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-no. of moles =
-When The Reaction Involve Only Gases Then We Can Use The Ratio Of Volumes
Instead Of Mole Ratio.
finally practice some past paper question as Practice makes a man perfect!!
Mole =
Mole =
Ratio in compound xy3 is x:3y , in other words , mole(x):3mole(y) which is also 1:3.
Chloride in solution ( - ) , acidify solution with dilute nitric acid then add
aqueous silver nitrate , result is white ppt. of silver chloride formed. ( ppt soluble in
ammonia solution )
Bromide in solution ( ) acidify solution with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous
silver nitrate , result is cream ppt. of silver bromide formed , ( only slightly soluble in
ammonia solution )
Iodide in solution ( ) acidify with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous silver
nitrate , result is yellow ppt of silver iodide , insoluble in ammonia
solution OR acidify with dilute nitric acid then add lead nitrate solution , result yellow
ppt. of lead iodide formed.
Sulfate in solution ( ) acidify solution with dilute hydrochloric acid then add
barium chloride solution , OR acidify solution with dilute nitric acid then add barium
nitrate solution , result for both is white ppt of barium sulfate formed.
Nitrate in solution ( ) make alkaline with sodium hydroxide solution then add
aluminium foil ( or Devarda's alloy ) and warm carefully , result is Ammonia gas is
given off ( test with moist red litmus ).
Carbon dioxide ( ), colourless and odourless , bubble gas through lime water (
calcium hydroxide solution ) , white precipitation of calcium carbonate formed (
solution turns milky ).
Chlorine ( ) , pale green and choking smell , hold damp litmus paper ( or
universal indicator paper ) in gas , indicator paper is bleached white ( blue litmus
will turn red first ).
Oxygen ( ) , colourless and odourless , hold a 'glowing' wooden splint in gas . the
splint relights.
Sulfur Dioxide ( ) , colourless and choking smell , dip a piece of filter paper in
potassium dichromate(vi) solution and hold it in gas . solution turns pale green (
SO2 is a reducing agent ).
Liquids : Testing for boiling point , if it is the correct value ( like the data says )
therefore it is pure , if not hence it is impure. e.g. Water at 100 C°
Drying agents :
Concentrated Sulfuric acid: used to dry all gases except ammonia.
Anhydrous calcium chloride: used to dry all gases except ammonia which forms a
complex with calcium chloride.
By adding anhydrous Copper(II) Sulfate , which water will turn from white
to blue
By adding anhydrous Cobalt(II) chloride , which water will turn from blue
to pink ( or deep rose )
Chromatography :
Individual monomers from proteins and carbohydrates can be separated by
chromatography and detected using locating agents because they are colourless. if
a Sample gives only one spot , therefore that sample is pure , use more than one
solvent for accuracy and making sure that it is pure. For 2D ( 2 Dimensional )
Chromatography , user the paper and get the results on one dimension ( Y ) then
you dry the paper from the solvent then you rotate it by 90° to get the other
dimension ( X ) , and it will give us the 2D chromatography that we always see in
the book
Using more accurate apparatus that has a reduced percentage of Systematic errors (
these cannot be avoided , the systematic errors in any tool in the world , No atomic
computers that can do this accurately ¬¬ )
MOHAMMED FARHAN RAHMAN Page 6
CHEMISTRY (0610) IGCSE 2011
When drawing the best fit line in a graph , do not include points that seem to be out of
the curve ,use asharp and make the curve as smooth as possible , and remember to
plot the independent Variable ( Temprature in a Time-of-reaction ( Y ) / Temprature ( X )
graph ) and NEVER forget to write the labels.
What to do next :
Apparatus names , Apparatus names and Apparatus names , revise them and do not
mistake a boiling tube for a test tube ( They are almost clones of each other ).
(1) : pH measurements and other analyses are often carried out on soil samples. Soil is
stirred with distilled water. The insoluble material settles out, but the solution above
remains unclear because of fine suspended particles. These fine particles can be made
to settle too by adding some barium sulfate to the suspension. The barium sulfate
particles , themselves insoluble, physically drag the fine suspended material to the
bottom of the container. The mixture can then be filtered and the solution tested in
various ways for soluble ions , pH , etc.