Nondimensionalization choices for the forced, compressible Navier–Stokes

equations

Consider the dimensional, coordinate-independent form of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations

¶t Ρ = -Ñ × Ρ u + cs (1)
¶t Ρ u = -Ñ × Hu Ä Ρ uL - Ñ p + Ñ × Τ + f (2)
Κ0
¶t Ρ eŽ = -Ñ × Ρ eŽ u + Ñ × Μ ÑT - Ñ × p u + Ñ × Τ u + f × u + q (3)
Μ0
where

u×u
p = HΓ - 1L KΡ eŽ - Ρ O (4)
2
p
T= (5)
ΡR
Β
T
Μ = Μ0 (6)
T0
2
Λ=- Μ (7)
3
Τ = Μ HÑu + Ñu¬L + Λ HÑ × uL I (8)
Ž
with e denoting the specific total energy and cs , f , and q being arbitrary volumetric forcing terms. Introducing nondimensional-
t
ized variables like t* = t0
brings about term-by-term leading coefficient lists like

Ρ0 Ρ0 u0
In[1]:= density@1D = 9 ,- , c0 =;
t0 l0
Ρ0 u0 Ρ0 u0 2 p0 Τ0
momentum@1D = 9 ,- ,-
, f0 =; ,
t0 l0 l0 l0
Ž Ž
Ρ0 e0 Ρ0 e0 u0 Κ0 T0 p0 u0 Τ0 u0
energy@1D = 9 ,- , ,- , , f0 u0 , q0 =;
t0 l0 2 l0 l0
l0

Ž HΓ - 1L
pressure@1D = 9p0 , HΓ - 1L Ρ0 e0 , - Ρ0 u0 2 =;
2
p0
temperature@1D = 9T0 , =;
Ρ0 R
mu@1D = 81, 1<;
2
lambda@1D = 9Λ0 , - Μ0 =;
3
Μ0 u0 Λ0 u0
stress@1D = 9Τ0 , , =;
l0 l0

Altogether, we have a coefficient collection like

2 NSNondimensionalizationForced.nb

In[9]:= base@i_D := 8
density@iD, momentum@iD, energy@iD,
pressure@iD, temperature@iD, mu@iD, lambda@iD, stress@iD
<;

In[10]:= MatrixForm@base@1D, TableAlignments ® LeftD

Out[10]//MatrixForm=
Ρ u0 Ρ0
9 t0 , - l0
, c0=
0

u0 Ρ0 u20 Ρ0 p Τ
: t0
, - l0
, - l0 , l0 , f0>
0 0
Ž Ž
Ρ0 e0 u0 Ρ0 e0 T Κ p u u Τ
: t , - l0
, 0l2 0 , - 0l 0 , 0l 0 , f0 u0, q0>
0 0 0 0

9p0, H-1 + ΓL Ρ0 Ž
e0, 1
2
H1 - ΓL u20 Ρ0=
p0
9T0, R Ρ0
=
81, 1<
2 Μ0
9Λ0, - 3
=
u0 Μ0 u Λ
9Τ0, l0
, 0l 0 =
0

Inform Mathematica that all of these reference quantities are real-valued:

In[11]:= reference = Select@

Flatten@base@1D . 8Times ® List, Power ® List, Plus ® List<D,
Not@NumericQ@ðDD &D  DeleteDuplicates  Sort
Ž
Out[11]= 8R, Γ, c0 , f0 , l0 , p0 , q0 , t0 , T0 , u0 , Κ0 , Λ0 , Μ0 , Ρ0 , Τ0 , e0 <

In[12]:= $Assumptions = Prepend@

Thread@Greater@reference, 0DD,
Element@reference, RealsDD
Ž
Out[12]= 8HR Γ c0 f0 l0 p0 q0 t0 T0 u0 Κ0 Λ0 Μ0 Ρ0 Τ0 e0 L Î Reals, R > 0, Γ > 0, c0 > 0, f0 > 0,
Ž
l0 > 0, p0 > 0, q0 > 0, t0 > 0, T0 > 0, u0 > 0, Κ0 > 0, Λ0 > 0, Μ0 > 0, Ρ0 > 0, Τ0 > 0, e0 > 0<

We divide through by the first coefficient in each equation

In[13]:= density@2D = density@1D  density@1D@@1DD;

In[14]:= momentum@2D = momentum@1D  momentum@1D@@1DD;

In[15]:= energy@2D = energy@1D  energy@1D@@1DD;

In[16]:= pressure@2D = pressure@1D  pressure@1D@@1DD;

In[17]:= temperature@2D = temperature@1D  temperature@1DP1T;

In[18]:= mu@2D = mu@1D  mu@1DP1T;

In[19]:= lambda@2D = lambda@1D  lambda@1D@@1DD;

In[20]:= stress@2D = stress@1D  stress@1D@@1DD;

to get a collection like

 NSNondimensionalizationForced.nb 3

In[21]:= MatrixForm@base@2D, TableAlignments ® LeftD

Out[21]//MatrixForm=
t0 u0 c t
91, - l0
, 0Ρ 0 =
0
t0 u0 p0 t0 t Τ f t
91, - l0
, -lu Ρ
, l 0u 0Ρ , u0 Ρ0 =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

t0 u0 t T Κ0 p t u t0 u0 Τ0 f0 t0 u0 q0 t0
:1, - l0
, l02 Ρ0 Ž ,
e0
- l0 Ρ0 Že0 , Ž ,
l0 Ρ0 e0
Ž ,
Ρ0 e0
Ž >
Ρ0 e0
0 0 0 0 0
Ž H1-ΓL u20 Ρ0
H-1+ΓL Ρ0 e0
:1, p0
, 2 p0
>
p0
91, R T0 Ρ0
=
81, 1<
2Μ
91, - 3 Λ0 =
0
u0 Μ0 u Λ
91, l0 Τ0
, l0 Τ0 =
0 0

We expect these derived quantities to appear

In[22]:= constants = 9
Ρ0 u0 l0
Re ® ,
Μ0
Μ0 C p
Pr ® ,
Κ0
ΓR
Cp ® ,
Γ-1
u0
Ma ®
a0
=;

We now choose reference quantities to obtain the nondimensional equations:

4 NSNondimensionalizationForced.nb

In[23]:= rulesA = :
Λ0 ® Μ0 ,
a0 ® Γ R T0 ,
Ž
e0 ® a0 2 ,
l0
t0 ® ,
u0
p0 ® Ρ0 a0 2 ,
Μ0 u0
Τ0 ® ,
l0
1
c0 ® Ρ0 ,
t0
u0
f0 ® Ρ0 ,
t0
a0 2
q0 ® Ρ0
t0
>;
caseA@1D = base@2D . rulesA  PowerExpand;
MatrixForm@caseA@1D, TableAlignments ® LeftD
Out[25]//MatrixForm=

81, -1, 1<

R Γ T0 Μ
:1, -1, - u20
, l u0 Ρ , 1>
0 0 0

Κ0 u0 Μ0 u20
:1, -1, R Γ l0 u0 Ρ0
, -1, R Γ l0 T0 Ρ0
, R Γ T0
, 1>
H1-ΓL u20
:1, -1 + Γ, 2 R Γ T0
>
81, Γ<
81, 1<
91, - 23 =
81, 1, 1<
Note that the complicated terms appearing in the momentum and energy equations are merely combinations of nondimensional
quantities:

In[26]:= ConstantRules@rules_, expr_D := Map@

HPowerExpand@ð1 . constants . rulesD ® ð1L &, exprD

In[27]:= caseA@2D =
1 1
caseA@1D . ConstantRulesBrulesA, : , Re-1 , H1 - ΓL Ma2 , Ma-2 , Ma2 Re-1 , Ma2 >F;
Re Pr HΓ - 1L 2

Our final nondimensional coefficients, which can be matched term-by-term against the original equations, look as follows:
 NSNondimensionalizationForced.nb 5

In[28]:= MatrixForm@caseA@2D, TableAlignments ® LeftD

Out[28]//MatrixForm=

81, -1, 1<

91, -1, - Ma1 2 , 1
Re
, 1=
1 Ma2
91, -1, Pr Re H-1+ΓL
, -1, Re
, Ma2, 1=
1
91, -1 + Γ, 2
Ma2 H1 - ΓL=
81, Γ<
81, 1<
91, - 23 =
81, 1, 1<
In this nondimensionalization, each of the forcing terms survives in the variable density, low Mach number limit. Body forcing
or body heating can be accomodated by replacing the corresponding volumetric term Φ with body-based Ρ Φb and setting
Φb0 = Φ0  Ρ0 .