1066 – World War I

Lessons 1 – 3 Notes
Why England?
 People already had individual rights from the Magna Carta
 Already conflicts with: - Anglican King & Protestants
- Kings vs. Nobles (Parliament)
 Reformation began with King Henry VIII that affected Anglicans, Catholics, Puritans, Pilgrims, and Presbyterians

Rulers Who Dealt with Religion and Power:

 Henry VIII: Formed the Anglican Church to divorce his wife
 Mary: Devout Catholic who kills Protestant. “Bloody Mary”
 Elizabeth: Promotes religious tolerance and works with Parliament. Once she finds out about attempted murder
the Spanish Armada begins (1588)
 Mary Queen of Scots: Attempted to kill Elizabeth because of Phillip II and is beheaded
 Phillip II: Leader of the Counter Reformation and husband of “Bloody Mary”

Divine Rights of Monarchs vs. Parliament:

 James I: Writes the King James Bible
 Charles I: Comes into power and raises taxes, establishes the court of the Star Chambers, Kings Court.
Parliament forces Charles to sign the Petition of Right to reaffirm to Magna Carta. Charles then dissolves
Parliament soon after.

Scottish Problem:
 Charles I calls Parliament into session because he needs money for his army against the Presbyterians

Irish Rebellion:
 Catalyst for the English Civil War
 Wants control over the army.
 Conflict begins between Charles I vs. Cromwell

English Civil War:

 Cavaliers (Charles I) vs. Roundheads (Cromwell)
 Cromwell wins because roundheads are willing to die for their cause
 Charles I is beheaded. His son Charles II flees to France.

Cromwell’s Commonwealth
 Parliament is in power. The House of Commons is located here,
 After Parliament begins to disagree with Cromwell he dissolves Parliament and becomes a dictator/tyrant

Thomas Hobbes:
 Social Contract Theory
 Give all power to the monarch and give up freedoms for safety, outlined in
Levianthan
Both believed that in a state
John Locke: of nature people need
 Social Contract Theory government. People are
 Protect ourselves from ourselves naturally evil and not good!
 We must give up power and rights for safety
 Divine right of kings is illegitament
  Government power is derived from the consent of the governed (hands of the people)
 Natural Rights: Life, liberty, and property. If this is violated people must overthrow the government

Declaration of Rights:
 Document of social contract theory outlines with rights

Habeas Corpus:
 “Right to your own body”
 Protects people from torture and arbitrary arrest and imprisonment

Restoration:
 Charles II restores the Catholic Monarch
 Charles II promotes the arts and entertainment
 His son James II believes in Divine Right of Kings. Starts another conflict when the Tories support James and the
Whigs support Parliament.

Glorious Revolution:
 Tories and Whigs unite to take down James II
 William I and Mary II become Protestant ceremonial figure heads (joint rulers)
 Power shifts to Parliament to the People
 Prime Minister is now in charge

Declaration of Rights:
 Parliament would choose the ruler, who as an official would be subject to Parliamentary laws
 Ruler can’t suspend any law
 Ruler can’t impose any tax or maintain an army in peacetime without Parliament’s consent
 Parliament has the right to meet frequently
 Monarch can’t interfere with elections of its members
 Members of Parliament can express themselves freely
 Protected private citizens
 Citizens can petition gov’t for relief of injustice
 No one could be required to pay excessive bail or be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment

Toleration Act:
 Freedom of Religion
 Freedom of Non-Anglicans

Settlement Act:
 No Catholic Monarchies  No Divine Right of Kings

Act of Union:
 Scotland and England unite to create Great Britain
 Protects them from France
 FRANCE vs. GREAT BRITAIN!