NAME: S J SEGOOA

STUDENT NO: 820406333

COURSE: B-TECH MECHANICAL
UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG

1
 CONTECNT(S)

NAME PAGES

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT 3

AIM 4

NOMECLATURE 4

SUMMARY 5

THEORY BACKGROUND 5

PROBLEM STATEMENT 7

ASSUMPTION 8

FORMULAR SHEET 8

DESING CALCULATIONS 9

FINAL RESULTS 15

DISSCUSSION 16

CONCLUSION 16

RECOMMENDATION 17

APPENDICIES 18

REFFERENCE 17

2
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

This project made as person get to appreciate the important of pipes installation
underground and surface level. Though I had sleepless night trying to get it together.
And it wouldn’t have being possible to accomplish what was required of me if it
wasn’t the following people
 Mrs V Mendes, your knowledge and experience made it possible for me to get
understanding of pipe networks and fluid mechanics in general. Be assured
that your effort, dedication, and hardship you had to go through in making this
course as easy as it a seam has gone to waste.
 With out the support and encouragement from my parents, sisters, brothers
and nephew it wouldn’t have being easy task to get this project done.
 To my girlfriend thanks for the understanding that you have to spent some
time without me as I was busy with this project.
 And again without the help of my fellow student I was not going to be an easy
task to get this project and I want to thank and wish you all the best in this
chosen profession.
 To all the references that I used I would like to express my gratitude’s. They
make putting this project together to be very enjoyable and quite a learning
experience

AIM

3
The aim of this project was to determine the amount of flow rate following in each o f
the pipes connected to each other by means of using hardy cross method and others.
And to determine the suitable material to that environment and to meet the need of the
people. The figure below shows the pipe connections that are we must find their flow
rate.

NOMENCLATURE

NAME SYMBOL UNITS

3
Flow rate Q M /s
Diameter D m
Length L m
Density(water) ρ m3/kg
Viscosity μ
Pressure P Pa
Velocity V m/s
Design coefficient C N/A
Friction factor ƒ N/A
Hazen Williams C N/A
coefficient
Reynolds number Re
efficiency ɳ N/A
Friction Head Hf M
Mass flow M Kg
Power P W
Change ∆ -

4
 SUMMARY

The aim of this project is to help student to think logically and analytically. And also
to make them aware of real situation out the in the world. This project required
student to determine the amount of flow rate in each pipe, select correct diameter,
material friction factor for each pipe. This industrial park consists of 900mm pipe
divides into three 450 mm pipes at certain elevation. The 450 mm pipes run to pipe
network at different elevation. And loop 1 & 2 have the same material, loop 3, 4, 5, 6,
& 7 have the same material. All loops have different diameter. And each student had
to use the number a allocated to him and mine was 8m3/s on the X and 5m3/s on the
Y.

THEORY OF FLUID MECHANICS (PIPE NETWORK)

The different methods that we can be used to determine the amount of flow rate and
diameter of the pipe in pipe network. Hardy cross method is the one of the simplest
that we can use.
And the following rules has to be meet in pipe network
1. Flow into each junction must be equal to flow out of each junction.
2. Algebraic sum of head losses round each loop must be zero.

Hardy cross method

The distribution discharge is made arbitrarily but in such a way that the continuity at
each node is being fulfilled.
Head loss in each pipe can be calculated using this formula
Hf = (10.67*l*Q1.852)/(C1.852*D4.8655)
Quantity for each loop is calculated using this formula ∆Q= (Σ hf)/ [m Σ (hf/Q)]
Corrections are now applied to each pipe loop and all loops.
This procedure is repeated until ∆Q is very small
In most case you have to choose clockwise as positive.
Multiple pipes reach greatest complexity in distribution
Problems, e.g. city water supply
Basic principles are presented here
Pipe network is the aggregation of connected pipes
Used to distribute water
Network consists of various size pipes, geometric
Orientations, hydraulic characteristics, plus
Pumps, valves, fittings, etc
Individual pipes numbered 1−21
Closed circuits given Roman Numerals I−VII

Hazen Williams’s equations

Advantages to HazenWilliams approach
1. Coefficient Chw is rough measure of relative
Roughness
2. Effect of Reynolds number is included in formula

5
3. Effect of roughness on velocity are given directly
Disadvantages to HazenWilliams approach
1. Empirical
2. Can not be applied to all fluids in all conditions

Material selection

It is important to select the material that is suitable for water flow underground and
that will be able to sustain all the necessary condition into account like corrosion,
price, fatigue, friction losses, availability and etc. In this mater will discuss the cast
iron asphalt coated and cast iron wrought plain.

Cast Iron is an iron-carbon alloy with a typical carbon content of 3.0-4.5 wt. %. Also
Si (0.5-3.5 wt. %) and small amounts of Mn, S and P are always present. The main
advantages of cast iron are its low price and the ability to make products of a complex
shape in a single production step. Furthermore, cast iron offers a reasonable resistance
against corrosion. In general, the mechanical properties are lower than those of cast or
wrought steels, especially when loaded in tension. In compression high loads can be
supported. The mechanical properties of cast iron depend on the morphology of the
carbon. This morphology depends on composition and process parameters. In grey
cast iron the carbon is present in plates (lamellar) of pure graphite. In white cast iron
carbon is incorporated in compound with iron: Fe3C (cementite). In nodular cast iron
the carbon is present in sphere shaped graphite particles (nodulae). Nodular cast iron
has better properties than lamellar, especially tensile strength and strain. Below it’s a
table of Hazen Williams’s coefficient of different material

Material Hazen William’s Coefficient “C”

Asbestos cement 140
Brass 130-140
Cast iron-new unlined 130
Cast iron-asphalt coated 100
Cast iron-cement lined 150
Cast iron-wrought plain 100
Concrete 100-140
Copper or brass 130-140
PVC, CPVC 150
Steel new unlined 140-150
Wooden or masonry pipe smooth 120
Metal pipes-very to extremely smooth 130-140
Ductile iron pipe 140
Galvanized iron 120
Plastic 130-150

In this case I will use cast iron and concrete pipes because it will be able to sustain all
environmental condition and its availability and cost. In loop 1 & 2 is
concrete{C=130} and other loop is cast iron with hazen coefficient {C=150}.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

6
Compute the flow rate of water in each pipe using spreadsheet or computer program
for the below.

І ІІ

Іv

The figure represent a small industrial park consists of 900mm pipe divides into three
450 mm pipes a certain elevation. The 450 mm pipes run to pipe network at different
elevation. Loop 1 and 2 have the same pipe material, loop 3,4,5,6, and 7 have the
same material. All loops have different diameter.

ASSUMPTION MADE

7
Our project required us to assume the flow rate and diameter of each pipe and work
from that in order to get the correct flow rate in each pipe. The assumptions made are
table below.

Pipe Diameter(mm) Flow rate(m3/s) Hazen coefficient

1 150 1.333 130
2 150 2.834 130
3 150 -2.001 130
4 150 -1.333 130
5 250 -2.001 150
6 250 -3.668 150
7 250 -2.668 150
8 250 1.918 150
9 200 -1.918 130
10 200 -2.5 130
11 200 2.5 130
12 300 3.418 150
13 350 1.209 150
14 300 1.209 150
15 350 -0.752 150
16 100 0.955 150
17 100 -0.045 150
18 400 -0.752 150
19 400 -0.293 150
20 400 -1.293 150
21 300 1.295 150

FORMULAR SHEEET

The formulas below are the ones I used calculate the head loss, ∆Q and the new flow

Hf=[10.67*L*Q1.852]/[C1.852*D4.8655] units’ m

∆Q= [∑hf]/ [m∑hf/Q] units m3/s where m is constant =1.852

f= [0.2083(100/C) 1.852 Q1.852]/D4.8655

Qnew= Qass + ∆Q

Re= (d v ρ)/μ for turbulent Re is greater than 4000

DESIGN CALCULATIONS.

The first assumption

pipe D L C Q Hf Hf/Q ∆Q Qnew
(mm) (m) (m3/s) (m)
1 150 1000 130 1.333 22545.23 16913.15 -0.206 1.073

8
 2 150 925 130 2.834 84305.43 229747.86 -1.321 1.513
3 150 1000 130 -2.001 -47838.65 16880.26 0.798 -1.203
4 150 925 130 -1.333 -20854.34 15644.67 -0.206 -1.593
∑ ∑
38157.67 79185.94
10 200 1000 130 -2.5 -17822.34` 7128.94 1.061 -1.439
11 200 925 130 2.5 16485.67 6594.27 1.061 3.561
9 200 1000 130 -1.918 -10909.77 5688.10 1.533 -0.385
2 150 925 130 2.834 -84305.43 229747.86 1.321 -1.513
∑ ∑
-96551.87 49159.34
3 150 1000 130 2.001 47838.65 16880.26 -0.798 1.203
5 250 350 150 -2.001 -3056.65 1527.67 -1.058 -3.059
6 250 671 150 -3.668 -3286.68 896.04 -1.058 -4.726
7 250 400 150 -2.668 -2083.16 780.79 -1.058 -3.726
8 250 650 150 1.918 1837.03 957.78 -0.586 1.332
∑ ∑
41248.98 21042.54
9 200 1000 130 1.918 10909.77 5688.10 -1.533 0.385
12 300 800 150 3.418 2714.85 794.28 -0.472 2.946
14 300 650 150 1.209 321.87 266.23 -0.683 0.526
21 300 800 150 -1.295 -449.91 347.42 0.121 -1.174
22 300 1000 150 -3.586 -308.93 1034.28 -0.472 -4.058
8 250 650 150 -1.918 -1837.03 957.78 0.586 -1.332
∑ ∑
7950.62 9087.99
13 350 763 150 1.209 178.47 147.62 0.211 1.42
15 350 400 150 -0.752 -38.83 51.64 0.623 -0.129
14 300 650 150 -1.209 -321.87 266.23 0.683 -0.526
∑ ∑
-182.23 465.49
21 300 800 150 1.295 449.91 347.42 -0.121 1.174
18 400 125 150 0.752 6.34 8.43 -0.181 0.571
19 400 800 150 -0.293 -7.08 24.16 -0.593 -0.886
20 400 125 150 -1.293 -17.29 13.37 -0.593 -1.886
∑ ∑
431.88 393.38
15 350 400 150 0.752 38.83 51.64 -0.623 0.129
16 100 125 150 0.955 8383.39 8778.42 -0.412 0.543
17 100 400 150 -0.045 -93.62 2080.37 -0.412 -0.457
18 400 125 150 -0.752 -6.34 8.43 0.181 -0.571
∑ ∑
8322.26 10918.86

1st correction

pipe D L C Q Hf Hf/Q ∆Q Qnew

(mm) (m) (m3/s) (m)
1 150 1000 130 1.073 15084.82 14058.54 0.046 1.119

9
 2 150 925 130 1.513 26367.73 17427.45 0.02 1.533
3 150 1000 130 -1.203 -18643.23 15497.29 0.134 -1.069
4 150 925 130 -1.593 -29007.79 24112.88 0.046 -1.547
∑ ∑
-6198.47 72096.16
10 200 1000 130 -1.439 -6407.79 4452.95 0.026 -1.413
11 200 925 130 3.561 31741.89 8913.76 0.026 3.587
9 200 1000 130 -0.385 -552.16 1441.67 -0.382 -0.765
2 150 925 130 -1.513 -26362.73 17427.45 -0.02 -1.533
∑ ∑
-1580.79 32233.83
3 150 1000 130 1.203 18643.23 15497.29 -0.134 1.069
5 250 350 150 -3.059 -2348.16 767.62 -0.088 -3.147
6 250 671 150 -4.726 -10075.14 2131.85 -0.088 -4.814
7 250 400 150 -3.726 -3866.94 1037.83 -0.088 -3.814
8 250 650 150 1.332 935.12 702.03 -0.496 0.836
∑ ∑
3288.11 20136.62
9 200 1000 130 0.385 552.16 1441.67 0.382 0.767
12 300 800 150 2.946 2016.67 699.82 0.408 3.354
14 300 650 150 0.526 68.91 131.01 0.702 1.228
21 300 800 150 -1.174 -375.17 319.56 0.792 -0.382
22 300 1000 150 -4.058 -4663.41 1149.19 0.408 -3.65
8 250 650 150 -1.332 -935.12 702.03 0.496 -0.836
∑ ∑
-3359.87 4443.28
13 350 763 150 1.42 240.40 169.30 -0.294 1.126
15 350 400 150 -0.129 -1.48 11.50 -0.397 -0.526
14 300 650 150 -0.526 -68.91 131.01 -0.702 -1.228
∑ ∑
169.71 311.1
21 300 800 150 1.174 375.17 319.51 -0.792 0.382
18 400 125 150 0.571 3.81 6.66 -0.487 0.084
19 400 800 150 -0.886 -52.67 60.82 -0.384 -1.25
20 400 125 150 -1.886 -37.79 18.45 -0.384 -2.27
∑ ∑
288.52 405.49
15 350 400 150 0.129 1.48 11.48 0.397 0.526
16 100 125 150 0.543 2946.48 5426.29 0.103 0.646
17 100 400 150 -0.457 -6851.22 14991.73 0.103 -0.354
18 400 125 150 -0.571 -3.81 6.66 0.487 -0.084
∑ ∑
-3907.07 20436.17

2nd correction

pipe D L C Q Hf Hf/Q ∆Q Qnew

(mm) (m) (m3/s) (m)
1 150 1000 130 1.119 16304.32 14570.44 0.011 1.13

10
 2 150 925 130 1.533 27016.88 17623.3 -0.038 1.495
3 150 1000 130 -1.069 -14980.8 14013.88 -0.035 -1.104
4 150 925 130 -1.547 -27016.88 17623.53 0.011 -1.536
∑ ∑
1323.52 63831.38
10 200 1000 130 -1.413 -1695.03 4384.31 0.049 -1.364
11 200 925 130 3.587 32172.45 8969.18 0.049 3.636
9 200 1000 130 -0.765 -1988.48 2599.32 0.117 -0.648
2 150 925 130 -1.533 -27016.88 17623.53 0.038 -1.495
∑ ∑
-3027.94 33576.34
3 150 1000 130 1.069 14980.83 14013.88 0.035 1.104
5 250 350 150 -3.147 -2474.79 786.40 0.046 -3.101
6 250 671 150 -4.814 -10425.34 2165.63 0.046 -4.768
7 250 400 150 -3.814 -4037.79 1058.67 0.046 -3.768
8 250 650 150 0.836 394.64 472.06 0.114 0.95
∑ ∑
-1562.45 18496.64
9 200 1000 130 0.767 1988.48 2599.32 -0.117 0.65
12 300 800 150 3.354 2621.46 781.59 -0.068 3.286
14 300 650 150 1.228 331.30 269.79 -0.304 0.924
21 300 800 150 -0.382 -46.90 122.78 -0.318 -0.7
22 300 1000 150 -3.65 -3832.45 1049.99 -0.068 -3.718
8 250 650 150 -0.836 -394.64 472.06 -0.114 -0.95
∑ ∑
667.25 5295.53
13 350 763 150 1.126 156.44 138.94 0.236 1.362
15 350 400 150 -0.526 -20.03 38.08 0.231 -0.295
14 300 650 150 -1.228 -331.80 269.79 0.304 -0.924
∑ ∑
-195.39 446.81
21 300 800 150 0.382 46.90 122.78 0.318 0.7
18 400 125 150 0.084 0.11 1.30 0.245 0.329
19 400 800 150 -1.25 -103.94 83.15 0.250 -1
20 400 125 150 -2.27 -105.96 21.60 0.250 -2.02
∑ ∑
-105.96 228.83
15 350 400 150 0.526 20.03 38.08 -0.231 0.295
16 100 125 150 0.646 4064.47 6291.75 0.005 0.651
17 100 400 150 -0.354 -4269.31 12060.19 0.005 -0.349
18 400 125 150 -0.084 -0.11 1.30 -0.245 -0329
∑ ∑
-184.92 18391.32

3rd correction

pipe D L C Q Hf Hf/Q ∆Q Qnew

(mm) (m) (m3/s) (m)
1 150 1000 130 1.13 16602.38 14692.38 0.005 1.135

11
 2 150 925 130 1.495 25789.71 17250,65 0.01 1.505
3 150 1000 130 -1.104 -15901.86 14403.86 -0.009 -1.113
4 150 925 130 -1.536 -27114.87 17652.91 0.005 -1.531
∑ ∑
-624.64 63999.8
10 200 1000 130 -1.364 -5803.05 4254.43 -0.005 -1.369
11 200 925 130 3.636 32991.12 9073.46 -0.005 3.631
9 200 1000 130 -0.648 -1128.23 1735.74 -0.065 -0.715
2 150 925 130 -1.495 -25789.71 17250.65 -0.01 -1.505
∑ ∑
270.13 32314.28
3 150 1000 130 1.104 15901.86 14403.86 0.009 1.113
5 250 350 150 -3.101 -2408.22 776.59 0.014 -3.087
6 250 671 150 -4.768 -10241.59 2147.99 0.014 -4.754
7 250 400 150 -3.768 -3948.06 1047.79 0.014 -3.754
8 250 650 150 0.95 205.95 216.79 -0.046 0.904
∑ ∑
-490,06 18593.02
9 200 1000 130 0.65 1128.23 1735.74 0.065 0.715
12 300 800 150 3.286 2523.88 768.07 0.060 3.346
14 300 650 150 0.924 195.64 211.73 0.027 1.011
21 300 800 150 -0.7 -143.99 205.69 0.127 -0.573
22 300 1000 150 -3.718 -3965.73 1066.63 0.060 -3.658
8 250 650 150 -0.95 -205.95 216.79 0.046 -0.904
∑ ∑
-467.92 4204.65
13 350 763 150 1.362 222.54 163.39 -0.027 1.335
15 350 400 150 -0.295 -6.86 23.27 -0.02788 -0.32288
14 300 650 150 -0.924 -195.64 211.73 -0.087 -1.011
∑ ∑
20.04 398.39
21 300 800 150 0.7 143.99 205.69 -0.127 0.573
18 400 125 150 0.329 1.37 417 -0.06788 0.26112
19 400 800 150 -1 -68.76 68.76 -0.067 -1.067
20 400 125 150 -2.02 -39.50 19.56 -0.067 -2.087
∑ ∑
37.1 298.18
15 350 400 150 0.295 6.86 23.27 0.0278 0.32288
16 100 125 150 0.651 4122.92 6333.22 0.00088 0.65188
17 100 400 150 -0.349 -4158.30 11914.91 0.00088 -0.34812
18 400 125 150 -0329 -1.37 4.17 0.06788 -0.26112
∑ ∑
-29.89 18275.57

4thcorrection
pipe D L C Q Hf Hf/Q ∆Q Qnew
(mm) (m) (m3/s) (m)
1 150 1000 130 1.135 16738.70 14747.75 0.002 1.137
2 150 925 130 1.505 26110.11 17348.91 -0.011 1.494

12
 3 150 1000 130 -1.113 -16142.78 14503.85 0.004 -1.1081
4 150 925 130 -1.531 -26951.63 17603.94 0.002 -1.529
∑ ∑
-2456 64204.45
10 200 1000 130 -1.369 -5842.50 4267.72 0.013 -1.356
11 200 925 130 3.631 32907.15 9062.83 0.013 3.644
9 200 1000 130 -0.715 -1754.51 2453.85 0.033 -0.682
2 150 925 130 -1.505 -26110.11 17348,91 0.011 -1.494
∑ ∑
-799.97 33133.31
3 150 1000 130 1.113 16142.78 14503.85 -0.0049 1.1081
5 250 350 150 -3.087 -2388.12 773.61 -0.0029 -3.0899
6 250 671 150 -4.754 -10185.97 2142.61 -0.0029 -4.7569
7 250 400 150 -3.754 -3920.94 1044.47 -0.0029 -3.7569
8 250 650 150 0.904 456.15 504.59 0.0171 0.9211
∑ ∑
103.9 18969.13
9 200 1000 130 0.715 1754.51 2453.85 -0.033 0.682
12 300 800 150 3.346 2609.89 780.00 -0.020 3.326
14 300 650 150 1.011 231.11 228.60 -0.052 0.959
21 300 800 150 -0.573 -99.38 173.45 -0.054 -0.627
22 300 1000 150 -3.658 -3848.02 1051.95 -0.020 -3.678
8 250 650 150 -0.904 -456.15 504.59 -0.0171 -0.9211
∑ ∑
191.96 5192.44
13 350 763 150 1.335 214.44 160.63 0.032 1.367
15 350 400 150 -0.32288 -8.11 25.13 0.0325 -0.2904
14 300 650 150 -1.011 -231.11 228.60 0.052 -0.959
∑ ∑
-24.78 414.36
21 300 800 150 0.573 99.38 173.45 0-054 0.627
18 400 125 150 0.26112 0.893 3.42 0.0354 0.29562
19 400 800 150 -1.067 -75.53 72.66 0.034 -1.033
20 400 125 150 -2.087 -41.96 20.11 0.034 -2.053
∑ ∑
-17.217 269.64
15 350 400 150 0.32288 8.11 25.13 -0.0325 0.29083
16 100 125 150 0.65188 4133.25 6340.51 -0.00005 0.65183
17 100 400 150 -0.34812 -4138.91 11889.31 -0.00005 -0.34817
18 400 125 150 -0.26112 -0.893 3.42 -0.0345 -0.29562
∑ ∑
1.557 18258.37

5th correction
pipe D L C Q Hf Hf/Q ∆Q Qnew
(mm) (m) (m3/s) (m)
1 150 1000 130 1.137 16793.36 14769.89 0.0029 1.1399
2 150 925 130 1.494 25757.78 17240.81 0.00323 1.49723
3 150 1000 130 -1.1081 -16011.41 14449.43 0.00197 -1.10613

13
 4 150 925 130 -1.529 -26886.47 17584.35 0.002 -1.5261
∑ ∑
-346.74 64044.48
10 200 1000 130 -1.356 -5740.17 4233.16 -0.00033 -1.35633
11 200 925 130 3.644 33125.68 9090.47 -0.00033 3.64367
9 200 1000 130 -0.682 -1607.49 2357.02 -0.00833 -0.69033
2 150 925 130 -1.494 -25757.78 17240.81 -0.00323 -1.49723
∑ ∑
20.24 32921.46
3 150 1000 130 1.1081 16011.41 14449.43 -0.00197 1.10613
5 250 350 150 -3.0899 -2392.28 774.22 0.00093 -3.08897
6 250 671 150 -4.7569 -10197.48 2143.72 0.00093 -4.75597
7 250 400 150 -3.7569 -3926.55 1045.16 0.00093 -3.75597
8 250 650 150 0.9211 472.25 512.71 -0.00707 0.91403
∑ ∑
-32.65 18925.24
9 200 1000 130 0.682 1607.49 2357.02 0.00833 0.69033
12 300 800 150 3.326 2581.07 776.03 0.008 3.334
14 300 650 150 0.959 209.58 218.54 0.018 0.977
21 300 800 150 -0.627 -117.42 187.27 0.01720 -0.6098
22 300 1000 150 -3.678 -3887.07 1056.84 0.008 -3.67
8 250 650 150 -0.9211 -472.25 512.71 0.00707 -.091403
∑ ∑
-78.6 5108.41
13 350 763 150 1.367 224.05 163.90 -0.010 1.357
15 350 400 150 -0.2904 -6.67 22.96 -0.01005 -0.30045
14 300 650 150 -0.959 -209.58 218.54 -0.018 -0.977
∑ ∑
7.8 405.40
21 300 800 150 0.627 117.42 187.27 -0.0172 0.6098
18 400 125 150 0.29562 1.12 3.80 -0.00925 0.28637
19 400 800 150 -1.033 -73.02 70.68 -0.00925 -1.0422
20 400 125 150 -2.053 -40.71 29.83 -0.0092 -2.0622
∑ ∑
4.81 405.40
15 350 400 150 0.29083 6.67 22.96 0.01005 0.30043
16 100 125 150 0.65183 4132.66 6340.10 0.00005 0.65188
17 100 400 150 -0.34817 -4140.01 11890.76 0.00005 -0.34812
18 400 125 150 -0.29562 -1.12 3.80 0.00925 -0.28637
1.137 ∑ ∑
-1.8 18258.37

SUMMARY OF FINAL RESULTS

pipe D L C Q Hf Hf/Q ∆Q Qnew
(mm) (m) (m3/s) (m)
1 150 1000 130 1.1399 16872.78 14801.98 0.0015 1.1414
2 150 925 130 1.49723 25703.52 17224.10 0.00198 1.49428
3 150 1000 130 -1.10613 -15958.73 14427.5 -0.0009 -1.10703

14
 4 150 925 130 -1.5261 -26792.10 17555.93 0.0015 -1.5246
∑ ∑
-174.53 64009.51
10 200 1000 130 -1.35633 -5742.76 4234.04 -0.00048 -1.35681
11 200 925 130 3.64367 33120.12 9089.77 -0.00048 3.64319
9 200 1000 130 -0.69033 -1644.04 2381.53 0.00002 -0.69631
2 150 925 130 -1.49723 -25703.52 17224.10 -0.00198 -1.49428
∑ ∑
29.8 32921.46
3 150 1000 130 1.10613 15958.73 14427.5 0.0009 1.10703
5 250 350 150 -3.08897 -2390.94 774.03 0.0024 -3.08657
6 250 671 150 -4.75597 -10193.79 2143.37 0.0024 -4.75357
7 250 400 150 -3.75597 -3922.87 1044.71 0.0024 -3.7526
8 250 650 150 0.91403 465.56 509.37 0.0029 0.9169
∑ ∑
-83.31 18898.98
9 200 1000 130 0.69033 1644.04 2381.53 -0.00002 0.69631
12 300 800 150 3.334 2592.58 777.62 0.0005 3.3335
14 300 650 150 0.977 -216.92 222.03 -0.0044 0.9726
21 300 800 150 -0.6098 -111.52 182.89 -0.0057 -0.6155
22 300 1000 150 -3.67 -3871.43 1054.89 -0.0005 -3.6705
8 250 650 150 -.091403 -465.56 509.37 -0.0029 -0.9169
∑-78.6 ∑5108.41
13 350 763 150 1.357 221.03 162.88 0.0039 1.3609
15 350 400 150 -0.30045 -7.1 26.63 0.00392 -0.29653
14 300 650 150 -0.977 -216.92 222.03 0.0044 -0.9726
∑ ∑
-2.99 411.54
21 300 800 150 0.6098 111.52 182.89 0.0057 0.6155
18 400 125 150 0.28637 1.06 3.70 0.00522 0.29159
19 400 800 150 -1.0422 -74.23 71.22 0.0052 -1.037
20 400 125 150 -2.0622 -41.046 29.90 0.0052 -2.057
∑ ∑
4.81 405.40
15 350 400 150 0.30043 7.1 26.63 -0.00392 0.29651
16 100 125 150 0.65188 4133.25 63405.51 - 0.65186
0.00000
2
17 100 400 150 -0.34812 -4138.91 11899.31 - -
0.00000 0.34883
2 2
18 400 125 150 -0.28637 -1.06 3.70 -0.00522 -0.29159
∑ ∑
-1.8 18258.37

∆Q1=-∑ hf/m ∑ (hf/Q) = - (-174.53)/(1.852*64009.51) = 0.00015

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∆Q2= -∑ hf/m ∑ (hf/Q) = - (29.8)/ (1.852*32929.44) =-0.00048

∆Q3= -∑ hf/m ∑ (hf/Q) = -(-83.31)/ (1.852*18898.98) = 0.0024

∆Q4=-∑ hf/m ∑ (hf/Q) = - (5.63)/ (1.852*5128.33) = -0.0005

∆Q5=-∑ hf/m ∑ (hf/Q) = - (-2.99 (1.852*411.54) = 0.0039

∆Q6=- hf/m ∑ (hf/Q) = - (-2.696)/ (1.852*277.71) = 0.0052

∆Q7=-∑ hf/m ∑ (hf/Q) = - (0.38)/ (1.852*75325.15) = -0.000002

NB: refer to free hand sketch of the small industrial park labelling all the info and the
final flow in each pipe. The formulas used are listed above the calculation.

DISCUSSION

The aim of this project was do determine the amount of flow rate in the small
industrial park. And assume the diameter that will be suitable for enough delivery of
water, and selection of pipe material base on its properties, advantage and
disadvantage.
NB The flow rate with negative sings means the flow is anti-clockwise and positive
means the flow is clockwise direction.
From the calculation it can be possible to calculate the Reynolds number and other
fluid parameters since the value of Q, d, L, & hf is know foe each pipe.
The amount of 13m3/s its entering the industrial park and 13m3/s is going out of the
industrial park.

CONCLUSION

The project was successfully completed and the amount of flow rate and diameter of
each pipe now is known and the friction losses in its pipe are known. And now we can
be able to calculate the velocity at which the water is flow and be able to determine if
it’s Laminar or turbulent because we will be able to get the Reynolds number from Re
= dp v ρ / μ and other parameters since we have primary parameters. But most of pipe
flow its turbulent flow with Reynolds number above 2400.

RECOMMENDATION

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It is recommended that the university provide us with the programme to calculate as it
would have made this project easy and save time. And it will be exposing us to the
software so we get to be familiar with it.

REFERENCES

Senior Lecture in Fluid Mechanics: Mrs V Mendes @ University of Johannesburg

htpp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hazen-williams-water-d-797.htm

Fluid Mechanics, Fundamentals and applications: Cengel, JA &Cimbala, JM:, 1st

edition, 620.106 CEN

Fluid Mechanics: Douglas, JF & Gasiorek, JM: 2nd edition, 620.106 DOU

Pipes & pipelines principles & practice: Myles K & Associates: 2nd edition, 621.8672

PIP

APPENDEICS

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Here I have attached series of pipe picture that your can find the industries and rough
work of calculations that took me two weeks to get the correct answers. And copy of
flow/friction loss table for stainless steel pipe and others.

Concrete pipes

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 PVC PIPES

NB: Attached copies of calculation rough work.

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