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2-1
This circuit provides matched, high impedance inputs The 3-Op Amp In-Amp
so that the impedances of the input sources will have a The circuit of Figure 2-4 provides further refinement
minimal effect on the circuit’s common-mode rejection. and has become the most popular configuration for
The use of a dual op amp for the 2-input buffer ampli- instrumentation amplifier design. The classic 3-op amp
fiers is preferred because they will better track each other in-amp circuit is a clever modification of the buffered
over temperature and save board space. Although the subtractor circuit of Figure 2-3. As with the previous
resistance values are different, this circuit has the same circuit, op amps A1 and A2 of Figure 2-4 buffer the
transfer function as the circuit of Figure 2-1. input voltage. However, in this configuration, a single
Figure 2-3 shows further improvement: Now the input gain resistor, RG, is connected between the summing
buffers are operating with gain, which provides a circuit junctions of the two input buffers, replacing R6 and
with more flexibility. If the value of R5 = R8 and R6 = R7. The full differential input voltage will now appear
R7 and, as before, R1 = R3 and R2 = R4, then across RG (because the voltage at the summing junction
of each amplifier is equal to the voltage applied to its
VOUT = (VIN2 – VIN1) (1 + R5/R6) (R2/R1) positive input). Since the amplified input voltage (at the
outputs of A1 and A2) appears differentially across the
While the circuit of Figure 2-3 does increase the gain (of
three resistors, R5, RG, and R6, the differential gain may
A1 and A2) equally for differential signals, it also increases
be varied by just changing RG.
the gain for common-mode signals.
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Figure 2-3. A buffered subtractor circuit with buffer amplifiers operating with gain.
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+5V + CMV*
3
10k 10k
A1 1
2
50k
INVERTING 2
INPUT
A3 6 VOUT
SIGNAL VOLTAGE 100
10mV p-p 3
NONINVERTING
INPUT *
COMMON-MODE
6 50k
ERROR VOLTAGE
A2 7
10k 10k
5
–5V + CMV*
RG (OPTIONAL)
A1, A2: OP2177, AD8698
R1 R2 R3 R4
49.9k 49.9k
0.1 F
2 8
A1 1 5
RP*
VIN1 3 A2 7 VOUT
49.9k 6 4 0.1 F
RP*
VIN2
49.9k –VS
R4 + ––––
2R4 * OPTIONAL INPUT PROTECTION
VOUT = V IN2 – V IN1 1 + ––– RESISTOR FOR GAINS GREATER
R3 RG
THAN 100 OR INPUT VOLTAGES
FOR R1 = R4, R2 = R3 EXCEEDING THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE
R1 R2 R3 R4
VREF
4k� 1k� 1k� 4k�
A1
VO1 A2 VOUT
VIN1 VIN2
+2.5V R1 R2 R3 R4
Figure 2-8. Output swing limitations of 2-op amp in-amp using a 2.5 V reference.
2-5
Another, and perhaps more serious, limitation of the 120
standard 2-amplifier instrumentation amplifier circuit 110
compared to 3-amplifier designs, is the intrinsic difficulty 100
of achieving high ac common-mode rejection. This 90
limitation stems from the inherent imbalance in the 80
G = 1000
CMR (dB)
G = 100
Assume that a sinusoidal common-mode voltage, VCM, 60
at a frequency, FCM, is applied (common mode) to inputs 50
V IN1 and V IN2 (Figure 2-8). Ideally, the amplitude of 40
G=5
2-6