VOCA for GMAT

□ abate : subside
□ abdicate : renounce, give up
□ abet : aid
□ abhor : detest, hate
□ abrasion : wearing away by friction
□ abridge : condense or shorten
□ abrogate : repeal
□ abrupt : sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way
□ absolve : pardon
□ abstain from : refrain from
□ abstinence : restraint from eating or drinking
□ abstruse : difficult to understand; esoteric
□ acclaim : applaud
□ acknowledge : admit; recognize
□ acquiesce : to accept something without arguing, even if you do not really agree with it
□ acrid : sharp; bitter
□ acute : quickly perceptive; brief and severe
□ adamant : hard; inflexible
□ adept : skillful
□ adjudicate : to be a judge in a competition
□ admonition : warning
□ adorn : decorate
□ adulatory : flattery
□ aesthetic : artistic
□ affable : warmly friendly
□ affliction : suffering
□ aggravate : exacerbate; worsen
□ agility : nimbleness
□ agitate : stir up; disturb
□ allay : calm ; pacify
□ allege : state without proof
□ allegiance : loyalty
□ alleviate : relieve
□ allude : refer indirectly
□ allure : entice ; attract
□ altruistic : unselfishly generous
□ ambiguous : equivocal ; unclear
□ ameliorate : improve
□ amnesia : loss of memory
□ amphibian : able to live both on land and in water
VOCA for GMAT

□ anachronism : having an error involving time

□ anaerobic : not needing oxygen
□ anatomy : the scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies
□ anemia : condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles
□ animosity : active enmity
□ annul : make void
□ anomaly : irregularity
□ antebellum: connected with the years before a war, especially the American Civil War
□ anthropology : the study of human race
□ antidote : medicine to counteract a poison or disease
□ apathy : indifference
□ apex : summit
□ appease : pacify or soothe
□ appraise : estimate the value of
□ apprehension : fear
□ approbation : approval
□ appropriate : 1) proper 2) purloin
□ arable : fit for growing crops
□ arbitrary : discretionary
□ arcane : secret ; mysterious
□ archaeology : study of artifacts and relics of early mankind
□ archives : place where public records are kept
□ ardent : intense ; passionate
□ arid : dry
□ archaic : antiquated
□ arrogance : haughtiness
□ articulate : effective; distinct
□ artifact : object made by human beings
□ artifice : deception
□ ascribe : attribute
□ aspersion : slander
□ assail : assault
□ assiduous : diligent
□ asteroid : any one of the many small planets which go around the sun
□ astute : wise ; shrewd
□ asunder : apart
□ attenuate : make thin ; weaken
□ attest : testify, bear witness
□ attrition : gradual decrease
□ audacious : daring ; bold
VOCA for GMAT

□ augment : increase ; add to

□ auspices : under the auspices of = under the support of
□ auspicious : favoring success
□ austere : strict and serious in appearance and behavior
□ authentic : genuine
□ aversion : firm dislike
□ badger : pester ; annoy
□ baffle : frustrate ; perplex
□ bailout : an act of giving money to a company, a foreign country, etc. that has very serious financial
problems
□ barren : desolate ; sterile
□ belie : contradict ; give a false impression
□ bemused : confused ; bewildered
□ benevolent : generous ; charitable
□ benign : kindly
□ beset : to affect somebody in an unpleasant or harmful way
□ bestow : give
□ bewilder : confuse
□ biased : prejudiced
□ bizarre : very strange and unusual
□ blatant : flagrant ; loudly offensive
□ blighted : suffering from a disease
□ blithe : joyous ; carefree
□ blunt : without a sharp edge or point ; dull
□ blurt : utter impulsively
□ bolster : support ; reinforce
□ bountiful : abundant
□ bout : a short period of great activity
□ brazen : unashamed
□ breach : breaking of contract or duty
□ brittle : easily broken
□ buoyant : able to float ; cheerful and optimistic
□ burnish : polish
□ burrow : dig
□ burst : to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside
□ buttress : support ; prop up
□ “by ~ing”형태는 수단의 의미이며, “~함을 통해서”로 해석하고
“by (수나양)”형태는 차이의 의미이며, “~만큼”으로 해석한다.
□ cajole : coax ; wheedle
□ calamity : disaster ; misery
VOCA for GMAT

□ caliber : ability
□ camouflage : disguise
□ canny : shrewd
□ capricious : unpredictable ; fickle
□ cardinal : chief
□ carping : finding fault
□ cataclysm : violent upheaval
□ catalyst : agent which brings about a chemical change while it remains unchanged
□ catastrophe : disaster
□ cater to : supply something desired
□ caveat emptor : Let the buyer beware(매입자 위험부담)
□ celestial : heavenly ; relating to the sky
□ censure : blame ; criticize
□ centrifugal : departing from the center(원심력의)
□ centripetal : tending toward the center(구심력의)
□ cerebral : pertaining to the brain
□ cessation : stoppage
□ chalice : a large cup for holding wine, especially one from which wine is drunk in the Christian
Communion service
□ chauvinism : an aggressive and unreasonable belief that your own country is better than all others
□ chronic : long established as a disease
□ chronology : record in chronological order
□ circumscribe : limit
□ circumspect : prudent ; cautious
□ circumvent : to find a way of avoiding a difficulty or a rule
□ clandestine : secret
□ cline : continuum ; a series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the ones next to it, but
the last is very different from the first
□ coalesce : combine ; fuse
□ cogent : convincing
□ cohere : stick together
□ collaborate : work together
□ collate : examine to verify authenticity
□ collateral : security given for loan
□ colossal : huge
□ comely : attractive ; agreeable
□ commensurate : proportionate(상응하는)
□ compassion : sympathy
□ compatible : able to coexist
□ complacency : self-satisfaction
VOCA for GMAT

□ concede : admit ; yield

□ conclusive : definitive
□ concur : agree
□ condescending : patronizing
□ condone : forgive
□ conducive : helpful
□ confer : bestow
□ confiscate : seize
□ congenial : pleasant ; friendly
□ congenital : existing at birth
□ conjecture : guess
□ connive : conspire
□ consolidate : merge
□ conspicuous : noticeable ; striking
□ construe : interpret
□ consummate : complete
□ contaminate : pollute
□ contemptuous : scornful
□ contingent : dependent on ; conditional
□ continuum : cline
□ contortions : distortions
□ copious : plentiful
□ corollary : consequence
□ corpulent : very fat
□ corroborate : confirm ; verify ; bear out
□ corrode : destroy by chemical action
□ cosmic : pertaining to the universe
□ countervail : offset
□ covert : hidden ; implied
□ credo : creed
□ criteria : standard used in judging
□ critical : 1) crucial 2) condemnatory
□ crypt : a room under the floor of a church, used especially in the past as a place for burying people
□ culpable : deserving blame
□ cursory : casual ; hastily done
□ curtail : shorten ; reduce
□ cytoplasm : all the living material in a cell, not including the nucleus
□ dank : damp ; wet
□ daunt : intimidate ; frighten
□ dearth : scarcity ; lack
VOCA for GMAT

□ debacle : sudden downfall

□ debilitate : weaken ; enfeeble
□ decimate : kill, usually one out of ten
□ decipher : decode
□ decry : disparage ; express strong disapproval of
□ definitive : final ; complete
□ deft : neat ; skillful
□ deleterious : harmful
□ delineate : depict ; sketch
□ delude : deceive
□ deluge : flood ; rush
□ demise : death
□ demography : the changing number of births, deaths, diseases, etc. in a community over a period of
time; the scientific study of these changes
□ demur : object because of doubts
□ denigrate : belittle ; criticize someone unfairly
□ denounce : condemn ; criticize
□ deplete : reduce ; exhaust
□ deplore : lament ; regret
□ deprecate : protest against
□ derelict : deserted ; abandoned
□ deride : ridicule ; make fund of
□ descry : catch sight of
□ desolate : to make someone feel sad and without hope
□ despondent : depressed ; gloomy
□ destitute : extremely poor
□ detached : emotionally removed
□ detractor : a person who tries to make someone or something seem less good or valuable by criticizing
it
□ detriment : harm ; damage
□ devastate : ruin ; ravage
□ devious : roundabout
□ diaper : 지하의 가소성 물질이 큰 지압력을 받아 솟아오르면 위에 있는 암석에 형성되는 배사
구조
□ dichotomy : branching into two parts
□ didactic : teaching ; instructional
□ digression : wandering away from the subject
□ dilate : expand
□ dilute : make less concentrated
□ diminish : reduce
VOCA for GMAT

□ dire : disastrous ; alarming

□ discernable : distinguishable ; perceivable
□ disclose : reveal
□ discord : conflict ; lack of harmony
□ discourse : formal discussion
□ discrepancy : lack of consistency
□ discrete : separate ; unconnected
□ discretionary : arbitrary ; unrestricted
□ disentangle : to separate different arguments, ideas, etc. that have become confused ; unravel
□ disguise : to change your appearance so that people cannot recognize you : conceal
□ dismay : discourage ; frighten
□ disparage : belittle
□ disparate : basically different ; unrelated
□ dispel : scatter ; drive away
□ disperse : scatter
□ dissection : analysis
□ disseminate : spread
□ dissent : disagree
□ dissipate : squander ; waste
□ distill : extract the essence ; purify
□ distort : twist out of shape
□ diurnal : daily
□ divergent : differing ; deviating
□ divulge : reveal
□ docile : obedient ; easily managed
□ dogma : a belief or set of beliefs held by a group or organization, which others are expected to accept
without argument
□ dormant : sleeping ; lethargic ; latent
□ dote on : be excessively fond of
□ drudgery : menial work
□ dubious : questionable ; filled with doubt
□ ductile : malleable ; flexible ; pliable
□ duration : length of time something lasts
□ dwindle : shrink ; reduce
□ eccentric : irregular ; odd ; bizarre
□ eclectic : composed of elements drawn from disparate sources
□ eclipse : darken ; surpass ; an occasion when the moon passes between the earth and the sun so that you
cannot see all or part of the sun for a time; an occasion when the earth passes between the moon and the
sun so that you cannot see all or part of the moon for a time
□ effect of A on B : A가 B에 끼치는 영향
VOCA for GMAT

□ effete : lacking vigor

□ effigy : a model of a person that makes them look ugly
□ effluent : liquid waste, especially chemicals produced by factories, or sewage
□ egalitarian : based on, or holding, the belief that everyone is equal and should have the same rights and
opportunities
□ egregious : notorious
□ elaborate : carefully prepared ; fancy
□ elated : overjoyed
□ elicit : draw out by discussion
□ elucidate : clarify ; explain
□ elude : evade
□ emanate : issue forth
□ emancipate : set free ; liberate
□ embalm : to prevent a dead body from decaying by treating it with special substances to preserve it
□ embark : commence
□ embellish : adorn ; decorate
□ embrace : include ; espouse
□ embroil : involve in strife ; entangle
□ eminent : high ; lofty
□ empirical : observed ; based on experience
□ encephalitis : a condition in which the brain becomes swollen, caused by an infection or allergic
reaction
□ enclave : territory enclosed within an alien land
□ encompass : surround ; encircle
□ encroach : intrude
□ encumber : burden
□ endorse : approve ; support
□ enervate : weaken
□ engender : cause ; produce
□ enhance : increase ; improve
□ enmity : hatred ; ill will
□ ensue : follow
□ enthrall : capture ; enslave
□ entice : lure ; attract
□ entrench : to establish something very firmly so that it is very difficult to change
□ entrepreneur : businessman
□ enumerate : list ; mention one by one
□ ephemeral : short-lived; evanescent ; temporary
□ epitaph : inscription in memory of a dead person
□ epochal : important ; significant
VOCA for GMAT

□ equanimity : calmness of temperament

□ equitable : fair ; impartial
□ equivocal : ambiguous
□ erode : eat away ; corrode
□ erratic : odd ; unpredictable
□ erroneous : mistaken ; wrong
□ erudite : learned ; scholarly
□ eschew : avoid
□ espouse : adopt ; support
□ ethnology : the scientific study and comparison of human races
□ eukaryote : 진핵생물
□ eulogy : expression of praise, often on the occasion of someone’s death
□ evanescent : fleeting
□ evoke : to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind
□ exacerbate : worsen ; embitter
□ exacting : extremely demanding
□ exalt : praise
□ excavate : to dig in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time
□ excise : cut away
□ excoriate : scold with biting harshness
□ excrete : to pass solid or liquid waste matter from the body
□ exempt : not subject to a duty, obligation
□ exhaustive : thorough ; comprehensive
□ exhort : urge
□ exonerate : acquit
□ exorbitant : excessive
□ expansive : broad and extensive
□ expedient : practical ; politic
□ expedite : hasten
□ expenditure : payment or expense
□ expertise : specialized knowledge
□ explicate : explain ; clarify
□ explicit : overt
□ exploit : make use of, sometimes unjustly
□ extant : still in existence
□ extent : degree ; magnitude
□ extenuate : weaken ; mitigate
□ extol : praise ; glorify
□ extraneous : not essential ; superflous
□ extrapolation : projection ; conjecture
 VOCA for GMAT

□ extricate : free; disentangle

□ facile : easily accomplished
□ facilitate : help bring about
□ faction : party ; clique
□ fallacious : false ; misleading
□ fallible : liable to err
□ fallow : uncultivated
□ falter : hesitate
□ fastidious : difficult to please ; squeamish
□ fathom : comprehend ; investigate
□ fauna : animals of a period or region
□ feasible : practical
□ fecund : fertile ; fruitful
□ feeble : very weak
□ fervent : ardent ; hot
• □ feudalism : the social system that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe in which people
were given land and protection by a nobleman, and had to work and fight for him in return
□ fiasco : total failure
□ fickle : changeable ; faithless
□ fictitious : imaginary
□ fidelity : loyalty
□ figurative : not literal, but metaphorical
□ flagrant : conspicuously wicked ; blatant
□ flair : talent
□ flatter : to say nice things about sb, often in a way that is not sincere, because you want them to do sth
for you or you want to please them
□ fledgling : inexperienced
□ flippant : lacking proper seriousness
□ flora : plants of a region or era
□ flourish : prosper
□ fluctuate : waver ; shift
□ flux : flowing ; series of changes
□ foliage : the leaves of a tree
□ forage : to search for food ; rummage
□ foray : a short attempt to become involved in a different activity or profession
□ forensic : suitable to debate or courts of law
□ foreshadow : prefigure ; portend
□ forge 1) to put a lot of effort into making something successful or strong
2) to make an illegal copy of something in order to cheat people
□ forgo : give up ; do without
VOCA for GMAT

□ fortuitous : accidental ; by chance

□ foster : rear ; encourage
□ founder : fail completely ; sink
□ fragile : brittle
□ frail : weak
□ fray : brawl
□ frenzied : madly excited
□ friction : clash in opinion ; rubbing against
□ frigid : intensely cold
□ frugality : thrift ; economy
□ frustrate : thwart ; defeat
□ fundamental : basic ; primary
□ furtive : stealthy ; sneaky
□ futile : useless
□ gaffe : social blunder
□ galaxy : large, isolated system of stars, such as Milky Way
□ garner : gather ; store up
□ genesis : beginning ; origin
□ genial : kind
□ gentility : class of people just below nobility
□ genuine : authentic ; true
□ germane : pertinent ; bearing upon the case at hand
□ germinate : sprout
□ gimmick : trick
□ glacier : a large mass of ice, formed by snow on mountains, that moves very slowly down a valley
□ gloss over : explain away
□ goad : urge on ; incite
□ gradient : the degree to which the ground slopes, especially on a road or railway
□ graft : a piece cut from a living plant and fixed in a cut made in another plant, so that it grows there
□ gratify : please
□ grave : 1) tomb 2) serious
□ gregarious : sociable
□ grievance : cause of complaint
□ grotesque : strange in a way that is unpleasant or offensive
□ hamper : obstruct
□ haphazard : random ; aimless
□ haughty : arrogant
□ havoc : a situation in which there is a lot of damage, destruction or confusion
□ hazardous : dangerous
□ hedonist : one who believes that pleasure is the sole aim in life
VOCA for GMAT

□ hegemony : control by one country, organization, etc. over other countries, etc. within a particular
group
□ herbivorous : grain-eating
□ heretical : unorthodox
□ hibernate : sleep throughout the winter
□ hierarchy : arrangement by rank or standing ; pecking order
□ hinterland : the areas of a country that are away from the coast, from the banks of a large river or from
the main cities
□ hitherto : until now
□ hoard : stockpile ; accumulate for future use
□ hoary : white with age
□ homeostasis : 항상성
□ hominid : a human, or a creature that lived in the past which humans developed from
□ homogenous : of the same kind
□ hone : sharpen
□ hostility : hatred
□ humid: damp ; dank ; wet
□ hybrid : mixed breed
□ hydrophobia : rabies; fear of water
□ hypnotist : 최면학자
□ hypothalamus : 시상하부
□ hypothetical : based on assumptions
□ icon : idol
□ iconoclastic : attacking cherished traditions
□ iconography : the use or study of images or symbols in art
□ ignite : kindle ; light
□ ignominy : shame or dishonor
□ illuminate : make understandable ; elucidate ; explain
□ illusion : misleading vision
□ immaculate : spotless ; flawless
□ imminent : impending ; near at hand
□ immune : resistant to ; free or exempt from
□ immutable : unchangeable
□ impair : injure ; damage
□ impalpable : imperceptible ; intangible
□ impart : grant
□ impasse : deadlock ; predicament from which there is no escape
□ impeccable : faultless
□ impede : hinder ; block ; delay
□ impending : nearing ; imminent
VOCA for GMAT

□ imperative : urgent ; absolutely necessary

□ impervious : impenetrable ; incapable of being damaged
□ impetus : incentive ; stimulus
□ impinge : encroach ; infringe ; touch
□ implausible : unlikely
□ implement : put into effect
□ implicit : understood but not stated
□ imply : suggest a meaning not expressed
□ impregnable : invulnerable
□ impromptu : without previous preparation ; on the spur of the moment
□ improvise : compose on the spur of the moment
□ imprudent : lacking caution ; injudicious
□ impunity : freedom from punishment or harm
□ inadvertent : unintentional
□ inauspicious : ominous ; unfavorable
□ incarcerate : imprison
□ incense : enrage ; infuriate
□ inception : start
□ incessant : uninterrupted : continuous
□ incidental : not essential ; minor
□ incinerate : to burn something until it is completely destroyed
□ incipient : just beginning
□ incite : arouse to action ; goad ; motivate
□ inclement : stormy ; unkind
□ inclement : stormy ; unkind
□ inclined : tending or leaning toward ; bent
□ incompatible : inharmonious ; not able to coexist
□ increasingly : “점점더”로 해석하시면 적합함
□ increment : increase
□ inculcate : teach ; instill
□ incumbent : obligatory ; currently holding on office
□ incur : bring upon oneself
□ indelible : not able to be erased
□ indenture : bind as servant or apprentice to master
□ indict : charge
□ indigenous : native
□ indigent : needy ; poor ; destitute
□ indignation : anger at an injustice
□ indolent : lazy
□ induce : persuade ; bring about
VOCA for GMAT

□ indulgent : lenient
□ ineluctable : inevitable
□ inept : lacking skill ; incompetent
□ inequity : unfairness
□ inexorable : relentless ; unyielding
□ inextricable : too closely linked to be separated
□ infallible : unerring
□ infiltrate : pass into or through ; penetrate
□ ingenious : clever ; resourceful
□ ingrained : deeply fixed
□ inherent : firmly established by nature or habit
□ inhibit : restrain ; retard or prevent
□ inimical : hostile
□ iniquitous : wicked ; immoral
□ initiate : begin ; originate
□ innovation : change ; introduction of something new
□ inopportune : untimely
□ inordinate : unrestrained ; excessive
□ in question:대상이 되는
□ insidious : treacherous ; stealthy
□ insightful : discerning ; perceptive
□ insinuate : hint ; imply
□ insolvent : bankrupt
□ insomnia : the condition of being unable to sleep
□ instigate : urge ; start ; provoke
□ instill : introduce
□ insulated : set apart ; isolated
□ intact : whole ; undamaged
□ intangible : not able to be perceived by touch ; impalpable
□ integrity : uprightness
□ interloper : intruder ; unwanted meddler
□ interminable : endless
□ intermittent : sporadic : periodic ; on and off
□ intervene : come between
□ intimidate : frighten
□ intractable : stubborn ; unyielding
□ intricate : complex ; knotty ; tangled
□ intrinsic : essential ; inherent
□ intrude : trespass ; enter as an uninvited person
□ intuition : immediate insight
VOCA for GMAT

□ inundate : flood ; deluge ; overwhelm

□ inveterate : deep-rooted ; habitual
□ invidious : designed to create ill will or envy ; unfavorable
□ invigorate : energize
□ invulnerable : incapable of injury
□ irate : angry
□ ironic : resulting in an unexpected and contrary outcome
□ isotope : 동위원소
□ jaded : fatigued ; surfeited
□ jargon : words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or
group of people, and are difficult for others to understand
□ jeopardize : endanger ; imperil
□ judicious : sound in judgment
□ juxtapose : to put people or things together, especially in order to show a
contrast or a new relationship between them
□ kernel : central or vital part ; jaded : fatigued ; surfeited
□ knotty : intricate ; tangled
□ lactate : to produce milk from the breasts to feed a baby or young animal
□ lactic acid : 젖산 ; an acid that forms in sour milk and is also produced in
the muscles during hard exercise
□ laissez-faire : the policy of allowing private businesses to develop without
government control
□ lament : grieve ; express sorrow
□ latent : dormant ; hidden ; potential but undeveloped
□ lateral : coming from the side
□ laudable : commendable
□ lavish : generous ; extravagant ; wasteful
□ leaven : cause to rise or grow lighter
□ leery : suspicious ; cautious
□ legacy : a gift made by a will
□ legitimate : justifiable
□ lenient : permissive ; forgiving
□ lethal : fatal ; deadly
□ lethargic : drowsy ; dull
□ leukemia : 백혈병
□ levy : impose
□ liberate : set free
□ lineage : descent ; ancestry
□ lipoprotein : 지단백질
□ litigation : lawsuit
VOCA for GMAT

□ loathe : detest
□ locate : find
□ longevity : long life
□ loom : appear ; take shape
□ lucid : easily understood ; clear
□ lucrative : profitable
□ ludicrous : ridiculous ; absurd
□ luminary : celebrity
□ luminescence : a quality in something that produces light
□ luminous : shining
□ lymphocyte : a type of small white blood cell with one round nucleus,
found especially in the lymphatic system
□ magnanimous : generous
□ maim : mutilate ; injure
□ maladroit : clumsy ; bungling
□ malady : illness
□ malicious : hateful ; malevolent
□ malignant : injurious ; tending to cause death
□ malleable : capable of being shaped by pounding ; tractable
□ mammal : a vertebrate animal whose female suckles its young
□ mandatory : obligatory ; compulsory
□ manifest : verb) demonstrate, adjective) evident ; visible
□ manipulate : to operate with one’s hands
□ marital : pertaining to marriage
□ marred : damaged
□ marrow : crux
□ maternal : motherly
□ matriarch : woman who rules a family or larger social group □ meek
□ meager : scanty ; inadequate
□ mediocre : ordinary ; commonplace
□ meek ; quiet and obedient ; mild
□ membrane : thin soft sheet of animal or vegetable tissue
□ mercenary : interested in money or gain
□ mercurial : capricious ; changing ; fickle
□ merge : combine two businesses
□ metabolism : the chemical processes in living things that change food,
etc. into energy and materials for growth
□ metamorphose: transform
□ metaphysical : pertaining to speculative philosophy
□ meticulous : paying careful attention to every detail
VOCA for GMAT

□ meticulous : paying careful attention to every detail

□ migrant : changing its habitat
□ milieu : environment
□ milieu : environment
□ mimic : imitate
□ mirage : unreal reflection ; optical illusion
□ mire : entangle ; stick in swampy ground
□ miserly : stingy ; mean
□ misgivings : doubts
□ mishap : accident
□ misnomer : wrong name ; incorrect designation
□ mitigate : appease ; moderate ; diminish
□ molecule : the smallest particle of a substance, having all the properties of
that substance
□ molten : melted
□ monarchy : government under a single ruler
□ monolithic : solidly uniform ; unyielding
□ morale : the amount of confidence and enthusiasm, etc. that a person or a
group has at a particular time
□ morphology : the form and structure of animals and plants, studied as a
science
□ mount : 1) rise 2) organize
□ muddle : confuse ; mix up
□ mundane : dull ; ordinary
□ mural : wall painting
□ murky : dark and gloomy ; vague
□ muse : ponder
□ mutation : 돌연변이
□ mutinous : unruly ; rebellious
□ myopic : nearsighted ; lacking foresight
□ nadir : lowest point
□ natal : relating to the place where or the time when somebody was born
□ negate : cancel out ; nullify
□ negligence : neglect ; failure to take reasonable care
□ negligible : so small, trifling, or unimportant that it may be easily
disregarded
□ neuron : a nerve cell
□ neutral : impartial ; not supporting one side over another
□ nexus : a complicated series of connections between different things
□ nip : stop something’s growth or development
VOCA for GMAT

□ nocturnal : done at night

□ nomadic : wandering
□ nomenclature : terminology ; system of names
□ nonchalance : indifference ; lack of concern
□ nostalgia : homesickness ; longing for the past
□ notable : conspicuous ; distinguished
□ notorious : well known for being bad
□ novice : beginner
□ noxious : harmful
□ nurture : nourish ; educate ; foster
□ nutrient : nourishing substance
□ obdurate : stubborn
□ obese : very fat
□ obeisance : respect for somebody or something or willingness to obey
somebody
□ obfuscate : confuse ; muddleliterate
□ oblique : indirect ; slanting
□ obliterate : destroy completely
□ oblivion : obscurity ; forgetfulness
□ obnoxious : offensive ; objectionable
□ obscure : 1) vague ; unclear 2) make unclear
□ obsessive : preoccupying
□ obsolescent : no longer useful
□ obsolete : no longer useful ; antiquated
□ obstinate : stubborn ; hard to control
□ obstetrics : the branch of medicine concerned with the birth of children
□ obviate : prevent ; make unnecessary
□ odious : hateful ; vile
□ offhand : casual ; done without prior thought
□ olfactory : concerning the sense of smell
□ ominous : threatening ; suggesting that something bad is going to happen
in the future
□ onerous : burdensome
□ opaque : dark ; not transparent
□ opportune : timely ; well-chosen
□ optimist : person who looks on the good side
□ opulence : extreme wealth
□ ordinance : decree
□ ornate : excessively or elaborately decorated
□ ornithology : study of birds
VOCA for GMAT

□ orthodox : traditional ; generally accepted or approved of;

□ oscillate : vibrate pendulum-like ; waver
□ ostensible : apparent ; pretended
□ otherwise 1) 그렇지 않았더라면, 2) 다른 식으로
□ oust : expel ; drive out
□ outlandish : bizarre ; peculiar
□ ovation : enthusiastic applause
□ overbearing : bossy and arrogant
□ overt : open to view
□ pacify : soothe ; make calm or quiet
□ pact : agreement
□ palatable : agreeable ; pleasing to the taste
□ paleontology : 고생물학
□ pallid : pale ; wan
□ palpable : tangible ; easily perceptible
□ paltry : insignificant ; petty ; trifling
□ panacea : cure-all ; remedy for all diseases
□ pandemic : widespread ; affecting the majority of people
□ pander : cater to the low desires of others
□ paradox : something apparently contradictory in nature
□ paragon : model of perfection
□ paranoia : psychosis marked by delusions of grandeur or persecution
□ parasite : animal or plant living on another
□ parochial : narrow in outlook ; provincial
□ parry : ward off a blow ; deflect
□ parsimony : stinginess ; excessive frugality
□ partisan : one-sided ; prejudiced
□ pastoral : rural ; simple and peaceful
□ patent : an official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a
product or an invention; a document that proves this
□ pathetic : causing sadness, compassion, pity
□ pathogenic : causing disease
□ pathological : related to the study of disease
□ patriarch : father and ruler of a family or tribe
□ patron : 1) supporter 2) customer
□ paucity : scarcity ; lack
□ pecuniary : pertaining to money
□ pedagogy : teaching ; art of education
□ pedantic : showing off learning
□ pedestrian : unimaginative
VOCA for GMAT

□ penchant : strong inclination ; liking

□ penetrate : to go into or through something
□ penury : severe poverty ; stinginess
□ perennial : something that is continuing or recurrent
□ perforate : pierce ; pot a hole through
□ perfunctory : superficial ; not thorough
□ peripheral : marginal ; outer
□ perjury : false testimony while under oath
□ permeate : pervade ; pass through ; spread
□ pernicious : harmful ; noxious
□ perpetrate : commit an offence
□ perpetual : everlasting
□ persevere : persist ; endure ; strive
□ pertinent : to the point ; relevant
□ perturb : disturb greatly
□ pervade : permeate : spread throughout every part
□ perverse : stubbornly wrongheaded
□ pessimism : belief that life is basically bad or evil
□ phenomena : observable facts
□ philanthropist : lover of mankind ; doer of good
□ phlegmatic : calm ; not easily disturbed
□ phobia : morbid fear
□ physiological : pertaining to the science of the function of living
organisms
□ piety : religious devotion
□ pigment : coloring matter
□ pillage : plunder
□ pit A against B : to set against in a competition to see which is better, who
will win etc
□ pitfall : concealed trap
□ pithy : concise ; meaningful ; substantial
□ pituitary gland : 뇌하수체
□ pivotal : crucial ; vital ; very important
□ placate : pacify ; conciliate
□ placebo : harmless substance prescribed as a dummy pill
□ placid : peaceful ; calm
□ plagiarize : steal another’s ideas and pass them off as one’s own
□ plausible : 1) reasonable ; credible 2) specious
□ pliable : flexible ; adaptable
□ pliant : flexible ; easily influenced
VOCA for GMAT

□ plight : predicament
□ plumage : feathers of a bird
□ plumb : examine critically in order to understand ; measure depth
□ plume : a cloud of something that rises and curves upwards in the air
□ plummet : fall sharply
□ polarity : the situation when two tendencies, opinions, etc. oppose each
other
□ polemical : aggressive in verbal attack : disputatious
□ pore : study industriously ; scrutinize
□ portend : foretell ; presage
□ posterity : offspring ; descendant
□ postulate : posit ; underlying assumption
□ potable : suitable for drinking
□ potent : powerful ; greatly influential
□ potential : latent ; expressing possibility
□ practicable : feasible
□ pragmatic : practical ; concerned with the practical worth
□ precarious : uncertain ; risky
□ precedent : a similar action or event that happened earlier
□ precipitate : throw headlong ; hasten
□ precipitation : rain, snow, etc. that falls
□ precise : exact
□ preclude : eliminate ; make impossible
□ precocious : advanced in development
□ precursor : forerunner
□ predator : creature that seizes and devours another animal
□ predicament : tricky or dangerous situation ; dilemma
□ predominant : prevailing
□ preeminent : outstanding ; superior
□ preempt : head off ; forestall by acting first
□ premature : happening before the normal or expected time
□ prerogative : privilege
□ prescribe : stipulate
□ prestige : impression produced by achievements or reputation
□ pretext : excuse
□ prevail : triumph over
□ prevalent : widespread ; generally accepted
□ prey : target of a hunt ; victim
□ primitive : belonging to an early stage in the development of humans or
animals
VOCA for GMAT

□ primordial : existing at the beginning ; primeval

□ pristine : characteristic of earlier times ; primitive
□ probate : the official process of proving that a will (= a legal document
that says what is to happen to a person’s property when they die) is valid
□ probe : explore with tools ; investigate
□ procrastinate : postpone ; delay or put off
□ prod : poke ; stir up ; urge
□ prodigal : wasteful ; reckless with money
□ prodigious : marvelous ; wonderful
□ profligate : dissipated ; wasteful
□ profound : deep ; not superficial
□ profuse : producing in large amounts
□ progenitor : ancestor
□ progeny : children ; offspring
□ prokaryote : 원핵생물
□ proliferation : rapid growth ; spread ; multiplication
□ prolific : fertile ; fruitful
□ prolong : lengthen ; protract
□ prominent : conspicuous ; notable ; sticking out
□ promote : help to flourish ; advance in rank
□ prompt : cause ; provoke
□ promulgate : proclaim a doctrine in law ; make known by official
publication
□ prone : inclined to
□ proper : right ; appropriate
□ propitious : favorable ; advantageous
□ propound : put forth for analysis
□ prosaic : dull and unimaginative
□ prosperity : the state of being successful, especially in making money
□ protégé : person receiving protection and support from a patron
□ prototype : original work used as a model by others
□ protract : prolong
□ provisional : tentative
□ provocative : arousing anger or interest ; annoying
□ proxy : authorized agent ; something that you use to represent sth else that
you are trying to measure or calculate
□ provenance : origin ; source
□ prudent : cautious ; careful
□ prune : cut away ; trim
□ punitive : punishing
VOCA for GMAT

□ purge : remove or get rid of something unwanted

□ purport : allege ; claim ; profess
□ purvey : to supply food, services or information to people
□ purview : range ; horizon
□ pupation : to develop into a pupa
□ putative : presumed
□ quail : cower ; lose heart
□ quaint : odd ; old-fashioned
□ qualified : limited ; restricted ; conditional
□ qualms : misgivings
□ quandary : dilemma
□ quarry : dig into
□ queasy : easily nauseated ; squeamish
□ quell : extinguish ; put down
□ quintessence : purest and highest embodiment
□ quip : taunt
□ quiver : tremble ; shake
□ rabble : a large group of noisy people who are or may become violent ; mob
□ rally : call up or summon ; revive or recuperate
□ ramble : wander aimlessly (physically or mentally)
□ ramification : branching out ; complication
□ rancor : bitterness ; hatred
□ random : haphazard
□ rant : rave ; talk excitedly ; scold
□ rapport : emotional closeness ; agreement
□ rash : impulsive ; reckless
□ ratify : approve formally ; confirm ; verify
□ rationale : fundamental reason or justification
□ raucous : harsh and shrill
□ ravage : devastate
□ ravenous : extremely hungry
□ raze : destroy completely
□ realm : field or sphere
□ rebuke : scold harshly ; criticize severely
□ rebut : refute
□ recant : retract a previous statement
□ recession : withdrawal ; time of low economic activity
□ recipient : receiver
□ reciprocal : mutual ; interacting
□ recluse : hermit ; loner
VOCA for GMAT

□ reconcile : correct inconsistencies

□ recount : narrate or tell
□ recourse : resorting to help when in trouble
□ rectify : set right ; correct
□ recurrent : occurring again and again
□ redeem : to make someone or something seem less bad ; compensate for
□ redress : remedy ; compensation
□ refraction : bending of a ray or light
□ refractory : stubborn ; unmanageable
□ refrain : abstain from ; resist
□ refute : disprove
□ regeneration : renewal or restoration
□ regime : method or system of government
□ regimen : prescribed diet and habits
□ regimented : controlled
□ rehabilitate : restore to proper condition
□ reimburse : pay back ; repay
□ reinforce : buttress ; strengthen
□ reiterate : repeat
□ relevant : pertinent ; referring to the case in hand
□ relic : surviving remnant
□ relinquish : give up something with reluctance ; yield
□ reminiscence : recollection
□ remnant : remainder
□ render : make
□ rendition : the performance of something, especially a song or piece of
music; the particular way in which it is performed ; interpretation
□ renegade : deserter ; traiter
□ renounce : abandon ; disown ; repudiate
□ renown : fame
□ repeal : revoke ; annul
□ repel : drive away ; disgust
□ repertoire : list of works of music, drama, etc.
□ replenish : refill
□ replicate : reproduce ; duplicate
□ repository : storehouse
□ reprehensible : deserving blame
□ reprieve : an official order stopping a punishment, especially for a
prisoner who is condemned to death ; temporary stay
□ reproach : express disapproval or disappointment
VOCA for GMAT

□ reprove : censure ; rebuke

□ repudiate : reject ; disown ; disavow
□ repugnant : loathsome ; hateful
□ repulsion : distaste ; act of driving back
□ reputable : respectable
□ rescind : cancel ; repeal
□ resentment : indignation ; bitterness
□ reservoir : a natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it is
taken by pipes to houses, etc.
□ residue : remnant ; remainder ; balance
□ resigned : patiently submissive
□ resolution : determination
□ resolve : decide ; settle
□ resonant : echoing ; resounding
□ respire : to breathe
□ restitution : reparation ; indemnification
□ restraint : restriction
□ retain : keep ; employ
□ retard : to make the development or progress of something slower
□ retract : withdraw ; take back
□ retrench : cut down ; economize
□ retrieve : recover
□ reverent : respectful
□ revert : relapse ; turn back to
□ revoke : cancel ; retract
□ rhetoric : hyperbole ; insincere language
□ rhinovirus : 코감기바이러스
□ rift : opening ; break
□ rigorous : severe ; harsh ; demanding
□ riveting : absorbing ; engrossing
□ robust : vigorous ; strong
□ rubble : broken fragments
□ rudimentary : elementary
□ ruthless : pitiless ; cruel

□ salient : protruding ; strikingly conspicuous

□ salutary : healthful
□ salvage : rescue from loss
□ sanction : approve ; ratify
□ sanctuary : refuge ; shelter ; holy place
VOCA for GMAT

□ sanguine : cheerful ; hopeful

□ sanitation : the equipment and systems that keep places clean,
especially by removing human waste
□ satellite : small body revolving around a large one
□ satiate : satisfy fully
□ saturate : soak thoroughly
□ scanty : meager ; insufficient
□ scapegoat : someone who bears the blame for others
□ scavenge : hunt through discarded materials for usable items
□ scour : to search a place or thing thoroughly in order to find somebody
or something ; comb
□ scrupulous : conscientious ; extremely thorough
□ scrutinize : examine closely and critically ; probe
□ scurrilous : vulgar ; coarse
□ scurry : move briskly
□ seasoned : experienced
□ secession : withdrawal
□ seclusion : isolation ; solitude
□ secrete : hide away ; produce and release a substance into an organism
□ secular : worldly ; not pertaining to church matters
□ sedate : calm and composed
□ sedentary : in which you spend a lot of time sitting down ; inactive
□ seduce : entice
□ seep : ooze ; trickle
□ seethe : be disturbed ; fume
□ seismic : pertaining to earthquakes
□ seminal : very important and having a strong influence on later
developments ; original
□ sequester : isolate ; segregate ; seclude
□ serendipity : accidental good fortune or luck
□ serotonin : a chemical in the brain that affects how messages are sent from the brain to the body, and
also affects how a person feels
□ sever : cut ; separate
□ severity : harshness ; intensity
□ shackle : chain ; fetter
□ sham : pretend
□ shortcoming : defect
□ shortcut : a quicker or shorter way of getting to a place
□ shrewd : clever ; astute
□ shroud : hide from view ; wrap for burial
VOCA for GMAT

□ shun : keep away from ; eschew ; avoid

□ sibling : brother or sister
□ sickle : a tool with a curved blade and a short handle, used for cutting
grass, etc
□ simile : comparison of one thing with another, using the word like or as
□ singular : unique ; extraordinary
□ sinister : evil ; conveying a sense of ill omen
□ skeptical : incredulous ; distrustful
□ skirmish : minor fight
□ slacken : slow up ; loosen
□ slander : defamation ; utterance of false and malicious statements
□ sleight : dexterity
□ slothful : lazy
□ slovenly : untidy ; careless in work habits
□ sluggish : slow ; lazy ; lethargic
□ smite : to hit someone or something hard
□ smolder : burn without flame
□ snag : a problem or difficulty, especially one that is small, hidden or
unexpected
□ soar : rocket ; jump
□ sojourn : temporary stay
□ solemnity : seriousness ; gravity
□ solicit : request earnestly ; seek
□ soliloquy : talking to oneself
□ solitude : state of being alone ; seclusion
□ soluble : able to be dissolved
□ solvent : able to pay all debts
□ somber : gloomy ; depressing
□ sophisticated : world-wise and urbane
□ sordid : vile ; filthy ; wretched ; mean
□ sovereign : self-governing
□ sparse : thinly scattered ; scanty
□ spat : squabble ; minor dispute
□ spate : a large number or amount
□ spatial : relating to space
□ spawn : lay eggs
□ specious : spurious ; misleading
□ specter : ghost
□ spendthrift : someone who wastes money
□ spew : to flow out quickly ; vomit
VOCA for GMAT

□ spontaneous : impromptu ; impulsive

□ sporadic : happening only occasionally or at intervals that are not
regular ; intermittent
□ spurious : false ; counterfeit ; forged
□ spontaneous : impromptu ; impulsive
□ spurn : reject ; scorn
□ squabble : minor quarrel ; bickering
□ squander : waste
□ stagnant : motionless ; stale ; dull
□ stalemate : deadlock
□ static : unchanging ; lacking development
□ statue : a figure of a person or an animal in stone, metal, etc., usually
the same size as in real life or larger
□ stature : the importance and respect that a person has because of their
ability and achievements
□ statute : law enacted by the legislature
□ steadfast : loyal ; unswerving
□ stealth : sneakiness ; secretiveness
□ steep : rising or falling quickly, not gradually
□ stellar : pertaining to the stars
□ stem 1) stalk 2) curb 3) stem from=originate from=result from
□ stereotype : a fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular
type of person or thing, but which is often not true in reality
□ stifle : suppress ; inhibit
□ stigma : token of disgrace
□ stint : allotted amount ; assigned portion of work
□ stipulate : specify
□ stoke : stir up a fire
□ stratum : layer of earth’s surface
□ stricture : restriction
□ stringent : severe ; rigid ; constricted
□ stultify : cause to appear or become stupid ; frustrate or hinder
□ stymie : present an obstacle ; foil
□ subdue : to bring somebody or something under control, especially by
using force ; suppress
□ sublime : exalted or noble and uplifting
□ submissive : yielding ; timid
□ subordinate : inferior ; submissive
□ subsequent : following ; later
□ subside : settle down ; descend
VOCA for GMAT

□ subsidy : direct financial aid by government, etc.

□ substantial : considerable
□ substantiate : validate ; verify
□ subtle : not very noticeable or obvious ; perceptive
□ subvert : undermine
□ succinct : brief ; terse ; compact
□ succulent : juicy ; full of richness
□ succumb : yield ; give in
□ suffrage : franchise ; right of voting
□ summit : utmost height or pinnacle ; highest point
□ supercilious : arrogant ; condescending ; patronizing
□ superficial : trivial ; shallow
□ superfluous : unnecessary ; excessive ; overabundant
□ supersede : replace ; make obsolete
□ supine : lying flat on your back ; inactive
□ supplant : replace ; usurp
□ supple : flexible ; pliant
□ supplicate : petition humbly ; plead ; implore
□ supposition : hypothesis ; the act of supposing
□ suppress : stifle ; overwhelm ; subdue ; inhibit
□ surfeit : excess ; indulge to excess in anything
□ surge : to move quickly and with force in a particular direction
□ surmise : guess ; imagine
□ surmount : overcome
□ surpass : exceed
□ surplus : an amount that is extra or more than you need
(opp) deficit
□ surrogate : substitute
□ surveillance : watching ; guarding
□ susceptible : easily influenced ; receptive to
□ sustain : support ; nourish
□ swarm : dense moving crowd
□ swerve : deviate ; turn aside sharply
□ symmetry : arrangement of parts so that balance is obtained
□ synthetic : artificial ; man-made
□ synthesis : combing parts into a whole
□ tacit : understood ; not put into words
□ taciturn : habitually silent
□ tactile : pertaining to the organs or sense of touch
□ taint : contaminate ; cause to lose purity
VOCA for GMAT

□ tangential : peripheral ; only slightly connected

□ tangible : able to be touched ; palpable
□ tantalize : tease ; torture with disappointment
□ tantamount : equivalent in effect or value
□ tedious : boring ; tiring
□ temperament : disposition ; characteristic frame of mind
□ temperance : the practice of controlling your behavior, the amount you
eat, etc., so that it is always reasonable ; moderation
□ temperate : restrained ; self-controlled
□ temporary : lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time ;
temporal
□ tenacious : holding fast ; persistent
□ tenet : doctrine ; dogma
□ tentacle : 촉수
□ tentative : unsettled ; hesitant
□ tenuous : thin ; rare ; slim
□ tenure : holding of an office
□ tepid : lukewarm
□ termination : end
□ terrestrial : 1) earthly 2) pertaining to the land
□ terse : concise ; pithy
□ “the 명사 of ~ing(or 의문사)”형태에서 of는 동격의 역할이 되면서
“즉”이라고 해석하면 해석이 자연스럽다.
□ theoretical : not practical or applied ; hypothetical
□ thermal : pertaining to heat
□ threadbare : old and thin because it has been used a lot
□ thrifty : economical
□ thrive : prosper ; flourish
□ throng : crowd
□ thwart : prevent ; frustrate
□ timid : cowardly ; coy
□ topography : physical features of a region
□ topple : to become unsteady and fall down ; overthrow
□ torpid : inactive
□ torrent : rushing stream ; flood
□ tout : to try to persuade people that something is important or valuable
by praising it excessively
□ toxic : poisonous
□ tract : 1) region of land 2) pamphlet
□ tractable : docile ; easily managed
VOCA for GMAT

□ traitor : a person who gives away secrets about their friends, their
country, etc. ; renegade
□ tranquil : calm ; peaceful
□ transcendent : surpassing ; exceeding ordinary limits
□ transcribe : copy
□ transgress : to go beyond the limit of what is morally or legally
acceptable
□ transient : momentary ; temporary
□ transition : going from one state to another
□ transitory : fleeting
□ translucent : partly transparent
□ transparent : easily detected ; permitting light to pass through freely
□ travail : painful physical or mental labor ; drudgery ; torment
□ treatise : article treating a subject systematically and thoroughly
□ trenchant : forceful and vigorous ; effectual
□ trespass : unlawfully enter the boundaries of someone else’s property
□ tribute : 1) tax levied by a ruler 2) mark of respect
□ trifling : trivial ; unimportant
□ trichotomy : 3분법
□ trigger : set off ;
□ trite : hackneyed ; commonplace
□ trivial : trifling ; unimportant
□ trough : container for feeding farm animals ; lowest point
□ truncate : cut the top off
□ tumor : 종양
□ turbulence : state of violent agitation
□ turmoil : great commotion and confusion
□ tyrannical : dictatorial ; autocratic
□ ubiquitous : omnipresent ; being everywhere
□ ultimate : final
□ unanimous : in complete agreement ; accordant
□ unassailable : not open to attack
□ unbridled : violent
□ uncanny : strange ; mysterious
□ underlying : fundamental
□ undermine : weaken ; sap
□ underscore : emphasize
□ unearth : dig up
□ unequivocal : unambiguous ; obvious
□ unerringly : infallibly
VOCA for GMAT

□ unfathomable : incomprehensible ; impenetrable

□ unfortunately:아쉽게도
□ ungainly : awkward ; clumsy
□ unique : single in kind
□ unique : single in kind
□ universal : characterizing or affecting all
□ unpalatable : distasteful ; disagreeable
□ unprecedented : unparalleled ; novel
□ unravel : disentangle ; solve
□ untangle : disentangle
□ untenable : indefensible
□ unwarranted : unjustified ; groundless
□ unwieldy : cumbersome
□ unwitting : unintentional ; unaware
□ upshot : outcome
□ urbane : refined ; elegant
□ usurp : seize another’s power or rank
□ vacillate : waver ; fluctuate
□ vacuous : empty
□ vagrant : homeless wanderer
□ vague : not clear in one’s mind
□ valid : logically convincing ; sound
□ validate : confirm ; ratify
□ vanguard : forefront of a movement
□ vantage : position giving an advantage
□ vaporize : turn into vapor
□ veer : change in direction
□ vehement : forceful ; intensely emotional
□ velocity : speed
□ venerable : deserving high respect
□ venerate : revere
□ vengeance : the act of punishing or harming somebody in return for
what they have done to you, your family or friends
□ venom : poison ; hatred
□ vent : a small opening ; outlet
□ ventilate : to allow fresh air to enter and move around a room, building,
etc.
□ veracity : truthfulness
□ verbose : wordy ; long-winded
□ verge : border ; edge
VOCA for GMAT

□ versatile : having many talents ; capable of working in many fields

□ vestige : trace ; remains
□ vex : annoy ; distress
□ vie : contend ; compete
□ vigilant : watchful
□ vigor : active strength
□ vindicate : justify ; exonerate
□ vindictive : out of revenge ; malicious
□ virtual : almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any slight
difference is not important
□ virtue : goodness, moral excellence
□ virulent : extremely poisonous ; hostile
□ virus : disease communicator
□ visceral : felt in one’s inner organs
□ viscous : sticky ; gluey
□ visionary : produced by imagination ; fanciful
□ vital : vibrant and lively ; pivotal ; very important
□ vociferous : clamorous ; noisy
□ vogue : popular fashion
□ volatile : changeable ; explosive
□ voluble : fluent ; glib ; talkative
□ voracious : ravenous
□ vortex : whirlwind ; whirlpool
□ vulnerable : susceptible to wounds ; exposed
□ waffle : speak equivocally about an issue
□ waive : give up a claim or right voluntarily ; refrain from enforcing
□ wake : trail of ship or other object through water ; path of something
that has gone before
□ wallow : roll in ; indulge in ; become helpless
□ wane : decrease in size or strength
□ warrant : justify ; authorize
□ wary : very cautious
□ watershed : crucial dividing point
□ wax : increase
□ wean : accustom a baby to not nurse ; give up a cherished activity
□ weather : endure the effects of weather or other forces
□ wheedle : cajole ; coax ; deceive by flattery
□ whimsical : capricious ; fanciful
□ white dwarf : 백색왜성
□ willful : intentional ; headstrong
VOCA for GMAT

□ wince : shrink back ; flinch

□ windfall : unexpected lucky event ; bonanza
□ winnow : sift ; separate good parts from bad
□ wistful : vaguely longing ; sadly thoughtful
□ withdraw : to move back or away from a place or situation
□ withhold : refuse to give ; hold back
□ withstand : stand up against ; successfully resist
□ woe : deep, inconsolable grief ; affliction
□ wrath : anger ; fury
□ wrench : pull ; strain ;twist
□ wrenching : painful
□ wry : twisted ; with a humorous twist
□ xenophobia : fear or hatred of foreigners
□ yield : 1) give in ; surrender 2) crop ; amount produced
□ yore : time past
□ zeal : eager enthusiasm
□ zealot : fanatic ; person who shows excessive zeal
□ zenith : summit ; point directly overhead in the sky