armed groups,

and [6] allowed local officials to search homes in certain counties

E. Bourbon Restoration
1. Louis XVIII, brother of beheaded Louis XVI, was put onto the throne 1814, he

agreed to a constitutional monarchy under his own constitution called the Charter

a. Made the Chamber of Peers, the upper house, and the Chamber of

Deputies, the lower house, guaranteed most of the Right of Man and

Citizen, religious toleration,