Reaction Reactants  

Products Conditions Mechanism Other

ALKANES            
Combustion(+02)  Alkane + Sufficient oxygen →  Carbon Dioxide + Water      exothermic
  Alkane + Insufficient oxygen  →  Carbon Monoxide + Water      
Homolytic fission ( in
 Reaction with halogens  Alkane + Halogen  → Halogenoalkane + Hydrogen Halide  UV light  covalent bond of  
halogen) 

Initiation:  
Cl2 → 2Cl*
Propagation:
CH4 + Cl* →  CH3* + HCl
CH3* + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Cl*
   Homolytic fission
Free Radical Substitution Termination:  
UV light Free radical substitution
CH3* + CH3* → C2H6
CH3* + Cl* → CH3Cl
Cl* + Cl* → Cl2
Desired Reaction:
Cl2 + CH4 → CH3Cl + HCl

 ALKENES            
 Sootier flame
 Combustion  Alkene + Oxygen  →  Carbon Dioxide + Water    
(C:H)
150° Nickel Free Radical Reduction/
catalyst Electrophilic Addition
 +Hydrogen  Alkene + Hydrogen  →  Alkane  
R.T. Platinum Hydrogenation or
catalyst  Reduction
 +Hydrogen Halides  Alkene + Hydrogen Halide  → Halogenoalkane  Room Temp.  Electrophilic Addition  Fastest H-I
Ionisation-
 +Halogens  Alkene + Halogen  → Dihalogenoalkane  Room Temp.  Electrophilic Addition bromine water
decolourises
 +Potassium Manganate Ionisation-purple
 Alkene + [O] + H2O  → Diol  Room Temp.  Oxidation
KMnO4 to colourless
+Conc. Sulphuric Acid Room Temp.
 Alkene + conc. H2SO4  →  Alcohol  Hydrolysis  
H2SO4 Water
n(monomer)   →  Polymer High Temp.  Addition Polymerisation Sometimes
Initiation: Initiator - peroxide ROOR High Pressure Free Radical Addition branching
R-O-O-R → 2RO* occurs, as the
Propagation: F.R. attacks
Polymerisation Reactions
RO* + C=CH2 → ROCH2-CH2* carbons further
ROCH2CH2* + C=H2 → ROCH2CH2CH2CH2* along the chain 
Termination:
2 ROCH2CH2CH2CH2* → RO(CH2)8OR
HALOGENOALKANES            
 +water H2O 2° or 3° Halogenoalkane + H2O  →  2° or 3° Alcohol + hydrogen Halide    Nucleophilic substitution Hydrolysis
:OH- replaces Br
Hydrolysis, rate:
 Reflux  Nucleophilic Substitution
 +Aqueous Alkali (:OH-) 1° Halogenoalkane + NaOH  →  1° Alcohol + Sodium Halide I>Br>Cl>F
Aqueous Solution -
of :OH on halide
C-I weakest
 Reflux  Nucleophilic Substitution
+Potassium Cyanide  Halogenoalkane + KCn  →  Nitrile + Potassium Halide  Increases C by 1
Ethanol Solvent by :C≡N+
Ethanol Solvent
 Halogenoalkane + Ammonia  →  Amine + Ammonium Halide Room Temp.  Nucleophilic Substitution
+Ammonia NH3 CH3CH2CH2Cl + NH3 → CH3CH2CH2NH2 + NH4Cl  
1-chloropropane + ammonia 1-aminopropane + ammoniumchoride Excess Conc.NH3 by :NH3
→
Sealed Tube
+Ethanolic Alkali (KOH in Ethanol
Halogenoalkane + KOH  →  Alkene + Water + Potassium Halide  Elimination reaction  
ethanol) Reflux
Preparation of  Alcohol + Acid  →  Halogenoalkane + Water
   Nucleophilic Substitution  
Halogenoalkanes (CH3)2COHCH3 + HCl → (CH3)2CClCH3 + H2O
 ALCOHOLS            
 Preparation of Alcohols  Carbohydrate → Glucose  →  Ethanol + CO2 Yeast  Fermentation  
Conc.H2SO4
   Alkene + Water  →  Alcohol   Cleaner product
Heat under reflux
 Oxidation  Primary Alcohol + [O]  →  Aldehyde + Water K2Cr2O7/H2SO4   Chromium
Distillation-Heat and reduced as
Distill off product as it alcohol is
forms
oxidized. Orange
 to Green
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
   Primary Alcohol →  Carboxylic Acid + Water    
Reflux-Heat under
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
 Secondary Alcohol  → Ketone + Water    
Reflux-Heat under
Alcohol + conc.Phosphoric Acid → Alkene + Water 3° alcohol easily
Dehydration Heat Elimination
H3PO4 hydrated
Alcohol + Sodium → Sodiumalkoxide + Hydrogen
Reaction with Sodium   Substitution Effervescence
2CH2H5OH + 2Na   2C2H5O-Na+ + H2
Reaction with Carboxylic  → Conc.H2SO4
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid  Ester + Water    
Acids ← Reflux-Heat under
Test for Oh
group- Steamy
Alcohol +  → Chloroalkane + Hydrogen Chloride +
Halogenation acidic fumes,
Phosphoruspentachloride Phosphorous Oxychloride Room Temp.
Nucleophilic Substitution damp blue litmus
Dry
Chlorination turns red, add
C3H7OH + PCl5 → C3H7Cl + HCl + POCl3
NH3-white ppt. Of
NH4Cl
 Alcohol + Potassium Bromide → Bromoalkane + Water
+ conc. Sulphuric Acid

Bromination KBr + H2SO4 → HBr + KHSO4 made in situ Reflux-Heat under Nucleophilic Substitution  

C2H5OH+ HBr → C2H5Br + H2O

Alcohol + Red Phosphorus +  →  Iodoalkane + Phosphorous (III) Acid

Iodine
Damp conditions
Iodination  Nucleophilic Substitution  
2P(s) + 3I2(s) → 2PI3 made in situ ,damp Warm

PI3 + 3C2H5OH → 3C2H5I + H3PO3