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analysis
To determine the temperature field, T(x,y,z,t), in a body
(i.e. how temperature varies with position within the body)
qT(x,y,z,t) depends on:
boundary conditions T(x,y,z)
initial condition
material properties (k, c p , r …)
geometry of the body (shape, size)
qWhy we need T(x,y,z,t) ?
to compute heat flux at any location (using Fourier’s eqn.)
compute thermal stresses, expansion, deflection due to temp. etc.
design insulation thickness
chip temperature calculation
heat treatment of metals
Unidirectional heat
conduction (1D)
Area = x
0 x+Dx
A x
Solid bar, insulated on all
long sides (1D heat
conduction) q x A q x+Dx
q&= Internal heat generation per unit vol. (W/m 3 )
Unidirectional heat
conduction (1D)
First Law (energy balance) ( E&in - E
&out ) + E
&gen = E
&st
¶ E
q x - q x + D x + A ( D x ) q
& =
¶ t
E = ( r A Dx ) u q x = - kA
¶ T
¶ x
¶E ¶u ¶T ¶ q x
= r A Dx = rA Dxc q x + = q x + D x
¶t ¶t ¶t D x
¶ x
Unidirectional heat conduction
(1D)(contd…)
¶T ¶T ¶ æ ¶T ö ¶T
- kA &= r Ac Dx
+ kA + A ç k ÷ Dx + A Dx q
¶x ¶x ¶x è ¶x ø ¶t
¶ æ ¶T ö ¶T
ç k ÷ + q &= r c
¶x è ¶x ø ¶t
Internal heat Thermal inertia
Longitudinal
conduction generation
q The objective of deriving the heat diffusion equation is to
determine the temperature distribution within the conducting
body.
q We have set up a differential equation, with T as the
dependent variable. The solution will give us T(x,y,z).
Solution depends on boundary conditions (BC) and initial
conditions (IC).
Boundary and Initial
conditions (contd…)
How many BC’s and IC’s ?
Heat equation is second order in spatial coordinate. Hence, 2
BC’s needed for each coordinate.
* 1D problem: 2 BC in xdirection
* 2D problem: 2 BC in xdirection, 2 in ydirection
* 3D problem: 2 in xdir., 2 in ydir., and 2 in zdir.
Heat equation is first order in time. Hence one IC needed
1 Dimensional Heat Conduction
The Plane Wall :
…. . . . . . .. ..
.. .. . . … . . Cold
k
T s,1 .. . . . . .. . .. .
.. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .. . . . . . fluid
. . . .. . . . . . .
. .. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . T s,2
. . T ∞,2
. . . . . . .
.
Hot x=0 x=L
fluid
d æ dT ö
ç k ÷ = 0
dx è dx ø
Const. K; solution is:
dT kA T s , 1 - T s , 2
q x = - kA = (T s ,1 - T s , 2 ) =
dx L L / kA
Thermal resistance
(electrical analogy)
OHM’s LAW :Flow of Electricity
V=IR elect
Voltage Drop = Current flow×Resistance
Thermal Analogy to Ohm’s
Law :
D T = qR therm
Temp Drop=Heat Flow×Resistance
1 D Heat Conduction through a
Plane Wall
T ∞,1
…. . . . . . .. ..
.. .. . . … . . Cold
k
T s,1 .. . . . . .. . .. .
.. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .. . . . . . fluid
. . . .. . . . . . .
. .. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . T s,2
. .
. . . . . . . T ∞,2
Hot .
fluid x=0 x=L
T ∞,1 T s,1 T s,2 T ∞,2
q x
1 L 1
h 1 A k A h 2 A
1 L 1
å R t =
h 1 A
+
kA
+
h 2 A
(Thermal Resistance )
Resistance expressions
THERMAL RESISTANCES
· Conduction
Rcond = Dx/kA
· Convection 1
Rconv = (hA)
· Fins
Rfin = (hhA)-1
· Radiation(aprox)
1.5 1
Rrad = [4AsF(T1T2) ]
Composite Walls :
T ∞,1
A B C
h 1
K A K B K C h 2
T ∞,2
1 1
U = =
R total A 1 L 1
+ S +
h 1 k h 2
Contact Resistance :
T A
T B D T
A B
D T
R t , c =
q x
1
U =
1 L A L B L C 1
+ + + +
h 1 k A k B k C h 2
SeriesParallel :
B A B +A C =A A =A D
A D
K B
T 1 T 2 L B =L C
K A K D
C
K c
SeriesParallel
(contd…)
L B
L A k B A L D
k A A k D A
T 1 L C
T 2
k C A
Assumptions :
(1) Face between B and C is insulated.
(2) Uniform temperature at any face normal to X.
Example:
Consider a composite plane wall as shown:
k I = 20 W/mk
Develop an approximate solution for the rate of heat
transfer through the wall.
1 D Conduction(Radial
conduction in a composite
cylinder)
h 1
r 1
T ∞,1
r 2
h 2
T ∞,2 r k k 1
3 2
T ∞,1 T ∞,2
1 1
( h 1 )( 2 p r 1 L ) ( h 2 )( 2 p r 2 L )
r1
ln r 2 r 2
ln r 3
2 p Lk 1
2 p Lk 2
Critical Insulation
Thickness :
Insulation Thickness : r o r i
T ∞ r 0
r i
h
T i ln( r r 0i ) 1
R tot = +
2 p kL ( 2 p r 0 L ) h
k
r0 =
h d 2 R tot k
= 0 at r0 =
Max or Min. ? Take : dr 2 0 h
d 2 R tot -1 1
= +
dr 2 0 2 p kr 2 0 L p r 2 0 hL r 0 =
k
h
h 2
= 0
2 p Lk 3
Critical Insulation
Thickness (contd…)
Minimum q at r 0 =(k/h)=r c r (critical radius)
R t o t
good for
good for steam pipes etc.
electrical
cables
R c r =k/h
r 0
1D Conduction in Sphere
1D Conduction in Sphere
r 2
r 1
k
T ∞,2 Inside Solid:
T s,2 1 d æ 2 dT ö
T s,1 2 ç kr ÷ = 0
r dr è dr ø
T ∞,1 é 1 - ( r / r ) ù
® T ( r ) = T s , 1 - {T s , 1 - T }
s , 2 ê
1 - ( r
1
/ r )
ú
ëê 1 2 ûú
Applications: * current carrying conductors
* chemically reacting systems
* nuclear reactors
Conduction with Thermal
Energy Generation
The Plane Wall :
k
T s,1
q& T s,2 Assumptions:
T ∞,1 T ∞,2 1D, steady state,
Hot Cold constant k,
fluid fluid uniform q&
x= L x=0 x=+L
Conduction With Thermal
Energy Generation (contd…)
2
d T q
&
+ = 0
2
dx k
Boundary cond . : x = - L , T = T s , 1
x = + L , T = T s , 2
q
& 2
Solution : T = - x + C 1 x + C 2
2 k
Conduction with Thermal
Energy Generation (cont..)
¢
¢ dT Derive the expression and show that it is not
Heat flux : q x = -k
dx independent of x any more
Hence thermal resistance concept is not correct to use when there is internal
heat generation
Cylinder with heat source
T ∞ h Assumptions:
1D, steady state, constant
r o k, uniform q&
r Start with 1D heat equation in cylindrical
coordinates:
T s
1 d æ dT ö q
&=
q& çr ÷ + 0
r dr è dr ø k
Cylinder With Heat Source
Example:
A current of 100A is passed through a stainless steel wire having a
thermal conductivity K=25W/mK, diameter 3mm, and electrical
resistivity R = 2.0 W. The length of the wire is 1m. The wire is
submerged in a liquid at 100°C, and the heat transfer coefficient is
10W/m 2 K. Calculate the centre temperature of the wire at steady
state condition.