Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MAWTS-1
STUDENT HANDOUT
UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO
CHAPTER ONE
AIR RECONNAISSANCE
Lesson Purpose:
References:
I. Introduction
A. Historical Overview
1. Throughout the history of armed conflict, opposing forces have sought to control the
high ground for better observation and fields of fire. With the advent of the aircraft,
commanders could obtain surveillance of the enemy without necessarily paying the
price for taking the key terrain. With the outbreak of World War I, aircraft were
designed and employed solely for reconnaissance. The air engagements that
occurred between pilots and observers were waged with pistols, carbines, hand
grenades and even shotguns. Although the airplane had many early successes as a
reconnaissance asset, ground forces generally placed more emphasis on cavalry
patrols for their intelligence.
On Tenedos, an airfield 800 yards long had been constructed with the aid of Greek
workmen who uprooted a vineyard and, with oil drums filled with cement, rolled the
ground moderately flat. From the island, the Gallipoli peninsula could be clearly
seen, but Cape Helles was seventeen and a half miles away, and Gaba Tepe, where
the Australians and New Zealanders were to land, was thirty-one miles away - a
formidable distance for even for an aircraft in those days.
1-1
a. Tinian. One of the more successful Pacific campaigns of World War II was
the conquest of Tinian. Major General Harry Schmidt was of the opinion that
photographic reconnaissance, "left nothing to be desired". The
reconnaissance effort included seven dedicated air photo missions, which
were flown by various Army Air Corps and Naval units. From these, excellent
mosaic maps of the entire island were constructed and distributed to all
echelons down to battalion commanders. In the Fourth Marine Division, not
only the Commanding General and his staff, but also all battalion
commanders and some company commanders made several flights over the
island in order to familiarize themselves with the terrain on which they would
have to fight. Based on air photos, the intelligence section estimated the
enemy troop strength to be 11,350. (Within 550 of the actual number of
Japanese on the island). Air reconnaissance greatly reduced unknown risks
for the Tinian operation.
b. Normandy. One of the great concerns prior to Operation Overlord was the
possibility of the German army reinforcing the beaches at Normandy. Due to
recent technology breakthroughs, night photography under huge strobe lights
was made available. A reconnaissance mission determined that the
Germans were ill prepared for an attack at Normandy on the night prior to the
invasion and thereby reduced the unknown risks of the operation. The tactics
associated with air reconnaissance progressed tremendously during World
War II. Early in the war, reconnaissance aircraft were slow but very stable
photography platforms. These aircraft often went unarmed and unescorted.
Needless to say, many were lost due to enemy action. Later in the war, faster
and better armed aircraft were utilized such as the P-38 and the P-51.
c. Vietnam. As aircraft evolved into the jet age, air reconnaissance capabilities
also increased. In February 1963, the Marine Corps acquired the first 9 of
what would eventually amount to a fleet of 46 RF-4Bs, a photographic
reconnaissance version of the basic F-4 Phantom. Radar imaging was used
as well as the ability to image areas at night with new infrared technology.
Electronic and unmanned reconnaissance also evolved during this time.
Numerous unmanned vehicles were used during the Vietnam War for high-
risk missions over North Vietnam and China.
d. Operation Iraqi Freedom. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, EA-6B, F/A-18D,
AH-1, and AV-8Bs with Litening II pods were invaluable to the MAGTF
commander for the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance they
provided. Their multi-spectral, all weather capabilities gave the Iraqi regime
nowhere to hide and were critical in the swift and unchallenged destruction of
over five Iraqi Divisions. Imagery was not only used for identification but was
also used for precision targeting with laser and satellite guided bombs. When
used in concert with the variety of Joint and National systems available, the
ISR effort of these Air Reconnaissance platforms raised both the
commander’s and warfighter’s situational awareness to an unprecedented
level.
II. Body
1-2
1. Simply stated, when a commander commits his Marines to battle, he does so
with risks. The purpose of reconnaissance is to reduce the commander's
unknown risks. An aviators’ ability to observe the battlefield and report in near-
real time gives the MAGTF commander a multi-dimensional capability. The ACE
can view the entire area of operations in depth. This facilitates the early
identification of enemy activities that are essential to the MAGTF’s success. Air
reconnaissance can be broken down into two basic categories.
B. Current Platforms
a. Pioneer Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). The Pioneer is currently the only
UAS the MAGTF operates and is the only organic imagery platform that is
dedicated solely to reconnaissance. The mission of the UAS squadron (VMU)
is to conduct day and night UAS operations in support of the MAGTF. The
Pioneer is assigned to the VMU squadron in MACG-38 (3d MAW), and MACG-
28 (2d MAW). Pioneer is capable of reconnaissance, surveillance, and target
acquisition (RSTA) at altitudes of up to 15,000 feet. The UAS is employed to
detect, recognize, identify, and locate targets in support of the MAGTF; assist
in the adjustment of indirect fire weapons; conduct real-time reconnaissance,
surveillance, and intelligence collection; provide support for rear area security;
assist in search and rescue (SAR), helicopter route and landing zone
reconnaissance, and BHA / BDA. Although a highly capable system, the USV
does have some limitations that include cross-winds exceeding 10 knots, 100
nautical max range, and line-of-sight transmission limitations.
b. RQ-1 Predator. The RQ-1A Predator is a long endurance, medium altitude
unmanned aircraft system for surveillance and reconnaissance missions. It is a
Joint Forces Air Component Commander-owned theater asset for
reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition in support of the Joint
Force Commander. Surveillance imagery from electro-optical, video cameras,
and a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) can be distributed in real time both to the
front line soldier and to the operational commander or worldwide in real time via
satellite communication links. A typical Predator system configuration would
include four aircraft, one ground control system and one Trojan Spirit II data
distribution terminal. The system operates at an altitude of 25,000 ft and at a
range of 500 nautical miles. The endurance of the air vehicle is more than 24
1-3
hours and the cruise speed is over 70 knots. The air vehicle is equipped with
UHF and VHF radio relay links, a C-band line-of-sight data link which has a
range of 150 nautical miles and UHF and Ku-band satellite data links.
c. RQ-4 Global Hawk. The Global Hawk program provides real-time electronic
imagery of large geographic areas. The UAV flies autonomously at high
altitudes over long distances and remains on station for prolonged periods of
time. It carries a payload of synthetic aperture radar, infrared and electro-
optical sensors linked electronically through a worldwide satellite
communications system to its ground control and information processing
station. The plane will be able to obtain high resolution imagery in near real
time, through adverse weather, day or night. Optimized for low-to-moderate
threat conditions, the Global Hawk can accomplish long endurance
reconnaissance missions where range, endurance and persistent coverage are
paramount. The Global Hawk system will be able to survey, in one day, an area
equivalent to the state of Illinois (40,000 square nautical miles), while providing
imagery with a three-foot resolution. Alternatively, the system can provide more
detailed (one-foot resolution), 'spot' images if needed. For a typical mission, the
Global Hawk system can fly to a target area 3,000 nautical miles away, and
stay airborne for 24 hours collecting data before returning while flying at
altitudes up to 65,000 feet.
2. Organic Aircraft.
b. AH-1W Night Targeting System (NTS). The NTS on the AH-1W provides
significant tactical reconnaissance capabilities to the MAGTF. Day optics
allow for TV recording with up to a 34x magnification, while the FLIR gives
nightline capability with up to 25x magnification. The NTS enhances the AH-
1W's warfighting capability by adding FLIR sensor, CCD TV sensor, Laser
Designator / Rangefinder, Automatic Target Tracking and FLIR, and CCD TV
video recording.
c. AV-8B / Litening II. Targeting pods organic to tactical aircraft provide a
significant tactical reconnaissance capability to the MAGTF for both day and
night operations. The Litening II contains a high-resolution, forward-looking
1-4
infrared sensor (FLIR) that displays an infrared image of the target to the pilot.
It has a wide field of view search capability and a narrow field of view
acquisition / targeting capability of tactical targets. The pod contains a charged
coupled device (CCD-TV) camera used to obtain target imagery in the visible
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The pod is equipped with a laser
designator for precise delivery of laser-guided munitions. The targeting pod
includes an automatic target tracker to provide fully automatic stabilized target
tracking at altitudes, airspeeds and slant ranges consistent with tactical
weapon delivery maneuvers. These features simplify the functions of target
detection and recognition, and permit pilots of single-seat fighters to attack
targets with precision-guided weapons on a single pass.
d. FA-18D (Reconnaissance Capable). The F/A-18D (RC) is equipped with the
Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System (ATARS) and the Radar
Upgrade (RUG) Phase II with synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The F/A-18D
(RC) is a land based all weather multi-spectral imagery collector. Currently four
FA-18D (RC) aircraft per F/A-18D squadron are configured for tactical
reconnaissance. Although reconnaissance is not the primary mission of these
aircraft, the F/A-18D (RC) is capable of both Dedicated and Integrated
reconnaissance roles due to the multi-mission capabilities of the F/A-18. Once
imagery is collected, datalink configured ATARS aircraft can transmit near real
time imagery to specially equipped ground stations. These stations include the
Marine Corps’ Tactical Exploitation Group (TEG) and ships equipped with the
Joint Services Imagery Processing System – Navy (JSIPS-N).
e. Hand-held Cameras. The most available imagery collection system is the hand-
held camera carried by any airborne platform. As the least expensive and most
responsive collection system, the hand-held camera is a lucrative source of
intelligence. The primary advantage of the hand-held camera is its low cost and
ease of use for the operator. Digital camera technology and high bandwidth
communication systems have made handheld cameras a viable imagery
source that will be used extensively in the foreseeable future.
3. Joint Aircraft.
1-5
JTENS Manual and the DARO MARPP provide additional details on the U-2
system.
d. RC-7 ARL. The RC-7 Airborne Reconnaissance Low (ARL) is a cost effective
and versatile multi-function, day / night, all-weather airborne reconnaissance
system. This U.S. Army system provides tactical commanders with near-real
time airborne COMINT and IMINT collection and designated area surveillance.
The system is self-deployable and self-sustaining for 7-10 days in forward
areas to provide an immediate down link to commander and warfighter and
disseminate intelligence products to host nations and other allied forces. ARL
is capable of supporting operations in low to medium intensity-level conflicts.
The RC-7 ARL is a modified DeHavilland fixed-wing aircraft. Intelligence
collected on ARL can be analyzed and recorded on the workstations in real-
time or stored on board for post mission processing.
e. EP-3 SSIP. The EP-3 provides over-the-horizon SIGINT collection for Navy
Fleet and Joint commanders. It performs near real time I&W and targeting
missions in support of naval/joint task forces. It is designed to provide
intelligence, targeting BDA, especially in areas beyond the range of carrier-
based assets. The EP-3 is a standoff platform. Its worldwide access,
responsiveness, and low profile can be attributed to its ability to deploy
without the need for dedicated, conspicuous ground support. The Navy uses
the EP-3 as an electronic warfare asset to support tactical commanders in
exploiting threat communications (COMINT) and non-communications
(ELINT) emitters. The system also accepts tasking from the National Security
Agency (NSA) to be conducted in conjunction with operational requirements.
g. E-3 AWACS.. The E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) is an
airborne early warning (AEW), command and control aircraft. It is designed to
provide highly mobile, flexible and survivable wide area surveillance and
control capability and to overcome the inherent limitations of ground based
radar systems. AWACS is a U.S. Air Force system that provides the air
component commander (ACC) with tactical battle management in an
operating area. There is no ground / surface system to receive, process,
exploit, or communicate intelligence information. All AWACS mission
1-6
functions involving surveillance and reconnaissance are performed on the
aircraft.
C. Tasking Process.
1. Request Process
1-7
• DIA, NSA, CIA or other national agency reference publications and
instructions.
• SOPs for all MAGTF intelligence and reconnaissance units.
(2) JTAR/SR - This form is prioritized by the G/S-2 and passed to the
ACE Headquarters. TACC Future Operations Section assigns the mission via
the air tasking order. The JTAR/SR will then be forwarded to the squadron.
III. Summary
Intelligence will continue to drive operations during wartime. As Winston Churchill wisely
1-8
said, "However absorbed a commander may be in the elaboration of his own thoughts, it is
sometimes necessary to take the enemy into account."
1-9
THIS PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT BLANK
1-10
CHAPTER ONE – POST TEST
AIR RECONNAISSANCE
2. What is the only MAGTF asset that performs air reconnaissance as its primary
mission? ________________________________________
1-11
CHAPTER TWO
ANTI-AIR WARFARE
Lesson Purpose:
Reference(s):
(a) Joint Pub 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
I. Introduction
A. From WWI to the present, anti-air warfare (AAW) has been an integral part
of Marine Aviation and an essential ingredient to success. Historically this
function has been required with varying degrees of intensity depending
upon the extent and nature of the enemy air threat. Marine forces have
not had to actively counter a meaningful enemy air threat since WWII.
Today, however, the sophistication and magnitude of anti-air weapons
systems available to even third world countries pose a serious threat to
any mission we may be assigned. With this in mind we must understand
the function of AAW so that we can apply it against all potential threats.
To do this we will try to answer the following questions:
- What is AAW?
2-1
II. Body
B. There are two general types of AAW: Offensive AAW (OAAW) and air
defense. OAAW constitutes operations conducted against enemy air or
air defense systems before they can launch or assume an attacking role.
OAAW operations in or near the objective area consist mainly of air
attacks to destroy or neutralize hostile aircraft, airfields, radars, air
defense systems, and supporting areas. Air defense consists of defensive
measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to
nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such an attack (Joint Pub 1-02). Air
defense can be further broken down into two categories: active air
defense and passive air defense.
2. Passive air defense constitutes all measures, other than active air
defense, taken to minimize the effects of hostile air action. These
measures include the use of cover, concealment, camouflage,
deception, dispersion, and protective construction.
2-2
- Air strikes on enemy airfields to destroy or damage aircraft,
facilities, and logistic support.
2-3
c. The use of aircraft onboard countermeasures and maneuvers.
F. The Principles of AAW. The principles, which have evolved from years of
experience, are: destruction in depth, mutual support, and centralized
command and decentralized control. The application of these principles is
necessary to achieve and preserve air superiority.
2-4
The outward edge or boundary of the vital area is always the
reference point in applying destruction-in-depth principles. There
may be one or more vital areas, depending on the scope of the
operation. The probable method of air delivery, the anticipated
weapons to be used by the enemy, and an overall standoff range
by which enemy air attacks must be destroyed are examined in
determining and designating the vital area. The vital area
corresponds with designated Air Defense priorities.
2-5
approach may be used beyond the vital area or surrounding
installations to further supplement surveillance coverage. The
surveillance area must be large enough to provide maximum
reaction time and a maximum number of engagements and
destruction with minimum penetration of the vital area.
2-6
4. Over the years, equipment and procedures have evolved to ensure
that the required degree of air superiority can be attained. The Marine
Air Command and Control System (MACCS) is capable of integrating
all AAW assets into an effective air defense system. It permits
centralized coordination and supervision of air operations at the
highest level, but also has the flexibility to permit decentralized control
by subordinate agencies so that immediate threats can be engaged.
III. Summary
2-7
CHAPTER TWO – POST TEST
3. Passive air defense constitutes all measures other than active air
defense, which include what.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2-8
CHAPTER THREE
ASSAULT SUPPORT
Lesson Purpose:
To acquaint the reader with the function of assault support, and examine the missions,
tasks and considerations for employment of each assault support asset.
Reference(s):
(f) NAVMC DIR 3500.14 Aviation Training and Readiness Program Manual
I. Introduction
A. Assault support provides the MAGTF commander the ability to concentrate his
strength against selected enemy weaknesses using speed and surprise. It
provides operational and tactical mobility as well as logistics support to the
MAGTF. The MAGTF commander bases his decision about the extent and use
of assault support on the following METT-T considerations:
The MAGTF commander uses assault support to focus combat power at the
decisive place and time to achieve local combat superiority. Using assault
support, the commander can rapidly concentrate forces or redeploy those forces
as necessary. It allows him to apply and sustain combat power and strike the
enemy where he is unprepared. This function comprises those actions required
for the airlift of personnel, supplies and equipment into or within the battle area
by helicopters, tiltrotors, or fixed-wing aircraft. These are the general categories
of assault support:
3-1
2. Air Delivery
3. Aerial Refueling
4. Air Evacuation
II. Body
b. Tasks
3-2
(2) Conduct sea and air deployment operations.
- Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from advanced
bases, expeditionary airfields, Forward Operating Bases (FOBs),
and naval shipping
b. Tasks
b. Tasks
3-5
(d) Conduct amphibious assault and raid operations.
- Provide armed escort for airborne and surface forces
B. Fixed Wing Missions and Tasks. Fixed wing operations contribute to the
support of the MAGTF in a manner similar to helicopters. Fixed wing aircraft are
employed to deliver troops, equipment and supplies to areas beyond the range
and lift capacity of the helicopter. They also provide medical evacuation,
airborne command and control, illumination and in-flight refueling.
3-6
T/O to be deployed in 2 six aircraft detachments or as an entire squadron in
support of the MAGTF.
2. Tasks
c. Provide assault air transport for air landed troops, supplies and
equipment.
f. Within the capability of the aircraft, operate under daylight, all weather
conditions, with or without airborne, surface or ground controllers.
C. Tiltrotor Missions and Tasks. Tiltrotor operations contribute to the support of the
MAGTF in a manner similar to helicopters. Tiltrotor aircraft will be employed to
deliver troops, equipment and supplies to areas beyond the range and lift
capacity of the helicopter. While tiltrotor aircraft are not yet fully operational, they
will eventually replace the CH-46 as the medium lift capability for the Marine
Corps.
2. Tasks
3-7
(c) Conduct sea and air deployment operations.
- Maintain the capability to self deploy and conduct extended
range operations employing aerial refueling
- Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from advanced
bases, expeditionary airfields, Forward Operating Bases (FOBs),
and naval shipping
D. Mission Categories. Assault support missions are divided into two categories:
preplanned and immediate. Both types of missions are executed in response to
specific requests by elements of the MAGTF. These requests are usually
transmitted on the Tactical Air Request/Helicopter Request net to the DASC,
using the Assault Support Request (ASR) or Joint Tactical Airlift Request (JTAR)
format.
3-8
L-Hour or Time on Target (TOT). This type of mission allows pre-mission
planning to be conducted well prior to takeoff.
2. Immediate Missions. Immediate missions are those outside the ATO cycle,
which arise suddenly and cannot be planned in great detail or in advance.
They are launched in support of any requesting unit within the MAGTF. In
order to efficiently support the immediate needs of MAGTF units, the
commander will generally allocate some of his assets to provide an
immediate response through the Direct Air Support Center/ Helicopter
Direction Center (DASC/HDC). The DASC/HDC may divert airborne assets
from missions of lower priority or launch them from a FOB or FARP in
response to an immediate request. Normally, very little detailed planning can
be accomplished in advance of these missions. Therefore, the request must
include the same detailed information provided in a preplanned request.
d. To coordinate for and prepare appropriate air movement plans and forms
(HEALT/HWSAT) according to the capabilities of the aircraft involved.
d. To provide for in-flight safety and other advisory services where aircraft
are concerned.
F. Employment Considerations
1. Direct Support vs. General Support. Assault support assets are usually
employed in general support of the MAGTF. However, consideration can be
given to direct support of MAGTF elements for a particular phase of an
operation or a specified period of time. There will be a trade-off to this type
of support. A major planning factor will be logistical support for the aviation
assets. Generally speaking, direct support will involve frequent movement
and operation from austere sites. Logistical support will be a constraining
factor. However, in certain scenarios, direct support may be the most
responsive means of providing aviation support to elements of the MAGTF.
(1) Vertical ascent/descent into and out of clear but unprepared landing
areas for loading and unloading.
3-10
(4) Provide significant speed, mobility, and flexibility of movement in the
battle area.
(6) Operate from all types of aircraft carriers as well as platforms upon or
alongside amphibious ships.
(5) Internal loads require careful calculation for safe weight and balance.
3-11
Type Aircraft UH-1N CH-46E CH-53D CH-53E MV-22 KC-130
Mission Cmd & Troop Lift Equip/Cargo Equip/Cargo Troop Lift Equip/Cargo
Ctrl Lift Lift Lift
Terminal
Ctrl
Normal Crew 4 4 4 4 4 4-6
(Tactical)
Troop Capacity 6 20/9(4) 37 37 24 64(6)
Maximum 13 25 55(2) 55(2) 24 92
Troop (No XM-
Seating 218s)
Capacity
Litter Capacity 6 15 24 24 12 60
Combat 85 150 250 250 500 >1000
Radius
(nm)
Endurance 1+30 2+30 3+45(1) 4+00(1) 3+15 >8+00
(hrs) (3) (12
(Combat Load) Marines)
Payload (lbs) 2,000 2,100 8,000 20,000 10,000 42,000
(4)
Notes:
1) Standard 53D/53E configuration includes two 650 gal aux fuel tip tanks.
2) Centerline seats installed.
3) Aircraft endurance calculated with normal troop capacity.
4) Payload for a/c with max fuel, optimum atmospheric conditions.
5) Max external lift capacity for a 50nm combat radius; 53D: 11000 lbs, 53E 32,000
lbs.
6) Combat loaded troops.
3-12
KC-130 Capabilities and Limitations
a. The KC-130 can provide rapid ground refueling (RGR) for helicopters,
fixed wing, and ground vehicles at FARPs. A KC-130 can fly 200nm, land
on a 4000' dirt or highway strip and give away 45,000 lbs of fuel. The
amount of fuel and rate at which it is transferred is dependent on the
model aircraft and its configuration.
c. The KC-130 can work out of unimproved short fields, day or night, utilizing
self contained systems or the PPN-19 radar beacon for terminal guidance.
The PPN-19 also provides terminal guidance for night or bad weather
cargo and para-ops.
f. The KC-130 can provide up to 58,000 lbs fuel (giveaway) during aerial
refueling operations. (Model and configuration dependent)
III. Summary
We have presented the assets, which perform the assault support function of Marine
Aviation. In closing, George C. Marshall said, "When the smoke cleared away, it
was the man with the rifle who settled the final issue of the field." Marine Corps
assault support is the means to get that rifleman to the fight!
3-13
THIS PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT BLANK
3-14
CHAPTER THREE – POST TEST
ASSAULT SUPPORT
3. MAGTF units can request assault support by submitting what type of request
form?
___________________________________________________________________
4. What agency typically can divert airborne assets from missions of lower priority
or launch them from a FOB or FARP in response to an immediate request?
___________________________________________________________________
3-15
CHAPTER FOUR
Lesson Purpose:
To introduce the reader to the Marine Air Command and Control System.
Reference(s):
(b) Joint Pub 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the combat zone
(f) MCWP 3-25.1, Employment of the Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion
I. Introduction
B. The agencies of the MACCS are essential to the conduct of the control of aircraft
and missiles. Additionally, although the TACP and other airborne controllers are
not part of the administrative chain of the Marine Air Control Group, they are
considered to be integral elements of the MACCS.
II. Body
1. Integrating Function
4-1
System (MACCS). The MACCS provides the ACE Commander with the
means to move and process information to effect the decision and
execution cycle. The principle objectives of the MACCS are to:
(1) The tasks the ACE Commander must accomplish to perform centralized
command include:
(2) The tasks the ACE Commander expects the MACCS to perform through
decentralized control include:
4-2
(a) Executing aviation operations.
(b) Providing air and missile defense to friendly units within the operating
area.
(c) Managing and controlling the air portion of the MAGTF’s battlespace.
(d) Coordinating with joint, multinational, and host nation air control
agencies.
(f) Providing timely and accurate information to the ACE Commander for
tactical decisions, and to aviation assets to optimize mission success.
b. Employment of Marine aviation has evolved to the point where the ACE is
considered a combat arm that supports the entire MAGTF and not just a
supporting entity to the Ground Combat Element (GCE). The ACE can be
tasked to support the GCE or the Combat Service Support Element (CSSE)
and in these cases is a supporting element. Conversely, the MAGTF
Commander may designate the ACE as the supported element. When
designated the main effort, subordinate elements of the ACE become the
MAGTF Commander’s bid to achieve success through the application of force
at the proper time and place.
a. Air Direction. Air direction is the authority to regulate the employment of air
resources, including both aircraft and surface-to-air weapons, to maintain a
balance between their availability and the priorities assigned for their use.
The purpose of air direction is to achieve a balance between the MAGTF’s
finite aviation resources and the accomplishment of the ACE mission. Air
direction includes:
(2) Fulfilling the requirements of air tasking orders (e.g., tasking aircraft to
perform specific missions).
4-3
(7) Adjusting aircraft and surface-to-air weapon unit mission assignments
within previously set parameters due to changes in the air or ground
situation.
b. Air Control. Air control is the authority to direct the physical maneuver of aircraft
in flight or to direct an aircraft or surface-to-air weapon unit to engage a specific
target. Air control includes airspace management and airspace control.
(2) Airspace Control. Airspace control is the authority to direct the maneuver of
aircraft so that the best use is made of assigned airspace. Airspace control
provides for the coordination, integration, and regulation of the use of a
defined airspace. It also provides for the identification of all airspace users.
The authority to exercise airspace control is inherent to the commander
whose unit is responsible for particular blocks of airspace, types of missions,
or types of aircraft. Airspace control does not include measures to approve,
disapprove, deny, or delay air operations. MACCS agencies accomplish
airspace control through the use of positive control, procedural control,
or a combination of the two.
(b) One means of positive control that does not depend on electronic
capabilities such as radars or IFF, but does require reliable and
continuous communications is terminal control. Visual tracking and
identification of targets, landing zones, or expeditionary airfields often
replaces the requirements for electronic tracking. Terminal control applies
to those agencies that control the delivery of ordnance, cargo, or
personnel by aircraft to a specific geographical location or air target.
Because of its nature, terminal control is always positive control.
Examples of terminal control agencies include forward air controllers,
4-4
Marine air traffic control mobile teams (MMT), and helicopter support
teams.
4-5
FIGURE 1
1. LAAD sections may initially come ashore with the Ground Combat Element
(GCE), in direct support, providing coverage of the maneuver forces.
Notionally, a LAAD battery consisting of two platoons would be assigned to a
MEB - six sections of five teams each - with the firing potential for 120 Stinger
missiles (load out for each team is normally 4 missiles) plus reserves. LAAD
sections supporting the assault may collocate and coordinate their activities
with the FAC to deconflict supporting friendly OAS aircraft from potential
threat aircraft. These sections will be controlled by their platoon commanders
as directed by the Battery Commander. The LAAD commander or his
4-6
representative would provide hostile early warning alerts from the Tactical Air
Control Center (TACC) afloat. As the MAGTF foothold is expanded, Stinger
sections would also operate in general support of the MAGTF, providing area
coverage for vital areas such as airfields, port facilities or beach support
areas important to the amphibious operation.
Stinger specifications
(1) Wt - 34.51lb
(2 Length - 60"
(3) Guidance - IR/UV Homing
(4) Max Alt - 10,000'
(5) Min Alt < 500'
(6) Max Speed - MACH 2+
2. The next agency ashore would most likely be the Senior Fire Support
Coordination Center (FSCC). Although the FSCC is not part of the MACCS,
its inclusion in this discussion is significant because of the relationship with
the Direct Air Support Center (DASC). The DASC should land in serial with
the Senior FSCC.
b. The battalion FSCC coming ashore with the initial assault wave would
immediately assume a limited degree of authority to coordinate supporting
arms against targets of opportunity. Until the senior level FSCC is phased
ashore in subsequent assault waves and control and coordination of
supporting arms is passed ashore, the Supporting Arms Coordination
Center (SACC), will exercise overall control and coordination of supporting
arms assets. To aid in air support coordination, the DASC will come
ashore and locate with the senior FSCC.
3. The DASC is the principle air control agency responsible for the conduct of
tactical air and assault support operations directly supporting the ground
forces. The DASC answers directly to the Tactical Air Control Center (TACC
afloat) when control is afloat or the Tactical Air Command Center (USMC
TACC ashore) when control is ashore.
4-7
a. Involved with all six functions of Marine aviation with regard to their
interface with the GCE, the DASC is closely associated with assault
support and offensive air support operations.
b. The DASC does not have a radar and must rely on procedural control
measures, (previously agreed upon and promulgated control points,
altitudes, airspeeds, and other control measures) as well as positive single
channel communication with aircraft in order to control aircraft from one
location to another in support of the ground forces.
c. Based on the level of air activity as well as the size of the GCE, the DASC
will task organize, and may employ a MRQ-12v1 communications suite,
MRC-148s and MRC-145s, and the Airborne DASC (DASC[A]) or some
combination of the above.
d. The DASC - FSCC interface is crucial to the integration of air support with
other supporting arms. The DASC may not receive copies of the pre-
planned JTARs/ASRs since it is not involved in formulating the Air Tasking
Order (ATO). The DASC is responsible, however, for executing the ATO
by adjusting pre-planned schedules or diverting airborne assets at the
request of the GCE. Further, the DASC is the agency responsible to
locate and assign assets for immediate air support requests. Launch and
divert authority for offensive air support and assault support aircraft may
be delegated to the DASC by the Senior Watch Officer (SWO) within the
TACC to expedite the fulfillment of air support requests.
b. Due to limited assets, AAW control will never be phased ashore to the
EW/C except in specified sectors for short periods. All reporting
responsibilities will be to the Air Warfare commander (AWC) aboard ship.
5. The ATC detachment is the primary terminal air control agency within the
MACCS. The role of the ATC detachment is to provide continuous, all-
4-8
weather radar/non-radar approach, departure, enroute, and tower Air Traffic
Control services within assigned controlled airspace to friendly aircraft. The
Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW) accomplishes this by supporting the MAGTF
with up to three ATC detachments at three main air bases and up to nine
Marine ATC Mobile Teams (MMT) at air facilities/air sites. The ATC
detachment will be integrated into the air defense system as appropriate.
b. An MMT will be tasked organized for the mission; however, the standard is
the MMT being composed of four Marine air traffic controllers and two
technicians. MMT's can provide continuous non-radar air traffic control
services for up to 72 hours without re-supply. During amphibious
operations, MMT's may be established ashore initially and eventually be
built up into full ATC detachments. The equipment an MMT may use at an
air facility/air site is scenario dependent and may include the Remote
Landing Site Tower (RLST) system, and the Distance and Measuring
Equipment (DAME).
c. The ATC detachment's equipment for a FOB main air base includes the
Marine Air Traffic Control and Landing System (MATCALS), NAVAIDs,
control tower, and support equipment.
(1) Marine Air Traffic Control and Landing System (MATCALS). The ATC
detachment at a main air base, with MATCALS, provides continuous
radar approach, departure, and enroute air traffic control services
within its assigned airspace. Consisting of three subsystems,
MATCALS enables ATC to collect, evaluate and display data, make
control decisions, and disseminate information. The three subsystems
of MATCALS are:
4-9
which provides Automatic Carrier Landing System (ACLS) Mode I,
Mode II, and Mode III approach services for FOB all-weather
landings. ACLS data exchange with appropriately configured
aircraft is accomplished via TADIL-C. The ALS enables Marine
Aviation to recover to the Air Base in Instrument Meteorological
Conditions (weather less than 3 miles visibility and a 1000ft ceiling).
(2) NAVAIDS. The ATC detachment at a main air base will also possess
a dual-channel TACAN with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
NAVAID. This TACAN with DME provides standard high altitude
navigational/position information out to 200 nautical miles.
(3) Control Tower. The control tower contains the radios and equipment
necessary to provide control of friendly aircraft and ground personnel
in and around a main air base.
6. As the force beachhead is expanded and additional units of the MACCS are
phased ashore, the EW/C will be built-up to a full TAOC in order to provide
surveillance, weapons control, and traffic management of the ACE's aviation
assets.
b. With the TAOC established ashore, the commander of the landing force
(CLF) may declare that he is prepared to assume AAW responsibilities in
a designated sector.
7. The next element ashore, the MAGTF TACC is designated a Tactical Air
Direction Center (TADC) until the MAGTF commander assumes control of the
tactical air operations in the Amphibious Objective Area. The TADC is a
function which is established for a given period of time and for a specified
purpose; usually that of coordinating air operations in a given area of
responsibility (Landward sector of AOA). While this TADC is being built, the
4-10
Navy still retains overall control of our aviation assets through the TACC
afloat.
8. Once all control functions have been passed ashore to the MACCS, the
command of the MACCS will also shift ashore. At that point, the TADC
becomes a Tactical Air Command Center (Marine TACC).
9. The role of the TACC is to function as the senior Marine air command and
control agency and to serve as the operational command post of the ACE
commander or his designated representative.
10. The Navy TACC then reverts to a subordinate TADC status and proceeds
with their tasking. All of this movement ashore has taken some time.
Typically, establishing a complete MACCS as described may take from 18 -
21 days. This could increase if severe opposition to the amphibious landing
is encountered.
11. Marine Wing Communications Squadron (MWCS). The MWCS is the primary
communication organization within the Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW), and is a
subordinate squadron within the Marine Air Control Group (MACG).
c. Tasks
(4) Provide calibration and repair facility for all ground common test
measurement diagnostic equipment (TMDE) in the Marine Aircraft Wing
(MAW).
4-11
(5) Provide maintenance support for ground common communications
equipment in the MAW.
(6) Provide the digital backbone communications support for the ACE
Command Element (CE), forward operating bases, and Marine Air Command
and Control System (MACCS) agencies for up to two airfields per
detachment.
(7) Provide Tactical, Automated Switching, and telephone services for the
ACE CE, and Tactical Air Command Center (TACC).
(8) Provide electronic message distribution for the ACE CE, primary MACCS
agencies, and tenant units.
(10) Provide deployed wide area network, and deployed local area network
server support for the ACE CE, and primary MACCS agencies.
(11) Provide the Support Cryptographic Site (SCS), for all ground common
and MACCS assigned communication security equipment within the ACE.
(12) Plan and coordinate individual and unit training, as required to qualify
subordinate detachments for tactical deployment and combat operations.
III. Summary
A. The MAGTF is task organized with the MACCS agencies necessary to perform
the six functions of Marine aviation. The MACCS is organized, trained and
equipped to support amphibious operations and subsequent operations ashore –
generating combat power for the MAGTF.
4-12
CHAPTER FOUR – POST TEST
2. The control of aircraft and missiles function _______________ and focuses the
other five functions of USMC aviation.
4-13
CHAPTER FIVE
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
Lesson Purpose:
References
I. Introduction
"He who controls the Electro-Magnetic Spectrum, controls the outcome of any
conflict..."
-S.G. Gorshkov
Admiral, FSU Navy
B. EW is a versatile tool through which the MAGTF commander can support higher
and adjacent units. Most importantly the MAGTF's EW assets support the
MAGTF commander's objectives and intent. The EW units organic to the Marine
Corps are Radio Battalions and Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadrons
(VMAQs); however, any MAGTF unit can apply EW weapons and tactics. EW
includes tactics from radio net surveillance and self-defense jamming to GPS
jamming and battlespace surveillance to EW as a force protection measure.
5-1
This lesson focuses on EW as a function of Marine Aviation; therefore, it focuses
on the EA-6B Prowler and the VMAQs. EW as a Marine Aviation function,
however, does not normally stand-alone. It is integrated into the MAGTF scheme
of maneuver and the MAGTF IW plan. In turn, these MAGTF warfighting efforts
are closely linked to JTF and coalition objectives.
II. Body
B. EW Across the Spectrum. The EA-6B brings much more than just radar jamming
to the MAGTF. With bulk chaff pods, communications jamming and surveillance
equipment, electronic intelligence collection capabilities, High Speed Anti-
Radiation Missiles (HARM), and a mission-tailored load of radar jamming pods,
the EA-6B packages EW capabilities to support all levels of MAGTF operations.
EW is a real-time capable, highly flexible, tailorable, non-lethal means of
monitoring, manipulating, suppressing, and defeating threats across the Electro-
Magnetic (EM) spectrum. EW can be applied to all areas a MAGTF expects to
encounter across the spectrum of conflict. The EA-6B is the only fast, flexible
5-2
response for airborne EW tasking directly subordinate to the MAGTF
commander.
1. EW and the GCE. The Air Combat Element (ACE) can be both a maneuver
element and a supporting effort for the Ground Combat Element (GCE). The
ACE accomplishes this through six functions: control of aircraft and missiles,
anti-air warfare, assault support, aerial reconnaissance, offensive air support
and EW. Of these six functions, EW is often the least visible to the MAGTF
and thus, the least understood.
Mobile SAMs, which are difficult to locate and target, can unexpectedly
interfere with CAS. With their mobility and lethality, these weapons can
severely degrade the effectiveness of CAS and even bring it to a halt.
5-3
Through RSEAD, the EA-6B helps the ACE provide uninterrupted CAS in the
face of prohibitive interference.
EA-6B crews coordinate RSEAD missions with the forward air controller
(FAC). Jamming and HARM from the Prowler suppress radar-guided
weapons interfering with CAS. Because the Prowler generally remains
behind the forward line of own troops (FLOT), Marines on the ground
employing CAS will probably not even know that EA-6Bs are in support. The
important result is that the EA-6B contributes to effective and continuous CAS
by denying enemy interference.
After coordinating with the fire support coordination center (FSCC), via the
DASC, the EA-6B can localize and target enemy counter-battery radars for
jamming. Due to the nature of the Prowler's jamming footprint, it is possible
to target enemy counter-battery radars without interfering with friendly
counter-battery radars. In the end, the EA-6B's degradation of enemy
counter-battery targeting allows for effective employment of MAGTF indirect
fires.
The electronic emissions of an enemy air or surface unit often reveal that
unit's intentions. The EA-6B can detect, localize, and identify these
emissions. The EA-6B crew passes this information through the MACCS for
immediate dissemination to GCE and ACE commanders
5-4
EW MISSION APPLICATION
III. Summary
Commanders at all levels throughout the MAGTF must be familiar with the
support available from the EA-6B to accomplish MAGTF objectives. Like other
5-5
forms of airborne fire support such as CAS and DAS, pre-planned EW support
may be requested by ground forces using the Joint Tactical Airstrike Request
form DD-1972. Immediate support may be requested through the DASC.
IV. Definitions
5-6
THIS PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT BLANK
5-7
CHAPTER FIVE – POST TEST
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5-8
CHAPTER SIX
LESSON PURPOSE:
To review the tasks, functions, and assets associated with USMC offensive air support
(OAS) operations.
Reference(s):
I. Introduction
A. Offensive Air Support is defined as, "those air operations conducted against
enemy installations, facilities, and personnel to directly assist the attainment of
MAGTF objectives by the destruction of enemy resources or the isolation of his
military force." This presentation will serve to familiarize you with OAS and the
MAGTF's potential application of its capabilities.
6-1
II. Body
A. OAS Functions
2. OAS operations apply firepower against our opponents' war making and
sustaining capabilities. This firepower may be applied for one of two
functions: the neutralization or destruction of the assigned target.
B. OAS categories. USMC OAS operations are divided into two major categories:
CAS (Close Air Support) and DAS (Deep Air Support).
1. Deep Air Support. Deep air support can be conducted in the form of either
armed reconnaissance or air interdiction. The MAGTF commander utilizes
DAS to shape the battlefield. DAS is defined as "air action against enemy
targets at such a distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each
mission with fire and movement of friendly forces is not required." DAS can
be conducted on both sides of the FSCL. When DAS is required short of the
FSCL, coordination with the friendly forces is required.
6-2
a. Air Interdiction. Air interdiction is defined as, "air operations conducted to
destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy's military potential before it can be
brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such distance from
friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and
movement of friendly forces is not required."
2. Close Air Support. Close air support is defined as, "air action against hostile
targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require
detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those
forces." CAS allows the MAGTF Commander to concentrate firepower at the
decisive place and time to achieve local combat superiority. It can be
employed in both offensive and defensive operations.
1. OAS Capabilities
a. Variety of attack
b. Observation
c. Responsiveness
d. Flexibility
6-3
e. Radius of action
f. Firepower and mobility
g. Accuracy
h. Availability
i. Morale factor
2. OAS Limitations
a. Limited visibility
b. Weather
c. Target identification
d. Time on station
e. Radius of action
f. Communications
g. Enemy defenses
D. Support Requirements. Mission planners must identify all threats to OAS aircraft,
analyze each threat, and identify the support requirements and tactics necessary
to counter the threat. Support requirements can consist of:
1. Fighter escort
2. Electronic Warfare (EW)
3. Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD)
4. Tankers
5. Reconnaissance
6. Deception
7. Confusion
8. Operations security
E. OAS Assets
2. OAS Attack Aviation Assets. There are 4 different platforms that the ACE may
utilize to provide OAS for the MAGTF. These platforms are the AH-1W
"Cobra", UH-1N "Huey", AV-8B "Harrier", and FA-18 "Hornet". The AH-1W,
UH-1N, and FA-18D aircrew are also trained as FAC(A)s, enabling these
platforms to be used as airborne terminal controllers if required. The general
capabilities of each of these platforms are listed below.
6-4
a. AH-1W Capabilities
(2) Weapons:
Guns: 20 mm Gun
b. UH-1N Capabilities
(2) Weapons:
Rockets: 2.75"
6-5
SatCom
c. AV-8B Capabilities
(2) Weapons
Bombs: MK-82/83
GBU-12/16 Laser Guided Bomb
MK-20 Rockeye
CBU-78 Gator
MK-77 Napalm
GBU-32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM)
APG-65 / 73 Radar
Link 16 / MIDS
Nitehawk Targeting FLIR / laser designator
6-6
Litening AT Targeting Pod (A+/D)
AT FLIR (A+/C)
Laser Designator Tracker (LDT)
NVGs
(2) Weapons:
Bombs: MK-82/83/84
MK-20 Rockeye
CBU-78 Gator/ MK-77 Napalm
GBU-12/16/10
GBU-24 Hard Target Penetrator
MK-82/83/84 Destructors
MK-52/55/56 Bottom Moored Mines
MK-62/63/64/65 Quick strike Mines
GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM)
AGM-154 Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW)
III. Summary
The MAGTF commander utilizes OAS as an integral part of his combined arms
team. OAS constitutes a large percentage of the MAGTF's combat power making
up for a structural deficiency in artillery assets. Historically, the US Marines have
been on the cutting edge of attack aviation innovation. A sound understanding of the
tasks, functions, and requirements associated with OAS ensure that we will continue
the tradition.
6-7
THIS PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT BLANK
6-8
CHAPTER SIX – POST TEST
6-9
CHAPTER ONE – POST TEST ANSWERS
AIR RECONNAISSANCE
2. What is the only MAGTF asset that performs air reconnaissance as its primary
mission?
The Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
7-1
CHAPTER TWO – POST TEST ANSWERS
3. Passive air defense constitutes all measures other than active air defense, which
include what.
Cover, Concealment, Camouflage, Deception, Dispersion, and Protective
Construction
7-2
CHAPTER THREE – POST TEST ANSWERS
ASSAULT SUPPORT
3. MAGTF units can request assault support by submitting what type of request
form?
Assault Support Request (ASR) or Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR)
4. What agency typically can divert airborne assets from missions of lower priority
or launch them from a FOB or FARP in response to an immediate request?
Direct Air Support Center (DASC) or Helicopter Direction Center (HDC)
7-3
CHAPTER FOUR – POST TEST ANSWERS
2. The control of aircraft and missiles function integrates and focuses the other five
functions of USMC aviation.
7-4
CHAPTER FIVE – POST TEST ANSWERS
2. The EA-6B is the only fast, flexible response for airborne EW tasking directly
subordinate to the MAGTF Commander.
7-5
CHAPTER SIX – POST TEST ANSWERS
7-6
THIS PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT BLANK
This publication is
UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO
This publication is
UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO