Stem for

pneumatic,
hydraulic or
electric actuator

Inlet
Nozzle

Inlet
Nozzle Seat

Bushing
Seal
Cascade
Cascade Shaft
Bushing

Piston
Lobe

Body

© 2000 Yarway Corporation

Turbo-Cascade®
High Pressure Control Valve
Potentially destructive erosive forces
exist in high velocity flow through a
valve. Their effects can show up as
grooves cut into the valve’s internal
surfaces by an erosive process called
wiredrawing.
Or the pressure drop can cause
cavitation damage which occurs as a
consequence of the collapse of vapor
bubbles in the fluid flow stream. The
bubbles are formed when the fluid
pressure is reduced below its vapor
pressure at a given temperature.
When the system pressure again
rises above the vapor pressure, the
bubbles collapse or implode.
Accompanied by a cracking noise,
the implosions release vast amounts
of energy which can tear holes in the
walls of the valve body and destroy
internal parts.
The Need For
High Pressure Valves
Control of erosive and cavitational
forces is a primary objective of the
design of high pressure valves.
Various stacked disc designs, for
instance, operate on the principle of
fixed orifices, or flow paths, in paral-
lel. As such a valve opens, the fixed
flow areas are progressively uncov-
ered by the valve plug. Individual flow
area does not increase.
These small flow areas act as fluid
strainers and the valve can become
clogged with debris causing a loss of
both flow and control.
Other designs take an approach
based on multiple orifices only one of
which is variable. But this means that
the single variable orifice must handle
the entire pressure differential across
the valve.
Yarway’s Design Approach
Yarway’s Turbo-Cascade control
valve, on the other hand, is based on
the principle of multiple variable ori-
fices in series. In this design, which
has the benefit of more than a
decade of refinement by Yarway engi-
neers, the total flow area increases as
the valve modulates toward the open
position. Angular passages or flutes,
in a bushing, direct the fluid through
the flow areas or stages which
increase in area toward the valve out-
let, thus providing higher pressure
drop on the inlet stages of the valve
and a decreasing pressure drop in
each stage toward the valve outlet.
In this design, all pressure drops
and pressure recovery occur above
the vapor pressure, so no cavitation
will occur within the valve.
Turbo-Cascade valves are manu-
factured from forged steel bar to
assure homogeneity. Connections are
available to match inlet and outlet line
sizes. In many applications, pipeline
reducers or expanders can be elimi-
nated.
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
• Incorporates three separate
functions of (1) positive fluid
shutoff, (2) regulation, (3)
pressure letdown.
• Designed and constructed
to accept pressure drops of
Turbo-Cascade® high pressure control valve
the highest magnitude.
• Assured disc-seat alignment
through above and below
seat guiding element.
• Suitable for modulating or
on-off services.
• Can be provided with pneu-
matic, hydraulic, or electric
actuators.
• Choice of forged body
materials.
• Rigorously tested and
proven successful.
• Successful performance
record in scores of utility
steam plants.
• Need for reducers can be
eliminated. Normally, inlet
and outlet end connections
can match existing line
sizes.
• Quiet operation resulting
from velocity control.
• Meet NACE requirements for
corrosive service; “N” stamp
capability.
Typical Applications
Liquid Service
1. Centrifugal pump recirculation
systems.
2. Pressurizer relief valves.
3. Pressure reducing systems.
How It Works
The valve divides the fluid flow into
multiple streams and breaks down
the high pressure in separate stages
by inducing 90-degree changes in
flow direction to dissipate energy.
As shown in Figure 2, the total
pressure drop of 2800 psi is broken
down into four successive break-
downs of 1297 psi (first stage), 793
psi (second stage), 465 psi (third
stage), and 245 psi (fourth stage).
Because the reducing pressure
spike at no time goes below the
vapor pressure of 35 psia, cavitation
will not occur.
Each stage of pressure letdown is
at right angles to the following stage.
This causes the fluid passing through
the valve to change flow direction as
it cascades down through the valve,
dissipating additional energy. In addi-
tion, each Turbo-Cascade valve has a
fixed orifice in its outlet to provide yet
another stage of pressure drop that
eliminates the possibility of cavitation
in the last stage.
As shown in the cutaway illustra-
tion (Figure 3), the cage or bushing
through which the cascade piston
travels has cast grooves which pro-
vides an increase in flow area as the
fluid passes through the valve. The
cascade shaft has precisely
machined lobes that move up and
down inside the fluted bushing.
Varying the position of the lobes with-
in the fluted bushing varies the area
exposed to flow and thus controls
valve capacity.
To increase flow area further, the
diameter of the cascade shaft
between the lobes decreases toward
the valve outlet.The increasingly larger
flow area forces higher pressure drop
on the upper inlet stages. This is to
assure that the pressure at all points
within the valve remains above the
vapor pressure of the liquid, thus pre-
venting cavitation.
Pressure Reduction Capacity
The Turbo-Cascade valve’s pressure-
reduction capability depends on the
number of pressure-reduction stages
incorporated into the valve for a given
set of conditions. Normally, 600 psi is
the upper limit for one stage, two
stages are used for 1500 psi, four
4
stages for 3000 psi and six stages for
pressures over 3000 psi.
The cutaway section of the bush-
ing (Figure 3) shows the fluid flow
passages that provide staged pres-
sure breakdown. Three stages are
illustrated, but up to six can be pro-
vided for very high pressure differen-
tials. With the cascade shaft in the
closed position in the bushing (Fig.
3a), drop-tight shutoff can be
achieved. Throttling position and a full
open position are shown in Figs. 3b
and 3c.
With the cascade shaft in the full
open position, the lobes are at mid-
point of the flutes in the bushing and
maximum flow occurs.
Valve Actuation
The valve is designed for compatibility
with a variety of actuators and posi-
tioners—pneumatic, hydraulic or
electric. A simple form of actuator is a
cylinder for on-off operation. The
position of the actuator is controlled
by a solenoid valve that opens or
closes the Turbo-Cascade on signal.
Valves requiring flow modulation are
equipped with cylinder or diaphragm
actuators and appropriate position-
ers.
A hydraulic balancing technique is
used in larger Turbo-Cascade valves
for very high pressures to provide
automatic operation. Smaller valves,
with up to 2″ intervals, are unbal- Fig. 3a Fig. 3b Fig. 3c
anced and can easily be operated by
pneumatic piston or diaphragm actu-
ators. In larger sizes, most have bal-
anced pistons so that pneumatic
actuators can be used.
Turbo-Cascade valves are quiet by
design. The fluted flow configuration
of the internals effectively limits fluid
velocity at all points within the valve,
thus preventing a high operating
sound-pressure level in even the
most severe pressure letdown situa-
tions.
The design of the valve places the
seating surfaces on the upstream or
high pressure side with flow over the
seat. A slight deadband protects the
seating surfaces, allowing them to
separate before appreciable flow
begins. These features combine to
provide tight shut-off in high pressure
service over extended periods of
time. Figure 3 – Yarway technique for pressure letdown.

Basic Calculations for P2 = Outlet Pressure Use the smaller of ∆Ptrue or ∆Pallowed in
Sizing Turbo-Cascade Valves (psia) equation (1).
Maximum ∆P per stage is 750 psi. ∆Ptrue = P1 - P2 Q
1. Flow coefficient or Cv is calculated In sizing use the smaller of the ∆P Cv = √ ∆P
using the basic equation: which will result in a larger Cv SG
required.
Q 248
A sample calculation follows:
Cv = √ ∆P Cv =
Flow Q = 248 gpm √1168
SG 0.88
Inlet Pressure P1 = 1500 psia
where: Cv = Flow Coefficient
Outlet Pressure P2 = 250 psia Cv = 6.8
∆P = Pressure Drop,
Inlet to Outlet Shut-off Pressure PSO = 1500 psia
Select Class 900 ANSI Valve with 2
SG = Fluid Specific Gravity Temperature T = 364 F stages, Trim Number 0903 (Cv = 7.6).
Vapor Pressure Pv = 164 psia Select desired end connections
2. Choked flow due to flashing
and/or cavitation must also be Specific Gravity SG = 0.88
considered using the equation: Critical Pressure
Ratio rc = 0.88
∆Pallowable = FL2[P1 - (rc x Pv)]
Recovery Factor FL = 0.93
where: FL = Valve Recovery (since a 2 stage is
Coefficient chosen for 1250∆P)
(2 stage = 0.93,
4 stage = 0.96, True ∆P = P1 - P2
6 stage = 0.98) = 1500 - 250
rc = Critical Pressure = 1250 psi
Ratio (Use
Specific Gravity) ∆Pallowed = FL2[P1 - (rc x Pv)]
P1 = Inlet Pressure = [1500 - (0.88 x 164)]
(psia) = 1168 psi
Pv = Vapor Pressure
(psia)

5
Parts/Materials (Unbalanced Valve)
Item Part Material Item Part Material
1 Body/Inlet Connection ASME SA105 14 Drive Screws Type 18-8 Stainless Steel
2 Actuator Adapter ASME SA105 15 Pipe Plug ASME SA182 Grade F316
3 Packing Gland ASME SA105 16 Gland Stud ASME SA193 Grade B7
4 Gland Bushing ASTM A479 Type S21800 17 Hex Nut ASME SA194 Grade 2H
5 Cascade Shaft ASME SA479 Grade 410 18 Lantern Ring AISI Type 416 Stainless Steel
6 Cascade Seat ASTM A747 CB7 CU-1 (17-4PH) 19 Packing Carbon Yarn & Graphite
7 Spacer Sleeve AISI Type 416 Stainless Steel 20 Seal TFE/Egiloy
8 Pin Type 18-8 Stainless Steel 21 Upper Gasket Spiral Wound Inconel w/Grafoil
9 Stem ASME SA564 GR 630 (17-4) 22 Piston Ring AISI Type 420 Stainless Steel
10 Orifice AISI Type 316 Stainless Steel 23 O-Ring Fluoraz (TFE-Propylene)
11 Stud ASME SA193 Grade B7 24 Locknut Carbon Steel
12 Hex Nut ASME SA194 Grade 2H 26 Vent Ring 17-4PH Stainless Steel
13 Name & Date Plate Type 18-8 Stainless Steel 27 Belleville Washer 17-4PH Stainless Steel

Recommended spare parts for service inspection (on hand).

NOTES:
1. Valve constructed in accordance with ANSI B.16.34 & B.16.5 with tolerances per B.16.11
2. Temperature limitation: 500F.
3. Install any valve with minimum straight piping 6″ upstream, 18″ downstream. Install any reducers at end of straight runs.

Dimensions (Unbalanced Turbo-Cascade Valve)

Nominal Dimensions, in. (mm)
Valve Sizes A B C D E
1 (25) 14-1/16 (357) 6-1/2 (165) 9-13/16 (250) 28-7/16 (722) 9-1/2 (241)
1-1/2 (40) 14-1/16 (357) 7-3/4 (197) 10-1/2 (267) 42-5/16 (1074) 12-1/2 (318)
2 (50) 17 (432) 8-1/4 (210) 11-1/6 (281) 42-5/16 (1074) 12-1/2 (318)
*Actuator height depends on application and accessories required. Consult Yarway.

How to Specify
Turbo-Cascade Valves
Control valve for
service, Tag No. , in
accordance with data sheet attached,
shall be a Yarway Turbo-Cascade
valve, Series 5400, forged steel body,
incorporating separate elements for
tight shutoff and throttling. Pressure
reduction shall be accomplished in
stages to dissipate pressure and con-
trol velocity by directing the fluid
through a series of variable orifices
whose individual flow area increases
as the valve is opened. The fluid
pressure breakdown shall take place
through a series of characterized
passages between the stem and the
bushing whose flow area will be of
sufficient cross-sectional area to pre-
clude the possibility of obstruction by
foreign particles. Valve shall operate
with a sound pressure level of 90
dBA or less measured three feet from
the valve, three feet downstream.

6
Parts/Materials (Balanced Turbo-Cascade Valve)
Item Part Material Item Part Material
1 Body/Inlet Connection ASME SA105 22 Venting Ring 17-4 PH Stainless Steel
2 Actuator Adapter ASME SA105 23 Piston Ring Type 420 Stainless Steel
3 Packing Gland AISI 4140 25 O-Ring Fluoraz (TFE-Propylene)
4 Gland Bushing ASTM A479 Type S21800 29 Gasket Graph-Lock
5 Cascade Shaft ASME SA479 Grade 410 30 Pilot Seat AISI Type 410 Stainless Steel
6 Cascade Seat ASTM A747 CB7 CU-1 (17-4PH) 31 Orifice AISI Type 316 Stainless Steel
7 Spacer Sleeve AISI Type 416 Stainless Steel 32 Actuator —
8 Nameplate Type 18-8 Stainless Steel 33 Belleville Washer 17-4 PH Stainless Steel
8A Nameplate Type 18-8 Stainless Steel 34 Pin Type 304 Stainless Steel
9 Valve Stem ASME SA564 GR 630 35 Cap Screw Type 18-8 Stainless Steel
11 Stud ASME SA193 Grade B7 36 Lockwasher Type 410 Stainless Steel
12 Hex Nut ASME SA194 Grade 2H 37 O-Ring Fluoraz (TFE-Propylene)
13 Drive Screws Type 18-8 Stainless Steel 38 Collar ASTM A583 Type 416 St. Steel
14 Jam Nut Carbon Steel 39 Pilot Valve AMS 5385—Stellite
15 Pipe Plug ASME SA105 40 Spacer ASME SA479 Grade 410
16 Gland Stud ASME SA193 Grade B7 41 Warning Label —
17 Hex Nut ASME SA194 Grade 2H 42 Pipe Plug Type 18-8 Stainless Steel
18 Lantern Ring AISI Type 416 Stainless Steel 43 Nozzle Stellite
19 Packing Carbon Yarn & Graphite 44 Piston Type 17-4PH Stainless Steel
20 Seal TFE/Egiloy 45 Locknut Type 18-8 Stainless Steel
21 O-Ring Fluoraz (TFE-Propylene) 46 Stem Retainer ASME SA564 GR 630 (17-4)

Recommended spare parts for service inspection (on hand).

Dimensions (Balanced Turbo-Cascade Valve)

Dimensions, in (mm)
Nominal
A B
Valve
1&2 4 Stages 6 1&2 4 6 C D H
Size Stages Stages Stages Stages
Stages 1500 2500

3″ 21-3/4 21-3/4 21-3/4 28 13-3/8 13-3/8 13-3/8 17 33-9/16 10-1/4

(552) (552) (552) (711) (340) (340) (340) (432) (852) (260)

4″ 25-5/8 25-5/8 25-1/8 32-1/2 13 13 14-7/8 17-1/2 33-9/16 10-1/4

(651) (651) (638) (826) (330) (330) (378) (445) (852) (260)

6″ 20-3/8 Consult 12-3/8 Consult 16-3/4 33-9/16 10-1/4

— — —
(518) Yarway (314) Yarway (426) (852) (260)

Dimensions listed are typical for max. trim sizes

*Actuator height depends on application and accessories required. Consult Yarway.
NOTES:
1. Valve constructed in accordance with ANSI B.16.34 & B.16.5 with tolerances per B.16.11
2. Temperature limitation: 500F.
3. Install any valve with minimum straight piping 6″ upstream, 18″ downstream. Install any reducers at end of straight runs.

7
Balanced Turbo-Cascade Valve

8
Unbalanced Turbo-Cascade Valve

9
Flow Coefficients (Balanced Valve) Flow Coefficients (Unbalanced Valve)

Class, Trim End Connections Class, Trim *End Connections

Cv Kv Stages Cv Kv Stages
ANSI No. Inlet Outlet ANSI No. Standard Inlet/Outlet

946 94 80.69 1 3,4,6 3,4,6,8 0941 3.8 3.3 1 1, 1-1/2

947 140 120.17 1 3,4,6,8 3,4,6,8,10 0942 7.3 6.3 1 1, 1-1/2, 2
948 190 163.10 1 4,6,8 4,6,8,10 0943 15.9 13.6 1 1-1/2, 2
949 255 218.88 1 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 0944 31.0 26.6 1 2, 3
900 950 360 309.01 1 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 0945 43.0 36.9 1 2, 3
916 53 45.49 2 3,4,6 3,4,6,8 0951 94.5 81.1 1 3, 4
900
917 78 66.95 2 3,4,6,8 3,4,6,8,10 0901 2.3 2.0 2 1, 1-1/2
918 112 96.14 2 4,6,8 4,6,8,10 0902 4.4 3.8 2 1, 1-1/2, 2
919 148 127.04 2 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 0903 7.6 6.6 2 1-1/2, 2
920 190 163.10 2 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 0904 18.0 15.5 2 2, 3
0905 26.5 22.7 2 2, 3
1516 53 45.49 2 3,4,6 3,4,6,8 0930 56.0 48.1 2 3, 4
1517 78 66.95 2 3,4,6,8 3,4,6,8,10
1518 112 96.14 2 4,6,8 4,6,8,10 1501 2.3 2.0 2 1, 1-1/2
1519 148 127.04 2 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 1502 4.4 3.8 2 1, 1-1/2, 2
1520 190 163.10 2 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 1503 7.6 6.6 2 1-1/2, 2
1500 1504 18.0 15.5 2 2, 3
1521 27.5 23.61 4 3,4,6 3,4,6,8 1505 26.5 22.7 2 2, 3
1522 42 36.05 4 3,4,6,8 3,4,6,8,10 1500
1506 1.1 0.9 4 1, 1-1/2
1523 58 49.79 4 4,6,8 4,6,8,10 1507 2.2 1.9 4 1, 1-1/2, 2
1524 81 69.53 4 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 1508 4.8 4.1 4 1-1/2, 2
2516 53 45.49 2 3,4,6 3,4,6,8 1509 9.0 7.7 4 2, 3
2517 78 66.95 2 3,4,6,8 3,4,6,8,10 1510 16.5 14.2 4 2, 3
2518 112 96.14 2 4,6,8 4,6,8,10 2501 2.3 2.0 2 1, 1-1/2
2519 148 127.04 2 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 2502 4.4 3.8 2 1, 1-1/2, 2
2520 190 163.10 2 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 2503 7.6 6.6 2 1-1/2, 2
2500 2521 27.5 23.61 4 3,4,6 3,4,6,8 2504 18.0 15.5 2 2, 3
2522 42 36.05 4 3,4,6,8 3,4,6,8,10 2505 26.5 22.7 2 2, 3
2523 58 49.79 4 4,6,8 4,6,8,10 2506 1.1 0.9 4 1, 1-1/2
2524 81 69.53 4 6,8,10 6,8,10,12 2507 2.2 1.9 4 1, 1-1/2, 2
2500
2508 4.8 4.1 4 1-1/2, 2
2526 21 18.03 6 3,4,6 3,4,6,8 2509 9.0 7.7 4 2, 3
2527 31 26.61 6 3,4,6,8 3,4,6,8,10 2510 16.5 14.2 4 2, 3
2528 42 36.05 6 4,6,8 4,6,8,10 2511 0.87 0.75 6 1, 1-1/2
2512 1.6 1.4 6 1, 1-1/2, 2
2513 3.5 3.0 6 1-1/2, 2
2514 7.0 6.0 6 2, 3
2515 13.0 11.2 6 2, 3

Yarway Corporation reserves the right to change the *Standard inlet and outlet 1″ through 2″ flanged or socketweld, 3″ and larger
designs and materials of its products without notice. buttweld end. Nominal Line Size - Inches.

Yarway Corporation • 480 Norristown Road • P.O. Box 350 • Blue Bell, PA 19422
Phone 610-825-2100 • Fax 610-825-1235 • www.yarway.com
North American Regional Offices: Eastern 800-523-6248 • Southeast 800-561-5816
Southwest 800-561-5819 • Midwest 800-561-5814 • Western 800-561-5813
Inquiries from other than North American Locations should be addressed to the International Department, Blue Bell, PA

105 Rev. 7/00 6M 700C Printed in U.S.A.