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Some verbs can only be used in the simple form. These are called stative
verbs. They often describe emotions,opinions,the senses and states that don’t
change.
I love you. Not I am loving you.
He seems friendly. Not He is seeming friendly.
We can use most verbs in both the simple and the continuous forms.
These are called dynamic verbs.
The weather is getting worse.
It often snows in January.
It is possible for some verbs to be both dynamic and stative if they have
two different meanings.
He has a house in north London. (have=own)
She’s having a few problems. (have=experience)
Other common verbs that can be dynamic or stative (with different
meanings) include:
be feel see smell think
+adjective:
intelligent.
She looks like+ noun
like a doctor
as if/as though+ phrase
as if she needs a holiday.
When we talk about past actions, we can sometimes choose between the past simple
and the present perfect.
We use past simple:
when we ask when the event happened(with when)
When did she arrive at Alice Springs?
when we say when the event happened(with time expressions like yesterday,
last week, one night, that indicate a finished time).
She got there two weeks ago.
He gave up his job last year.
We use the present perfect:
when the time isn’t stated. The event happened in the past, but the time isn’t
important. We often use the present perfect to talk about general experience.
Have you ever been to Australia?
They’ve visited many interesting places.
with time expressions that don’t specify the exact time (e.g. ever, never,
already, yet, since, just, recently).
He’s just begun his journey.
He’s already visited six different countries.
when we talk about actions in the past that happened in a period of time which
is unfinished.
She’s made a lot of friends in the last few weeks.
(in the last few weeks includes present time)
Common expressions that refer to unfinished time are:
during
in The last few days/weeks/months/years
over
Some the expressions can refer to both finished time and unfinished time
Have you done anything interesting this morning? (=it’s still the morning)
Did you do anything interesting this morning? (=the morning is now finished)
Other expressions that we can use with both tenses include today, this week, this
month, etc.
Present perfect
Past simple
Affirmative Regular verbs: infinitive + -ed and Irregular verbs: see list of irregular verbs
Phrasal verbs contain a verb and a particle (e.g. get by, set out, stop off).
With some phrasal verbs, the particle is in two parts (e.g. run out of, look
forward to). Phrasal verbs are either separable or inseparable.
With an inseparable phrasal verb, we cannot separate the verb and the
particle.
He finally got over his illness.
Not He finally got his illness over.
With a separable phrasal verb, the object can come either before or after
the particle.
She dropped off her husband at the airport.
She dropped her husband off at the airport.
If the object is a pronoun (e.g. him, her, it) the object always comes before
the particle.
Will you see us off? Not Will you sec off us?
Talking about travel
Permission
We use can + infinitive and is/are allowed to +infinitive to talk about permission in the
present.
You can drive in the UK when you are seventeen.
The children are allowed to watch TV until ten o'clock.
We use could + infinitive and was/were allowed to + infinitive to talk about permission in the
past.
Many years ago people could smoke anywhere.
She was allowed to stay out until twelve o'clock.
Obligation
We use must+ infinitive and has/have to to talk about obligation in the present.
You must arrive 30 minutes before your flight.
We have to leave soon.
We use had to + infinitive to talk about obligation in the past.
He had to pay a lot of tax last year.
No obligation
We use don't/doesn't have to + infinitive and don't/doesn't need to + infinitive talk about
something that is not necessary (but it is allowed).
You don't have to come if you don't want to.
I don't need to wear a tie to work.
We use didn't have to + infinitive and didn't need to + infinitive to talk about an absence of
obligation in the past.
She knew the restaurant manager so she didn't haveto pay for her meal.
They didn't need to get up early because it was a holiday.
Prohibition
We use can't + infinitive, mustn't + infinitive and isn't/aren't allowed to + infinitive to
talk about something that is not allowed.
You can't enter the US without a passport.
You mustn't open your papers before the exam begins.
The students aren't allowed to take mobile phones to school.
We use couldn't+infinitive and wasn't/weren't allowed to+infinitive to talk about prohibition
in the past.
British schoolchildren couldn't have long hair inthe 1950s.
The monks were not allowed to speak.
Make, let & allow
Permission
We can use let + object + infinitive (without to) and allow + object + to +
infinitive to talk about permission.
She lets her children do anything they want.
My father let me use his car.
The teacher allowed the students to ask questions.
Obligation
We can use make/made + object + infinitive (without to) to talk about
obligation.
The company makes the staff work very hard.
She made me do it again.
Prohibition
We can use doesn't/didn't let + object + infinitive (without to) and
doesn't/didn't allow + object + to + infinitive to talk about prohibition.
They don't let me leave until five o'clock.
He didn't let me speak.
They don't allow animals to come into the house.
Requests: asking for permission
Requests
Can I (possibly) + infinitive ... ?
Could I (possibly) + infinitive ... ?
Do you think I could + infinitive ... ?
Is it all right/OK ifl+ present tense ... ?
I wonder if I could + infinitive ... ?
Responses
Yes, sure/of course/certainly/no problem/go ahead.
I'm sorry, but...
I'm afraid that...
Requests
Can you (possibly) + infinitive…?
Responses
Yes, sure/of course/certainly/no problem.
We often use the past perfect and the past simple together to show the order
in which two actions took place.
Compare the following pair of sentences:
He had married her when he won the lottery.
(= He married her and then he won the lottery.)
He married her when he had won the lottery.
(= He won the lottery and then he married her.)
We can use white, as and when to show that two actions happen at the
same time.
He was reading a tetter while/as/when the doctors were deciding what to do
next.
While/As/When the doctors were deciding what to do next, he was reading
a letter.
We can use the moment, as soon as and when to show that one action
happens immediately after another one.
The boy fell asleep the moment/as soon as/when he climbed onto the sofa.
The moment/As soon as/When the boy climbed onto the sofa, he fell
asleep.
We can use by the time to show that one action has happened before
another.
The party had finished by the time we arrived.
By the time we arrived, the party had finished.
Talking about similarities & differences
Similarities
We can make short statements that begin with so and neither to show a
similarity or agreement between what we think and a statement made by another
person. We use so after an affirmative statement, and we use neither after a
negative statement.
I'm feeling tired. So am I.
She's got a cold. So have 1.
They won't be happy. Neither will you.
He hasn't finished. Neither has she.
The auxiliary verb in the first statement is repeated in the statement that
begins with so or neither. If the first statement is in the present simple, the
second statement will include do/don't/does/doesn't. If the first statement is in
the past simple, the second statement will include did/didn't.
I like this place. So do I.
I didn't understand. Neither did I.
It is also possible to use too and neither after a pronoun.
He's Canadian. Me too.
She's not well. Me neither.
Differences
When we want to say the opposite of another statement, we don’t use so or
neither. We use a pronoun followed by an auxiliary verb. We stress both the
pronoun and the auxiliary verb.
I can’t swim. I can.
I’m not hungry. I am.
If the first statement is in the present simple or the past simple, the second
statement will include do/don’t/does/doesn’t/did/didn’t.
I don’t like hamburgers. I do!
He wants a divorce. She doesn’t.
They arrived early. You didn’t!
We use both and neither to compare two people or things. The meaning
of both is positive and the meaning of neighter is negative.
Both of them have a good job.
(=He has a good job and she has a good job.)
Neither of them has a good job.
(=He doesn’t have a good job and she doesn’t have a good job)
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.His early
plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of
sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. He then wrote
mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth,
considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he
wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other
playwrights.
Stonehenge
Archaeologists had believed that the iconic stone monument was erected
around 2500 BC, as described in the chronology below. One recent theory,
however, has suggested that the first stones were not erected until 2400-
2200 BC, whilst another suggests that bluestones may have been erected
at the site as early as 3000 BC (see phase 1 below). The surrounding
circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the
monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC.
The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO’s list of World
Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury henge monument. It is a
national legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge is
owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage, while the
surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960 and one of
the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of
popular music. From 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar,
vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar,
vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and
roll, the group later worked in many genres ranging from folk rock to psychedelic
pop, often incorporating classical and other elements in innovative ways. The
nature of their enormous popularity, which first emerged as the "Beatlemania”
fad, transformed as their songwriting grew in sophistication. The group came to
be perceived as the embodiment of progressive ideals, seeing their influence
extend into the social and cultural revolutions of
the 1960’s.