2-Turn Door Locks

In a vehicle with this feature (including all Toyotas with power door locks), only the driver's door is unlocked when the
key is turned in that door's lock. A second turn unlocks the other doors. This provides extra security in situations where
a driver desires to open only one door, yet also allows the convenience of easily unlocking doors for all passengers.

2WD
2-Wheel Drive. Also see Front Wheel Drive or Rear Wheel Drive.

4-Speed Electronically Controlled Automatic Transmission with intelligence (4ECT-i)

The 4ECT-i transmission is one of Toyota's most advanced automatic transmissions. The transmission computer
networks with the engine computer to control hydraulic shift pressure more precisely than even the 4ECT. It also
automatically adjusts for transmission wear over time.

4WD on Demand
Allows the driver to go from 2-wheel drive to 4-wheel drive and back while the vehicle is in motion, automatically
locking the front hubs at speeds up to 62 mph. The driver needs only to turn a dial or push a button to engage 4-wheel
drive; it is not necessary to stop the vehicle.

4WD-i
4-Wheel Drive with intelligence (Highlander Hybrid) This innovative electric 4WD-i system employs a separate 50-kw
(68-hp) electric motor (MGR) at the rear that provides up to 96 lb.-ft. of additional drive torque as required. The system
electronically varies the rear torque output depending on driving conditions.

4-Wheel Drive (4WD)

A drive system where the engine drives all four wheels, 4WD helps improve traction under many circumstances. 4WD
can be part-time (low traction conditions only) or full-time (may be used on dry roads).

4-wheel independent suspension

A type of suspension in which all four wheels are mounted to separate suspension members with no rigid axle
connecting them. Each wheel reacts independently to changes in the road's surface. This suspension design helps reduce
unsprung weight, improves ride and handling over rough surfaces, and permits room for a larger trunk.

5-Speed Electronically Controlled Automatic Transmission with intelligence (5ECT-i)

The 5ECT-i transmission is one of Toyota's most advanced automatic transmissions. The transmission computer
networks with the engine computer to control hydraulic shift pressure more precisely than even the 4ECT. It also
automatically adjusts for transmission wear over time.

5-Speed Manual Overdrive Transmission

Fifth gear reduces engine rpm at highway cruising speed and provides greater fuel economy, quieter operation, and less
wear and tear on the engine.

5th-Wheel Trailer Hitch

A Class IV/V hitch that mounts in the pickup bed and uses a plate in the bed of the truck (similar to a semi-tractor) and a
pin on the trailer. Similar to a gooseneck trailer hitch (both mount inside the bed of a truck); however, a 5th-wheel hitch
uses a pin and latch to mount the trailer to the bed. A gooseneck uses a ball and latch.

6-Speed Manual Overdrive Transmission

Sixth gear reduces engine rpm at highway cruising speed and provides greater fuel economy, quicker acceleration,
superior pulling power, quieter operation, and less wear and tear on the engine.

A
Top
Access Cab
2 front full-opening front-hinged and 2 rear-hinged rearward-opening rear access doors with stationary rear windows
and small rear seats.

Accessories
Like options, these are features that don't come standard with a certain model, but are installed usually by the dealer.
You can sometimes ask the dealer to add an accessory to a vehicle on hand.

Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS)

Acoustic Control Induction System optimizes intake air velocity to enhance engine performance.

Active Safety (ABS, VSC, TRAC)

A vehicle's safety features or equipment that help avoid collisions.(Examples: ABS, VSC, TRAC, etc.)

Active TRAC (A-TRAC)

Using sensors at all four wheels to monitor a loss of traction, Active TRAC employs brake and throttle control to reduce
wheelspin and transfer torque to the wheel with the most traction.

Active-Control Engine Mount (ACEM)

Active-Control Engine Mount reduces engine-produced noise, vibration and harshness (NVH).

Adjusted Capitalized Cost

The difference between the gross capitalized cost reduction. This is the amount used to calculate the lease payment.

Aerodynamic Drag
Basically wind resistance, aerodynamic drag is expressed by a measurement called coefficient of drag (Cd). A lower
number means an automobile cuts through wind more efficiently, resulting in better fuel economy and lower wind noise.

Air/fuel mixture
The ratio by weight of the air and fuel in an engine's cylinder.

Alignment
Referring to a vehicle's wheel alignment, it is the proper adjustment of a vehicle that uses the front and rear suspension
for camber, toe, caster and ride height.

All-Wheel Drive (AWD)

This system sends power to all four wheels at all times. You do not need to select 2- or 4-wheel drive, as in part-time 4-
wheel-drive systems.

Alternator
The part of the vehicle's electrical system that converts mechanical energy from a drive belt into electrical energy to
operate the ignition and electrical accessories, and to charge the battery when needed.
AMCI-Certified Testing
AMCI-Certified testing, comparably equipped 4WD vehicles with optional larger V8s, 4-door cabs and 6' beds,
Automotive News Full-Sized Pickup segmentation.

Amount Financed
The agreed-upon sale price of a vehicle plus any charges for taxes, title, license fees, service contracts and insurance -
less any down payment and/or net trade-in allowance. This is the amount which is subject to finance charges.

Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)

Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) Computer-controlled ABS modulates brake pressure during hard braking to help avoid
wheel lock-up and maintain steering control. When the wheels begin to lock, the computer causes the brakes to pulse
more rapidly than humanly possible, allowing the wheels to rotate rather than skid.

Anti-Lockout Power Door Locks

Prevents the doors from being locked if the keys are in the ignition.

A-pillar
The front pillar of a vehicle that supports the windshield and the front of the roof.

Approach angle
The angle between the ground and a line running from the tire to the front bumper (as viewed from the side). Indicates
how steep a ramp a vehicle can negotiate without touching the surface. In off-road driving, provides a good indication of
a vehicle's ability to climb over rocks without damaging the front of the vehicles body or chassis.

Assist Grips
Handles mounted on the inside of a vehicle. They provide a convenient place to grab and obtain leverage for entering
and exiting the vehicle.

AT-PZEV
Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle produce extremely low levels of hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of
nitrogen (NOx)), emissions that contribute to the formation of smog.

AT
(A/T) Automatic Transmission.

Auto Sound Levelizer (ASL)

Auto Sound Levelizer (audio systems) automatically adjusts volume and tone in accordance with the drive speed.

Automatic Disconnecting Differential System (ADD)

The automatic disconnecting differential system (ADD) disconnects the front axles and hub assemblies from the drive
shaft at the differential when the vehicle is in 2-wheel drive mode, eliminating the need to disconnect them manually. It
also engages the front axles to the differential when 4-wheel drive is selected by the driver.

Automatic Height Control (AHC)

Automatic Height Control (Land Cruiser suspension) is a hydraulic system that allows the drive to raise the Land
Cruiser's suspension in order to negotiate particularly rough off-road terrain, and to lower it for easy entry and exit.

Automatic Limited-Slip Differential (Auto LSD)

Automatic Limited-Slip Differential (electronic) system helps deliver torque to the wheel with traction.

Automatic Locking Front Hubs

In a part-time 4-wheel-drive vehicle, the front axles must disconnect to "freewheel" when in 2- wheel drive. When the
vehicle is shifted into 4-wheel drive, the axles automatically "lock up" in the differential, providing torque at each front
wheel. They are activated simply by shifting into 4WD. Manual hubs (the old style) were mechanical systems that
forced the driver to get out of the vehicle and turn a switch on each wheel before they were capable of accepting engine
power.

Automatic Locking Retractor (ALR)

Automatic Locking Retractor (seatbelt) makes it possible to secure a child seat without using a seatbelt locking clip.

Automatic transmission (AT)

A type of transmission that enables the vehicle to change gears without the use of a clutch or manual shifting on the part
of the driver. Automatic transmissions promote smooth, quiet shift performance.

Automatic Transmission Shift Lock

This safety device requires that the ignition is on and the brake pedal is depressed before the transmission lever can be
moved out of "Park." The shift lock prevents a car from being put into "Drive" or "Reverse" and accelerating
inadvertently.

Auto-On/ Auto-Off Headlamps

This system detects the amount of daylight and automatically turns the headlamps on or off as required. It automatically
turns lights off when the key is removed and the driver's door is opened. These automatic systems provide an added
level of convenience, safety and security.

Axle
A shaft on which a wheel revolves or which revolves with the wheel. (Also a solid beam that connects the two rear
wheels of the vehicle.) Axles help support the vehicle and, in some cases, transmit torque to the drive wheels.

Axle Ratio
The number of times the driveshaft rotates to turn the axle shaft one rotation. For example, if the driveshaft gear had 10
teeth and the axle shaft gear had 30 teeth, the driveshaft gear would have to turn three times to turn the axle shaft gear
once. This translates to a ratio of three-to-one (3:1).

B
Top
Balance Shafts
Balance shafts are small, weighted shafts - similar to a camshaft - inside the engine block. Two balance shafts rotate in
opposite directions from each other at twice the crankshaft speed to help "cancel out" engine vibration. Balance shafts
are most common to 4-cylinder engines to help reduce noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) inherent in this engine
design.

Ball Joint
A flexible joint consisting of a ball in a socket. It is used primarily in the front suspension because of its wide range of
motion.

Battery
An electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Typical automotive batteries supply the
source of power for cranking the engine and also the electrical energy for the ignition system.

Beltline
The line that runs along the bottom edge of the vehicle's glass area and contributes to the vehicle's styling and visual
appeal.

Bluetooth®
Bluetooth® |1| is a wireless technology that enables connectivity between two or more devices (for example, cell
phone and vehicle) by utilizing a 2.4-GHz radio spectrum that has a range of 10 meters. Bluetooth® allows customers
to use their compatible cell phones hands-free in the vehicle. |1| The phones on this site have been tested for Bluetooth
compatibility with Toyota vehicles. Performance will vary based on phone software version, coverage and your wireless
carrier. Phones are warranted by their manufacturer, not Toyota.

Body-on-frame
A type of vehicle construction in which the body structure is attached to a separate frame. (Toyota 4Runner is an
example of a vehicle that uses this type of construction.)

Bore x Stroke
Bore is the measurement of the diameter of each cylinder, and stroke is the distance the piston travels one-way within
the cylinder. By first determining the area of the cylinder and then multiplying that by the stroke, you can obtain the
displacement for each cylinder. Multiply that by the number of cylinders for the total engine displacement (engine size).

B-pillar
The side or door posts that connect the rocker panel and the roof, providing support for the vehicle's roof.

Brake Assist (BA)

In emergencies, some drivers, especially inexperienced ones, often panic and do not apply sufficient pressure on the
brake pedal. Brake Assist measures the speed and force with which the brake pedal is pushed to determine whether the
driver is attempting an emergency stop. If the system determines that is the case, it applies additional brake pressure to
allow the driver to take full advantage of the ABS brake system. When the driver intentionally eases up on the brake
pedal, the system reduces the amount of assistance it provides. This feature comes with VSC.

Brake Caliper
The disc brake component that straddles the rotor and houses the piston(s), cylinder(s) and brake pads. The piston
movement pushes the pad against the rotor to slow or stop the vehicle.

Brake Controller
This feature is the interface between a tow vehicle and electric trailer brakes. It can be inertia-activated or based on time
delay from activation of vehicle brakes. Typically located in the tow vehicles driving compartment with an electrical
line running to the trailer wiring connector. Most require the user to adjust brake gain to compensate for varying trailer
load. A brake controller is necessary when using electric trailer brakes.

Brake Fade
This refers to a reduction of braking effectiveness caused by brake overheating. It can occur during excessively long and
hard brake applications, and can be reduced with ventilated disc brakes.

Brake Proportioning Valve

See Load-Sensing Proportioning and Bypass Valve (LS&PBV).

Bumper-Pull Trailer
Also known as "tag-alongs," these trailers are pulled from a hitch mounted under the rear of a truck (or car) and have a
"tongue" sticking out the front of the box area of the trailer.

C
Top
Cabs
Toyota offers three different cab styles in its pickup trucks: Regular cab with front seats only and two doors. Access Cab
with front seats, small rear seats and four doors (two regular size and two small rear doors). Referred to as an Extended
Cab, SuperCab or King Cab by competitors. Double Cab with full-size front and rear seats and four full-size doors.
Referred to as a Crew Cab, Super Crew or Quad Cab by competitors.

Camber
The outward or inward tilt of the top of a vehicle's tire (as viewed from the front). A tire tipped outward at the top has
positive camber; a tire tipped inward has negative camber.

Camshaft
A shaft in the engine that is driven by gears, belts or chains from the crankshaft. Incorporates a series of cam lobes for
timing the opening and closing of the engine's intake and exhaust valves.

Capitalized Cost Reduction

The amount of any net trade-in allowance, rebate, noncash credit or cash which you pay that reduces the gross
capitalized cost.

Cargo area backup mirrors

Cargo area backup mirrors enhance rearward visibility from all angles.

Catalytic converter
A muffler-like device in the exhaust system that helps reduce emissions.

Center High-Mount Stop Lamp (CHMSL)

This third brake light helps drivers in other vehicles recognize more quickly that the brakes have been applied.

CFC-Free Air Conditioning

A vehicle air conditioning system that uses R-134a refrigerant instead of CFC-based chemicals (usually known as
Freon).

Chassis
The vehicle’s frame with all the operating parts, including the engine, drivetrain, suspension and brakes (but
excluding the body, accessories and trim).

Child Restraint System (CRS)

This system helps to safely meet the needs of family use. CRS top tether and lower ISO-FIX anchors have been fitted to
the rear seats and floor to allow proper installation of a child safety seat independent of the seatbelt system. CRS
markings are located on buttons at the base of the seatback. Never place a child seat in the front passenger seat. Place
children securely in the rear seat. For more information on airbags and child seat usage, see the Owner’s Manual.
Closed-End Lease
A type of lease in which the lessee is not responsible for the value of the vehicle at the end of the lease. The lessee is
liable for excess mileage and excessive wear and use. This is also called a guaranteed trade-in, net lease or walk-away
lease. This is the only type of lease that Toyota Financial Services (TFS) uses.

Clutch
Used in a manual transmission, this device connects and disconnects the engine, the transmission and the clutch pedal
that the driver uses to operate it.

Clutch Start-Cancel Switch

This device in manual transmission-equipped vehicles prevents the vehicle's starter motor from engaging unless the
clutch is depressed. This prevents the vehicle from starting while in gear.

Coefficient of drag
The number used to indicate the aerodynamic drag force on a vehicle (a function of exterior styling and the airflow in
and around the vehicle). The higher the number, the greater the drag force a vehicle’s engine must overcome at any
road speed.

Coil Spring
A thick steel wire that has been coiled and heat-treated to form a very strong spring. Commonly used in light truck
suspension systems, coil springs are space-efficient and can vary in stiffness, even within the same spring (i.e., stiff at
the top and not stiff at the bottom). The coil springs on a given vehicle largely define how that truck's ride and handling
will feel.

Combustion chamber
Area located on the top of the cylinders, where the burning of the engine's air/fuel mixture occurs.

Compression Ratio
A measurement of how tightly the air-fuel mixture is compressed or squeezed within the cylinder by the piston. This can
be determined by taking the total volume of the cylinder when the piston is at its lowest point (Bottom Dead Center, or
BDC) and dividing it by the volume when the piston is at its highest point (Top Dead Center, or TDC). In general,
higher compression ratios yield greater power.

Connecting rods
Metal rods that connect the pistons to the crankshaft.

Contact patch
The area where the tires touch the road. Generally, the wider the contact patch, the greater the stability.

Continuously variable transmission (CVT)

A type of automatic transmission with infinitely variable gear ratios.

Control Arms
A part of the suspension system designed to control wheel movement precisely. It is also known as a wishbone or an A-
arm.

C-pillar
The pillar that supports the back window or the rear portion of the vehicle’s roof.

Crankshaft
The main shaft of the engine that converts the reciprocating motions of the pistons and rods to rotary motion and
delivers it to the front and rear of the engine.

CrewMax
4 door cab with choice of 6 passenger (front bench seat) or 5 passenger (captain chairs) and 4 full-opening front-hinged
doors and fully retractable rear windows and slide/recline 60/40 rear seats.

Cross member
One of several horizontal members in a vehicle's frame that join the side members and add to the vehicle's strength and
stability.

Cruise control
A method of maintaining a pre-set speed as set by the driver.

Crumple Zones
These exist at the front and rear of the vehicle to help absorb the impact of a collision. These pre-stressed areas in the
fender, hood, frame and related body components are designed to deform in a predetermined manner during collision.
Their purpose is to help lessen the force the impact transfers to the passenger compartment. In essence, the crumple zone
of a vehicle is sacrificed to help protect the occupants.

Curb Weight
The weight of an empty vehicle, without cargo and driver and passengers, but including maximum amounts of fuel, oil,
coolant and standard equipment, including the spare tire and tools.

Cylinder
A hollow tube that is machined into the engine block and contains a piston.

Cylinder block (engine block)

The main structural element of any engine design and the part to which other engine components are attached (usually a
casting and includes engine cylinders and the upper part of the crankcase).

D
Top
Daytime Running Lights (DRL)
The daytime running light system activates the low beam headlights at a reduced intensity during daylight to keep the
car highly visible to other vehicles. On some models, a dash-mounted sensor automatically switches between DRLs and
the normal intensity low beams according to the lighting conditions (nighttime, tunnel, etc.). (Note: The DRL system
activates either low beams or high beams - it varies by model.)

Departure angle
This is the angle between the ground and a line running from the rear tire to the rear bumper. Indicates a vehicle's ability
to drive off a ramp or obstacle without damaging the rear of the vehicle. Also see approach angle.

Differential
A gear assembly that allows one driven wheel to turn at a different speed from the wheel on the other end of the axle.
This is necessary since an outside wheel has farther to travel than an inside wheel when turning a corner.

Disc Brake
A disc or rotor is attached to the wheel. A non-moving caliper straddles this disc. When you push the brake pedal, pads
within the caliper squeeze both sides of the disc to slow and stop the wheel. Also see Ventilated Disc Brakes.

Displacement
Refers to the primary measure of an engine's size (volume of air/fuel mixture) and is most often expressed in liters (a
2.0-liter engine displaces 2,000 cubic centimeters).

Distributor
A mechanical component of an ignition system, usually driven by the camshaft, that distributes the electrical power to
the spark plugs. Replaced in most modern vehicles with a distributor-less ignition system.

Distributorless Ignition
Rather than use a mechanical distributor to time spark plug firing, the distributorless Toyota Direct Ignition (TDI)
system places an ignition coil on top of each spark plug (in some cases, two spark plugs share a coil). This eliminates
many wear items and reduces the number of parts in the system as well as the number of high-voltage wires under the
hood.

Double Cab
4 door cab with choice of 6 passenger (front bench seat) or 5 passenger (captain chairs) and 4 full-opening front-hinged
doors and fully retractable rear windows.

Double Overhead Cam (DOHC)

An engine configuration with two overhead camshafts per row of cylinders. One camshaft operates the intake valves and
the other operates the exhaust valves. This is the usual arrangement in engines with multi-valve cylinder heads.
Compared to single overhead cam designs, the direct drive used in all Toyota DOHC engines requires fewer moving
parts. It eliminates the rocker arm needed to activate the valves, thus improving efficiency and reducing vibration and
noise. Compared to push-rod overhead valve (OHV) engines, which use an arrangement by which the camshaft is
located in the engine block and opens the valves via long push rods and rocker arms, it eliminates the need for both of
these components. With fewer moving parts, there is less inertia. So, an overhead cam engine can run at a higher speed
and produce more power than a comparably sized pushrod engine.

Double Wishbone Suspension

This is an independent suspension system in which each wheel is located on a "knuckle" that is connected by ball joints
to upper and lower A-arms that are unequal in length. This system minimizes changes in track and camber during
cornering and when driving over bumps.

Down Payment
The amount of cash or net trade-in allowance applied to reduce the cash sales price of a vehicle. Most retail transactions
require a down payment of 10 to 15 percent of the amount to be financed. However, the required down payment can be
less, depending on your credit standing, ability to repay and other criteria. A down payment helps lower your monthly
payment, as well as establish equity in your vehicle.

Downhill Assist Control (DAC)

On a steep, off-road downhill slope, low-range 4-wheel drive may not be enough to reduce speed. DAC will
automatically apply the brakes to keep the vehicle's speed low without locking the wheels.
D-pillar
The vertical, or sometimes diagonal, roof supporting member located at the extreme rear of the roof on station wagons,
minivans and SUVs.

Drive configuration
Refers to where the engine is placed in the vehicle and which wheels power the vehicle.

Drive Shaft
The long hollow shaft with universal joints at both ends that carries power from the transmission to the differential in
RWD and 4WD vehicles.

Drivetrain
The system that takes engine output and transfers it to the wheels to produce motion. Consists of the transmission,
transfer unit (if 4-wheel drive), driveshaft(s), differential(s) and axle(s).

Drum brakes
Consist of a rotating drum that is attached to the wheel. Drum brakes are popular because of their self-actuating design.
As the brakes are applied, the centrifugal force of the turning drum tends to apply the brakes harder without requiring
additional pressure from the brake pedal.

Dry Weight
The weight of the tow vehicle without cargo or fluids and, in some cases, trailer. Most RV campers include the trailer in
the dry weight.

Dual Air Bag Supplemental Restraint System (SRS)

In vehicles equipped with an air bag Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) [1] an airbag inflates with nitrogen gas
within a fraction of a second to help support a driver's head and upper torso to help prevent serious injury in a severe
frontal impact.

Dynamic Laser Cruise Control (DLCC)

Dynamic Laser Cruise Control function has two cruise control modes: a vehicle-to-vehicle distance control mode for
maintaining an appropriate distance between two vehicles, and a conventional fixed-speed cruise control mode for
cruising at preset speeds.

E
Top
Early Termination
When a lease is ended by the lessee returning the lease vehicle to the lessor before its scheduled maturity date.

Electric Motor Power Steering (EMPS)

Electric Motor Power Steering is standard on Prius because when the engine shuts off, a conventional engine-driven
hydraulic system would stop working and the electric system is more energy-efficient than hydraulic power steering
systems. There is less drag on the engine and it eliminates the need for checking an refilling the system with fluid.

Electrical system
The system that cranks the engine for starting, supplies high voltage to the spark plugs, powers the lights, and operates
other accessories and electrical equipment.
Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD)
This system optimizes the braking effort distributed between front and rear axles. Vehicle stability during braking is
improved in conditions that fall short of triggering the ABS. EBD helps minimize stopping distances regardless of load
conditions.

Electronic Control Module (ECM)

Electronic Control Module.

Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)

A system that injects fuel into the cylinders, and is timed and metered by an electronic control unit.

Electronic Throttle Control with intelligence (ETCS-i)

This system replaces the mechanical cable-operated throttle control with an electronic version with inputs from the
accelerator pedal and engine control module. The system is more precise, more efficient and quieter. It also controls the
cruise control system and engine idle speed when the air conditioning system or other accessories are turned on.

Electronically Controlled Automatic Transmission (ECT)

Electronically Controlled automatic Transmission.

Electronically Controlled Automatic Transmission with intelligence (ECT-i)

Electronically Controlled automatic Transmission with intelligence.

Electronically Controlled Braking (ECB)

Electronically Controlled Braking.

Electronically Controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (ECVT)

Electronically Controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (Hybrids).

Electronically Tuned Radio (ETR)

In addition to tuning with more precision, an ETR permits adding other electronic features, such as station seek and
scan.

ELR/ALR 3-Point Seatbelts

On ELR/ALR 3-Point Seatbelts |1| the ELR (Emergency Locking Retractor) allows the driver seatbelt to extend and
retract with occupant movement, yet locks the belt during a sudden stop or upon impact. The ALR (Automatic Locking
Retractor) makes it possible to secure a child seat without using a seatbelt locking clip. To activate the ALR retractor,
pull the shoulder belt all the way out, then allow it to retract to the desired length. Press down firmly on the child seat as
the belt retracts to buckle the child seat securely in place. Unbuckling the belt and allowing it to retract fully deactivates
the ALR retractor.

Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR)

Emergency Locking Retractor (seatbelts) allows the seatbelt to extend and retract with occupant movement, yet it locks
the belt during a sudden deceleration, stop or upon impact.

Emergency Locking Retractor/Automatic Locking Retractor (ELR/ALR)

Emergency Locking Retractor (seatbelts) allows the seatbelt to extend and retract with occupant movement, yet it locks
the belt during a sudden deceleration, stop or upon impact. Automatic Locking Retractor (seatbelts) makes it possible to
secure a child seat without using a seatbelt locking clip.

Engine block (cylinder block)

The main structural element of any engine design and the part to which other engine components are attached (usually a
casting and includes engine cylinders and the upper part of the crankcase).

Engine Immobilizer
An ID code stored in a transponder embedded in the ignition key is compared to the ignition transponder. If the codes
match, the immobilizer is deactivated and allows the engine to start. If the codes do not match, the engine will not start.

Engine Mount
Engines (and transmissions) are mounted to a vehicle's frame or sub-frame on top of rubber or fluid-filled rubber
devices.

EPA-estimated fuel economy

Mileage figures arrived at through laboratory tests conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Mileage
figures for city and highway driving are usually reduced by a set factor to more closely reflect "real-world" driving.

EPS
Electric Power Steering.

Ergonomics
The science of designing and locating a vehicle's switches, controls, instruments, seats, pedals and steering wheel to
promote comfort and ease of operation on the part of the driver.

ETCS-i
Electronic Throttle Control System with intelligence.

Excessive Wear and Use

The Toyota Touch Lease Plan contains specific standards for excessive wear and use based upon TFS's standards.
Included are such things as missing parts, scratches, dents, mismatched or bald tires, cracked glass, ripped/burned/torn
interior and inoperable mechanical parts. At the end of the initial contract term, if the lessee does not purchase the
vehicle, the lessee must either repair the excessive wear and usage - or pay the lessor the estimated cost of repairs.

Exhaust valves
In the combustion process, these valves control the flow of the burnt air/fuel mixture to leave the engine and emerge into
the atmosphere.

Extra Value Package

A package contains several options together for one price. The price of the package is less than the price of purchasing
all the options separately. Savings based on Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price of individual options. Actual dealer
price and customer savings may vary.

F
Top
Force limiters
Front seatbelt safety feature that helps reduce the load of the seatbelt on an occupant’s chest, thereby reducing the
risk of injury from the seatbelt itself.
Frame, Ladder Type
Frame rails are single piece. The rails are boxed under the engine for support, rolled-over C-shape under the cab for
strength and quietness and reinforced under the cargo bed for extra payload support. Crossmembers control twisting and
keep the frame rails in parallel alignment.

Front-Wheel Drive (FWD)

Allowing more passenger and cargo room by placing the engine transversely (or sideways), this system carries the
weight of the engine and transmission over the drive wheels, helping to improve traction in certain situations.

Fuel injection
A type of fuel induction system that uses a pump and injectors to pump fuel under pressure into the incoming air stream,
as opposed to a carburetor. In modern engines, electronic fuel injection (EFI) precisely measures the amount of fuel
used, improving drivability, performance, economy and emissions control.

Fuel pump
A device that draws fuel from the fuel tank and delivers it to the fuel injectors.

Full-Floating Rear Axle

A "full-floating axle" is used for heavy-duty load conditions. The axle is not attached to the wheel hub. In fact, it is
possible to remove the axle while the wheel is still attached to the differential axle tubes. The axle housing carries the
entire load of the vehicle, leaving the fully floating axle to only deal with the engine torque. By separating the two
functions, the rear axle can effectively carry more load and transfer more torque than a semi-floating axle. A full-
floating axle is commonly used in heavy-duty 3/4-ton and 1-ton trucks, providing a more even weight distribution over
the axle than a semifloating design.

Full-Time 4-Wheel Drive

This full-time setup means that all four wheels are driving the vehicle at all times. Since the vehicle is always operating
in 4-high, no additional driver input is required for normal driving situations.

Fully Boxed Frame

Used on the front section of Toyota pickups, this design incorporates two c-channel frame sections welded together to
form a box. Reinforcements are pre-welded inside in key areas for additional strength. In addition, this frame section is
designed to act as a forward crumple zone for frontal impacts. This frame design provides maximum torsional rigidity to
support the engine and transmission of the truck.

G
Top
Gas-Filled Shock Absorbers
Containing compressed nitrogen gas, these shocks generally respond more quickly and do not "fatigue" under hard use.

GCWR (gross combined weight rating)

The maximum allowable weight of the loaded vehicle, including optional equipment, occupants, luggage or cargo, hitch,
and trailer tongue weight. A vehicle’s GCWR should never be exceeded.

Generator
The part of a vehicle's electrical system that creates direct current.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Global Positioning System along with the map data DVD are used by the navigation system to help locate a street
address, point of interest or other location programmed into the navigation system.

Gooseneck Trailer Hitch

A Class IV/V hitch that mounts a ball in the bed of a pickup truck (either 2 5/16 or 3 inches in diameter) to engage a
coupler on a trailer.

Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR)

The maximum amount of weight that can be supported by each axle, as designated by the manufacturer.

Gross Capitalized Cost

The agreed-upon value of the lease vehicle (including dealer mark-up). Plus any items you pay for over the lease term
such as taxes, service contracts, insurance and any prior credit or lease balance.

Gross Combined Weight (GCW)

The total weight of a vehicle, including all its contents, plus the weight of a trailer and its entire contents. The GCW
should not be allowed to exceed the Gross Combined Weight Rating (GCWR).

Gross Combined Weight Rating (GCWR)

GCWR is the maximum recommended weight of a vehicle with a towed trailer. A vehicle usually can't accept the same
load of people and cargo when towing a trailer as it can without the trailer. GCWR is not the sum of GVWR plus
maximum trailer payload.

Gross Trailer Weight (GTW)

The gross vehicle weight of the loaded trailer. See Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW).

Gross Trailer Weight Rating (GTWR)

Maximum allowable weight of the loaded trailer. Must be published inside all RV camper trailers sold in North
America. See Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR).

Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)

The sum of curb weight and payload. Curb weight is the weight of a vehicle with all fluids, less driver, ready to be
operated. Payload is the load added to a vehicle, including the driver, passengers and any other equipment or cargo.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)

The maximum allowable loaded vehicle weight. It includes the vehicle and its equipment, fluids, occupants and cargo.

Ground Clearance
The distance between the lowest point on the vehicle and level ground (measurement points vary from manufacturer to
manufacturer).

H
Top
Halogen Headlamps
Headlamps with special bulbs that provide brighter illumination than conventional bulbs yet last longer and use less
energy. They get their name from the halogen gas inside the bulb.
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems.

High Solar Energy-Absorbing Glass (HSEA)

Helps keep the vehicle's interior cooler and helps reduce interior window fogging.

High-Intensity Discharge Headlamps (HID)

HID headlamps use a metal halide bulb as a light source for the low beam. Metal halide bulbs are superior to halogen
bulbs because the light emitted is closer in color to sunlight. The light shines ahead over a broader area of the road, as
well as farther forward, to help increase driver visibility. HIDs also consume less power and last longer than regular
halogen bulbs.

Hill-Start Assist Control (HAC)

When starting from a stop on an uphill grade, HAC automatically increases brake pressure to all four wheels to reduce
rearward rolling while the driver steps on the accelerator pedal.

Hitches
A trailer ball can be installed on a bumper for light loads. A frame-mounted weight-carrying receiver hitch can be used
for moderate loads. A frame-mounted weight-distributing receiver hitch can be used for heavier towing. A fifth-wheel
hitch can be used for fifth-wheel trailering.

HomeLink® Universal Transceiver

The HomeLink® System [1] learns the codes for up to three remote-controlled devices through a simple training
process. HomeLink can then activate those devices at the push of a button -- all from one unit permanently mounted in
the vehicle's sun visor, overhead console or mirror. There's no transmitter clutter in the vehicle, no batteries to change or
individual transmitters to misplace. HomeLink is rolling-code compatible, is powered by the vehicle's charging system,
can be reprogrammed at any time and can activate home lighting with the available HomeLink Lighting Package.

Horsepower
The measurement of the ability to do work over time. One horsepower is the amount of energy needed to raise 100
pounds a distance of 330 feet in one minute. Simply put, it is the engine performance rating that helps an engine
maintain and maximize vehicle speeds.

Hybrid Synergy Drive®

Refers to Toyota's name for advanced technology hybrid powertrains that combine gasoline and electric propulsion with
the ability to operate on one or the other, or both, depending on the driving situation. By enabling the vehicle to operate
at its most efficient level, regardless of engine speed, Hybrid Synergy Drive® boosts power output and, at the same
time, enhances efficiency and emissions control.

Hydraulic Shift Pressure

Automatic transmissions operate by fluid pressures to engage and disengage the transmission's gears from the engine.

I
Top
Ignition system
The system that provides the spark to ignite the engine's air/fuel mixture. System components may include the battery,
coil, distributor, ignition switch, spark plugs and wiring.
Included Sway
Sway occurs in every conventional trailer system because of the joint between the trailer and tow vehicle. Included sway
refers to the longitudinal axis of the towing vehicle compared to the longitudinal axis of the trailer with an intersection at
the hitch ball.

Independent Suspension
Each wheel of an independent suspension is sprung separately so that a bump affecting one does not affect the others.

Induction system
The system that delivers the air/fuel mixture to the engine's cylinders.

Initial Contract Term

Range in monthly increments from 24 to 48 months.

In-line engine
An engine configuration in which the pistons are arranged in a straight line.

Intake valves
Valves through which air and fuel enter the combustion chamber.

J
Top
Jam protection
A feature that helps prevent power-operated windows, sliding doors and moonroofs from closing when an object is in
the way.

K
Top
Kaizen
The work process and ethic that involves continuous search for improvement, constantly taking measures to improve
work procedures and equipment. Kaizen often involves utilizing teams of employees who revise their work procedures
and standards round-the-clock to achieve improvements in efficiency, quality and working conditions.

Knock Sensor (Knock Control System) (KCS)

By detecting high frequency vibrations that are early signs of pinging (pre-ignition) or knocking, a computerized engine
control can retard the spark timing until the knock ceases. This allows an engine to take advantage of a high
compression ratio (for more power) while reducing the risk of damage from hot weather, increased engine loads or
lower grades of gasoline.

L
Top
LATCH (lower anchor and tethers for children)
Uses lower anchors and tethers in the rear seats to secure child safety seats instead of seatbelts for improved safety and
ease of use.

Leaf Spring
A leaf spring is a flat band of steel, curved into an arc, that usually mounts a solid axle to the vehicle. Most leaf springs
have several bands of steel (a multi-leaf spring). Used in the rear suspension of Toyota trucks, leaf springs are simple,
flexible and very rugged suspension components.

Lease
A contract between lessor and lessee for a specified time period and a specific payment. The title to the vehicle remains
in the name of lessor as owner unless and until the lessee exercises his/her purchase option. Or, in layman's terms: A
contract for a specified time period and a specific payment. The title to the car is in the name of the lessor, unless the
lessee exercises the purchase option to take ownership of the car.

Lessee
You, the customer, who signs a lease with the lessor, and pays for the use of the vehicle according to the regulations of
the lease.

Lessor
The Toyota dealership, and after assignment, the financial institution to which the lease is assigned. The party leasing
the vehicle to the lessee, the actual owner of the vehicle and the lease (i.e., leasing company, dealership or financial
institution).

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

Light-Emitting Diode (taillamps) make vehicles more distinctive and reduce power consumption.

Limited Slip Differential (LSD)

Improves traction by splitting torque evenly and preventing one wheel from slipping or spinning. Especially helpful
during cornering or other slippery situations (snow, gravel, etc.).

Linear Control Valve

The Linear Control Valve contributes to a smooth vehicle ride by enhancing the dampening force of the shock absorber
under moderate to rough driving conditions, yet allowing the dampening force to be consistent under smooth driving
conditions.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Liquid Crystal Display screen used on navigation systems.

Load-Sensing Proportioning and Bypass Valve (LSP, BV)

Mounted to the frame and the rear axle, the LSP & BV senses the weight distribution of the vehicle and automatically
varies the amount of hydraulic pressure to the rear brakes based on the load in the vehicle. This helps to reduce rear-
wheel lock-up with either light or heavy loads to maintain stopping control.

Locking Differential
Locks rear wheels together for maximum traction when the vehicle is stuck or in extremely slippery conditions. Should
not be used on dry pavement.

Lock-up torque converter

Part of an automatic transmission which, when the vehicle reaches a predetermined speed, forms a solid connection
between the engine and the transmission, thereby reducing friction and improving fuel efficiency.

Low Emission Vehicle (LEV)

Low Emission Vehicle meets California Low Emission Vehicle and the Federal emissions regulations.
M
Top
MacPherson Strut Suspension System
An independent suspension unit consisting of both a coil spring and a shock strut. (A shock absorber is inside the strut.)
It is most commonly found in the front of passenger cars, but can also be used in the rear. This is a compact design that
allows efficient space utilization while providing a smooth, comfortable ride with good handling.

Manual transmission (MT, M/T)

A type of transmission that utilizes a mechanical clutch and is operated manually by the driver.

Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP)

MSRP [1] is the retail price of the vehicle as recommended by the manufacturer - often called the sticker or list price.

Maximum Loaded Vehicle Weight Rating (MLVWR)

The maximum weight that can be loaded in and pulled by the truck, as determined by the manufacturer. Derived from
the Vehicle Capacity Weight, it includes curb weight, vehicle accessories, vehicle options, people calculated at 150
pounds per passenger, and the maximum rated cargo and luggage load.

Micron Air Filter

This is a particulate air-filtration system that reduces airborne particles larger than three microns. This helps prevent
pollens, spores and road dust from entering the cabin, which helps those who suffer from allergies, asthma or other
breathing problems.

MID
Multi-Information Display.

Model Grade
A certain model (Corolla, Avalon, etc.) may come in several varieties or levels of "trim." These are often designated
with letter combinations, like CE or XLE. The model grade is usually based on features that come standard with a
vehicle, though some stylistic differences may also factor in.

Monocoque
A specialized type of unibody construction consisting of thin, carefully joined panels that provide extreme rigidity and
strength. Usually used for sports cars and race cars.

MT
(M/T) Manual Transmission.

Multi-link suspension
A suspension design that uses multiple links to respond more precisely to the terrain and control wheel movement.

Multi-Valve Engine
By using more than the traditional one intake and one exhaust valve (two per cylinder), multiple valves (usually four per
cylinder) increase the flow of the fuel/air mixture into the engine and exhaust gases out of the engine. It also allows a
more central location of the spark plug for more uniform combustion.

N
Top
Naturally Aspirated Engine
Aspiration means breathing. An internal combustion engine that is neither turbocharged nor supercharged. Natural
aspiration gives less power than either turbo- or supercharged engines of the same engine displacement, but generally
operates with better fuel efficiency.

Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH)

This term covers a wide range of factors that negatively affect the quiet and quality feel of a vehicle.

O
Top
Occupant Classification System (OCS)
A front passenger seat equipped with occupant classification sensors that will prevent a front passenger airbag
deployment if the system detects a front passenger of insufficient weight.

Odometer
An instrument that measures and registers the miles and tenths of miles the vehicle has been driven.

One-Touch Hi-4 Selector

In 4x4 Tacomas and 4Runners, this Limited available feature lets the driver shift into 4WD High with the touch of a
button.

Open C-Channel Frame

Used on the rear section of Toyota trucks - behind the cab, this frame design provides optimized ride quality whether the
truck is loaded or unloaded. The compliance that is put into this section allows for large payload capacity without
sacrificing durability.

Options
These are features that do not come standard with a certain model, but are installed by the factory. Since the vehicles
arrive at the dealer already equipped with options, you don't really choose an option; rather, you choose a vehicle with
the options you like. Not all options are available separately or in all regions. You can contact your Toyota dealer to
help you locate a vehicle that is right for you.

Overdrive
Part of the transmission system that enables the transmission's drive shaft to run faster than the engine itself. This helps
to reduce engine wear and noise, and enhance fuel economy.

Overdrive Transmission
Overdrive provides a final drive ratio of less than 1:1. This allows the engine to operate at lower rpm at highway
cruising speed and provides greater fuel economy, quieter operation, and less wear and tear on the engine. It also helps a
vehicle maximize top-end speed. An overdrive cancel button can be used when hauling heavy loads, climbing hills or
trailer towing to prevent the transmission from repeatedly shifting up and down.

Overhang
Refers to the section of a vehicle's body that protrudes beyond the tires. For off-road driving, it is preferable to have
minimal overhang for easier maneuvering.

Overhead cam
A type of engine design in which the camshaft is located directly above the combustion chamber in the cylinder head
instead of in the engine block. SOHC (single overhead cam) engines have one overhead camshaft operating all the
valves.

P
Top
Park Assist
An advanced computerized system that utilizes sonar sensors to detect obstacles directly behind and at the front and rear
corners of the vehicle, then alerts the driver via an indicator light on the dash and a buzzer tone. (Available on Toyota
Sienna.)

Passenger Airbag Cutoff Switch

Some Toyota models feature a Passenger Airbag Cutoff Switch [1] that can manually be set in the "on" or "off" position
by turning the ignition key in the cutoff switch located in the center console.

Passenger Window Lock-Out System

When used, this available system disables the passenger-side window from being operated by anyone except the driver.

Passive Safety
A vehicle's safety features or equipment that help protect occupants in the event of a collision. (Examples include
crumple zones, seatbelts, airbags, etc.) (See Active Safety.)

Payload
The weight of occupants, equipment and cargo that a truck transports. If the curb weight is increased by adding
components (such as a bigger engine or an automatic transmission), the payload rating will decrease.

Payload Rating
The maximum allowable weight, including occupants, equipment and cargo, a truck can transport - always determined
by the manufacturer. Payload is calculated by subtracting curb weight from GVWR. So, if you increase the curb weight
by adding components (such as a bigger engine or an automatic transmission), the payload rating will decrease.

Piston
Cylindrical casting that moves up and down in the cylinder and pushes the engine’s air/fuel mixture in or out while
transmitting energy to the crankshaft.

Power-Assisted Rack-and-Pinion Steering

The power assist to the steering varies according to engine speed. Assist is greatest at low rpm or road speed, such as
when parallel parking. Provides the driver with excellent road feel and precise steering control.

Power-Assisted Variable-Assist Power Steering

The power-assist to the steering is adjusted according to either engine speed or road speed. Assist is greatest at low rpm
or road speed, such as when parallel parking. Assist is lowest when the engine or road speed is greatest such as when
cruising at highway speeds.

Powertrain
Consists of the engine, transmission and final drive of a vehicle.

Privacy Glass
A deeply-tinted rear and side window glass that helps keep the sun's rays out of the passenger cabin and provides an
added measure of occupant privacy.

Projector Ellipsoid System Halogen Headlamps (PES)

PES headlamps distribute their light with a convex lens. Compared to more conventional reflector type lamps, PES
lamps use their light more efficiently and permit their long aerodynamic shape.

Purchase
To purchase a vehicle is to outright buy it with a cash payment (possibly financed) and assume total ownership of it
once all payments are made.

Purchase Option
An option in a lease which allows the lessee to purchase the vehicle at the end of the lease term for a specified price.

R
Top
Rack-and-Pinion Steering
Consists of a round pinion gear attached to the steering shaft, and a flat bar with gear teeth cut into it, called the rack.
The rack and pinion mesh at a point between the front wheels. As the steering wheel is turned, the shaft from the
steering column turns the pinion gear, forcing the rack either right or left along a horizontal plane. The rack is linked to
the wheels via tie rods, which push and pull the wheels to steer them. In general, rack-and-pinion steering is precise and
responsive.

Radiator
A device that transfers heat from the liquid coolant to the atmosphere.

Radio Broadcast Data System (RDS)

The RDS on the optional JBL sound system allows the radio to receive digital data transmitted along with the standard
FM radio signal. This information can include station call letters, program format, the name of the song and the artist
playing, as well as other useful information. RDS also helps make it easier to find traffic and emergency information.
RDS allows customers to receive the weather band, which provides National Weather Service Reports 24 hours a day.
RDS allows the vehicle owner to personalize the radio for his preferences.

Rear Differential Lock

When the transfer case is engaged in "L4," turning on the rear differential lock switch in the instrument panel "locks" the
rear differential so both wheels turn at the same rate of speed. This helps provide additional traction in inclement on-
and off-road conditions.

Rear Leaf Springs

A long, thin, narrow strip of steel curved in a semi-elliptical arc and connected at each end to the vehicle's frame.
Usually, more than one strip is used to form a multi-leaf spring. Rugged and simple in design, leaf springs are extremely
flexible, are able to be layered according to weight application and are designed to support heavy loads. The rear leaf
springs on Tundra and Tacoma 4x4 and PreRunner models are located above the axle for added ground clearance.

Rear-Seat Audio (RSA)

RSA vehicles come equipped with rear-seat audio control panel behind the center console. By using headphones, the
rear-seat occupants can select a different audio mode than the one selected by the front-seat occupants.

Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD)

With the engine driving only the rear wheels, RWD offers advantages for high-performance driving, towing and
carrying heavy loads.

Rebound Spring
The rebound spring helps to smooth vehicle ride on rough surfaces by restraining the elongation of the suspension.

Recirculating-ball steering
A highly durable steering design in which the turning forces are transmitted through ball bearings from a worm gear on
the steering shift to a toothed metal block, thereby activating the steering linkage.

Refundable Security Deposit

An amount collected by the lessor at the beginning of the lease to ensure the lessee's compliance with the terms of the
lease. The security deposit is generally refundable at lease end, provided there are no excess mileage, excess wear and
use charges, outstanding parking tickets or unpaid lease payments.

Regenerative braking
An advanced type of braking system that is found on electric or hybrid vehicles, it works together with an electric motor
to slow the vehicle and, at the same time, recapture the vehicle’s energy to help recharge the hybrid’s battery.
With this type of brake system, the hydraulic brakes usually operate in only the last few moments of braking for great
braking performance and reduced wear on the front brake pads. (Featured on the Toyota Hybrids.)

Regular Cab
2-door cab with choice of bench or captain chair seats.

Reinforced C-Channel Frame

Used under the cab area on Toyota pick up trucks, this frame design utilizes a rolled - lip c-channel structure with
reinforced areas to provide optimized vertical load strength for ride quality, and side impact resistance for safety.

Residual Value
The lease-end value of the vehicle set at lease inception by the lessor. It's usually calculated as a percentage of the
MSRP. This is a component of the payment calculation.

Retail Contract
A contract representing the time sale of a vehicle to a consumer.

Ring Gear
Ring gear helps distribute the load over a larger area so the gears last longer when towing.

Rocker panels
The panels located on the side of the vehicle below the doors.

RSCA
Side Curtain Airbags have a roll-sensing deployment feature that will inflate the curtain airbags at severe tilt angles, or
in a roll condition.

RSE
Rear-seat DVD entertainment system allows rear-seat passengers to view DVD video separately from the front audio
system. The system can play DVD video, audio CDs, video CDs, CD text or DVD audio. All functions can be controlled
by a remote control unit.

S
Top
Safety Glass (Laminated)
Used in windshields, this glass consists of two panes bonded together with a sheet of plastic sandwiched in between.
This helps keep the windshield together during an impact, reducing injuries from sharp edges.

Safety Glass (Tempered)

This heat-treated glass used in side and rear windows breaks into small blunt pieces when broken.

Scheduled Termination
The end of the lease term, as called for in the lease. It is also referred to as the scheduled maturity date.

Seatbelt Pretensioners With Force Limiters

Seatbelt pretensioners cinch the seatbelts during certain types of frontal impacts. Pretensioning can help the belt to
immediately begin absorbing the occupants' forward momentum and help them avoid injury. All Toyota vehicles with
seatbelt pretensioners also feature force limiters. After the pretensioners deploy and a preset amount of force has been
reached, force limiters slowly release tension on the belt to help absorb the energy of an impact.

Semi-Floating Rear Axle

The rotating axle carries much of the weight of the vehicle and its payload, which in turn creates a "bending load" on the
axle. The axle is also responsible for transmitting engine torque to the wheel. Typically used in light-duty trucks, SUVs
and cars.

Sequential Electronic Fuel Injection (SEFI)

Sequential Electronic Fuel Injection system is managed by a sophisticated computer that precisely controls when each
injector opens and closes. This improves starting on cold days and helps provide better fuel economy.

Shift by wire
Transmission technology in which shift performance is accomplished electronically rather than mechanically for quieter
performance and reduced maintenance and repairs.

Shock absorbers
A sealed chamber filled with hydraulic fluid that helps the suspension system maintain optimum ride and handling.

Side-Impact Door Beams

Required in all new passenger cars by the federal government, these are steel beams inside the door that deflect certain
types of side impacts. They may help protect passengers from intrusion in certain types of side collisions.

Skid plates
Plates located on the underside of a vehicle to protect vital components from damage when driving off road or through
rugged terrain.

Smart Key System

An advanced computerized system that uses sensors to automatically unlock the doors and start the vehicle without the
use of a traditional key. Also see keyless entry, keyless start and push-button start.
 Spark plugs
The electrical component in the engine's combustion chamber that ignites the air/fuel mixture.

Speed-Rated Tires
A designation of the sustained high-speed capability of the tire. Special compounds and construction enable these tires
to withstand the increase in pressure that comes at higher speeds. The speed rating is the letter on the sidewall in the
tire's size (e.g., P205/65HR15, H=130 mph-rated).

Springs
Components that help the suspension deliver optimum ride and handling. Springs vary by design and include leaf
springs, coil springs and torsion bar.

Sprung weight
The portion of a vehicle's weight that is supported by springs (including body, engine, transmission, passengers and
cargo).

Stabilizer Bar
Sometimes called an anti-roll or sway bar, this is a bar or tube that links one side of the suspension to the other. The
stabilizer bar acts as a torsion spring to resist twisting and reduce body roll during hard cornering.

Stainless Steel Exhaust

Because it is subject to extreme temperatures and water condensation, an exhaust system is particularly prone to
corrosion. Stainless steel resists corrosion better than ordinary steel.

Stake Bed Pockets

A series of squared-off, functionally designed "holes" or stake pockets along both sides of the top of the Tundra bed
allow it to be easily transformed into a stake-bed truck. Each Tundra has four or six stake pockets (depending on cab
style).

Star Safety SystemTM (STAR)

Toyota's Star Safety SystemTM consists of five mechanisms that work together to help keep Toyota drivers in control.
They are:
• Anti-lock Brake System (ABS)
• Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD)
• Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)
• Traction Control (4-wheel on 4WD models; includes auto limited-slip rear differential function on 2WD models)
• Brake Assist (BA)
The combination of components of the Star Safety SystemTM helps the driver maintain control in a variety of driving
situations.

Starter motor
A small electric motor that initially turns the engine during start-up.

Sub-frame
A partial frame that is sometimes bolted to the body of unibody vehicles. A sub-frame can be used to support the engine,
transmission and front suspension instead of having these components connect directly to the main body structure.

SULEV
Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle meets California Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle and the Federal emissions
regulations.

Synchronizer
A cone or sleeve friction device that ensures that the gears in a transmission are rotating at the same speed before they
are engaged. This helps reduce gear grinding when shifting.

T
Top
Tachometer
An instrument for measuring and indicating the speed at which the engine crankshaft is turning, as measured in
revolutions per minute (rpm).

Tailored blanks
Pieces of metal that become progressively thicker as they get closer to the passenger compartment in order to absorb the
force of an impact.

Term
The duration of the retail contract/lease agreement, usually expressed in months (e.g., 24 or 36 months).

Third Party Analysis

R.L. Polk and Co. uses the most accurate and unbiased data available when providing you with competitive vehicle
information. Certain specifications, prices and equipment data have been provided under license from R. L. Polk & Co.
("Polk"). © 2009 R. L. Polk & Co.. All Rights Reserved. This information is supplied for personal use only and may not
be used for any commercial purpose whatsoever without the express written consent of R. L. Polk & Co. Polk makes no
guarantee or warranty, either express or implied, including without limitation any warranty of merchantability or fitness
for particular purpose, with respect to the data presented here. All specifications, prices and equipment are subject to
change without notice.

Three-Way Catalytic converter (TWC)

Three-Way Catalytic converter is an ultra thin-wall, ceramic type of front TWC to improve exhaust gas reduction
performance and comply with the LEV and SFTP emission regulations.

Tie Rod
Rods that link the pitman arm and the idler arm to transmit lateral motion to the steering knuckle arms.

Tie-Down Hooks
The cargo bed of Tacoma and Tundra pickups features four tie-down hooks located on the inside of the bed. They make
securing loads easy and convenient.
Tire Aspect Ratio
The ratio of the tire section height to section width. The section height is the distance from the rim flange to the tread
surface. Section height and width can be read by looking at a cross section of a tire, like cutting a piece out of a pie.

Tire Load Index

Printed on the sidewall of the tire, the load index is a comparative number that gives the load rating of the tire.

Tire Pressure Monitor System (TPMS)

The Tire Pressure Monitor System (TPMS) [1] uses two logic systems to determine the tire pressure and alerts the driver
if the pressure is seriously low. When tire pressure is critically low, an indicator lamp illuminates in the instrument panel
to alert the driver.

Tire Speed Rating

Tires are speed rated from 99 to 186 mph. The most common speed ratings are T (118 mph) and H (130 mph). Both of
those ratings clearly exceed the nationally posted speed limits and would make excellent long-distance highway tires.

Tongue Weight (TW)

Trailer Tongue Weight is the amount of weight pressing down on the tow vehicle hitch. To measure trailer tongue
weight, place the tongue of the trailer on a scale when the trailer is not attached to the vehicle. Too much tongue weight
can press the tow vehicle down in back, causing the front wheels to lift to the point where traction, steering response and
braking are severely decreased. Suspension or drivetrain damage can result. Too little tongue weight can reduce rear-
wheel traction and cause instability, swaying or jackknifing. For bumper-pull and receiver-style hitches, to insure proper
handling, keep the trailer tongue load between 10%–15% of the actual trailer weight, within the limits of the
maximum trailer tongue weight allowable. For example, for a 2,500-pound trailer, multiply the weight of 2,500 pounds
by 10% to arrive at a figure of 250 pounds If using a 5th-wheel or gooseneck trailer, tongue weight should be
approximately 20–25% of trailer weight.

Tonneau Cover
The tonneau cover is used to conceal cargo. When the cover is pulled out, it keeps items out of the sun and provides
extra security by keeping personal items out of sight.

Torque
A measurement of force by a twisting motion. In an engine, torque is the twisting force at the crankshaft measured in
pound-feet (lb.-ft.). One poundfoot is the force of one pound acting at a right angle at the end of an arm one foot long.
Simply stated, torque is the engine force that gets a vehicle to speed--felt especially at off-line take-off and during
acceleration.

Torque Converter
A specialized fluid coupling between the engine and automatic transmission. The torque converter eliminates a foot-
operated manual clutch. It allows the transmission to be "in gear" at stops and smooth, automatic and controlled take-
offs and gear shifting during acceleration and towing. This system actually has no direct mechanical connection, but
actually uses a rotating "fan" in a fluid to send power to wheels. When the engine turns the fan attached to it, it drives or
turns the fan attached to the transmission, which sends power to the rear wheels.

Torque Multiplication
The effect that gear ratios have on output torque compared to input torque. For example, if there is 100 lb.-ft. of torque
applied to the input gear of a system where the overall ratio is 2:1, the output torque of the system will be multiplied to
200 lb.-ft.

Touch-Select 4WD Switch

In Tundras, this feature lets the driver select between 2WD and 4HI, and between 4HI and 4LO with a switch found on
the instrument panel.

Tow/Haul Mode
Designed to improve driving and engine braking performance when pulling a heavy trailer or hauling a heavy load by
changing the transmission shift programming to hold engine revs longer before upshifting or downshifting.

Towing Capacity
The maximum weight a truck can pull. Towing the maximum weight may require a particular transmission, trailer hitch
or other equipment.

Towing Weight
The total weight of a trailer and its contents, including filled holding tanks.

Toyota Computer Controlled System (TCCS)

A system used in all Toyota vehicles to monitor a variety of factors, including engine speed, engine temperature, air
temperature and engine load. This information is sent to a sophisticated computer, which then coordinates adjustments
to the fuel injection and ignition system. This technology can optimize engine operation for emissions, performance and
efficiency under varying driving conditions.

Toyota Direct Ignition (TDI)

This system eliminates all moving parts within the ignition system (including the distributor cap and rotor) by placing a
compact ignition coil linked directly to each of the spark plugs (or on V6, one coil for pair), which minimizes misfiring
and loss of engine power; in addition, this system may eliminate the need for spark plug wires. The result is improved
performance, greater durability, reliability and reduced maintenance.

Toyota Racing Development (TRD)

Toyota Racing Development.

Toyota Vehicle Intrusion Protection (VIP)

Toyota Vehicle Intrusion Protection (VIP) is an optional alarm system that flashes the headlamps and taillamps and
sounds the horn when a secured Toyota vehicle is broken into. It also disables the starter if someone forcibly enters the
vehicle. The system is automatically armed by removing the ignition key from the ignition.
Track
The distance from the center of one tire (or wheel) to the opposite tire (or wheel).

Traction Control (TRAC)

The sophisticated Toyota system is an all-speed design that utilizes both brake and engine throttle control. TRAC helps
to avoid slippage of the driving wheels by slightly applying the brake on a slipping drive wheel and reducing the throttle
to maintain traction according to the road surface conditions. The system eliminates the need for a subtle accelerator
pedal operation and helps ensure vehicle control when starting or accelerating on slippery roads.

Trailer and Receiver Hitch Classes

Class I (light-duty): 2,000-pound maximum trailer weight, 200-pound tongue weight (300 pounds with a weight-
distributing hitch).Class II (medium-duty): 3,500-pound-maximum trailer weight, 300-pound tongue weight (up to 500
pounds with weight-distributing hitch).Class III (heavy-duty): 5,000-pound maximum trailer weight (7,500-pound trailer
weight with a weight-distributing hitch), 300–500-pound tongue weight (up to 750 pounds with a weight-distributing
hitch).Class IV (extra-heavy-duty): 10,000–12,000-pound and above maximum trailer weight depending on the
manufacturer (1,000-pound tongue weight with a weight-distributing hitch).Class V: Receiver hitch can be over 12,000
pounds.

Trailing Arm
A suspension component consisting of a longitudinal member that pivots from the body at its forward end and has a
wheel hub attached at the other end (the trailing end). It is similar to a semi-trailing arm system except that its pivot axis
is directly perpendicular to the vehicle's longitudinal axis.

Transfer Case
Four-wheel drive vehicles require a system of gears between the front and rear axles to transfer power from the
transmission to those axles. Transfer cases typically have two gear ranges: high and low. Low range is used for extreme
off-road conditions.

Transmission Cooler
An auxiliary cooler that is available to provide extra cooling for automatic transmission fluid. Lower temperatures equal
longer transmission life.

Tread
1. The outside band of rubber bonded to a tire. The tread is the portion of the tire that contacts the road surface. 2.
Sometimes this term is also interchanged with track.

Tripmeter
An instrument that can be used to measure the distance between specific points or between fill-ups.

Turning Circle (Diameter)

Typically measured curb-to-curb, this is the tightest possible circle driven by the outside front tire between two
imaginary curbs.

Twin-Cam Engine (DOHC)

See Double Overhead Cam (DOHC).

Two-Turn Door Locks

In a vehicle with this feature (including all Toyotas with power door locks), only the driver's door is unlocked when the
key is turned in that door's lock. A second turn unlocks the other doors. This provides extra security in situations where
the driver desires to open only one door, yet also allows the convenience of easily unlocking doors for all passengers.

U
Top
Ultra Low Emission Vehicle II (ULEV II)
Ultra Low Emission II Vehicle meets California Ultra Low Emission Vehicle II and the Federal Tier 2 Bin 5 emissions
regulations.

Unibody
The floor pan of a vehicle and chassis are connected to form a single structure; there is no separate frame. By welding
all body panels together to form the vehicle's frame, it is possible to build in strength and rigidity with less weight.

Unsprung weight
The weight of vehicle components that are not supported by the springs, including the wheels, tires, brakes and
suspension components.

Uphill and Downhill Shift Logic

Advanced computerized technology applied to select automatic transmission models for smoother, more positive shift
performance when traveling up or down a hill.

Used Vehicle
A vehicle that has been previously owned or driven. Also referred to as a pre-owned car.

V
Top
Valet Trunk-Locking System
A locking system with two different keys. One key can only open the doors and operate the ignition. The second key
opens all locks, including those for the glove box and trunk or rear hatch, and operates the ignition. The purpose is to
provide a valet with a key that operates the ignition, but does not unlock the storage compartments. On cars with folding
seatbacks, this locking system also includes special seat latches to help keep the contents of the trunk or hatch secure.

Valvetrain
A collection of components that enables the valves to operate, including the camshaft(s) and all related drive
components.
Variable Valve Timing and Lift with intelligence (VVTL-i)
Based on the VVT-i system, the VVTL-i system has adopted a cam changeover mechanism that varies the amount of lift
of the intake and exhaust valves while the engine is operating at high speeds. In addition to achieving higher engine
speeds and higher outputs, this system enables the valve timing to be optimally set, resulting in improved fuel economy.
When the engine is operating in the low- to mid-speed range, the low- and medium-speed cams of the camshafts operate
to move the two valves via the rocker arms. Then, when the engine is operating in the high-speed range, the signals from
the sensors cause the engine's control module (ECM) to change the hydraulic passage of the oil control valve (for the
variable valve lift), thus changing to the operation of the high-speed cams. Now the lift of the intake and exhaust valves
increases, allowing the introduction of a greater volume of air-fuel mixture, as well as the discharge of a greater volume
of exhaust gases. As a result, the engine operates at higher speeds and higher outputs when the engine is under more
strain.

Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i)

This system selects the ideal intake and exhaust valve overlap under all engine operating conditions. VVT-i virtually
eliminates the traditional compromises between low-end torque and high-rpm horsepower. It also helps enhance fuel
economy and reduces emissions so effectively that it eliminates the need for the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
emissions device.

Vehicle Capacity Weight (VCW)

A measurement of cargo capacity. More precise than payload, which factors in optional equipment and people, VCW
also factors in accessory weight plus rated cargo and luggage load.

Vehicle Dynamics Intergrated Management system (VDIM)

On hybrid models this system anticipates loss of vehicle control in virtually any direction and helps to correct the
situation while allowing higher dynamic capability. VDIM constantly calculates vehicle motion based on signals from a
yaw rate and deceleration sensor, wheel speed sensors and steering angle sensor.

Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)

The VSC system electronically monitors speed and direction, and compares the vehicle's direction of travel with the
driver's steering, acceleration and braking inputs. VSC can help compensate for loss of traction which can cause skids. It
utilizes some components shared with the Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) and an electronically controlled engine
throttle as well as a dedicated computer and sensors providing information to the VSC system. These include a yaw rate
sensor, a G-sensor and a steering angle sensor. When VSC is active, a warning beep tone and instrument panel warning
light indicate that the system is functioning. In many cases, VSC reacts well before the driver is aware of a loss of
traction. As with other safety technologies, such as anti-lock brakes, it is important to drive safely, since Vehicle
Stability Control cannot defy the laws of physics, nor can it provide more traction than exists in a given condition.

Ventilated Disc brakes

A type of brake that consists of a flat rotor or disc that turns with the wheel and a stationary component called a caliper
that fits around the disc and is supported by suspension components. Because the discs are open, this type of brake helps
dissipate heat quickly.
Viscosity
Refers to the ability of a liquid to flow. Engine oil with high viscosity is thick and flows slowly while engine oil with
low viscosity flows more easily.

V-type engine
An engine configuration in which the cylinders are laid out in a V formation.

W
Top
Weight-Carrying Hitch
This hitch is engineered to carry all of the tongue weight of the trailer.

Weight-Distributing Hitch
This hitch, which often includes a sway bar, allows most of the trailer's tongue weight to be transferred to the tow
vehicle's frame (through the hitch receiver). The total load is distributed to all the axles of the truck and trailer.

Wheelbase
The horizontal distance from the center of the vehicle's front wheel to the center of the rear wheel.

Windows Media Audio (WMA)

Windows Media Audio is a music media format that can be played on vehicles with WMA/MP3 capabilities.