Environmental Assessment Report

Environmental Assessment and Review Framework

Project Number: TA 7528
April 2011

Pakistan: Railway Development Investment Program

Prepared by TERA International, Inc.

The
Theviews expressed herein
environmental are those of the
assessment consultant
and reviewand do not necessarily
framework represent those
is a document of ofthe
ADB’s members,The
borrower.
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors,
Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
  

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(as of 26 April 2011)

Currency Unit – Rupees (PKR)

PKR1.00 = $0.0118
$1.00 = PKR84.57

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank

BOD – biochemical oxygen demand
CBIS – computer based instruction simulations
CSC – construction supervision consultant
CO – carbon monoxide
COD – chemical oxygen demand
dB – decibel
DO – dissolved oxygen
EA – executing agency
EIA – environmental impact assessment
EMMP – environmental management and monitoring plan
EMP – environmental management plan
ENERCON – National Energy Conservation Center
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency
GDP – gross domestic product
GoP – Government of Pakistan
GRC – grievance redress committees
HIV/AIDS – human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome
IA – implementing agency
IEE – initial environmental examination
MFF – multitranche financing facility
MOE – Ministry of Environment
MOR – Ministry of Railways
NCCW – National Council for Conservation of Wildlife in Pakistan
NEQS – National Environmental Quality Standards
NOx – nitrogen oxides
Pak EPA – Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
PEPO – Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance
PFI – Pakistan Forest Institute
pH – acidity/basicity
PM – particulate matter
PMU – program management unit
PR – Pakistan Railways
QMMB – Quaid-I-Azam Mazar Management Board
REA – ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist
ROW – right-of-way
RSES – Environment and Safeguards Division
SEA – strategic environmental assessment
Sox – sulphur oxides
SPS – ADB`s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement
The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
  

ST – safeguards team
STI – socially transmitted infection
TSS – total suspended solids
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
ZSD – Zoological Survey Department

NOTE

In this report “$” refers to US dollars

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any
designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the
Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other
status of any territory or area.

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
   

CONTENTS

I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1

II. Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity ............................................ 2

A. Policy and Legal Framework ........................................................................................ 3
B. EIA Requirements of Pakistan ...................................................................................... 7

III. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES ...........10

IV. Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components .................................. 10

A. The Authorities Involved and Responsibilities ............................................................ 10
B. Environmental Criteria for Subproject Selection ......................................................... 12
C. Procedures for Environmental Assessment of Subprojects........................................ 12

V. CONSULTATION, INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS

MECHANISM ............................................................................................................................ 16
A. Consultation and Information Disclosure .................................................................... 16
B. Grievance Redress Mechanism ................................................................................. 16

VI. MONITORING AND REPORTING ................................................................................. 17

A. Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 17
B. Reporting .................................................................................................................... 17

Annexes:

Appendix I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Appendix II: Environments, Hazards and Climate Change
Appendix III: Potential Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures
Appendix IV: Environmental Monitoring Plan
Appendix V: Environment Protection Investment – Project 1
 1

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW FRAMEWORK

I. Introduction

1. The proposed Project 1 of the multitranche financing facility (MFF) for the Pakistan
Railway Sector Investment Program is the first in a series of projects to fully rehabilitate one
the country’s main railway corridors in the Punjab Province. This upgrade includes not only
railway work, but also (i) preparation of the railway sector roadmap, policy framework, and
investment plan; (ii) governance assessment; (iii) feasibility of the investment program; and (iv)
formulation of financing and implementation arrangements. Since this Project is designed as a
MFF, an understanding of the nomenclature of components of the railway investment program
is important. The MFF loan modality permits a government to proceed with a larger project via
a number of separate loan packages, thereby adding flexibility and a longer timeframe for the
delivery of preparatory materials. As such, the investment program consists of three tranches
(shown in Table 1), that, all together, aim to upgrade the 463 km railway line between Lahore
and Peshawar Cantt.

2. Pakistan recognizes the importance of this railway corridor development in promoting

national development and is committed to upgrading the entire railway section in order to meet
future traffic requirements. All railway sections within the present Project will be rehabilitated,
in addition to remodeling some of the stations along the Project corridor for removing existing
permanent speed restrictions, and upgrading and installation of new telecommunications and
automatic block signaling systems including power supply. The Ministry of Railways (MOR) is
the Executing Agency (EA) with Pakistan Railway (PR) acting as the Implementing Agency
(IA).

Table 1: Investment Program Components

Tranche (Project) No. Name Length (Km)
1 Lahore - Lalamusa 132
2 Lalamusa - Rawalpindi 157
3 Rawalpindi - Peshawar Cantt 174
Km = kilometer.

3. The first tranche (Project 1) will commence in 2011, with subsequent tranches to follow
as they are prepared. Project 1 will include the rehabilitation of the Lahore-Lalamusa railway
section, in addition to rehabilitation of the Lahore yard, and remodeling of the Shahdara and
Wazirabad yards for removing existing permanent speed restrictions, improvements in
telecommunication systems, and provision of a signaling system.

4. The second tranche (Project 2) will include realignment of Kaluwal–Pindora section and
removal of speed restrictions on Lalamusa-Rawalpindi section to increase the speed up to 120
Km/h, besides improvement in telecommunication system and provision of a signaling system.
The existing track of 53 km between Kaluwal (near Dina) and Pindora (near Gujar Khan) has
very sharp curves and ruling grades due to which speed is restricted to 65 kph. After
realignment of the section, the speed will be increased up to 105 kph and the distance will also
be reduced by about 17 km; thus reducing the travel time between Lahore and Rawalpindi to
about 3 hours. The existing line between Kaluwal and Pindora stations will be retained for
freight traffic and running of departmental trains.

5. The third tranche (Project 3) will include the rehabilitation of 174 km of track from
Rawalpindi to Peshawar Cantt section, besides improvement in telecommunication systems
The views
and expressed
provision of aherein are those
signaling of the consultant
system. The trackand do not necessarily
between represent those
Rawalpindi–Golra of ADB’s
Sharif members,
is double line
Board of Directors,
section, whereasManagement,
the remainingor staff, and may
section be preliminary
is single line. in nature.

 
 2 
 

II. Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity

6. At the national level, the Ministry of Environmental (MOE) is the main governmental
agency that pursues environmental policy, implements ministerial control and coordinates the
activities of natural resources’ use and protection. Previously named the Ministry of
Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, it was bifurcated in 2002 and an
independent MOE was established to focus on the issues of environment, ecology, human
settlement and forests in Pakistan.

7. The key functions and objectives of the Ministry are as follows:

(i) Developing the national policies, plans and programs related to

environmental planning, pollution and ecology; housing, physical
planning and human settlements including urban water supply,
sewerage and drainage.
(ii) Dealings and agreements with other countries and international
organizations in the fields of environment, housing, physical and
human settlements.
(iii) Economic planning and policy making with respect to forestry and
wildlife.
(iv) Administrative control of key players in the sector including the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), the Pakistan
Forest Institute (PFI), the Zoological Survey Department (ZSD), the
Quaid-I-Azam Mazar Management Board (QMMB), the National
Energy Conservation Center (ENERCON), the National Council for
Conservation of Wildlife in Pakistan (NCCW), and others.

8. The Pak-EPA is department that is attached to the Ministry of Environment and is

responsible for implementing the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 in the country.
This is an Act to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the
environment, for the prevention and control of pollution, and the promotion of sustainable
development. Pak-EPA also provides all kind of technical assistance to the Ministry of
Environment for formulation of environmental policy and programs. Its key roles and
responsibilities include the following:

(i) Prepare, or revise and establish the National Environmental Quality

Standards with approval of the Council;
(ii) Take measures to promote research and the development of science
and technology which may contribute to the prevention of pollution,
protection of the environment, and sustainable development;
(iii) Identify the needs for, and initiate legislation in various sectors of the
environment;
(iv) Provide information and guidance to the public on environmental
matters;
(v) Specify safeguards for the prevention of accidents and disasters
which may cause pollution;
(vi) Encourage the formation and working of non-governmental
organizations, community organizations, and village organizations to
prevent and control pollution and promote sustainable development;
and
(vii) Undertake inquiries or investigation into environmental issues, either
on its own accord or upon complaints from any person or
organization.
 3

9. Under the Pak-EPA, there are also Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies in
each province of Pakistan. Their primary responsibility of enforcing environmental protection
laws is delegated to provincial protection agencies under section 26 of the Environmental
Protection Act. Figure 1 shows the organizational structure for the Punjab EPA.

Figure 1: Organizational Structure For The Punjab EPA

Source: Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency.

A. Policy and Legal Framework

10. The Pakistan Environmental Policy is based on a participatory approach aimed at

achieving sustainable development through legally, administratively and technically sound
institutions. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act was enacted on the 6th of December,
1997 to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the
environment, the prevention and control of pollution, and the promotion of sustainable
development.

11. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 is the basic environmental law of
Pakistan. The apex body established under the Act is the Pakistan Environmental Protection
Council. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency was created under Pakistan
Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983. Its powers were enhanced under the
Environmental Protection Act of 1997.

12. The Act particularly focuses on the implementation of the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Council’s
The views expressed policies,
herein are thosedelegation of power
of the consultant to necessarily
and do not government agencies,
represent those of enforcement of
ADB’s members,
national Environmental
Board of Directors, Management, Quality
or staff, andStandards, andin nature.
may be preliminary introduction of EIA/IEE review
procedures/systems. The Act also addresses the regulatory regime for hazardous
substances/wastes, resource generation through establishment of a Provisional Sustainable

 
 4 
 

Development Fund and levying of Pollution Charges and providing appellant forum for
environmental cases.

13. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), on the other hand, specify the
following standards:

(i) Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in

municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters,
sewage treatment facilities, and the sea (three separate sets of
numbers).
(ii) Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in
gaseous emissions from industrial sources.
(iii) Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two parameters) in
gaseous emissions from exhaust of vehicles and machinery.
(iv) Maximum allowable noise levels from machinery and vehicles.
(v) Standards for ambient air quality have not been prescribed as yet.

14. The negative impacts associated with major transportation projects are described in the
Pakistan Sectoral Guidelines for Environmental Reports. Those are part of a package of
regulations and guidelines, which includes:

(i) Pakistan Environmental Protection Act-1997,

(ii) Policy and procedures for filing, review and approval of
environmental assessments,
(iii) Guidelines for the preparation and review of environmental reports,
(iv) Guidelines for public participation,
(v) Guidelines for sensitive and critical areas,
(vi) Pakistan environmental legislation and the National Environmental
Quality Standards (NEQS), and
(vii) National Resettlement Policy (Draft).

15. The environmental laws, regulations, and standards which control the environmental
impacts of each environmental parameter are described by the Pakistan Environmental
Legislation and the National Environmental Standards issued in October, 1997. The
description of the environmental impacts controlled by the Pakistani environmental laws and
regulations are described in Table 2. The relevant environmental laws and regulations are
presented in Table 3.
 5

Table 2. Environmental Impacts Controlled By the Pakistani Environmental Laws and

Regulations
Environmental
Environmental Impacts
Parameter
Slope failure and mass movements.
Soil erosion and modification of surface relief.
Soil Sedimentation of water bodies and drains.
Loss of protective topsoil in borrow areas (if any).
Soil Contamination.
Degradation of natural water bodied and wildlife habitat resulting from erosion
and sedimentation.
Degradation of natural water bodies and wildlife habitats resulting from
Water contamination by accidental spills.
Resources Impairment of beneficial uses; changes to groundwater levels.
Threat to human health amenity and to natural systems resulting from insufficient
storm water management and flooding.
Deprivation of other users from water resources.
Damage, fragmentation or loss of habitat and biodiversity.
Destruction of vegetation.
Disappearance of reproduction and food zones for fish, aquatic and migratory
Ecosystem birds.
Contamination of biota.
Transmission of disease.
Increase in poaching and subsequent hunting and fishing.
Air quality deterioration/ degradation-caused by dust and vehicle emissions
Air generated through construction activity, construction machinery and vehicular
traffic.
Split Community.
Disintegration of social activity.
Community
Disruption of traditional modes of transport.
Activities
Loss of community business.
Degradation of environment owing to ribbon development.
Displacement of both private and public institutions and utilities.
Displacement
Displacement of settlements, business and properties.
and
Problem with resettlement of households, properties and utilities.
Resettlement
Problem with basic utilities in displaced and resettlement areas.
Damage of sites, structures and remains of archeological, historical, religious and
Cultural
cultural values.
Heritage
Degradation of aesthetic value of historical and cultural monuments.
Destruction of natural relief resulting by major cut and fill.
Change in natural drainage patterns.
Landscape
Destruction of vegetation and trees.
Deforestation and desertification.
Transmission of diseases.
Contamination of local water supplies.
Air pollution.
Human Health Noise disturbance.
and Safety Accidents.
Obstructions/unsafe conditions owing to presence of side poles, ditches, trees,
steep slopes and barriers.
Disturbance by vibration.
Source: The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy.

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
 6 
 

Table 3. Relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations

Sector Legislation
Environmental  The Pakistan Penal Code (1860)
Protection  Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, No. XXVII of 1997
 The Land Improvement Loans Act (1883)
 The Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act (1952)
 The Punjab Soil Reclamation Act (1952)
 The West Pakistan Agricultural Pests Ordinance (1959) and Rules (1960)
Land Use  The Islamabad (Preservation of Landscape) Ordinance (1966)
 The Punjab Development Cities Act (1976)
 The Balochistan, NWFP, Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 The NWFP Salinity Control and Reclamation Act (1988)
 The Pakistan Penal Code (1860)
 The Canal and Drainage Act (1873)
 The Factories Act (1934)
Water Quality  West Pakistan Act (1958)
and  The Balochistan Ground water Rights Administration Ordinance (1978)
Resources  The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 Indus River Water Apportionment Accord-(1981)
 Statutory Notification S.R.R. 742 (1993)
 The Pakistan Penal Code (1860)
 The Factories Act (1934)
 The West Pakistan Prohibition of Smoking in Cinema Houses Ordinance
(1960)
Air Quality  The Motor Vehicles Ordinance (1965) and Rules (1969)
 The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 Statutory Notification S.R.R. 742 (1993)
 Statutory Notification S.R.R. 1023 (1995)
 The West Pakistan Regulation and Control of Loudspeakers and Sound
Noise Amplifiers Ordinance (1965)
 The Motor Vehicle Ordinance (1965) and Rules (1969)
 The Pakistan Penal Code (1860)
Toxic or
 The Explosives Act (1884)
Hazardous
 The Factories Act (1934)
Substances
 The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance (1971) and Rules (1973)
 The Pakistan Penal Code (1934)
Solid Wastes  The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government
and Effluents Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, No. XXVII of 1997
 The west Pakistan Fisheries Ordinance (1961)
Marine and  Balochistan Sea-Fisheries Ordinance (1970) and Rules (1971)
Fisheries  The NWFP Fisheries Rules (1976)
 Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act (1976)
 The Punjab Forest (Sale of Timber) Act (1913)
 The Forests Act (1927)
 The NWFP Hazara Forest Act (1936)
 The West Pakistan Firewood and charcoal (Restrictions) Act 1964
Forest
 The Punjab Plantation and Maintenance of Trees Act (1974)
Conservation
 The Cutting of Trees (Prohibition) Act (1975)
 The NWFP Management of Protected Forests Rules (1975)
 The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 7

The NWFP (Conservation and Exploitation of Certain Forests in Hazara

Division) Ordinance (1980)
 The NWFP Forest Development Corporation Ordinance (1980)
 The West Pakistan Ordinance (1959)
 The Kohat Marzri Control Act (1954)
 The Sindh Wildlife protection ordinance (1972) and Rules (1972)
 The Punjab wildlife (Protection Preservation Conservation and
Management ) Act (1974) and Rules) (1974)
Parks and  The Balochistan Wildlife Protection Act (1974) and Rules (1975)
Wildlife  The NWFP Wildlife (Protection Preservation Conservation and
Conservation Management ) Act (1975) and Rules) (1976)
Protection  The Pakistan Penal Quarantine Act (1976)
 Islamabad wildlife (Protection Preservation Conservation and
Management) Ordinance (1979/80)
 The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 Export and Control Order (1982)
Mineral  The Regulation of Mines and Oil-Fields and Mineral Development
development (Government Control) Act (1948)
Cultural  The Antiquities Act (1975)
Environment  The Punjab Special Premises (Preservation) Ordinance (1985)
 West Pakistan Goats (Restriction) Ordinance (1959)
 West Pakistan Punjab Animal Slaughter Control Act (1963)
 The Grazing of Cattle in the Protected forests (Range Lands) Rules (1978)
Livestock  Pakistan Animal Quarantine (Import and Export of Animals and Animal
Products) Ordinance (1979/80)
 The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 West Pakistan Penal Code (1860)
 The Boilers Act (1923)
 The Public Health (Emergency Provisions) Ordinance (1944)
 The West Pakistan Factories Canteen Rules (1959)
 The Balochistan NWFP, P Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
 The West Pakistan Epidemic diseases Act (1979/80)
Source: The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy.

B. EIA Requirements of Pakistan

16. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a rapidly growing field of work and has
become a mandatory legal requirement in Pakistan. The formalized arrangements for the
implementation of an EIA system in Pakistan evolved over a period of fifteen years. It started
with the promulgation of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance (PEPO) of 1983
(repealed in 1997). The following are the key milestones that Pakistan’s environmental
protection requirements have passed through:

(i) EIA became mandatory for all new projects in July 1994;
(ii) Documentation of sectoral guidelines as an EIA Package became
effective in1997;
(iii) Enactment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997;
(iv) Development of the Pakistan IEE/EIA Regulations of 2000;
(v) Finally, the National Environmental Policy was developed in 2005. It
describes
The views expressed herein areintegration of the and
those of the consultant environment into represent
do not necessarily development
those of planning
ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management,
through or staff, and may be
the implementation of preliminary in nature.at the project level. It also
the EIA process
promotes Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a tool for
integrating the environment into the decision-making process.

 
 8 
 

17. Environmental Impact Assessment of all development projects, whether public or

private, is a legal requirement under section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
of 1997. The review of IEE and EIA Regulations is meant to strengthen and give guidance to
existing requirements under section 12 of the Environmental Protection Act. Those
Regulations list the projects that require an IEE in its Project Schedule-I and the projects for
which an EIA is required in Project Schedule-II. Projects that are not listed in either schedule
require no action. According to the listed projects in the Regulation, railway sector projects are
categorized as projects for which filing an EIA is required. Figure 2 illustrates the EIA process
as per IEE/EIA regulations.

Figure 2: Pakistan EIA Process

Project Proposal

Screening Process

EIA required refer Schedule-II IEE required, refer Schedule-I No IEE/EIA required refer
Schedule-III

N
Scoping/baseline collection of data from site
Finding of
Non- Yes
*Then Process for approval
Submitted to Significant to EPA is concerned
Impact analysis to indentify EPA i t
Environmental impacts during
construction and operation
periods

Consideration of mitigation
measures

EMP made by proponent

authority

EIA report prepared

Public
EIA report submitted for involvement/
consultation

Approval
Not Approved

Redesign Implementatio
n and Follow

Resubmitted

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment in Pakistan – overview, implementation and effectiveness,

June, 2006, TRITA LWR Masters Thesis 0624.

18. In terms of the steps in the IEE/EIA preparation process itself, according to Pakistan’s
requirements, developers shall consult with the responsible project authority to confirm the
categorization of the project, and to ensure that they are aware of the procedures that apply at
the earliest possible time. Proponents may have already engaged consultants at this time,
and shall be aware that the proper specification of the consultant’s task will only become clear
as the work on the IEE and other scoping activities are undertaken. Proponents and their
consultants shall visit the site, talk with local people about their values and the proposals,
collect available data, and consult with other departments and stakeholders. Figure 3
illustrates the EIA working layout.
 9

Figure 3. EIA working layout

EIA Proposal

Screening: Initial environmental Evaluation

No EIA is required EIA is required Pre-feasibility studies

Fea sibility studies

Public , scientific SCOPING; define issues, make
com munity & decis ion major revision to a proposal
makers partic ipate
Detailed Design & prepa ration
Public informed and PREDICTION & MITIGATION;
consulted identify impacts, proposed
mitigation meas ures

Re view of EIS by Prepare draft EIS

Re gulatory Authorit y and
Public
Prepare final EIS

MANAGEMENT & Monitoring;

implement EMP plant including
monitoring . Provide feedback
for future EIA’s
Implementation

Audit Assess EIA Process Operation &Management

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment in Pakistan—overview, implementation and effectiveness,

June, 2006, TRITA LWR Masters Thesis 0624.

19. To help the proponent throughout the preparation of the EIA report, the Pakistan
Environment Protection Agency in collaboration with other key stakeholders have prepared an
“EIA Package” which includes both General Guidelines and Sectoral Guidelines. The following
are the general guidelines that shall be followed in the railway sector projects:

(i) Policy and procedures for making the EIAs, review and approval of
environmental assessments;
(ii) Guidelines for the preparation and review of environmental reports;
(iii) Guidelines for public consultation;
(iv) Guidelines for sensitive and critical areas; and
(v) Pakistan environmental legislation and National Environmental Quality
Standards (NEQS).

20. In regard to the sectoral guidelines, the Pakistan Sectoral Guidelines for Environmental
Reports shall be followed as well as the format of the IEE/EIA as prescribed in the EIA
Package (i.e., Pak EPA Regulations for the year 2000).

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
 10 
 

III. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigative Measures

21. With the exception of Project 2, the MFF will mainly involve rehabilitation of existing
track and rehabilitation of bridges, culverts, and other associated drainage structures; site
preparation; land clearing; disposal of gravel, soil, vegetation, and unstable material; setting up
of temporary construction camps to house workers; extraction of material for embankments
using cut and fill procedures; protection of landslide, measures to protect critical side-slopes;
and works, and asphalt plants.

22. The second tranche project (Project 2) will include the realignment of the Kaluwal–
Pindora section and removal of speed restrictions on the Lalamusa–Rawalpindi section to
increase the speed up to 120 kph, besides improvement in telecommunication system and
provision of CBIS signaling system. The existing track of 53 km between Kaluwal (near Dina)
and Pindora (near Gujar Khan) has very sharp curves and ruling grades due to which speed is
restricted. Realignment of the section would require preparation of a land acquisition and
resettlement action plan. Detailed information about the type of land along the approved
alignment and its market price will be collected during the field survey for costing purposes.
The area is generally barren and hilly with cultivation in patches. The people are mostly
agriculturists but their holdings are too small to provide subsistence. An EIA study will also be
conducted besides carrying out social development and poverty alleviation.

23. Application of mitigative and monitoring actions should be applied as defined in the
model environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (Appendix 1).

IV. Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components

A. The Authorities Involved and Responsibilities

1. Implementing Agency (IA)

24. The Ministry of Railways will act as Executing Agency and the overall technical and
administrative authority for this MFF. Leading the day-to-day implementation of the project as
a whole will be a Program Management Unit (PMU) located within the MoR. The PMU will,
inter alia, conduct package screening, classification, information disclosure and consultation
with project-affected people. It will also incorporate all consulting services under the project,
including assistance to the provinces and will oversee the conduct of feasibility studies
(including environmental studies) by project consultants.

25. As the Executing Agency MoR’s responsibilities will include:

(i) Preparing any environmental screening checklists and classifying projects in

consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other
departments;
(ii) Preparing a terms of reference for the environmental assessment, based on the
environmental classification of projects;
(iii) Conducting the initial environmental examination (IEE) or environmental impact
assessment (EIA) studies, including hiring an environmental consultant to
prepare IEE or EIA reports including an environmental management plan (EMP)
for public disclosure;
(iv) Ensuring that the EA documentation is prepared in compliance with the
requirements of the Government and ADB, and that adequate consultation with
affected people is undertaken in accordance with ADB requirements.
(v) Overseeing the review of the IEE or EIA, including submission to the EPA for
government review, ensuring that all documentation is compliant with GoP and
ADB requirements;
 11
 
 
 
(vi) Obtaining necessary permits and/or clearance, as required, from EPA and other
relevant government agencies, ensuring that all necessary regulatory
clearances are obtained before commencing any civil work; and
(vii) Submitting to ADB the final IEE or EIA, and its EMP and other documents, as
necessary.

26. The MoR will be the executing agency (EA) for the individual subprojects. That is, they
form a PMU who will hire a Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) and also establish a
Safeguards Team (ST) to oversee the planning and implementing of monitoring and mitigation
measures during detailed design and rehabilitation of the railway section. The actual work
during the construction period will be completed by the contractors. For the operation period
the responsibility will be handed over to Pakistan Railways as the implementing agency. The
implementing agency’s (IA) responsibilities will include:

(i) Ensuring that EMP tasks including relevant mitigation and monitoring measures
needing to be incorporated during the pre-construction stage are implemented;
(ii) Ensuring that any EMP tasks including relevant mitigation and monitoring
measures needing to be incorporated during the construction stage by the
contractor are included in the bidding documents and are implemented;
(iii) Ensuring that contractors have access to the EIA or IEE and EMP reports of the
projects, confirming that contractors understand their responsibilities to mitigate
environmental problems associated with their rehabilitation and construction
activities;
(iv) Investigating and reporting on environmental effects stemming from any design
and construction changes added after the detailed design is completed, leading
to unpredicted environmental impacts;
(v) Submission to the ADB of semi-annual reports on implementing EMPs,
including any emergency programs;
(vi) Submitting project environmental mitigation and monitoring completion report to
ADB, three years after the start of the operating period of the project; and,
(vii) Ensuring that EMP tasks including relevant mitigation and monitoring measures
needing to be incorporated during the operating period are implemented

2. The Contractor

27. Unless the IA has inspectors in the field constantly and undertakes the construction-
period mitigation and monitoring, the contractor must fill that role. Often contractors have no
such expertise and must either hire staff or a consultant to provide the expertise to help them
implement all mitigative and monitoring tasks defined in the EMP. The contractor is therefore
responsible for:

(i) Confirming the provision of environmental safeguard expertise;

(ii) Completing the mitigation and monitoring actions as defined in the EMP, by
preparing a construction period monitoring plan and reporting on actions taken
on a monthly basis;
(iii) Completing mitigation and monitoring checklist for every construction inspection
cycle and for inclusion in the bi-annual submission to ADB; and
(iv) Preparing mitigation and monitoring completion reports for submission to the
railway operator or the project executing agency.
The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
 12 
 

3. Asian Development Bank (ADB)

28. The ADB will be responsible for:

(i) Reviewing EIA or IEE reports prepared by the EA, or the consultant on their
behalf and provide a no objection note as needed;
(ii) Undertaking annual environmental review missions for category A and B
sensitive projects; and
(iii) Disclosing to the public on the ADB website, the executive summary of the EIA
and IEE (for category B sensitive projects only), but preferably the entire EA
documentation in English and the local language.

B. Environmental Criteria for Subproject Selection

29. Considering the potential environmental impacts of the future subprojects and the
relevant environmental requirements of ADB and the Government of Pakistan, the following
environmental criteria should be applied for the selection of future subprojects in the Railway
Development Investment Program:

(i) Each Project must not have any one of ten activities that are classified as
restricted in Annex 5 of ADB`s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement;
(ii) Each Project shall only involve activities that comply with government
regulations;
(iii) Each Project should not permanently degrade any culturally, archaeologically or
environmentally important site, habitat or species designated as protected or
significant by the GoP or an international agency; and
(iv) The alignment and design changes planned for each Project will be discussed
in detail with local communities along the RoW and suggested modifications
considered, recorded and implemented if appropriate; before the detailed
design stage is completed.

C. Procedures for Environmental Assessment of Subprojects

30. ADB classifies all of its projects into one of three environmental assessment
categories, namely “A” through “C”. Projects with potential for significant adverse
environmental impacts are classified into category A, requiring a complete EIA. Projects
judged to have some adverse impacts, but less severe, mostly reversible effects, and where
impacts and mitigative measures are well understood (based on past experience), are
classified as category B projects. These require an initial environmental examination (IEE).
The IEE can also act as an EIA screening document and indicate when a full EIA is needed to
fully address environmental matters. Under ADB guidelines, if an EIA is not needed, the IEE is
regarded as the final environmental assessment report.

31. The guidelines to prepare ADB-compliant environmental assessment are found in the
ADB`s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) Annex 1 on www.adb.org/Safeguards.

32. If ADB funding is involved in any future project, ADB`s EA process is the preferred
procedure to be applied. Otherwise, the categorization and process defined in GoP
regulations, with reference to all appropriate regulations should be applied. For existing and
future projects the ADB process is to be applied, but with careful consideration of and
compliance with GoP standards. To that end the ADB`s step-by-step process, annotated with
the GoP requirements is summarized below
 13
 
 
 
1. Screening

33. STEP 1: All future subprojects to be included in the MFF will be screened to determine
their environmental category based on the ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist
(REA). A suggested template of the REA, based on the ADB’s format, is provided in the
Appendix. Categorization is established by defining the most environmental sensitive
component and the extent and duration of the impact on that component. If this analysis
identifies a significant impact and the component affected is in a special category and even if
other components remain unaffected, the project is classified according to the most sensitive
component.

34. In general, a project will be classified as ‘category A’ if it:

(i) Is a new railway alignment;

(ii) Will generate impact affecting an ecologically sensitive area, particularly if the
project is located less than 1,000 meters from any designated wildlife
sanctuary, national park, other sanctuary, or area of international significance or
cultural heritage and archaeological sites designated by UNESCO and/or the
GoP; and
(iii) Exists and already passes through any ecologically, culturally or
archaeologically sensitive areas.

35. Railway upgrading and rehabilitation subprojects that do not involve any of the three
conditions defined above and which do not trigger any of ADB’s 10 no-funding conditions
(Annex 5, ADB SPS, 2009) are classified as B.

36. Projects involving training and purchase of equipment usually do not involve any
impacts and are classified as category C. These still require a short report justifying their
classification and why no impacts are predicted.
37. GoP classifies any railways project as one needing an EIA to be completed.

2. Scoping

38. STEP 2: Before conducting any environmental assessment involving category A or B

projects, a scoping exercise is recommended. This helps to bound the assessment by defining
the geographic boundary and time scale to be used to define impacts, mitigation measures,
monitoring tasks and the overall duration of an assessment. A very important scoping task is to
define the projects ‘corridor of impact’, usually the legal RoW plus additional land in either side
of the alignment.

39. With the screening and scoping completed, yielding a project classification and
boundary, the planning and execution of the field program is the next important task. This work
should involve an experienced environmental assessment practitioner, and is summarized on
the following eight subsections.

40. In GoP’s requirements the scoping phase as a vital one that determines valued
environmental components that could be affected by a project. It is described as a process of
interaction between the public, the government, and the proponent.

3. hereinIdentifying
The views expressed Baseline
are those of the consultantConditions and Impacts
and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
41. STEP 3: Establishing the baseline conditions for the components of the environment
likely affected by the project is completed with a thorough review of existing information, site

 
 14 
 

visits and the collection of any available and relevant databases, such as for
terrain/topography, soils, geology, forest cover, protected areas, land use, and all ambient air,
noise and water quality conditions in the project corridor. This baseline will become the
conditions against which any changes due to project effects will be measured. All data must be
collected so that their source can be traced by anyone who picks up the document.

42. STEP 4: This step involves predicting likely change as a result of major construction
activities and operation of the railway, by relating cause with effect such as changes in traffic
volume, fleet makeup and traffic patterns degrading air quality and noise. The locations where
base data are collected, or where monitoring takes place and the timing of these activities
should remain uniform or at least easily traceable, permitting future comparative analysis or
audits of the technical credibility of the assessment. While following strict scientific methods in
preparing an EIA is far too costly and time consuming, every effort should be made make the
EA work ‘transparent’ and traceable.

43. GoP’s process has identical steps.

4. Public Consultations and Information Distribution

44. STEP 5: The objective of public consultation is to engage the general affected public as
well as government officials at several levels in a dialogue leading to better mitigative
measures, helping to identify oversights regarding impacts. The consultation must be
preceded by the provision of information on the project to the affected communities; often via a
written short booklet accompanied by an invitation to attend a workshop/information session. It
is important to provide enough lead time (at least 3 weeks) for communities to attend such
sessions.

45. GoP’s process has similar steps.

5. Preparation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

46. STEP 6: The preparation of the EMP is one of the two most important outputs of an
environmental assessment. The EMP must be practical, specific and systematic, such that it
can easily be converted to mitigative and monitoring actions which:

(i) Proponents and contractors can undertake;

(ii) People assigned monitoring tasks can easily complete; and
(iii) Can be translated or simply referenced as environmental clauses in contract
specifications.

47. Therefore each mitigative measure needs to be matched with a monitoring activity.

48. Good EMPs not only identify the source of the impact, the effect on the biophysical
environment and the monitoring action to be taken, but also where, how often, when and who
should implement each mitigative and monitoring action and who is responsible. This is the
same for both EIAs and IEEs.

49. With a record of impact source, impacts and location, the EIA/IEE team should at this
point systematically record each predicted impact occurrence, define an appropriate mitigative
action that either prevents the impact or reduces it a level acceptable under national standards
or international best practice, and then specifies when, where and who should implement and
supervise each action.

50. The PMU is required to review and update the EMP as soon as the contractor has
been appointed and the mobilization date is established.
 15
 
 
 

51. GoP’s process has similar steps.

6. Assessing Institutional Capacity for EMP Implementation

52. STEP 7: involves the identification of the agencies and units at the national and
provincial level that will likely be involved in the management, implementation and supervision
of the mitigation and monitoring actions from preconstruction through the operating period. The
EMP should identify the lead implementing and supervising agencies and their provincial
counterparts involved in all mitigation and monitoring actions. The assessment, using mostly
the interview approach, should be short and focused, identifying needs based on obvious
gaps, such as lack of experience in any international-level assessments or lack of experience
with preparation and implementation of EMPs. Careful interviews will almost always result in
those needing assistance identifying what they need most. Finally appropriate capacity
building actions addressing both longer term and short term requirements, in relation to
realistic budgetary limits need to be specified and costed.

53. Since the contractors play such an important role in EMP implementation, they must
not be left out of the analysis and a general approach to strengthening their safeguards skills
must be included in the analysis, and recommended actions.

54. GoP’s process has similar related to the capacity and training needs of the project
management entities.

7. Estimating Mitigation, Monitoring and Training Costs

55. STEP 8 involves costing of each of the mitigative and monitoring actions as well as the
institutional capacity building. Costing details must be systematic and include rates and unit
costs and an indication of actions that, while referred to as environmental, are normally found
in other budget items, for example slope stabilization, re-vegetation, fuel handling and storage
protocols and work camp waste management; therefore reducing the risk of double counting.
This estimation is done by using the EMP columns that identify the mitigative action and
associated monitoring task, then estimating the cost to undertake each. It is important to
separate capital or one-time expenses to reoccurring costs, such as compliance monitoring
during the construction period.

56. Costing of mitigation and monitoring is undertaken under the GoP's environmental
assessment process.

8. Reporting

57. STEP 9. While listed as the last EA step, the preparation of the EA document should
begin at the very start of the work, with the completion of a detailed Table of Contents (based
on the mandatory content defined in the ADB’s SPS (2009) (Annex 1 & 2) or as specified in
the relevant national standards. Having a clear vision of what must go into the EA document,
helps with the collection and analysis of the appropriate information. .

58. GoP requirements explain in great detail the reporting requirements, and what
constitutes successful reporting. It also provides details on the report review process.
The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
 16 
 

V. Consultation, Information Disclosure, and Grievance Redress Mechanism

A. Consultation and Information Disclosure

59. The EA team, in collaboration with the project Executing Agency, needs to present the
project, its location and timetable for implementation, an overview of the EA process, and any
findings on impacts and benefits. These findings must be defined as tentative or interim,
indicating that participants’ input can still be applied to project planning and design. The
participants should be explicitly invited (not instructed) to provide comments and corrections to
what is presented. Adequate and convenient contact information for use by participants should
be provided.

60. For a category A project consultation is required at least twice during the EIA: (i) first as
part of the scoping stage to define the project and to get feedback on options, and (ii) fter the
draft EMP has been prepared.

61. Public consultations for full EIAs include newspaper advertisement(s) in the regional
and national news papers at least one month before the session(s) is to take place. The
announcement should provide a brief project description, location and specific contact data
(including telephone numbers). Sometimes, a project website is created containing more
details on the project and a link provided in the announcement.

62. For category B projects, nearly all conditions as defined above are the same except
only 1 consultation session is needed., there is no newspaper advertisement, and no written
invitations (a list of potential attendees and contact should be made). Often, the consultation
session takes place at the time when the EMP is being prepared.

63. Consultation sessions must have minutes and attendance sheets prepared and
included as part of the environmental assessment documentation.

B. Grievance Redress Mechanism

64. ADB requires that the Project Executing Agency (Ministry of Railways) establish and
maintain a grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected
peoples’ concerns and grievances about its delivery of environmental safeguards at the project
level, as defined in the assessment documents (primarily the EMPs). The grievance redress
mechanism should be scaled to the risks and impacts of the project. It should address affected
people's concerns and complaints using an understandable and transparent process that is
gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and easy to access.

65. To that end the Executing Agency, in cooperation with the Punjab Province and
impacted areas, will establish an environmental issues’ specific Grievance Redress
Committee(s) (GRCs). At the provincial level these will be comprised of the head of the
environmental planning department and two members, one being a woman and one being
identified as the point of contact for any grievance claim. A local government representative for
district specific issues shall also be included in the GRCs. The Pakistani environmental
guidelines describe procedures for the appointment of Environmental Monitoring Committees.
The roles of such committees would have to be further described to take the ADB
requirements into consideration.
 17
 
 
 
VI. Monitoring and Reporting

A. Monitoring

66. Monitoring is required during all three stages of a project, i.e. planning, rehabilitation
and operation to record the mitigative actions taken and the resulting effects designed to either
avoid or reduce predicted impacts. The preparation and oversight of any monitoring work is the
responsibility of the Executing Agency and its consultant.

67. Monitoring during the planning stage usually takes place twice; once to incorporate
mitigative measures in the planning process and then at the end of that stage to monitor
compliance. Works’ monitoring takes place at regular intervals throughout the project period,
usually quarterly, with bi-annual monitoring reports.

68. Operating period monitoring is dependent on the types and duration if impacts
identified during the environmental assessment, but usually are completed annually for three
years, for a variable time period. Some of the monitoring during both the implementation and
operating periods will require sample collection as well as field measurements

B. Reporting

69. The best approach to reporting is to use the EMPs mitigation and monitoring tables,
collapse these into one table showing the mitigative measures and monitoring requirements;
then add columns to record actions taken, dates and results observed. This plus some text
would form the monitoring reports.

70. Well prepared EMPs present the impacts mitigative actions and monitoring
requirements throughout the project, including not only what needs to be monitored but where
and for what duration.

71. During the planning stage the Executing Agency will be required to prepare a planning
stage monitoring checklist confirming all the items listed in the EMP.

72. Prior to the mobilization of the contractor(s) the EMP’s construction period mitigation
and monitoring tasks need to be converted into a construction period action plan by the
contractor, working in cooperation with the PMU. This plan then forms the basis of the
construction period mitigation and monitoring task list and can be used as a monitoring
checklist. Major responsibility for implementation of these actions will rest with the
contractor(s), supervised by the Executing and Implementing Agencies or the PMU. Interim
monitoring reports are to be complete every 6 months, but monitoring checklists every 3
months.

73. Within 4 months of the end of the construction period the Executing Agency or its PMU
should instruct the contractor(s) to prepare the construction period environmental mitigation
and monitoring summary. This report needs to be handed to the operating unit of the Project.

74. The railway operator, likely PR, will use this report and the items defined under
Operating Period in the EMP, to develop its monitoring activity, and file bi-annual reports (short
checklists usually no more than 2-3 pages).
The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
75.
Board ofThe ADBManagement,
Directors, requires that monitoring
or staff, and mayreports should
be preliminary in be submitted 2 times per year during
nature.
the construction period and also twice a year for three Project operating years.

 
 18 
 

Appendix I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It
is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and
Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief
Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and
Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and
participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting
Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the
following environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

 Mangrove

 Estuarine

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

 encroachment on historical/cultural areas; disfiguration

of landscape by embankments, cuts, fills, and
quarries?

 encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or

protected areas)?

 alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways

crossed by project, resulting in increased sediment in
streams affected by increased soil erosion at
construction site?

 deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff

and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and
chemicals used in construction?
 19
 
 
 
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
 increased local air pollution due to rock crushing,
cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt
processing?

 risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health

and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and
radiological hazards during project construction and
operation during project construction and operation?

 noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil

works?

 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

 dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people

living in right-of-way?

 disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and

children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable
groups?

 other social concerns relating to inconveniences in

living conditions in the project areas that may trigger
cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?

 hazardous driving conditions where construction

interferes with pre-existing infrastructure?

 poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction

camps and work sites, and possible transmission of
communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS)
from workers to local populations?

 creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases

such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?

 accident risks associated with increased vehicular

traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials?

 increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic

volume?

 increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and

fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the
project?

 social conflicts if workers from other regions or

countries are hired?

 large population influx during project construction and

operation that causes increased burden on social
infrastructure and services (such as water supply and
sanitation systems)?

 risks to community health and safety due to the

transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials
such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during
Theconstruction and operation?
views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
 20 
 

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

 community safety risks due to both accidental and
natural causes, especially where the structural
elements or components of the project are accessible to
members of the affected community or where their
failure could result in injury to the community throughout
project construction, operation and decommissioning.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No REMARKS

The following questions are not for environmental
categorization. They are included in this checklist to help
identify potential climate and disaster risks.

 Is the Project area subject to hazards such as

earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds,
storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and
climate changes (see Appendix I)

 Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or

extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect
technical or financial sustainability (eg., increased
erosion or landslides could increase maintenance
costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture
content could affect sub0-grade).

 Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects

of the Project area that are already vulnerable (eg.,
high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban
migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women
or children)?

 Could the Project potentially increase the climate or

disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by
encouraging settlement in areas that will be more
affected by floods in the future, or encouraging
settlement in earthquake zones)?

Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

    21

Appendix II: Environments, Hazards and Climate Change

Example Impact on Transportation
Environment Natural Hazards and Climate Change
Infrastructure
Arid/Semi-Arid Low erratic rainfall of up to 500 mm rainfall per annum with periodic droughts and high rainfall Reduced availability of water for compaction
and Desert variability. Low vegetative cover. Resilient ecosystems and complex pastoral and systems, but during construction, increased sand on
Environment medium certainty that 10–20% of dry lands degraded; 10-30% projected decrease in water reduce safety, alignment may need to be
availability in next 40 years; projected increase in drought duration and severity under climate reviewed where, for example, agriculturally
change. Increased mobilization of sand dunes and other soils as vegetation cover declines; likely productive zones are shifting.
overall decrease in agricultural productivity, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% or
more by 2020. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these
environments.
Humid and Sub- More than 500 mm precipitation/yr. Resilient ecosystems and complex human pastoral and Increased landslides and mudflows disrupt
Humid Plains, cropping systems. 10-30% projected decrease in water availability in next 40 years; projected networks, Increased moisture content in the
Foothills and Hill increase in droughts, heat waves and floods; increased erosion of loess-mantled landscapes by subsurface can result in increased
Country wind and water; increased gully erosion; landslides likely on steeper slopes. Likely overall penetration of water into the fill, which may
decrease in agricultural productivity and compromised food production from variability, with rain- also collapse, Reduced effectiveness of
fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% or more by 2020. Increased incidence of forest and drainage which results in a reduction in the
agriculture-based insect infestations. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur bearing capacity of the soils which become
in these environments. saturated
River Valleys/ River basins, deltas and estuaries in low-lying areas are vulnerable to riverine floods, storm Same as above
Deltas and surges associated with tropical cyclones/typhoons and sea level rise; natural (and human-
Estuaries and induced) subsidence resulting from sediment compaction and ground water extraction;
Other Low-Lying liquefaction of soft sediments as result of earthquake ground shaking. Tsunami possible/likely on
Coastal Areas some coasts. Lowland agri-business and subsistence farming in these regions at significant risk.

Small Islands Small islands generally have land areas of less than 10,000km2 in area, though Papua New Increased salinity increases corrosion of
Guinea and Timor with much larger land areas are commonly included in lists of small island materials which can break-down, Alignment
developing states. Low-lying islands are especially vulnerable to storm surge, tsunami and sea- is eroded by increased wave action,
level rise and, frequently, coastal erosion, with coral reefs threatened by ocean warming in some Increased flooding from overtopping of sea-
areas. Sea level rise is likely to threaten the limited ground water resources. High islands often water over facility or salt-water intrusion in to
experience high rainfall intensities, frequent landslides and tectonic environments in which groundwater,
landslides and earthquakes are not uncommon with (occasional) volcanic eruptions. Small islands
may have low adaptive capacity and high adaptation costs relative to GDP.
Mountain Accelerated glacial melting, rockfalls/landslides and glacial lake outburst floods, leading to Damage to infrastructure from landslides and
Ecosystems increased debris flows, river bank erosion and floods and more extensive outwash plains and, mudflows, permafrost melting causes
possibly, more frequent wind erosion in intermontane valleys. Enhanced snow melt and damage to facilities, glacial lake outbursts
fluctuating stream flows may produce seasonal floods and droughts. Melting of permafrost in wash out river-crossings.
The views expressed herein
someareenvironments.
those of the consultant
Faunal andandfloral
do not necessarily
species represent
migration. those of ADB’s
Earthquakes, members,
landslides and other
Board of Directors, Management, or staff,
geophysical andmay
hazards mayalso
be preliminary in nature.
occur in these environments.

Volcanic Recently active volcanoes (erupted in last 10,000 years – see www.volcano.si.edu). Often fertile Damage and loss of railways, insecurity for

 
 22 
 
Example Impact on Transportation
Environment Natural Hazards and Climate Change
Infrastructure
Environments soils with intensive agriculture and landslides on steep slopes. Subject to earthquakes and works crew and maintenance
volcanic eruptions including pyroclastic flows and mudflows/lahars and/or gas emissions and
occasionally widespread ash fall.
    23

Appendix III: Potential Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Responsibility
Environmental Issue Mitigation Measures Estimated Cost, $US Location Time Frame
Implementation Supervision

I. Rehabilitation Phase

1. Air Quality
Dust and emissions
generated from machinery
Dust control measures such as spraying of
and vehicles, movement of Included in
work sites and stock piles; covering vehicles Rehabilitation
trucks and trains to transport Environment Rehabilitation
and trains transporting materials, proper Sites and vicinities Contractor Punjab-EPA
materials. Gaseous Protection Investment Period
maintenance of equipment, fuel efficiency, and
emissions from vehicles Table
minimizing idling of machinery
operating during the
rehabilitation works.
2. Water and wastewater

TSS, COD, BOD, and Punjab-EPA,

Workers camps located away from water Included in
petroleum resulting from Ministry of Water
bodies and agricultural lands; wastewater from Environment Work sites; staff Rehabilitation
workers camps; staff living Contractor and Power,
equipment and vehicle washing treated Protection Investment quarters period
quarters; washing of Department of
biologically. Table
equipment and vehicles Irrigation

3. Noise and Vibration

Scheduling operation to efficiently complete Included in Rehabilitation
Noise from works and use of
works close to residential areas, use of Environment works’ sites; Rehabilitation
heavy equipment and vehicles Contractor Punjab-EPA
machinery silencers; use of new and well- Protection Investment access roads; period
including locomotives
maintained equipment and vehicles. Table surrounding areas
4. Soil and Materials
Punjab-EPA,
Included in Rehabilitation
Earth moving; sediment Department of
Environment works’ sites; Rehabilitation
concentration in surface run- Vegetation and stabilization Contractor Irrigation,
Protection Investment earthmoving and period
off Forestry
Table disposal sites
Department
5. Hazardous Materials & Waste Management
Solid waste management plan and proper
transport and disposal in designated areas and
Workers and staff daily living,
landfill sites. Maintaining equipment in good Rehabilitation
lubricant and oil leaks from
The views expressed herein areconditions
those of the consultant Includedthose
in of
to avoid leaks ofand
oils do
andnot necessarily represent
lubricants, ADB’s members,
works’
machinery resulting in Environment Rehabilitation
Board of Directors,
lubricants Management,
and chemicals,
andor staff, andmaintenance
performing may be preliminary
operations in
in nature.
Protection Investment
sites; workers
period
Contractor Punjab-EPA
designated sealed areas. Proper storage of camp; staff
debris and waste; domestic Table
oils, lubricants, and chemicals for machinery. Quarters
waste
Training and kits for handling any spills or
waste of hazardous materials.

 
 24 
 

II. Operation Phase

1. Air Quality
Improving the fuel efficiency of operation,
SOx, NOx, Total Included in Rail corridor;
keeping equipment and locomotives in good
Suspended Particles, and Environment stations, depots, Pakistan
operational conditions, use of solar water Operation stage Punjab-EPA
fuel emissions resulting Protection Investment living quarters and Railways
heaters in supplying hot water to stations and
from locomotives Table surrounding vicinity
depots
2. Water and wastewater
TSS, COD, BOD,
Water saving and reuse and recycling Included in
petroleum resulting from
adopted. Sewage and wastewater treated by Environment Staff quarters; Pakistan
staff living; passenger Operation stage Punjab-EPA
anaerobic biological filter tank (water tight Protection Investment office buildings; Railways
areas; offices; washing of
septic tanks) Table stations; depots
locomotives and trains
3. Noise and Vibration
Locomotive operators instructed to prevent
Included in
Noise from train whistling, whistling when passing near villages during
Environment Various locations Pakistan
wheel-track friction, night time; green belts as sound barriers near Operation stage Punjab-EPA
Protection Investment along the line; Railways
stations villages; erection of noise barriers in the form
Table stations
of walls at certain areas
4. Soil and Materials
Included in
Maintenance of vegetation and soil
Stability of sub-base and Environment Along the Pakistan
stabilization areas for the creating of wind Operation stage Punjab-EPA
embankments Protection Investment alignment Railways
breakers
Table
5. Hazardous Materials & Waste Management
Lubricants and chemicals,
spoils; domestic waste Proper handling and equipment for the
Included in
resulting from locomotives haulage of bulk liquids especially oils and Staff quarters;
Environment Pakistan
hauling bulk liquids, staff flammable substances. Training and kits for stations; depots; Operation stage Punjab-EPA
Protection Investment Railways
daily living; waiting handling any spills or waste of hazardous office buildings;
Table
passengers; traveling materials. Trains
passengers
6. Safety
Utilization of pedestrian facilities (bridges) and Near residential
Random crossing of Included in
specific crossing points for cattle. Also, areas along the
pedestrians and livestock Environment Pakistan
utilization of modern gate systems and alignment and Operation stage Punjab-EPA
along the alignment near Protection Investment Railways
erection of walls along the alignment to serve known crossing
residential areas Table
as noise barriers and curb random crossing points
    25

Appendix IV: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Monitoring
Location and Frequency of Parameter Measurement Location Time Frame Responsibility
Parameters
Monitoring parameter: TSP, NOx, SOx, PM, CO and visible
dust using sticky pad measurements. Near populated areas, namely Rehabilitation
1. Air Quality Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual. Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad, and operation EPA and/or independent monitor
Monitoring Standard: Local construction by-laws, international and Lalamusa. Phase
best management practice, air quality standards.
Effluent outlets and WW collection
Monitoring parameter: TSS, COD, BOD, DO, pH, oil, phenol
2. Water and points; local drinking water supply Rehabilitation EPA and/or independent monitor in
Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual.
Wastewater and irrigation, sources; important and operation cooperation with Department of
Monitoring Standard: Water and Sanitation Code of, Water
water bodies feeding agricultural Phase Irrigation
quality standards.
areas along the alignment.
Monitoring parameter: dB. Near populated areas, namely
Rehabilitation
Monitoring frequency: Quarterly. Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad,
3. Noise and operation EPA and/or independent monitor
Monitoring Standard: International Best Management Practices and Lalamusa and other populated
Phase
and or WHO Noise Level Standards. areas.
Monitoring parameter: Slag, domestic refuse, metallic scraps, Rehabilitation
EPA and/or independent monitor and
4. Solid Waste and sludge. Disposal sites. and operation
the local municipalities
Monitoring frequency: Annual Phase
Monitoring parameter: Visual inspection and soil sampling if Rehabilitation
5. Hazardous Main handling stations and
needed. and operation EPA and/or independent monitor
Liquid Waste locomotive maintenance locations.
Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual. Phase
Rehabilitation
6. Soil Erosion Monitoring parameter: Visual inspection Entire railway line and inspection of
and operation EPA and/or independent monitor
and Movement Monitoring frequency: Bi-annual. vegetation sites.
Phase
Rehabilitation
Monitoring parameter: Signs, culverts, public safety records
7. Public Safety Entire railway line. and operation
Monitoring frequency: Annual.
Phase
Monitoring parameter: Increased shipment of local products;
8. Induced Near populated areas, namely
increased number of tourists; increased local revenue; and
Socioeconomic Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Operation
increased income of locals.
Benefits and Lalamusa.
Monitoring frequency: Year 2, 5 and 10 of railway operation.
Near populated areas, namely
9. Community Monitoring parameter: Number of participants. Shahdara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad,
Participation Monitoring frequency: Semi-annually. and Lalamusa and other populated
areas.
Note: TSP: Total Suspended Particles, NOx: Nitrogen Oxides, Sox: Sulphur Oxides, PM: Particulate Matter, CO: Carbon Monoxide, TSS: Total
Suspended Solids, COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand, BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand, DO: Dissolved Oxygen, pH: acidity/basicity

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members,
Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

 
 26 
 

Appendix V: Environment Protection Investment – Project 1

Unit cost Unit cost Cost Cost
PRS
Item Unit Quantity (Mill) (US$) PRS (Mill) (US$)
A. Design
Designing soil erosion comprehensive lump
plan sum 1.275 15,000 1.275 $15,000
Sub-total $15,000
B. Mitigation
1. Air Quality and Noise
Lump
Dust suppressants sum 3.825 $45,000

Noise Barriers (also for safety) meter 3,200 0.02 55.25 $848,000
Sub-total 59.07 mill $695,000
2. Water

Biological wastewater treatment

systems at main stations Location 10 0.85 10,000.00 8.5 $100,000

Irrigation system at stations Location 10 9,975 4,500.00 2.9325 $34,500

Sub-total 11.43 mill $134,500
3. Ecology
Lump
Procurement of seedlings sum 1070 0.000425 $5.00 0.43095 $5,070

Implementation of soil and land cover lump

protection works sum 27.2 $320,000
Sub-total 27.63095 $325,070
4. Waste

Used oil storage tank pieces 10 0.2125 2,500 $25,500

Sub-total $25,500
C. Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring Consultancy 10.2 $120,000

Procurement of Monitoring Equipment 5.95 $70,000
Sub-total: 16.15 $190,000

D. Capacity Building
Training in environmental monitoring 12.75 $150,000
lump
Training in environmental management sum 12.75 $150,000
Sub-total: 25.5 $300,000
D. Environmental Impact Assessment
Studies
EIA for Project 2 12.75 $150,000
EIA for Project 3 12.75 $150,000
Sub-total: 25.5 $300,000
Grand Total: $2,183,070