C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Worksheet A

1 Find the values of the constants A and B in each identity.

a x − 8 ≡ A(x − 2) + B(x + 4) b 6x + 7 ≡ A(2x − 1) + B(x + 2)

2 Find the values of the constants A and B in each identity.

2 A B x−3 A B
a ≡ + b ≡ +
( x + 1)( x + 3) x +1 x+3 x( x − 1) x x −1
x +1 A B x + 10 A B
c ≡ + d ≡ +
( x − 3)( x − 5) x−3 x−5 (1 + x)(2 − x) 1 + x 2− x
4x −1 A B x−9 A B
e 2
≡ + f 2
≡ +
x + x−2 x+2 x −1 x − 4x + 3 x −1 x−3

3 Express in partial fractions

8 x −1 10 x
a b c
( x − 1)( x + 3) ( x + 2)( x + 3) ( x + 4)( x − 1)
5x + 7 x+2 4x + 6
d e f
x2 + x 2
x − 5x + 4 x2 − 9
3x + 2 38 − x 4x − 5
g 2
h i
x − 2 x − 24 12 − x − x 2 (2 x + 1)( x − 3)
1 − 3x x +1 5
j k l
(3 x + 4)(2 x + 1) x − 3x 2 2
2 x + 3x − 2
2( x + 5) 3x − 7 1 − 3x
m 2
n 2
o
8 x + 10 x − 3 x − 2x − 3 1 − x − 2 x2

4 Find the values of the constants A, B and C in each identity.

a 3x2 + 17x − 32 ≡ A(x − 1)(x + 3) + B(x − 1)(x − 4) + C(x + 3)(x − 4)
b 14x + 2 ≡ A(x + 1)(x − 2) + B(x + 1)(3x − 1) + C(x − 2)(3x − 1)
c x2 + x + 12 ≡ A(x + 1)2 + B(x + 1)(x + 5) + C(x + 5)
d 4(5x2 + 4) ≡ A(2x + 1)2 + B(2x + 1)(x − 3) + C(x − 3)

5 Find the values of the constants A, B and C in each identity.

8 x + 14 A B C
a ≡ + +
( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 3) x−2 x +1 x+3

2 x 2 − 6 x + 20 A B C
b ≡ + +
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 6) x +1 x+2 x−6
9 x − 14 A B C
c 2
≡ + +
( x + 4)( x − 1) x+4 x −1 ( x − 1)2

3x 2 − 7 x − 4 A B C
d 2
≡ + +
( x − 3)( x − 2) x−3 x−2 ( x − 2) 2

 Solomon Press
C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Worksheet A continued

6 Express in partial fractions

2 x2 + 4 9 x 2 + 11x − 21
a b c
x( x − 1)( x − 4) ( x − 2)( x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)

10 x + 9 x2 + 4 x + 5 16 − 2 x
d e f
( x − 4)( x + 3) 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)2 ( x − 3)( x 2 − 4)

2 − 9x 3 + 24 x − 4 x 2 9 x 2 − 2 x − 12
g h i
( x − 3)(2 x − 1)2 ( x + 1)( x − 4) 2 x3 + x 2 − 6 x

5 x 2 + 3 x − 20 13 − 3 x 2 26 − x − x 2
j k l
x3 + 4 x 2 (2 x + 3)( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1)( x + 3)( x + 5)

7 Find the values of the constants A, B and C in each identity.

x2 B C
a ≡A+ +
( x − 2)( x − 6) x−2 x−6

x2 + 2x + 9 B C
b 2
≡A+ +
x + 4x − 5 x − 1 x +5

8 a Find the quotient and remainder obtained in dividing (x3 + 4x2 − 2) by (x2 + x − 2).
x3 + 4 x 2 − 2
b Hence, express in partial fractions.
x2 + x − 2

9 Express in partial fractions

x2 + 3 x3 − 3 x 2 − x + 2 2 x2 + 7 x
a b c
( x − 3)( x + 1) x2 − 4 x2 + 6 x + 8

3( x + 1)( x − 1) 3 x3 + 7 x 2 + 4 4x2 − 7 x + 5
d e f
( x − 4)( x + 5) x2 + 4 x + 3 2 x2 − 7 x + 3

2 x2 x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x + 1 9 x 3 − 27 x − 2
g h i
x2 − 2 x − 3 x2 − 6 x + 5 3x 2 − 4 x − 4

x+5
10 f(x) = .
( x − 1)(2 x + 1)
a Express f(x) in partial fractions.
b Find the exact x-coordinates of the stationary points of the curve y = f(x).

x(4 x + 5)
11 f(x) = .
( x − 1)( x + 2) 2
a Find the values of the constants A, B and C such that
A B C
f(x) = + + .
x −1 x+2 ( x + 2) 2
b Show that the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point where x = −1 has the equation
3x − 4y + 5 = 0.

 Solomon Press
C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Worksheet B

1 Given that
22 A B
≡ + ,
(2 x − 3)( x + 4) 2x − 3 x+4
find the values of the constants A and B. (3)

2 Find the values of A, B and C such that

x+5 A B C
2
≡ + + . (4)
( x + 1)( x − 3) x +1 x−3 ( x − 3) 2

3 Given that
4 x 2 − 16 x − 7 B C
2
≡A+ + ,
2x − 9x + 4 2x − 1 x−4
find the values of the constants A, B and C. (4)

4 f(x) = 3x3 + 11x2 + 8x − 4.

a Fully factorise f(x). (4)
x + 16
b Express in partial fractions. (4)
f ( x)

5 Given that
1
f(x) = ,
x(2 x − 1)2
express f(x) in partial fractions. (4)

x3 + 5 x 2 − 2 x − 19
6 f(x) = .
x 2 + 7 x + 10
Show that f(x) can be written in the form
B C
f(x) = x + A + + ,
x+2 x+5
where A, B and C are integers to be found. (5)

7 The function f is defined by

4
f(x) = 2
.
x −1
a Express f(x) in partial fractions. (3)
The function g is defined by
2 + 5x − x2
g(x) = .
( x − 4)( x − 2)( x − 1)
b Express g(x) in partial fractions. (3)
c Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation f(x) = g(x). (5)

 Solomon Press
C4 SERIES Worksheet A

1 Find the binomial expansion of each of the following in ascending powers of x up to and
including the term in x3, for | x | < 1.
1 2
a (1 + x)−1 b (1 + x) 2 c 2(1 + x)−3 d (1 + x) 3
3 1 1 3
e 1− x f g h
(1 + x)2 4(1 − x) 4 1− x

2 Expand each of the following in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3 and
state the set of values of x for which each expansion is valid.
1 − 12
a (1 + 2 x) 2 b (1 − 3x)−1 c (1 − 4 x) d (1 + 1
2
x)−3
1 3 − 43
e (1 − 6 x) 3 f (1 + 1
4
x)−4 g (1 + 2 x) 2 h (1 − 3x)
1
3 a Expand (1 − 2 x) 2 , | x | < 1
2
, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3.
b By substituting a suitable value of x in your expansion, find an estimate for 0.98
7
c Show that 0.98 = 10
2 and hence find the value of 2 correct to 8 significant figures.

4 Expand each of the following in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3 and
state the set of values of x for which each expansion is valid.
1 1
a (2 + x)−1 b (4 + x) 2 c (3 − x)−3 d (9 + 3x) 2
1 − 12
e (8 − 24 x) 3 f (4 − 3x)−1 g (4 + 6 x) h (3 + 2x)−2

5 a Expand (1 + 2x)−1, | x | < 1

2
, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3.
1− x
b Hence find the series expansion of , |x| < 1
2
, in ascending powers of x up to and
1 + 2x
including the term in x3.

6 Find the first four terms in the series expansion in ascending powers of x of each of the following
and state the set of values of x for which each expansion is valid.
1 + 3x 2x −1 3+ x 1− x
a b c d
1− x (1 + 4 x)2 2− x 1 + 2x

x−2
7 a Express in partial fractions.
(1 − x)(1 − 2 x)
x−2
b Hence find the series expansion of in ascending powers of x up to and
(1 − x)(1 − 2 x)
including the term in x3 and state the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

8 By first expressing f(x) in partial fractions, find the series expansion of f(x) in ascending powers
of x up to and including the term in x3 and state the set of values of x for which it is valid.
4 1 − 6x 5
a f(x) ≡ b f(x) ≡ c f(x) ≡
(1 + x)(1 − 3 x) 1 + 3x − 4 x 2 2 − 3x − 2 x 2
7x − 3 3 + 5x 2x2 + 4
d f(x) ≡ 2
e f(x) ≡ f f(x) ≡
x − 4x + 3 (1 + 3 x)(1 + x) 2 2x2 + x − 1

 Solomon Press
C4 SERIES Worksheet B

1
1 a Expand (1 − x) 2 , | x | < 1, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3.
b By substituting x = 0.01 in your expansion, find the value of 11 correct to 9 significant
figures.
1
2 The series expansion of (1 + 8 x) 2 , in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3, is
1 + 4x + ax2 + bx3, | x | < 1
8
.
a Find the values of the constants a and b.
b Use the expansion, with x = 0.01, to find the value of 3 to 5 decimal places.
1
3 a Expand (9 − 6 x) 2 , | x | < 32 , in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3,
simplifying the coefficient in each term.
b Use your expansion with a suitable value of x to find the value of 8.7 correct to
7 significant figures.
1
4 a Expand (1 + 6 x) 3 , | x | < 1
6
, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3.
b Use your expansion, with x = 0.004, to find the cube root of 2 correct to 7 significant figures.

5 a Expand (1 + 2x)−3 in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3 and state the set
of values of x for which the expansion is valid.
b Hence, or otherwise, find the series expansion in ascending powers of x up to and including
1 + 3x
the term in x3 of .
(1 + 2 x)3

2+ x
6 Find the coefficient of x2 in the series expansion of , | x | < 2.
4 − 2x

7 a Find the values of A and B such that

2 − 11x A B
2
≡ + .
1 − 5x + 4x 1− x 1 − 4x
2 − 11x
b Hence, find the series expansion of in ascending powers of x up to and including
1 − 5x + 4 x2
the term in x3 and state the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

4 − 17 x
8 f(x) ≡ , |x| < 1
3
.
(1 + 2 x)(1 − 3 x) 2
a Express f(x) in partial fractions.
b Hence, or otherwise, find the series expansion of f(x) in ascending powers of x up to and
including the term in x3.

9 The first three terms in the expansion of (1 + ax)b, in ascending powers of x, for | ax | < 1, are
1 − 6x + 24x2.
a Find the values of the constants a and b.
b Find the coefficient of x3 in the expansion.

 Solomon Press
C4 SERIES Worksheet C

1
1 a Expand (1 − 4 x) 2 in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3 and state
the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid. (4)
b By substituting x = 0.01 in your expansion, find the value of 6 to 6 significant figures. (3)

4
2 f(x) ≡ .
1 + 2 x − 3x 2
a Express f(x) in partial fractions. (3)
b Hence, or otherwise, find the series expansion of f(x) in ascending powers of x up to and
including the term in x3 and state the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid. (5)

3 a Expand (2 − x)−2, | x | < 2, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3. (4)
3− x
b Hence, find the coefficient of x3 in the series expansion of . (2)
(2 − x) 2

4
4 f(x) ≡ , − 32 < x < 3
2
.
1+ x 2
3

a Show that f( 101 ) = 15 . (2)

b Expand f(x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x2. (3)
c Use your expansion to obtain an approximation for 15 , giving your answer as an
exact, simplified fraction. (2)
d Show that 3 55
63
is a more accurate approximation for 15 . (2)

1
5 a Expand (1 − x) 3 , | x | < 1, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x2. (3)
b By substituting x = 10−3 in your expansion, find the cube root of 37 correct to
9 significant figures. (3)
3
6 The series expansion of (1 + 5 x) 5 , in ascending powers of x up to and including the
term in x3, is
1 + 3x + px2 + qx3, | x | < 1
5
.
a Find the values of the constants p and q. (4)
3
b Use the expansion with a suitable value of x to find an approximate value for (1.1) . 5
(2)
3
c Obtain the value of (1.1) from your calculator and hence find the percentage error in
5

your answer to part b. (2)

7 a Find the values of A, B and C such that

8 − 6x2 A B C
2
≡ + + . (4)
(1 + x)(2 + x) 1+ x 2+ x (2 + x) 2
8 − 6x2
b Hence find the series expansion of , | x | < 1, in ascending powers of x up
(1 + x)(2 + x)2
to and including the term in x3, simplifying each coefficient. (7)

 Solomon Press
C4 SERIES Worksheet C continued

1
8 a Expand (1 − 2 x) 2 , | x | < 1
2
, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x2. (3)
b By substituting x = 0.0008 in your expansion, find the square root of 39 correct to
7 significant figures. (4)
1
9 a Find the series expansion of (1 + 8 x) 3 , | x | < 18 , in ascending powers of x up to and
including the term in x2, simplifying each term. (3)
b Find the exact fraction k such that
3
5 = k 3 1.08 (2)
c Hence, use your answer to part a together with a suitable value of x to obtain an
estimate for 3 5 , giving your answer to 4 significant figures. (3)

6x
10 f(x) ≡ 2
, | x | < 1.
x − 4x + 3
a Express f(x) in partial fractions. (3)
b Show that for small values of x,
f(x) ≈ 2x + 8
3
x2 + 26
9
x3. (5)

1
11 a Find the binomial expansion of (4 + x) 2 in ascending powers of x up to and including
the term in x2 and state the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid. (4)
b By substituting x = 201 in your expansion, find an estimate for 5 , giving your
answer to 9 significant figures. (3)
c Obtain the value of 5 from your calculator and hence comment on the accuracy of
the estimate found in part b. (2)

−1
12 a Expand (1 + 2 x) 2 , | x | < 1
2
, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3. (4)
b Hence, show that for small values of x,
2 − 5x
≈ 2 − 7x + 8x2 − 25
2
x3. (3)
1 + 2x
c Solve the equation
2 − 5x
= 3. (3)
1 + 2x
d Use your answers to parts b and c to find an approximate value for 3. (2)

13 a Expand (1 + x)−1, | x | < 1, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3. (2)
b Hence, write down the first four terms in the expansion in ascending powers of x
of (1 + bx)−1, where b is a constant, for | bx | < 1. (1)
Given that in the series expansion of
1 + ax
, | bx | < 1,
1 + bx
the coefficient of x is −4 and the coefficient of x2 is 12,
c find the values of the constants a and b, (5)
3
d find the coefficient of x in the expansion. (2)

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet A

1
G H I

D E F

A B C

The diagram shows three sets of equally-spaced parallel lines.

Given that AC = p and that AD = q, express the following vectors in terms of p and q.
a CA b AG c AB d DF e HE f AF
g AH h DC i CG j IA k EC l IB

2 A B

O
C

In the quadrilateral shown, OA = u, AB = v and OC = w.

Find expressions in terms of u, v and w for
a OB b AC c CB

3 A B

D C
E F

H G
The diagram shows a cuboid.
Given that AB = p, AD = q and AE = r, find expressions in terms of p, q and r for
a BC b AF c DE d AG e GB f BH

4 R S

O T
The diagram shows parallelogram ORST.
Given that OR = a + 2b and that OT = a − 2b,
a find expressions in terms of a and b for
i OS ii TR
Given also that OA = a and that OB = b,
b copy the diagram and show the positions of the points A and B.

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet A continued

5 A
C D
O B

The diagram shows triangle OAB in which OA = a and OB = b.

The points C and D are the mid-points of OA and AB respectively.
a Find and simplify expressions in terms of a and b for
i OC ii AB iii AD iv OD v CD
b Explain what your expression for CD tells you about OB and CD .

6 Given that vectors p and q are not parallel, state whether or not each of the following pairs of
vectors are parallel.
a 2p and 3p b (p + 2q) and (2p − 4q) c (3p − q) and (p − 1
3
q)
d (p − 2q) and (4q − 2p) e ( 34 p + q) and (6p + 8q) f (2q − 3p) and ( 32 q − p)

7 The points O, A, B and C are such that OA = 4m, OB = 4m + 2n and OC = 2m + 3n, where
m and n are non-parallel vectors.
a Find an expression for BC in terms of m and n.
The point M is the mid-point of OC.
b Show that AM is parallel to BC.

8 The points O, A, B and C are such that OA = 6u − 4v, OB = 3u − v and OC = v − 3u, where
u and v are non-parallel vectors.
The point M is the mid-point of OA and the point N is the point on AB such that AN : NB = 1 : 2
a Find OM and ON .
b Prove that C, M and N are collinear.

9 Given that vectors p and q are not parallel, find the values of the constants a and b such that
a ap + 3q = 5p + bq b (2p + aq) + (bp − 4q) = 0
c 4aq − p = bp − 2q d (2ap + bq) − (aq − 6p) = 0

10 A
C
D
O B

The diagram shows triangle OAB in which OA = a and OB = b.

The point C is the mid-point of OA and the point D is the mid-point of BC.
a Find an expression for OD in terms of a and b.
b Show that if the point E lies on AB then OE can be written in the form a + k(b − a), where
k is a constant.
Given also that OD produced meets AB at E,
c find OE ,
d show that AE : EB = 2 : 1

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet B

1 The points A, B and C have coordinates (6, 1), (2, 3) and (−4, 3) respectively and O is the origin.
Find, in terms of i and j, the vectors
a OA b AB c BC d CA

2 Given that p = i − 3j and q = 4i + 2j, find expressions in terms of i and j for

a 4p b q−p c 2p + 3q d 4p − 2q

 3 1
3 Given that p =   and q =   , find
 −4   2
a |p| b | 2q | c | p + 2q | d | 3q − 2p |

4 Given that p = 2i + j and q = i − 3j, find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the angle made with
the vector i by the vector
a p b q c 5p + q d p − 3q

5 Find a unit vector in the direction

 4  7   −1  2
a   b   c   d  
 3  −24  1  4

6 Find a vector
a of magnitude 26 in the direction 5i + 12j,
b of magnitude 15 in the direction −6i − 8j,
c of magnitude 5 in the direction 2i − 4j.

7 Given that m = 2i + λj and n = µi − 5j, find the values of λ and µ such that
a m + n = 3i − j b 2m − n = −3i + 8j

8 Given that r = 6i + cj, where c is a positive constant, find the value of c such that
a r is parallel to the vector 2i + j b r is parallel to the vector −9i − 6j
c | r | = 10 d |r|= 3 5

9 Given that p = i + 3j and q = 4i − 2j,

a find the values of a and b such that ap + bq = −5i + 13j,
b find the value of c such that cp + q is parallel to the vector j,
c find the value of d such that p + dq is parallel to the vector 3i − j.

 3  −5 
10 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors   and   respectively.
6  2
Find
a the vector AB ,
b  AB ,
c the position vector of the mid-point of AB,
d the position vector of the point C such that OABC is a parallelogram.

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet B continued

11 Given the coordinates of the points A and B, find the length AB in each case.
a A (4, 0, 9), B (2, −3, 3) b A (11, −3, 5), B (7, −1, 3)

12 Find the magnitude of each vector.

a 4i + 2j − 4k b i+j+k c −8i − j + 4k d 3i − 5j + k

13 Find
a a unit vector in the direction 5i − 2j + 14k,
b a vector of magnitude 10 in the direction 2i + 11j − 10k,
c a vector of magnitude 20 in the direction −5i − 4j + 2k.

14 Given that r = λi + 12j − 4k, find the two possible values of λ such that | r | = 14.

1  4  −2 
15 Given that p =  3  , q =  −2  and r =  5  , find as column vectors,
 −1 1  −3 
     
a p + 2q b p−r c p+q+r d 2p − 3q + r

16 Given that r = −2i + λj + µk, find the values of λ and µ such that
a r is parallel to 4i + 2j − 8k b r is parallel to −5i + 20j − 10k

17 Given that p = i − 2j + 4k, q = −i + 2j + 2k and r = 2i − 4j − 7k,

a find | 2p − q |,
b find the value of k such that p + kq is parallel to r.

18 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors (−2i + 7j + 4k),
(−4i + j + 8k) and (6i − 5j) respectively.
a Find the position vector of the mid-point of AB.
b Find the position vector of the point D on AC such that AD : DC = 3 : 1

19 Given that r = λi − 2λj + µk, and that r is parallel to the vector (2i − 4j − 3k),
a show that 3λ + 2µ = 0.
Given also that | r | = 2 29 and that µ > 0,
b find the values of λ and µ.
 6  12   6
20 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors  −2  ,  −7  and  1 
 −4   −4   −8 
     
respectively.
a Find the position vector of the point M, the mid-point of BC.
b Show that O, A and M are collinear.

21 The position vector of a model aircraft at time t seconds is (9 − t)i + (1 + 2t)j + (5 − t)k, relative
to a fixed origin O. One unit on each coordinate axis represents 1 metre.
a Find an expression for d 2 in terms of t, where d metres is the distance of the aircraft from O.
b Find the value of t when the aircraft is closest to O and hence, the least distance of the aircraft
from O.

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet C

1 Sketch each line on a separate diagram given its vector equation.

a r = 2i + sj b r = s(i + j) c r = i + 4j + s(i + 2j)

d r = 3j + s(3i − j) e r = −4i + 2j + s(2i − j) f r = (2s + 1)i + (3s − 2)j

2 Write down a vector equation of the straight line

a parallel to the vector (3i − 2j) which passes through the point with position vector (−i + j),
b parallel to the x-axis which passes through the point with coordinates (0, 4),
c parallel to the line r = 2i + t(i + 5j) which passes through the point with coordinates (3, −1).

3 Find a vector equation of the straight line which passes through the points with position vectors
1  3  −3   −1  2  −2 
a   and   b   and   c   and  
0  1  4 1  −2   3

4 Find the value of the constant c such that line with vector equation r = 3i − j + λ(ci + 2j)
a passes through the point (0, 5),
b is parallel to the line r = −2i + 4j + µ(6i + 3j).

5 Find a vector equation for each line given its cartesian equation.
a x = −1 b y = 2x c y = 3x + 1
d y= 3
4
x−2 e y=5− 1
2
x f x − 4y + 8 = 0

6 A line has the vector equation r = 2i + j + λ(3i + 2j).

a Write down parametric equations for the line.
b Hence find the cartesian equation of the line in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c
are integers.

7 Find a cartesian equation for each line in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.
a r = 3i + λ(i + 2j) b r = i + 4j + λ(3i + j) c r = 2j + λ(4i − j)

d r = −2i + j + λ(5i + 2j) e r = 2i − 3j + λ(−3i + 4j) f r = (λ + 3)i + (−2λ − 1)j

8 For each pair of lines, determine with reasons whether they are identical, parallel but not identical
or not parallel.
1 3  −1 1  2  2
a r =   + s  b r =   + s  c r =   + s 
 2  −1 2  4  −5   4
 −2   −6   −2   4  −1  3
r =   + t  r =   + t  r =   + t 
 3  2  4 1 1 6

9 Find the position vector of the point of intersection of each pair of lines.
a r = i + 2j + λi b r = 4i + j + λ(−i + j) c r = j + λ(2i − j)
r = 2i + j + µ(3i + j) r = 5i − 2j + µ(2i − 3j) r = 2i + 10j + µ(−i + 3j)

d r = −i + 5j + λ(−4i + 6j) e r = −2i + 11j + λ(−3i + 4j) f r = i + 2j + λ(3i + 2j)

r = 2i − 2j + µ(−i + 2j) r = −3i − 7j + µ(5i + 3j) r = 3i + 5j + µ(i + 4j)

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet C continued

10 Write down a vector equation of the straight line

a parallel to the vector (i + 3j − 2k) which passes through the point with position vector (4i + k),
b perpendicular to the xy-plane which passes through the point with coordinates (2, 1, 0),
c parallel to the line r = 3i − j + t(2i − 3j + 5k) which passes through the point with
coordinates (−1, 4, 2).

11 The points A and B have position vectors (5i + j − 2k) and (6i − 3j + k) respectively.
a Find AB in terms of i, j and k.
b Write down a vector equation of the straight line l which passes through A and B.
c Show that l passes through the point with coordinates (3, 9, −8).

12 Find a vector equation of the straight line which passes through the points with position vectors
a (i + 3j + 4k) and (5i + 4j + 6k) b (3i − 2k) and (i + 5j + 2k)
c 0 and (6i − j + 2k) d (−i − 2j + 3k) and (4i − 7j + k)

13 Find the value of the constants a and b such that line r = 3i − 5j + k + λ(2i + aj + bk)
a passes through the point (9, −2, −8),
b is parallel to the line r = 4j − 2k + µ(8i − 4j + 2k).

14 Find cartesian equations for each of the following lines.

 2  3 4 1  −1   4
a r =  3  + λ  5  b r =  −1 + λ  6  c r =  5  + λ  −2 
 0  2 3  3  −2   −1 
           

15 Find a vector equation for each line given its cartesian equations.
x −1 y+4 x y −1 z+7 x+5
a = =z−5 b = = c =y+3=z
3 2 4 −2 3 −4

16 Show that the lines with vector equations r = 4i + 3k + s(i − 2j + 2k) and
r = 7i + 2j − 5k + t(−3i + 2j + k) intersect, and find the coordinates of their point
of intersection.

17 Show that the lines with vector equations r = 2i − j + 4k + λ(i + j + 3k) and
r = i + 4j + 3k + µ(i − 2j + k) are skew.

18 For each pair of lines, find the position vector of their point of intersection or, if they do not
intersect, state whether they are parallel or skew.
 3 4  3 1 0  2  6  −4 
a r =  1  + λ  1  and r =  2  + µ  0  b r =  3  + λ  −1 and r =  −2  + µ  2 
5  −1  −4   2 1  −3   −1   6
               

8 1  −2   4 1 1 7  2

c r =  2  + λ  3  and r =  2  + µ  −3  d r =  5  + λ  4  and r =  −6  + µ  1 
 −4   −2  8  −4   2  −2   −5   −3 
               

4  2  3  5  0  6  −12  5

e r =  −1 + λ  5  and r =  −2  + µ  −3  f r =  7  + λ  −4  and r =  −1  + µ  2 
3  −3  1  −4   −2  8  11   −3 
               

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet D

1 Calculate
a (i + 2j).(3i + j) b (4i − j).(3i + 5j) c (i − 2j).(−5i − 2j)

2 Show that the vectors (i + 4j) and (8i − 2j) are perpendicular.

3 Find in each case the value of the constant c for which the vectors u and v are perpendicular.
3 c  2  3  2  c 
a u =  , v =   b u =  , v =   c u=  , v=  
 −1  3 1 c  −5   −4 

4 Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the angle between the vectors

a (4i − 3j) and (8i + 6j) b (7i + j) and (2i + 6j) c (4i + 2j) and (−5i + 2j)

5 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors (9i + j), (3i − j)
and (5i − 2j) respectively. Show that ∠ABC = 45°.

6 Calculate
a (i + 2j + 4k).(3i + j + 2k) b (6i − 2j + 2k).(i − 3j − k)
c (−5i + 2k).(i + 4j − 3k) d (3i + 2j − 8k).(−i + 11j − 4k)
e (3i − 7j + k).(9i + 4j − k) f (7i − 3j).(−3j + 6k)

7 Given that p = 2i + j − 3k, q = i + 5j − k and r = 6i − 2j − 3k,

a find the value of p.q,
b find the value of p.r,
c verify that p.(q + r) = p.q + p.r

8 Simplify
a p.(q + r) + p.(q − r) b p.(q + r) + q.(r − p)

9 Show that the vectors (5i − 3j + 2k) and (3i + j − 6k) are perpendicular.

10 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors (3i + 4j − 6k),
(i + 5j − 2k) and (8i + 3j + 2k) respectively. Show that ∠ABC = 90°.

11 Find in each case the value or values of the constant c for which the vectors u and v are
perpendicular.
a u = (2i + 3j + k), v = (ci − 3j + k) b u = (−5i + 3j + 2k), v = (ci − j + 3ck)
c u = (ci − 2j + 8k), v = (ci + cj − 3k) d u = (3ci + 2j + ck), v = (5i − 4j + 2ck)

12 Find the exact value of the cosine of the angle between the vectors
1 8  4  −2  1  1 5  3
a  2  and  1  b  1  and  3  c  2  and  −7  d  −3  and  −4 
 −2   −4   −2   −6   −1  2  4  −1 
               

13 Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the angle between the vectors

a (3i − 4k) and (7i − 4j + 4k) b (2i − 6j + 3k) and (i − 3j − k)
c (6i − 2j − 9k) and (3i + j + 4k) d (i + 5j − 3k) and (−3i − 4j + 2k)

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet D continued

14 The points A (7, 2, −2), B (−1, 6, −3) and C (−3, 1, 2) are the vertices of a triangle.
a Find BA and BC in terms of i, j and k.
b Show that ∠ABC = 82.2° to 1 decimal place.
c Find the area of triangle ABC to 3 significant figures.

15 Relative to a fixed origin, the points A, B and C have position vectors (3i − 2j − k),
(4i + 3j − 2k) and (2i − j) respectively.
a Find the exact value of the cosine of angle BAC.
b Hence show that the area of triangle ABC is 3 2 .

16 Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the acute angle between each pair of lines.
1  4  5 8 0  6   4  4 
 
a r= 3 + λ  −4  and r =  
 −2  + µ  0  b r=  
 −3  + λ  −1  and r =  
6 + µ  −12 
 −1  2 1  −6  7  −18   −3   3 
               
7 1  −2   2  2  −4   11   5
c r =  1  + λ  −1 and r =  6  + µ  −5  d r =  −3  + λ  −6  and r =  1  + µ  −1 
 5 3  −3   3  −9  7  −2   −8 
               

17 Relative to a fixed origin, the points A and B have position vectors (5i + 8j − k) and
(6i + 5j + k) respectively.
a Find a vector equation of the straight line l1 which passes through A and B.
The line l2 has the equation r = 4i − 3j + 5k + µ(−5i + j − 2k).
b Show that lines l1 and l2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of intersection.
c Find, in degrees, the acute angle between lines l1 and l2.

18 Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the acute angle between the lines with cartesian equations
x−2 y z+5 x−4 y +1 z −3
= = and = = .
3 2 −6 −4 7 −4

19 The line l has the equation r = 7i − 2k + λ(2i − j + 2k) and the line m has the equation
r = −4i + 7j − 6k + µ(5i − 4j − 2k).
a Find the coordinates of the point A where lines l and m intersect.
b Find, in degrees, the acute angle between lines l and m.
The point B has coordinates (5, 1, −4).
c Show that B lies on the line l.
d Find the distance of B from m.

20 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors (9i + 6j) and (11i + 5j + k)
respectively.
a Show that for all values of λ, the point C with position vector (9 + 2λ)i + (6 − λ)j + λk lies
on the straight line l which passes through A and B.
b Find the value of λ for which OC is perpendicular to l.
c Hence, find the position vector of the foot of the perpendicular from O to l.

21 Find the coordinates of the point on each line which is closest to the origin.
a r = −4i + 2j + 7k + λ(i + 3j − 4k) b r = 7i + 11j − 9k + λ(6i − 9j + 3k)

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet E

1 Relative to a fixed origin, the line l has vector equation

r = i − 4j + pk + λ(2i + qj − 3k),
where λ is a scalar parameter.
Given that l passes through the point with position vector (7i − j − k),
a find the values of the constants p and q, (3)
b find, in degrees, the acute angle l makes with the line with equation
r = 3i + 4j − 3k + µ(−4i + 5j − 2k). (4)

1  5
2 The points A and B have position vectors  6  and  0  respectively, relative to a
 4  −6 
   
fixed origin.
a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l which passes through A and B. (2)
The line m has equation
 5 1
r =  −5  + t  −4  .
 3  2
   
Given that lines l and m intersect at the point C,
b find the position vector of C, (5)
c show that C is the mid-point of AB. (2)

3 Relative to a fixed origin, the points P and Q have position vectors (5i − 2j + 2k) and
(3i + j) respectively.
a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line L1 which passes through P and Q. (2)
The line L2 has equation
r = 4i + 6j − k + µ(5i − j + 3k).
b Show that lines L1 and L2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of
intersection. (6)
c Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the acute angle between lines L1 and L2. (4)

4 Relative to a fixed origin, the lines l1 and l2 have vector equations as follows:
l1 : r = 5i + k + λ(2i − j + 2k),
l2 : r = 7i − 3j + 7k + µ(−i + j − 2k),
where λ and µ are scalar parameters.
a Show that lines l1 and l2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of
intersection. (6)
The points A and C lie on l1 and the points B and D lie on l2.
Given that ABCD is a parallelogram and that A has position vector (9i − 2j + 5k),
b find the position vector of C. (3)
Given also that the area of parallelogram ABCD is 54,
c find the distance of the point B from the line l1. (4)

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet E continued

5 Relative to a fixed origin, the points A and B have position vectors (4i + 2j − 4k) and
(2i − j + 2k) respectively.
a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l1 which passes through A and B. (2)
The line l2 passes through the point C with position vector (4i − 7j − k) and is parallel to
the vector (6j − 2k).
b Write down, in vector form, an equation of the line l2. (1)
c Show that A lies on l2. (2)
d Find, in degrees, the acute angle between lines l1 and l2. (4)

 5   4
6 The points A and B have position vectors  −1  and  1  respectively, relative to a
 −10   −8 
   
fixed origin O.
a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l which passes through A and B. (2)
The line l intersects the y-axis at the point C.
b Find the coordinates of C. (2)
The point D on the line l is such that OD is perpendicular to l.
c Find the coordinates of D. (5)
d Find the area of triangle OCD, giving your answer in the form k 5 . (3)

7 Relative to a fixed origin, the line l1 has the equation

1 0
r =  −6  + s  4  .
 −2   −1
   
a Show that the point P with coordinates (1, 6, −5) lies on l1. (1)
The line l2 has the equation
 4  3
r =  −4  + t  −2  ,
 −1   2
   
and intersects l1 at the point Q.
b Find the position vector of Q. (3)
The point R lies on l2 such that PQ = QR.
c Find the two possible position vectors of the point R. (5)

8 Relative to a fixed origin, the points A and B have position vectors (4i + 5j + 6k) and
(4i + 6j + 2k) respectively.
a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l1 which passes through A and B. (2)
The line l2 has equation
r = i + 5j − 3k + µ(i + j − k).
b Show that l1 and l2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of intersection. (4)
c Find the acute angle between lines l1 and l2. (3)
d Show that the point on l2 closest to A has position vector (−i + 3j − k). (5)

 Solomon Press
C4 VECTORS Worksheet F

 2  0
   
1 The points A and B have position vectors  −1  and  3 respectively, relative to a
 −5   −4 
   
fixed origin.
a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l which passes through A and B. (2)
The line m has equation
 6 a
r =  −5  + µ  −3  ,
1 1
   
where a is a constant.
Given that lines l and m intersect,
b find the value of a and the coordinates of the point where l and m intersect. (6)

2 Relative to a fixed origin, the points A, B and C have position vectors (−4i + 2j − k),
(2i + 5j − 7k) and (6i + 4j + k) respectively.
1
a Show that cos (∠ABC) = 3
. (3)
The point M is the mid-point of AC.
b Find the position vector of M. (2)
c Show that BM is perpendicular to AC. (3)
d Find the size of angle ACB in degrees. (3)

9  11 
3 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors  5  and  7 
 −3   −3 
   
respectively.
a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line L which passes through A and B. (2)
The point C lies on L such that OC is perpendicular to L.
b Find the position vector of C. (5)
c Find, to 3 significant figures, the area of triangle OAC. (3)
d Find the exact ratio of the area of triangle OAB to the area of triangle OAC. (2)

4 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors (7i − 5j − k) and
(4i − 5j + 3k) respectively.
a Find cos (∠AOB), giving your answer in the form k 6 , where k is an exact fraction. (4)
b Show that AB is perpendicular to OB. (3)
3
The point C is such that OC = 2
OB .
c Show that AC is perpendicular to OA. (3)
d Find the size of ∠ACO in degrees to 1 decimal place. (3)

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet A

1 A curve is given by the parametric equations

4
x = t 2 + 1, y = .
t
a Write down the coordinates of the point on the curve where t = 2.
b Find the value of t at the point on the curve with coordinates ( 54 , −8).

2 A curve is given by the parametric equations

x = 1 + sin t, y = 2 cos t, 0 ≤ t < 2π.
π
a Write down the coordinates of the point on the curve where t = 2
.
b Find the value of t at the point on the curve with coordinates ( 32 , − 3 ).

3 Find a cartesian equation for each curve, given its parametric equations.
1
a x = 3t, y = t 2 b x = 2t, y = c x = t 3, y = 2t 2
t
2 1 1
d x = 1 − t 2, y = 4 − t e x = 2t − 1, y = f x= , y=
t2 t −1 2−t

4 A curve has parametric equations

x = 2t + 1, y = t2.
a Find a cartesian equation for the curve.
b Hence, sketch the curve.

5 Find a cartesian equation for each curve, given its parametric equations.
a x = cos θ, y = sin θ b x = sin θ, y = cos 2θ c x = 3 + 2 cos θ, y = 1 + 2 sin θ
2
d x = 2 sec θ, y = 4 tan θ e x = sin θ, y = sin 2θ f x = cos θ, y = tan2 θ

6 A circle has parametric equations

x = 1 + 3 cos θ, y = 4 + 3 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π.
a Find a cartesian equation for the circle.
b Write down the coordinates of the centre and the radius of the circle.
c Sketch the circle and label the points on the circle where θ takes each of the following values:
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
0, 4
, 2
, 4
, π, 4
, 2
, 4
.

7 Write down parametric equations for a circle

a centre (0, 0), radius 5,
b centre (6, −1), radius 2,
c centre (a, b), radius r, where a, b and r are constants and r > 0.

8 For each curve given by parametric equations, find a cartesian equation and hence, sketch the
curve, showing the coordinates of any points where it meets the coordinate axes.
a x = 2t, y = 4t(t − 1) b x = 1 − sin θ, y = 2 − cos θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π
2
c x = t − 3, y = 4 − t2 d x = t + 1, y =
t

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet B

1 A curve is given by the parametric equations

x = 2 + t, y = t 2 − 1.
dx dy
a Write down expressions for and .
dt dt
dy
b Hence, show that = 2t.
dx
dy
2 Find and simplify an expression for in terms of the parameter t in each case.
dx
a x = t 2, y = 3t b x = t 2 − 1, y = 2t 3 + t 2 c x = 2 sin t, y = 6 cos t
1
d x = 3t − 1, y = 2 − e x = cos 2t, y = sin t f x = et + 1, y = e2t − 1
t
1 t
g x = sin2 t, y = cos3 t h x = 3 sec t, y = 5 tan t i x= , y=
t +1 t −1

3 Find, in the form y = mx + c, an equation for the tangent to the given curve at the point with the
given value of the parameter t.
a x = t 3, y = 3t 2, t=1 b x = 1 − t 2, y = 2t − t 2, t=2
c x = 2 sin t, y = 1 − 4 cos t, t= π
3
d x = ln (4 − t), y = t 2 − 5, t=3

4 Show that the normal to the curve with parametric equations

π
x = sec θ, y = 2 tan θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2
,
π
at the point where θ = 3
, has the equation
3 x + 4y = 10 3 .

5 A curve is given by the parametric equations

1 1
x= , y= .
t t+2
dy  t  2
a Show that =  .
dx  t + 2 
b Find an equation for the normal to the curve at the point where t = 2, giving your answer in
the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.

6 A curve has parametric equations

x = sin 2t, y = sin2 t, 0 ≤ t < π.
dy
a Show that = 12 tan 2t.
dx
π
b Find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the point where t = 6
.

7 A curve has parametric equations

x = 3 cos θ, y = 4 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π.
a Show that the tangent to the curve at the point (3 cos α, 4 sin α) has the equation
3y sin α + 4x cos α = 12.
b Hence find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the point ( − 32 , 2 3 ).

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet B continued

8 A curve is given by the parametric equations

x = t 2, y = t(t − 2), t ≥ 0.
a Find the coordinates of any points where the curve meets the coordinate axes.
dy
b Find in terms of x
dx
dy
i by first finding in terms of t,
dx
ii by first finding a cartesian equation for the curve.

9 y

O x

The diagram shows the ellipse with parametric equations

x = 1 − 2 cos θ, y = 3 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π.
dy
a Find in terms of θ.
dx
b Find the coordinates of the points where the tangent to the curve is
i parallel to the x-axis,
ii parallel to the y-axis.

10 A curve is given by the parametric equations

π
x = sin θ, y = sin 2θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2
.
a Find the coordinates of any points where the curve meets the coordinate axes.
b Find an equation for the tangent to the curve that is parallel to the x-axis.
c Find a cartesian equation for the curve in the form y = f(x).

11 A curve has parametric equations

x = sin2 t, y = tan t, − π2 < t < π
2
.
π
a Show that the tangent to the curve at the point where t = 4
passes through the origin.
2
b Find a cartesian equation for the curve in the form y = f(x).

12 A curve is given by the parametric equations

1 1
x = t + , y = t − , t ≠ 0.
t t
a Find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the point P where t = 3.
b Show that the tangent to the curve at P does not meet the curve again.
c Show that the cartesian equation of the curve can be written in the form
x2 − y2 = k,
where k is a constant to be found.

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet C

1 Differentiate with respect to x

2
a 4y b y3 c sin 2y d 3e y

dy
2 Find in terms of x and y in each case.
dx
a x2 + y2 = 2 b 2x − y + y2 = 0 c y4 = x2 − 6x + 2
d x2 + y2 + 3x − 4y = 9 e x2 − 2y2 + x + 3y − 4 = 0 f sin x + cos y = 0
g 2e3x + e−2y + 7 = 0 h tan x + cosec 2y = 1 i ln (x − 2) = ln (2y + 1)

3 Differentiate with respect to x

a xy b x2y3 c sin x tan y d (x − 2y)3

dy
4 Find in terms of x and y in each case.
dx
a x2y = 2 b x2 + 3xy − y2 = 0 c 4x2 − 2xy + 3y2 = 8
d cos 2x sec 3y + 1 = 0 e y = (x + y)2 f xey − y = 5
g 2xy2 − x3y = 0 h y2 + x ln y = 3 i x sin y + x2 cos y = 1

5 Find an equation for the tangent to each curve at the given point on the curve.
a x2 + y2 − 3y − 2 = 0, (2, 1) b 2x2 − xy + y2 = 28, (3, 5)
c 4 sin y − sec x = 0, ( π3 , π
6
) d 2 tan x cos y = 1, ( π4 , π
3
)

6 A curve has the equation x2 + 2y2 − x + 4y = 6.

dy 1 − 2x
a Show that = .
dx 4( y + 1)
b Find an equation for the normal to the curve at the point (1, −3).

7 A curve has the equation x2 + 4xy − 3y2 = 36.

a Find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the point P (4, 2).
Given that the tangent to the curve at the point Q on the curve is parallel to the tangent at P,
b find the coordinates of Q.

8 A curve has the equation y = ax, where a is a positive constant.

dy
By first taking logarithms, find an expression for in terms of a and x.
dx

9 Differentiate with respect to x

3
a 3x b 62x c 51 − x d 2x

10 A biological culture is growing exponentially such that the number of bacteria present, N, at time
t minutes is given by
N = 800 (1.04)t.
Find the rate at which the number of bacteria is increasing when there are 4000 bacteria present.

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet D

1 Given that y = x2 + 3x + 5,
and that x = (t − 4)3,
a find expressions for
dy dx
i in terms of x, ii in terms of t,
dx dt
dy
b find the value of when
dt
i t = 5, ii x = 8.

2 The variables x and y are related by the equation y = x 2 x − 3 .

Given that x is increasing at the rate of 0.3 units per second when x = 6, find the rate at which
y is increasing at this instant.

3 The radius of a circle is increasing at a constant rate of 0.2 cm s−1.

a Show that the perimeter of the circle is increasing at the rate of 0.4π cm s−1.
b Find the rate at which the area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 10 cm.
c Find the radius of the circle when its area is increasing at the rate of 20 cm2 s−1.

4 The area of a circle is decreasing at a constant rate of 0.5 cm2 s−1.

a Find the rate at which the radius of the circle is decreasing when the radius is 8 cm.
b Find the rate at which the perimeter of the circle is decreasing when the radius is 8 cm.

5 The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate of 3.5 cm3 s−1. Find
a the rate at which the length of one side of the cube is increasing when the volume is 200 cm3,
b the volume of the cube when the length of one side is increasing at the rate of 2 mm s−1.

h cm

60°

The diagram shows the cross-section of a right-circular paper cone being used as a filter funnel.
The volume of liquid in the funnel is V cm3 when the depth of the liquid is h cm.
Given that the angle between the sides of the funnel in the cross-section is 60° as shown,
a show that V = 1
9
πh3.
Given also that at time t seconds after liquid is put in the funnel
V = 600e−0.0005t,
b show that after two minutes, the depth of liquid in the funnel is approximately 11.7 cm,
c find the rate at which the depth of liquid is decreasing after two minutes.

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet E

1 A curve has the equation

3x2 + xy − y2 + 9 = 0.
dy
Find an expression for in terms of x and y. (5)
dx

2 A curve has parametric equations

x = a cos θ, y = a(sin θ − θ ), 0 ≤ θ < π,
where a is a positive constant.
dy θ
a Show that = tan . (5)
dx 2
b Find, in terms of a, an equation for the tangent to the curve at the point where it
crosses the y-axis. (3)

3 y

O x

The diagram shows the curve with parametric equations

x = cos θ, y = 1
2
sin 2θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π.
dy
a Find in terms of θ. (3)
dx
b Find the two values of θ for which the curve passes through the origin. (2)
c Show that the two tangents to the curve at the origin are perpendicular to each other. (2)
d Find a cartesian equation for the curve. (4)

4 A curve has the equation

x2 − 4xy + y2 = 24.
dy x − 2y
a Show that = . (4)
dx 2x − y
b Find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the point P (2, 10). (3)
The tangent to the curve at Q is parallel to the tangent at P.
c Find the coordinates of Q. (4)

5 A curve is given by the parametric equations

x = t 2 + 2, y = t(t − 1).
a Find the coordinates of any points on the curve where the tangent to the curve is
parallel to the x-axis. (5)
b Show that the tangent to the curve at the point (3, 2) has the equation
3x − 2y = 5. (5)

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet E continued

6 Find an equation for the normal to the curve with equation

x3 − 3x + xy − 2y2 + 3 = 0
at the point (1, 1).
Give your answer in the form y = mx + c. (7)

h cm

The diagram shows the cross-section of a vase. The volume of water in the vase, V cm3,
when the depth of water in the vase is h cm is given by
V = 40π(e0.1h − 1).
The vase is initially empty and water is poured into it at a constant rate of 80 cm3 s−1.
Find the rate at which the depth of water in the vase is increasing
a when h = 4, (5)
b after 5 seconds of pouring water in. (4)

8 A curve is given by the parametric equations

t t
x= , y= , t ≠ ± 1.
1+ t 1− t
dy  1 + t  2
a Show that =  . (4)
dx  1 − t 
1
b Show that the normal to the curve at the point P, where t = 2
, has the equation
3x + 27y = 28. (4)
The normal to the curve at P meets the curve again at the point Q.
c Find the exact value of the parameter t at Q. (4)

9 A curve has the equation

2x + x2y − y2 = 0.
Find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis. (8)

10 A curve has parametric equations

x = a sec θ, y = 2a tan θ, − π2 ≤ θ < π
2
,
where a is a positive constant.
dy
a Find in terms of θ. (3)
dx
π
b Show that the normal to the curve at the point where θ = 4
has the equation
x + 2 2 y = 5 2 a. (4)
2
c Find a cartesian equation for the curve in the form y = f(x). (3)

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet F

1 A curve has parametric equations

2
x = t 2, y = .
t
dy
a Find in terms of t. (3)
dx
b Find an equation for the normal to the curve at the point where t = 2, giving your
answer in the form y = mx + c. (3)

2 A curve has the equation y = 4x.

Show that the tangent to the curve at the point where x = 1 has the equation
y = 4 + 8(x − 1) ln 2. (4)

3 A curve has parametric equations

π
x = sec θ, y = cos 2θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2
.
dy
a Show that = −4 cos3 θ. (4)
dx
π
b Show that the tangent to the curve at the point where θ = 6
has the equation

3 3 x + 2y = k,
where k is an integer to be found. (4)

4 A curve has the equation

2x2 + 6xy − y2 + 77 = 0
and passes through the point P (2, −5).
a Show that the normal to the curve at P has the equation
x + y + 3 = 0. (6)
b Find the x-coordinate of the point where the normal to the curve at P intersects the
curve again. (3)

5 y

O x

The diagram shows the curve with parametric equations

x = θ − sin θ, y = cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
a Find the exact coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the x-axis. (3)
dy θ
b Show that = −cot . (5)
dx 2
c Find the exact coordinates of the point on the curve where the tangent to the curve is
parallel to the x-axis. (2)

 Solomon Press
C4 DIFFERENTIATION Worksheet F continued

6 A curve has parametric equations

x = sin θ, y = sec2 θ, − π2 < θ < π
2
.
1
The point P on the curve has x-coordinate 2
.
a Write down the value of the parameter θ at P. (1)
b Show that the tangent to the curve at P has the equation
16x − 9y + 4 = 0. (6)
c Find a cartesian equation for the curve. (2)

7 A curve has the equation

2 sin x − tan 2y = 0.
dy
a Show that = cos x cos2 2y. (4)
dx
b Find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the point ( π3 , π
6
), giving your answer
in the form ax + by + c = 0. (3)

8 y

O x

A particle moves on the ellipse shown in the diagram such that at time t its coordinates
are given by
x = 4 cos t, y = 3 sin t, t ≥ 0.
dy
a Find in terms of t. (3)
dx
b Show that at time t, the tangent to the path of the particle has the equation
3x cos t + 4y sin t = 12. (3)
c Find a cartesian equation for the path of the particle. (3)

9 The curve with parametric equations

t 2t
x= , y= ,
t +1 t −1
passes through the origin, O.
dy t +1
2
a Show that = −2   . (4)
dx  t −1
b Find an equation for the normal to the curve at O. (2)
c Find the coordinates of the point where the normal to the curve at O meets the
curve again. (4)
d Show that the cartesian equation of the curve can be written in the form
2x
y= . (4)
2x − 1

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet A

1 Integrate with respect to x

1 6
a ex b 4ex c d
x x

2 Integrate with respect to t

a 2 + 3et b t + t −1 c t 2 − et d 9 − 2t −1
7 1 1 1 2 3et
e + t f 1
4
et − g + h −
t t 3t t2 5t 7

3 Find
3 2et + 1
a ∫ (5 −
x
) dx b ∫ (u−1 + u−2) du c ∫ 5
dt

3y + 1 1
d ∫ y
dy e ∫ ( 34 et + 3 t ) dt f ∫ (x −
x
)2 dx

4 The curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, −3).

(2 x − 1)2
Given that f ′(x) = , find an expression for f(x).
x

5 Evaluate
1 5 1 4 5 − x2
a ∫0 (ex + 10) dx b ∫2 (t + ) dt
t
c ∫1 x
dx

−1 6y +1 3 3 4r 2 − 3r + 6
d ∫ −2 3y
dy e ∫ −3 (ex − x2) dx f ∫2 r2
dr

ln 4 10 9 1
∫ ln 2 ∫6 ∫4
−1 1 −1
g (7 − eu) du h r 2 (2r 2 + 9r 2 ) dr i ( + 3ex) dx
x

6 y
y = 3 + ex

O 2 x

The shaded region on the diagram is bounded by the curve y = 3 + ex, the coordinate axes and
the line x = 2. Show that the area of the shaded region is e2 + 5.

7 y
1
y = 2x +
x

O 1 4 x
1
The shaded region on the diagram is bounded by the curve y = 2x + , the x-axis and the lines
x
x = 1 and x = 4. Find the area of the shaded region in the form a + b ln 2.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet A continued

8 Find the exact area of the region enclosed by the given curve, the x-axis and the given ordinates.
In each case, y > 0 over the interval being considered.
3
a y = 4x + 2ex, x = 0, x=1 b y=1+ , x = 2, x=4
x
1
c y=4− , x = −3, x = −1 d y=2− 1
2
ex , x = 0, x = ln 2
x
5 x3 − 2
e y = ex + , x= 1
2
, x=2 f y= , x = 2, x=3
x x

9 y
7
y=9− − 2x
x

O x

7
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 9 − − 2x, x > 0.
x
a Find the coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the x-axis.
b Show that the area of the region bounded by the curve and the x-axis is 11 14 − 7 ln 7
2
.

10 a Sketch the curve y = ex − a where a is a constant and a > 1.

Show on your sketch the coordinates of any points of intersection with the coordinate axes
and the equation of any asymptotes.
b Find, in terms of a, the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = ex − a and the
coordinate axes.
c Given that the area of this region is 1 + a, show that a = e2.

11 y

P
x
y=e
O Q x

The diagram shows the curve with equation y = ex. The point P on the curve has x-coordinate 3,
and the tangent to the curve at P intersects the x-axis at Q and the y-axis at R.
a Find an equation of the tangent to the curve at P.
b Find the coordinates of the points Q and R.
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the tangent to the curve at P and the y-axis.
c Find the exact area of the shaded region.

3
12 f(x) ≡ ( − 4)2, x ∈ , x > 0.
x
a Find the coordinates of the point where the curve y = f(x) meets the x-axis.
The finite region R is bounded by the curve y = f(x), the line x = 1 and the x-axis.
b Show that the area of R is approximately 0.178

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet B

1 Integrate with respect to x

a (x − 2)7 b (2x + 5)3 c 6(1 + 3x)4 d ( 14 x − 2)5
1 8 1
e (8 − 5x)4 f g h
( x + 7)2 (4 x − 3)5 2(5 − 3 x )3

2 Find
3
1
a ∫ (3 + t ) 2 dt b ∫ 4 x − 1 dx c ∫ 2y +1
dy

3
∫ e2x − 3 dx ∫ ∫
3
d e dr f 5t − 2 dt
2 − 7r
1 4
g ∫ 6− y
dy h ∫ 5e7 − 3t dt i ∫ 3u + 1
du

3 Given f ′(x) and a point on the curve y = f(x), find an expression for f(x) in each case.
a f ′(x) = 8(2x − 3)3, (2, 6) b f ′(x) = 6e2x + 4, (−2, 1)
8 3
c f ′(x) = 2 − , ( 12 , 4) d f ′(x) = 8x − , (−1, 3)
4x − 1 (3 x − 2)2

4 Evaluate
1 2 4 1
a ∫0 (3x + 1)2 dx b ∫1 (2x − 1)3 dx c ∫2 (5 − x) 2
dx

1 6 2 4
d ∫ −1 e2x + 2 dx e ∫2 3 x − 2 dx f ∫1 6x − 3
dx

1 −1 7 3
1 1  x−4
g ∫0 3
7x +1
dx h ∫ −7 5x + 3
dx i ∫4 
 2 
 dx

5 Find the exact area of the region enclosed by the given curve, the x-axis and the given ordinates.
In each case, y > 0 over the interval being considered.
a y = e3 − x , x = 3, x=4 b y = (3x − 5)3, x = 2, x=3
3 1
c y= , x = 1, x=4 d y= , x = −2, x=0
4x + 2 (1 − 2 x )2

6 y

12
y=
(2 x + 1)3

O 1 x
12
The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y = .
(2 x + 1)3
Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve, the coordinate axes and the line x = 1.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet C

3x + 5
1 a Express in partial fractions.
( x + 1)( x + 3)

3x + 5
b Hence, find ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 3)
dx.

3 t−2
2 Show that ∫ (t − 2)(t + 1)
dt = ln
t +1
+ c.

3 Integrate with respect to x

6 x − 11 14 − x 6 x +1
a b c d
(2 x + 1)( x − 3) x2 + 2x − 8 (2 + x)(1 − x) 5 x 2 − 14 x + 8

4 a Find the values of the constants A, B and C such that

x2 − 6 B C
≡A+ + .
( x + 4)( x − 1) x+4 x −1

x2 − 6
b Hence, find ∫ ( x + 4)( x − 1)
dx.

x2 − x − 4
5 a Express in partial fractions.
( x + 2)( x + 1) 2

x2 − x − 4
b Hence, find ∫ ( x + 2)( x + 1) 2
dx.

6 Integrate with respect to x

3x 2 − 5 x (4 x + 13) x2 − x + 1 2 − 6 x + 5 x2
a b c d
x2 − 1 (2 + x)2 (3 − x) 2
x − 3 x − 10 x 2 (1 − 2 x)

4 3x − 5
7 Show that ∫3 ( x − 1)( x − 2)
dx = 2 ln 3 − ln 2.

8 Find the exact value of

3 x+3 2 3x − 2 2 9
a ∫1 x( x + 1)
dx b ∫0 2
x + x − 12
dx c ∫1 2 x2 − 7 x − 4
dx

2 2 x2 − 7 x + 7 1 5x + 7 1 2+ x
d ∫0 x2 − 2x − 3
dx e ∫0 ( x + 1)2 ( x + 3)
dx f ∫ −1 8 − 2x − x2
dx

1
9 a Express , where a is a positive constant, in partial fractions.
x − a2
2

1 1 x−a
b Hence, show that ∫ x2 − a2
dx =
2a
ln
x+a
+ c.

1
c Find ∫ a2 − x2
dx.

10 Evaluate
1 1 1
1 4 3
∫ −1 ∫− ∫0
2
a 2
dx b dx c dx
x −9 1
2 1 − x2 2 x2 − 8

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet D

1 Integrate with respect to x

1 π
a 2 cos x b sin 4x c cos 2
x d sin (x + 4
)

e cos (2x − 1) f 3 sin ( π3 − x) g sec x tan x h cosec2 x

4 1
i 5 sec2 2x j cosec 1
4
x cot 1
4
x k l
sin 2 x cos 2 (4 x + 1)

2 Evaluate
π π π

∫0 ∫0 ∫0
2 6 2 1 1
a cos x dx b sin 2x dx c 2 sec 2
x tan 2
x dx

π π 2π

∫0 π
∫ sec2 3x dx ∫
3 3 3
d cos (2x − 3
) dx e π
f π
cosec x cot x dx
4 2

3 a Express tan2 θ in terms of sec θ.

b Show that ∫ tan2 x dx = tan x − x + c.

4 a Use the identity for cos (A + B) to express cos2 A in terms of cos 2A.

b Find ∫ cos2 x dx.

5 Find
a ∫ sin2 x dx b ∫ cot2 2x dx c ∫ sin x cos x dx

sin x
d ∫ cos 2 x
dx e ∫ 4 cos2 3x dx f ∫ (1 + sin x)2 dx

g ∫ (sec x − tan x)2 dx h ∫ cosec 2x cot x dx i ∫ cos4 x dx

6 Evaluate
π π π

∫0 2 cos2 x dx ∫0 ∫ tan2
2 4 2 1
a b cos 2x sin 2x dx c π 2
x dx
3

π π π
cos 2 x
∫ ∫0 (1 − 2 sin x)2 dx ∫ sec2 x cosec2 x dx
4 4 3
d dx e f
π
6 sin 2 2 x π
6

7 a Use the identities for sin (A + B) and sin (A − B) to show that

sin A cos B ≡ 1
2
[sin (A + B) + sin (A − B)].

b Find ∫ sin 3x cos x dx.

8 Integrate with respect to x

π
a 2 sin 5x sin x b cos 2x cos x c 4 sin x cos 4x d cos (x + 6
) sin x

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet E

1 Showing your working in full, use the given substitution to find

a ∫ 2x(x2 − 1)3 dx u = x2 + 1 b ∫ sin4 x cos x dx u = sin x

∫ ∫
2
c 3x2(2 + x3)2 dx u = 2 + x3 d 2 x e x dx u = x2

x
e ∫ ( x 2 + 3) 4
dx u = x2 + 3 f ∫ sin 2x cos3 2x dx u = cos 2x

3x
g ∫ x2 − 2
dx u = x2 − 2 h ∫ x 1 − x 2 dx u = 1 − x2

i ∫ sec3 x tan x dx u = sec x j ∫ (x + 1)(x2 + 2x)3 dx u = x2 + 2x

2 a Given that u = x2 + 3, find the value of u when

i x=0
ii x = 1
b Using the substitution u = x2 + 3, show that
1 4
∫0 2x(x2 + 3)2 dx = ∫3 u2 du.

c Hence, show that

1
∫0 2x(x2 + 3)2 dx = 12 13 .

3 Using the given substitution, evaluate

2 π

∫1 x(x2 − 3)3 dx u = x2 − 3 ∫0 sin3 x cos x dx

6
a b u = sin x

3 π
4x
∫0 u = x2 + 1 ∫ tan2 x sec2 x dx
4
c 2
dx d u = tan x
x +1 − π4

3 x −1
e ∫2 x −32
dx u = x2 − 3 f ∫ −2 x2(x3 + 2)2 dx u = x3 + 2

1 5
g ∫0 e2x(1 + e2x)3 dx u = 1 + e2x h ∫3 (x − 2)(x2 − 4x)2 dx u = x2 − 4x

4 a Using the substitution u = 4 − x2, show that

2 4
∫0 x(4 − x2)3 dx = ∫0 1
2
u3 du.

b Hence, evaluate
2
∫0 x(4 − x2)3 dx.

5 Using the given substitution, evaluate

1 π
sin x
∫0 ∫0
2
a x e2 − x dx u = 2 − x2 b 2
dx u = 1 + cos x
1 + cos x

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet E continued

cos x
6 a By writing cot x as , use the substitution u = sin x to show that
sin x

∫ cot x dx = lnsin x + c.

b Show that
∫ tan x dx = lnsec x + c.

c Evaluate
π

∫0
6
tan 2x dx.

7 By recognising a function and its derivative, or by using a suitable substitution, integrate with
respect to x
x
a 3x2(x3 − 2)3 b esin x cos x c
x2 + 1

d (2x + 3)(x2 + 3x)2 e x x2 + 4 f cot3 x cosec2 x

ex cos 2 x x3
g h i
1 + ex 3 + sin 2 x ( x − 2)2
4

(ln x)3 1 3
x
j k x 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2 l
x 5 − x2

8 Evaluate
π 0 e2 x
∫0 sin x (1 + cos x)2 dx ∫ −1
2
a b dx
2 − e2 x
π 4 x +1
∫ cot x cosec4 x dx ∫2
4
c d dx
π
6 x2 + 2x + 8

9 Using the substitution u = x + 1, show that

∫ x(x + 1)3 dx = 1
20
(4x − 1)(x + 1)4 + c.

10 Using the given substitution, find

a ∫ x(2x − 1)4 dx u = 2x − 1 b ∫ x 1 − x dx u2 = 1 − x

1 1
c ∫ (1 − x2 ) 2
3
dx x = sin u d ∫ x −1
dx x = u2

x2
e ∫ (x + 1)(2x + 3)3 dx u = 2x + 3 f ∫ x−2
dx u2 = x − 2

11 Using the given substitution, evaluate

1 2
1
∫0 ∫0 x(2 − x)3 dx
2
a 2
dx x = sin u b u=2−x
1− x

1 3 x2
c ∫0 4 − x 2 dx x = 2 sin u d ∫0 x2 + 9
dx x = 3 tan u

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet F

1 Using integration by parts, show that

∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + c.

2 Use integration by parts to find

a ∫ xex dx b ∫ 4x sin x dx c ∫ x cos 2x dx

x
d ∫ x x + 1 dx e ∫ e3 x
dx f ∫ x sec2 x dx

3 Using
i integration by parts,
ii the substitution u = 2x + 1,
find ∫ x(2x + 1)3 dx, and show that your answers are equivalent.

4 Show that
2
∫0 xe−x dx = 1 − 3e−2.

5 Evaluate
π 1 π

∫0 ∫0 xe2x dx ∫0
6 4
a x cos x dx b c x sin 3x dx

6 Using integration by parts twice in each case, show that

a ∫ x2ex dx = ex(x2 − 2x + 2) + c,

b ∫ ex sin x dx = 1
2
ex(sin x − cos x) + c.

7 Find
a ∫ x2 sin x dx b ∫ x2e3x dx c ∫ e−x cos 2x dx

8 a Write down the derivative of ln x with respect to x.

b Use integration by parts to find

∫ ln x dx.

9 Find
a ∫ ln 2x dx b ∫ 3x ln x dx c ∫ (ln x)2 dx

10 Evaluate
0 2 1
a ∫ −1 (x + 2)ex dx b ∫1 x2 ln x dx c ∫ 1
3
2xe3x − 1 dx

3 π π

∫0 ∫0 x2 cos x dx ∫0 e3x sin 2x dx

2 4
d ln (2x + 3) dx e f

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet G

1 y

O 2 x

The diagram shows part of the curve with parametric equations

1
x = 2t − 4, y = .
t
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the coordinate axes and the line x = 2.
a Find the value of the parameter t when x = 0 and when x = 2.
3 2
b Show that the area of the shaded region is given by ∫2 t
dt.
c Hence, find the area of the shaded region.
d Verify your answer to part c by first finding a cartesian equation for the curve.

2 y
A

B
O x

The diagram shows the ellipse with parametric equations

x = 4 cos θ, y = 2 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π,
which meets the positive coordinate axes at the points A and B.
a Find the value of the parameter θ at the points A and B.
b Show that the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve and the positive coordinate axes
is given by
π

∫0 8 sin2 θ dθ.
2

c Hence, show that the area of the region enclosed by the ellipse is 8π.

3 y

O x

The diagram shows the curve with parametric equations

x = 2 sin t, y = 5 sin 2t, 0 ≤ t < π.
π

∫0
2
a Show that the area of the region enclosed by the curve is given by 20 sin 2t cos t dt.
b Evaluate this integral.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet H

1 Using an appropriate method, integrate with respect to x

2( x − 1)
a (2x − 3)4 b cosec2 1
2
x c 2e4x − 1 d
x( x + 1)
3
e f x(x2 + 3)3 g sec4 x tan x h 7 + 2x
cos 2 2x
x+2 1
i xe3x j k l tan2 3x
x2 − 2x − 3 4( x + 1)3
3x x+4
m 4 cos2 (2x + 1) n o x sin 2x p
1 − x2 x+2

2 Evaluate
2 π 2 2
∫1 6e2x − 3 dx ∫0 ∫ −2
3
a b tan x dx c dx
x−3
3 2 π
6+ x
∫2 ∫1 (1 − 2x)3 dx ∫0 sin2 x sin 2x dx
3
d dx e f
4 + 3x − x 2

3 Using the given substitution, evaluate

3 1
1
∫0 ∫0 x(1 − 3x)3 dx
2
a 2
dx x = 3 sin u b u = 1 − 3x
9−x

2 3 1 0
c ∫2 4 + x2
dx x = 2 tan u d ∫ −1 x 2 x + 1 dx u2 = x + 1

4 Integrate with respect to x

2 2
+ 2x 1− x
a b (x + 1) e x c d sin 3x cos 2x
5 − 3x 2x + 1
3x 2 + 6 x + 2 5 cos x
e 3x(x − 1)4 f g h
x2 + 3x + 2 3
2x −1 2 + 3sin x
x2 6x − 5
i j (2 − cot x)2 k l x2e−x
x3 − 1 ( x − 1)(2 x − 1)2

5 Evaluate
π
4 1 1 7 − x2
∫2 ∫ cosec2 x cot2 x dx ∫0
4
a dx b c dx
3x − 4 π
6 (2 − x)2 (3 − x)
π 5 π
1
∫0 ∫1 ∫−
2 1 6
d x cos 2
x dx e dx f π
2 cos x cos 3x dx
4x + 5 6

2 1 x2 + 1 1
g ∫0 x 2 x 2 + 1 dx h ∫0 x−2
dx i ∫0 (x − 2)(x + 1)3 dx

6 Find the exact area of the region enclosed by the given curve, the x-axis and the given ordinates.
x
a y= , x = 1, x=2 b y = ln x, x = 2, x=4
( x + 2)3
2

7 Given that
6 ax 2 + b
∫3 x
dx = 18 + 5 ln 2,

find the values of the rational constants a and b.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet H continued

8 y

y = 6 − 2ex

O P x

The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 6 − 2ex.

a Find the coordinates of the point P where the curve crosses the x-axis.
b Show that the area of the region enclosed by the curve and the coordinate axes is 6 ln 3 − 4.

9 Using the substitution u = cot x, show that

π

∫ cot2 x cosec4 x dx =
4
π
2
15
( 21 3 − 4).
6

10 y

O x

The diagram shows the curve with parametric equations

x = t + 1, y = 4 − t 2.
a Show that the area of the region bounded by the curve and the x-axis is given by
2
∫ −2 (4 − t2) dt.
b Hence, find the area of this region.

11 a Given that k is a constant, show that

d 2
(x sin 2x + 2kx cos 2x − k sin 2x) = 2x2 cos 2x + (2 − 4k)x sin 2x.
dx
b Using your answer to part a with a suitable value of k, or otherwise, find

∫ x2 cos 2x dx.

12 y
ln x
y=
x2

O 2 x
ln x
The shaded region in the diagram is bounded by the curve with equation y = , the x-axis and
x2
the line x = 2. Use integration by parts to show that the area of the shaded region is 1
2
(1 − ln 2).

x + 16
13 f(x) ≡
3 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x − 4
a Factorise completely 3x3 + 11x2 + 8x − 4.
b Express f(x) in partial fractions.
0
c Show that ∫ −1 f(x) dx = −(1 + 3 ln 2).

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet I

1 y
2
y=
x

1
O 2
2 x
2 1
The shaded region in the diagram is bounded by the curve y = , the x-axis and the lines x = 2
x
and x = 2. Show that when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, the
volume of the solid formed is 6π.

2 y

y = x2 + 3

O 2 x
The shaded region in the diagram, bounded by the curve y = x2 + 3, the coordinate axes and the
line x = 2, is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis.
Show that the volume of the solid formed is approximately 127.

3 The region enclosed by the given curve, the x-axis and the given ordinates is rotated through 360°
about the x-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid formed in each case.
x
3
a y = 2e 2 , x = 0, x=1 b y= , x = −2, x = −1
x2
1 3x 2 + 1
c y=1+ , x = 3, x=9 d y= , x = 1, x=2
x x
1
e y= , x = 2, x=6 f y = e1 − x , x = −1, x=1
x+2

4 y

4
y=
x+2
R

O 2 x
4
The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y = .
x+2
The shaded region, R, is bounded by the curve, the coordinate axes and the line x = 2.
a Find the area of R, giving your answer in the form k ln 2.
The region R is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis.
b Show that the volume of the solid formed is 4π.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet I continued

5 y
1 − 12
y = 2x 2 + x

O 1 3 x
1 −1
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 2x 2 + x 2 .
The shaded region bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 3 is rotated
through 2π radians about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated, giving your answer
in the form π(a + ln b) where a and b are integers.

6 a Sketch the curve y = 3x − x2, showing the coordinates of any points where the curve
intersects the coordinate axes.
The region bounded by the curve and the x-axis is rotated through 360° about the x-axis.
b Show that the volume of the solid generated is 81
10
π.

7 y x−3=0
1
y=3−
x

O P x

1
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 3 − , x > 0.
x
a Find the coordinates of the point P where the curve crosses the x-axis.
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the straight line x − 3 = 0 and the x-axis.
b Find the area of the shaded region.
c Find the volume of the solid formed when the shaded region is rotated completely about the
x-axis, giving your answer in the form π(a + b ln 3) where a and b are rational.

8 y
1
y=x−
x

O 3 x

1
The diagram shows the curve y = x − , x ≠ 0.
x
a Find the coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the x-axis.
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = 3.
b Show that the area of the shaded region is 4 − ln 3.
The shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis.
c Find the volume of the solid generated as an exact multiple of π.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet J

1 y
y = x2 + 1

O B x

The diagram shows the curve y = x2 + 1 which passes through the point A (1, 2).
a Find an equation of the normal to the curve at the point A.
The normal to the curve at A meets the x-axis at the point B as shown.
b Find the coordinates of B.
The shaded region bounded by the curve, the coordinate axes and the line AB is rotated through
2π radians about the x-axis.
c Show that the volume of the solid formed is 36
5
π.

2 y
9
y = 4x +
x

O 1 e x
9
The shaded region in the diagram is bounded by the curve with equation y = 4x + ,
x
the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = e.
a Find the area of the shaded region, giving your answer in terms of e.
b Find, to 3 significant figures, the volume of the solid formed when the shaded region is
rotated completely about the x-axis.

3 The region enclosed by the given curve, the x-axis and the given ordinates is rotated through
2π radians about the x-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid formed in each case.
π π x+3
a y = cosec x, x= 6
, x= 3
b y= , x = 1, x=4
x+2
1
c y = 1 + cos 2x, x = 0, x= π
4
d y = x 2 e2 − x , x = 1, x=2

4 y
− 12 x
y = xe

O 1 x

− 12 x
The shaded region in the diagram, bounded by the curve y = x e , the x-axis and the line x = 1,
is rotated through 360° about the x-axis.
Show that the volume of the solid formed is π(2 − 5e−1).

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet J continued

5 y

y = 2 sin x + cos x

π
O 2
x

The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y = 2 sin x + cos x.
π
The shaded region is bounded by the curve in the interval 0 ≤ x < 2
, the positive coordinate
π
axes and the line x = 2
.
a Find the area of the shaded region.
b Show that the volume of the solid formed when the shaded region is rotated through 2π
radians about the x-axis is 14 π(5π + 8).

6 y

O 1 x

The diagram shows part of the curve with parametric equations

π
x = tan θ, y = sin 2θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2
.
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = 1.
a Write down the value of the parameter θ at the points where x = 0 and where x = 1.
The shaded region is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis.
b Show that the volume of the solid formed is given by
π
4π ∫ 4
sin2 θ dθ.
0

c Evaluate this integral.

7 y

O x

The diagram shows part of the curve with parametric equations

x = t 2 − 1, y = t(t + 1), t ≥ 0.
a Find the value of the parameter t at the points where the curve meets the coordinate axes.
The shaded region bounded by the curve and the coordinate axes is rotated through 2π radians
about the x-axis.
b Find the volume of the solid formed, giving your answer in terms of π.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet K

1 Find the general solution of each differential equation.

dy dy dx
a = (x + 2)3 b = 4 cos 2x c = 3e2t + 2
dx dx dt
dy dN dy
d (2 − x) =1 e = t t2 +1 f = xex
dx dt dx

2 Find the particular solution of each differential equation.

dy dy
a = e−x, y = 3 when x = 0 b = tan3 t sec2 t, y = 1 when t = π
3
dx dt
du dy
c (x2 − 3) = 4x, u = 5 when x = 2 d = 3 cos2 x, y = π when x = π
2
dx dx

x −8
3 a Express in partial fractions.
x2 − x − 6

b Given that
dy
(x2 − x − 6) = x − 8,
dx
and that y = ln 9 when x = 1, show that when x = 2, the value of y is ln 32.

4 Find the general solution of each differential equation.

dy dy dy
a = 2y + 3 b = sin2 2y c = xy
dx dx dx
dy dy x2 − 2 dy
d (x + 1) =y e = f = 2 cos x cos2 y
dx dx y dx

dy dy dy
g x = ey − 3 h y = xy2 + 3x i = xy sin x
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
j = e2x − y k (y − 3) = xy(y − 1) l = y2 ln x
dx dx dx

5 Find the particular solution of each differential equation.

dy x dy
a = , y = 3 when x = 4 b = (y + 1)3, y = 0 when x = 2
dx 2 y dx

dy dy y+2
c (tan2 x) = y, y = 1 when x = π
2
d = , y = 6 when x = 3
dx dx x −1

dy dy y
e = x2 tan y, y= π
6
when x = 0 f = , y = 16 when x = 1
dx dx x+3

dy dy 1 + cos y
g ex = x cosec y, y = π when x = −1 h = 2 , y= π
3
when x = 1
dx dx 2 x sin y

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet L

x+4
1 a Express in partial fractions.
(1 + x)(2 − x)
b Given that y = 2 when x = 3, solve the differential equation
dy y ( x + 4)
= .
dx (1 + x)(2 − x)

2 Given that y = 0 when x = 0, solve the differential equation

dy
= ex + y cos x.
dx

dy dy 5
3 Given that is inversely proportional to x and that y = 4 and = 3
when x = 3, find an
dx dx
expression for y in terms of x.

4 A quantity has the value N at time t hours and is increasing at a rate proportional to N.
a Write down a differential equation relating N and t.
b By solving your differential equation, show that
N = Aekt,
where A and k are constants and k is positive.
Given that when t = 0, N = 40 and that when t = 5, N = 60,
c find the values of A and k,
d find the value of N when t = 12.

5 A cube is increasing in size and has volume V cm3 and surface area A cm2 at time t seconds.
a Show that
dV
= k A,
dA
where k is a positive constant.
Given that the rate at which the volume of the cube is increasing is proportional to its surface area
dA
and that when t = 10, A = 100 and = 5,
dt
b show that
A = 161 (t + 30)2.

6 At time t = 0, a piece of radioactive material has mass 24 g. Its mass after t days is m grams and
is decreasing at a rate proportional to m.
a By forming and solving a suitable differential equation, show that
m = 24e−kt,
where k is a positive constant.
After 20 days, the mass of the material is found to be 22.6 g.
b Find the value of k.
c Find the rate at which the mass is decreasing after 20 days.
d Find how long it takes for the mass of the material to be halved.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet L continued

7 A quantity has the value P at time t seconds and is decreasing at a rate proportional to P.
a By forming and solving a suitable differential equation, show that
P = (a − bt)2,
where a and b are constants.
Given that when t = 0, P = 400,
b find the value of a.
Given also that when t = 30, P = 100,
c find the value of P when t = 50.

h cm

The diagram shows a container in the shape of a right-circular cone. A quantity of water
is poured into the container but this then leaks out from a small hole at its vertex.
In a model of the situation it is assumed that the rate at which the volume of water in the
container, V cm3, decreases is proportional to V. Given that the depth of the water is h cm
at time t minutes,
a show that
dh
= −kh,
dt
where k is a positive constant.
Given also that h = 12 when t = 0 and that h = 10 when t = 20,
b show that
h = 12e−kt,
and find the value of k,
c find the value of t when h = 6.

1
9 a Express in partial fractions.
(1 + x)(1 − x)
In an industrial process, the mass of a chemical, m kg, produced after t hours is modelled by the
differential equation
dm
= ke−t(1 + m)(1 − m),
dt
where k is a positive constant.
Given that when t = 0, m = 0 and that the initial rate at which the chemical is produced is
0.5 kg per hour,
b find the value of k,
1+ m 
c show that, for 0 ≤ m < 1, ln  −t
= 1 − e .
1− m 
d find the time taken to produce 0.1 kg of the chemical,
e show that however long the process is allowed to run, the maximum amount of the
chemical that will be produced is about 462 g.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet M

1 Use the trapezium rule with n intervals of equal width to estimate the value of each integral.
5 π

∫1 ∫
2
a x ln (x + 1) dx n=2 b π
cot x dx n=2
6

2 x2 1
c ∫ −2 e 10 dx n=4 d ∫0 arccos (x2 − 1) dx n=4
0.5 6
e ∫0 sec2 (2x − 1) dx n=5 f ∫0 x3e−x dx n=6

2 y
y = 2 − cosec x

O x

The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 2 − cosec x, 0 < x < π.
a Find the exact x-coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the x-axis.
b Use the trapezium rule with four intervals of equal width to estimate the area of the shaded
region bounded by the curve and the x-axis.

π
3 f(x) ≡ 6
+ arcsin ( 12 x), x ∈ , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
2
a Use the trapezium rule with three strips to estimate the value of the integral I = ∫ −1 f(x) dx.
b Use the trapezium rule with six strips to find an improved estimate for I.

4 y
y = ln x

O 5 x

The shaded region in the diagram is bounded by the curve y = ln x, the x-axis and the line x = 5.
a Estimate the area of the shaded region to 3 decimal places using the trapezium rule with
i 2 strips ii 4 strips iii 8 strips
b By considering your answers to part a, suggest a more accurate value for the area of the
shaded region correct to 3 decimal places.
c Use integration to find the true value of the area correct to 3 decimal places.

5 y

y = ex − x

−4 O x

The shaded region in the diagram is bounded by the curve y = ex − x, the coordinate axes and the
line x = −4. Use the trapezium rule with five equally-spaced ordinates to estimate the volume of
the solid formed when the shaded region is rotated completely about the x-axis.

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet N

1 Show that
7 8
∫2 4x − 3
dx = ln 25. (4)

π
2 Given that y = 4
when x = 1, solve the differential equation
dy
= x sec y cosec3 y. (7)
dx

3 a Use the trapezium rule with three intervals of equal width to find an approximate
value for the integral
1.5
∫0
2
−1
ex dx. (4)

b Use the trapezium rule with six intervals of equal width to find an improved
approximation for the above integral. (2)

3(2 − x)
4 f(x) ≡ .
(1 − 2 x )2 (1 + x)

a Express f(x) in partial fractions. (4)

b Show that
2
∫1 f(x) dx = 1 − ln 2. (6)

5 The rate of growth in the number of yeast cells, N, present in a culture after t hours is
proportional to N.
a By forming and solving a differential equation, show that
N = Aekt,
where A and k are positive constants. (4)
Initially there are 200 yeast cells in the culture and after 2 hours there are 3000 yeast cells
in the culture. Find, to the nearest minute, after how long
b there are 10 000 yeast cells in the culture, (5)
c the number of yeast cells is increasing at the rate of 5 per second. (4)

6 y

1
y=
2x + 1
O 4 x
1
The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y = .
2x + 1
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the coordinate axes and the line x = 4.
a Find the area of the shaded region. (4)
The shaded region is rotated through four right angles about the x-axis.
b Find the volume of the solid formed, giving your answer in the form π ln k. (5)

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet N continued

7 Using the substitution u2 = x + 3, show that

1
∫0 x x + 3 dx = k( 3 3 − 4),

where k is a rational number to be found. (7)

8 a Use the identities for sin (A + B) and sin (A − B) to prove that

2 sin A cos B ≡ sin (A + B) + sin (A − B). (2)
y

O x

The diagram shows the curve given by the parametric equations

x = 2 sin 2t, y = sin 4t, 0 ≤ t < π.
b Show that the total area enclosed by the two loops of the curve is given by
π

∫0
4
16 sin 4t cos 2t dt. (4)

c Evaluate this integral. (5)

x 2 − 22
9 f(x) ≡ .
( x + 2)( x − 4)
a Find the values of the constants A, B and C such that
B C
f(x) ≡ A + + . (3)
x+2 x−4
The finite region R is bounded by the curve y = f(x), the coordinate axes and the line x = 2.
b Find the area of R, giving your answer in the form p + ln q, where p and q are integers. (5)

10 a Find ∫ sin2 x dx. (4)

b Use integration by parts to show that

∫ x sin2 x dx = 1
8
(2x2 − 2x sin 2x − cos 2x) + c,

where c is an arbitrary constant. (4)

y
1
y = x 2 sin x
R

O x
1
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = x 2 sin x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
The finite region R, bounded by the curve and the x-axis, is rotated through 2π radians
about the x-axis.
c Find the volume of the solid formed, giving your answer in terms of π. (3)

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet O

1
1 a Express in partial fractions. (3)
x 2 − 3x + 2
b Show that
4 1 a
∫3 2
x − 3x + 2
dx = ln
b
,

where a and b are integers to be found. (5)

2 Evaluate
π

∫0
6
cos x cos 3x dx. (6)

3 a Find the quotient and remainder obtained in dividing (x2 + x − 1) by (x − 1). (3)
b Hence, show that
x2 + x − 1
∫ x −1
dx = 1
2
x2 + 2x + lnx − 1 + c,

where c is an arbitrary constant. (2)

4 y
1
y=2−
x

O 1 4 x

1
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 2 − .
x
The shaded region bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 4
is rotated through 360° about the x-axis to form the solid S.
a Show that the volume of S is 2π(2 + ln 2). (6)
S is used to model the shape of a container with 1 unit on each axis representing 10 cm.
b Find the volume of the container correct to 3 significant figures. (2)

5 a Use integration by parts to find ∫ x ln x dx. (4)

b Given that y = 4 when x = 2, solve the differential equation

dy
= xy ln x, x > 0, y > 0,
dx
and hence, find the exact value of y when x = 1. (5)
π

∫0 sin x sec2 x dx.

3
6 a Evaluate (4)

b Using the substitution u = cos θ, or otherwise, show that

π
sin θ
∫0 dθ = a + b 2 ,
4

cos 4 θ
where a and b are rational. (6)

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet O continued

7 y

O 3 x

The diagram shows part of the curve with parametric equations

1
x = 2t + 1, y = , t ≠ 2.
2−t
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the coordinate axes and the line x = 3.
a Find the value of the parameter t at the points where x = 0 and where x = 3. (2)
5
b Show that the area of the shaded region is 2 ln 2
. (5)
c Find the exact volume of the solid formed when the shaded region is rotated
completely about the x-axis. (5)

8 a Using integration by parts, find

∫ 6x cos 3x dx. (5)

b Use the substitution x = 2 sin u to show that
3 1
∫0 4−x 2
dx = π
3
. (5)

9 In an experiment to investigate the formation of ice on a body of water, a thin circular

disc of ice is placed on the surface of a tank of water and the surrounding air temperature
is kept constant at −5°C.
In a model of the situation, it is assumed that the disc of ice remains circular and that its
area, A cm2 after t minutes, increases at a rate proportional to its perimeter.
a Show that
dA
= k A,
dt
where k is a positive constant. (3)
b Show that the general solution of this differential equation is
A = (pt + q)2,
where p and q are constants. (4)
Given that when t = 0, A = 25 and that when t = 20, A = 40,
c find how long it takes for the area to increase to 50 cm2. (5)

5x + 1
10 f(x) ≡ .
(1 − x)(1 + 2 x)

a Express f(x) in partial fractions. (3)

1

∫0
2
b Find f(x) dx, giving your answer in the form k ln 2. (4)

c Find the series expansion of f(x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the
term in x3, for | x | < 12 . (6)

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet P

1 y

3
1
y=
x

O 3 x

1
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = , x > 0.
x
The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the lines x = 3 and y = 3 and the
coordinate axes.
a Show that the area of the shaded region is 1 + ln 9. (5)
b Find the volume of the solid generated when the shaded region is rotated through
360° about the x-axis, giving your answer in terms of π. (5)

2 Given that
4
I = ∫0 x sec ( 13 x) dx,

a find estimates for the value of I to 3 significant figures using the trapezium rule with
i 2 strips,
ii 4 strips,
iii 8 strips. (6)
b Making your reasoning clear, suggest a value for I correct to 3 significant figures. (2)

3 The temperature in a room is 10°C. A heater is used to raise the temperature in the room
to 25°C and then turned off. The amount by which the temperature in the room exceeds
10°C is θ °C, at time t minutes after the heater is turned off.
It is assumed that the rate at which θ decreases is proportional to θ.
a By forming and solving a suitable differential equation, show that
θ = 15e−kt,
where k is a positive constant. (6)
Given that after half an hour the temperature in the room is 20°C,
b find the value of k. (3)
The heater is set to turn on again if the temperature in the room falls to 15°C.
c Find how long it takes before the heater is turned on. (3)

4 a Find the values of the constants p, q and r such that

sin4 x ≡ p + q cos 2x + r cos 4x. (4)
b Hence, evaluate
π

∫0 sin4 x dx,
2

giving your answer in terms of π. (4)

 Solomon Press
C4 INTEGRATION Worksheet P continued

5 a Find the general solution of the differential equation

dy
= xy3. (4)
dx
b Given also that y = 12 when x = 1, find the particular solution of the differential
equation, giving your answer in the form y2 = f(x). (3)

6 a Show that, using the substitution x = eu,

2 + ln x
∫ x2
dx = ∫ (2 + u)e−u du. (3)

b Hence, or otherwise, evaluate

e 2 + ln x
∫1 x2
dx. (6)

7 y

O x

The diagram shows the curve with parametric equations

π
x = cos 2t, y = tan t, 0 ≤ t < 2
.
The shaded region is bounded by the curve and the coordinate axes.
a Show that the area of the shaded region is given by
π

∫0 4 sin2 t dt.
4
(4)

b Hence find the area of the shaded region, giving your answer in terms of π. (4)
c Write down expressions in terms of cos 2A for
i sin2 A,
ii cos2 A,
and hence find a cartesian equation for the curve in the form y2 = f(x). (4)

6 − 2x2
8 f(x) ≡ .
( x + 1)2 ( x + 3)
a Find the values of the constants A, B and C such that
A B C
f(x) ≡ + + . (4)
( x + 1)2 x +1 x+3
The curve y = f(x) crosses the y-axis at the point P.
b Show that the tangent to the curve at P has the equation
14x + 3y = 6. (5)
c Evaluate
1
∫0 f(x) dx,

giving your answer in the form a + b ln 2 + c ln 3 where a, b and c are integers. (5)

 Solomon Press