Official Report

of the Games of the

XXV Olympiad
Barcelona 1992
Official Report
of the Games of the
XXV Olympiad
Barcelona 1992

Volume I

The challenge
From the idea
to the nomination

COOB'92
Director of the Report:
Romà Cuyàs
Cover illustration:
Original picture by Antoni Clavé
produced specially for this edition and
kindly presented to COOB'92 by the
artist
Graphic design:
Zimmermann Asociados, S.L.
Editorial coordination:
Thema Equipo Editorial
COOB'92 would like to thank the
following companies for their help with
the preparation of this work:
And special thanks for assistance with
distribution to:
Published by:
COOB'92, S.A.
© 1992 COOB'92, S.A.
Plaça de la Font Màgica, s/n
08038 Barcelona
Photographs:
All Sport-Firo Foto, AOMSA archive,
Association of Municipalities of the
Barcelona Metropolitan Area,
Barcelona Archaeological Museum,
"Barcelona posa't guapa" campaign,
Bert archive, Agustí Carbonell, Jaume
Casas, Eugenio Castillo, Francesc
Català-Roca, Josep Coronilla,
COOB'92 archive, Department of
Commerce, Consumer Affairs and
Tourism (Generalitat of Catalonia), El
Mundo Deportivo archive, Historical
archive of the city, IMBE, IMPUSA,
Institute of Cartograpy of Catalonia,
Institute of Publications (Barcelona
Provincial Council), IOC archive,
FRIS, Lunwerg Editores, Jordi Llobet,
Oriol Maspons, Christian Maury,
Melcior Colet Museum and Study
Centre, Municipal Tourist Board,
Museum of Modern Art, OCSA,
Manuel Perez, Marta Povo, Felipe
Raurich, Miguel Raurich, Sebastià
Sabaté, Lluís Sans, Rafa Seguí, Sports
Information Service (Barcelona City
Council), Sports library, (Generalitat of
Catalonia), TAF, Tàpies Foundation,
TAVISA, Technical Office of the
Image (Barcelona City Council), VOSA.
Photocomposition:
Thema Equipo Editorial
PMT:
Crack, Cromoarte, Sator
Printing and binding:
Grafos, S.A., Art sobre paper
Paper:
Ikonorex Special Matt 150 g
manufactured by Zanders and
distributed in Spain by
Torraspapel, S.A.
Distribution:
Enciclopèdia Catalana, S.A.
ISBN:
84-7868-107-8 (4 Volume set)
84-7868-108-6 (volume I)
DL:
B-22559-92
 Contents
Foreword by Pasqual Maragall 21
Introduction by Josep Miquel Abad 23
Editor's note by Romà Cuyàs 27

1. The city 31

Barcelona, a great metropolis 33

A privileged climate and setting 33
An active and industrious city 37
A well-connected city 41

Barcelona through the ages 47

From the Romans to the city of the Counts 47
The Mediterranean expansion 49
From a city of artisans to a city of industrialists 53
The city in the twentieth century 57

Cultural and artistic Barcelona 61

The Catalan language 67

The transformation of the city 69

The stages of growth 69
The Barcelona of the Games 75
Squares and urban thoroughfares 75
Large scale projects 77
The new seafront 79
The ring roads 83
Telecommunications 85
The definition of the city centre 89
The cultural infrastructure 93

2. The Olympic Games 97

2.1. Origin and recovery of the Olympic Games 99

The Olympic Games and classical Greece 101
The setting of the Olympic Games 101
The return of the Games: the Modern Era 103

2.2. The Summer Olympic Games of the Modern Era 107

Athens 1896 (I Olympiad) 109
Paris 1900 (II Olympiad) 113
St Louis 1904 (HI Olympiad) 117
London 1908 (IV Olympiad) 121
Stockholm 1912 (V Olympiad) 125
Antwerp 1920 (VII Olympiad) 129
Paris 1924 (VIII Olympiad) 133
Amsterdam 1928 (IX Olympiad) 137
Los Angeles 1932 (X Olympiad) 141
Berlin 1936 (XI Olympiad) 145
London 1948 (XIV Olympiad) 149
Helsinki 1952 (XV Olympiad) 153
Melbourne 1956 (XVI Olympiad) 157
Rome 1960 (XVII Olympiad) 161
Tokyo 1964 (XVIII Olympiad) 165
Mexico City 1968 (XIX Olympiad) 169
Munich 1972 (XX Olympiad) 173
Montreal 1976 (XXI Olympiad) 177
Moscow 1980 (XXII Olympiad) 181
Los Angeles 1984 (XXIII Olympiad) 185
Seoul 1988 (XXIV Olympiad) 189
 3. The Candidature 197

3.1. The city and sport 199

The sporting tradition of Barcelona 201
The practice of sport today 201
Sport in recent years 206
The Olympic calling 207
The first attempt 207
The great hope fails 210
The People's Olympiad 212
A forgotten attempt 213
The Stadium in a ferment 214
The hope eluded 215

3.2. The idea: Barcelona'92 is born 217

From the idea to the first text 219
The first estimates 219

3.3. The project stage (1983-1984) 223

The Olympic Office and the Managing Council 225
The city gets ready 226
Future projects and immediate
measures 226
A velodrome in the Vall d'Hebron 227
The Montjuïc Olympic Ring 227
A village by the sea 229
Promotion and popularisation of the idea 231
Public appearances 232
The image of the candidature 233

3.4. The Preliminary Project 235

The plan 237
The sports programme and calendar 237
The sports facilities 237
Accommodation for the participants 238
The new infrastructures 239
Telecommunications 240
The budget and financing 241
The cultural programme 243
The first official approval 243
The international debut in an Olympic year 244

3.5. The machine in operation (1985-1986) 247

Institutional support 249
The formal application and the reinforcement of the structure 249
Work goes ahead on the Olympic venues 250
Building work on Montjuïc 250
Planning the Parc de Mar Area 252
Filling a gap 255
The Candidature around the world 255
A successful presentation 255
From continent to continent 258
The decisive year 259

3.6. The Candidature Dossier 261

The commitment of the city 263
The drafting of the Dossier 263
The Magic Box 264
Prior guarantees 266
The calendar and sports 268
The competition programm 269
 The Olympic areas 270
The Montjuïc Area 272
The Diagonal Area 273
The Vall d'Hebron Area 274
The Parc de Mar Area 275
The cities of 1992 275
The Olympic residences 276
Efficient transport 278
Information technology and telecommunications 280
A balanced budget 283
The financial model 283
The Organising Committee budget 284
Expenditure 285
Income 286
The cultural project 287
The fact-finding committees 289

3.7. The final push 293

Everyone's goal 295
Social and institutional unanimity 295
The last Olympic Days 295
Beyond Barcelona 296
The Olympic Bus around Spain 296
The volunteers: a new record 297
Everywhere at once 298
The campaign 300
Informing the electors 300
Coubertin and the new decalogue 301
At all the championships 303

3.8. The nomination 305

"Operation Lausanne" 307
The preparations 307
The exhibition at the Hermitage 307
The final impact 308
The week of the nomination 310
The session begins 310
The ambassador Montserrat Caballé 310
A sudden return 310
The final exam 311
The presentation 312
"A la ville de ... Barcelona!" 314
Three rounds of voting 315
The Barcelona Olympic outburst 316
Montjuïc, chock-a-block:
"Now we are Olympic!" 318
COOB'92 is born 319

4. Appendixes 323

4.1. The structure of the Candidature 325

4.2. The Council of Support 335

4.3. Chronology of the Candidature 357

4.4. Olympic glossary 367

4.5. Olympic medals 383

4.6. Tables, maps and photo credits 455

 H.R.H. Felipe de Borbón
Prince of Asturias
Honorary president of COOB'92

"For Barcelona'92, in the memories and

hearts of everyone"
Felipe
Prince of Asturias
Mr Felipe González Márquez
President of the Spanish Government
Mr Jordi Pujol ì Soley
President of the Generalitat of Catalonia
Mr Pasqual Maragall i Mira
Mayor of Barcelona and
President of COOB'92
Mr Carles Ferrer Salat
President of the COE
First vice-president COOB'92

Mr Javier Gomez Navarro

President of the Higher Sports Council
Second vice-president of COOB'92

Mr Josep Lluís Vilaseca i Guasch

Secretary general for Sport at
the Generalitat of Catalonia
Third vice-president of COOB'92

Mr Josep Miquel Abad i Silvestre

Chief executive officer of COOB'92
Pasqual Maragall i Mira On 17 October 1986, a long road paved with efforts and hopes reached
President of COOB'92 and its end when Barcelona was chosen to be the site of the Games of the
mayor of Barcelona XXV Olympiad. After so many years, history finally smiled on Barcelona.
The Olympic movement placed its faith in the city, in its enthusiastic
and hard-working people. For almost six years, the organisation has
acted to meet the commitment undertaken by its citizens to the country
and the international community.
On 25 July we shall be raising the curtain on the Olympic Games and
Barcelona will once again be making history on a grand scale.
Thousands of eyes will be turned to the city. Now we can say that we
have done honourably by what was expected of us.
When the Olympic flame has been quenched, everyone, and particularly
the generations to come, will be left with a city transformed, with a
new urban weft and a new loom. Those of us who have lived through
that time will also have the satisfaction of having worked on the
organisation of a unique event.
This Official Report is a modest tribute to everyone who has made the
Barcelona Olympic Games possible.

21
Introduction It must be admitted that the best and most thorough report of the
Josep Miquel Abad Barcelona'92 Olympic Games is the one that each of us has stored
Chief executive officer away among our most intimate memories. No-one can conjure up this
of COOB'92
historic moment better than we ourselves with emotions, images or
sensations. No chronicler could match the strength of our own experience.
The true collective memory, as I understand it, is made up of
thousands of hours lived and shared by thousands of people who will
have thrilled to the Games, whether near or far away. Historians have
already undertaken the task of researching, verifying, rationalising and
interpreting the events. For the time being, the most genuine records
are those of eye-witnesses.
But the human memory, so powerful and suggestive, also has its
lacunae. This is particularly true for the Olympic Games, where the
poetry of the moment may cause it to miss a detail, overlook a fact or
distort the measurement of time. I am convinced, therefore, that an
official report is an indispensable complement to what will become an
unforgettable episode in our life.
With this Report we fulfil the obligations of the Olympic Charter, but
also an obligation to the people of the city and lovers of sport. If the
stadiums and the roads are the tangible legacy, the publication you are
reading now is the written monument to the Games of the XXV
Olympiad. Any admirer of our city or the Olympics will be able to 23

satisfy the need to know about all the details of this historic occasion in
the pages which follow.
I recognise that the publication of this first volume of this Official
Report before the Games are held may come as a surprise. This is not,
of course, an exercise in clairvoyance. First, we wanted to show what
we have always said: that the sixteen days of competition will be the
climax of a process which has taken years and that many of our
objectives -the reactivation of the city and the country, the town
planning works, the boost to the economy- will have already been more
than accomplished before the magic date. Furthermore, we would like
to give the readers an opportunity to find out what has happened and
to arouse their interest so that they can come to the Games with
enough background information to have a better understanding of how
and why they have been organised in a certain way.
 Of Barcelona, of the history of the Olympics and the candidature for
the Games of 1992 we can speak before the torch enters the Montjuïc
Stadium. As for other matters, however, we shall have to wait until
after the closing ceremony. We shall only be able to make a clear
assessment of the resources -facilities, staff and equipment- when we
have seen them in action. For the second volume, therefore, we shall
have to wait until the operators have finished off the task that the
planners, the workers and the fitters began.
The third volume is a similar case: we shall have to wait in order to
appraise the efforts of hundreds of people, and especially of those most
directly involved in the organisation, until we have the results. More
than once the operation involved in the Olympic Games has been
compared to a military campaign; and even if the objectives are quite
incompatible, there are certain parallels. The logistical complexity is
one, and the mission is not accomplished until the objective has been
secured. The daily battles are important, but only the last one is
decisive.
Allow me to make an observation which touches on moral ground. If
we are capable of mobilising so many people and so many resources, of
bringing together the youth so many countries, of capturing the
attention of such different audiences, around such noble ideals, in a
24
great festival of peace and youth, it means that we can have faith in
the human condition. The energy and the enormous human potential
that spring from the Olympic Games serve fundamentally for that
purpose: to prove that people are still anxious to live moments of joy.
The last volume of the Official Report we shall be keeping, with due
devotion, for the true heroes and heroines: the sportsmen and women.
The vast majority of spectators will remember Barcelona'92 for their
idols: their sporting feats and their records. The quest for perfection,
excellence and beauty will be immortalised in images that will travel
around the world: the sportsmen and women will be the leading actors
on the stage that, for two weeks, will be Barcelona and the Olympic
subsites.
To explain the Games of the XXV Olympiad in four volumes, even
long ones, is not easy. We shall include the essentials and I am sure
that a few years from now we shall feel the lack of items of
information that might seem of slight importance to us today. But the
vital thing is the great work of compilation immediately after the
Olympic event when the material is still fresh and the memory still
clear.
The Barcelona 1992 Official Report will be the first one to be on sale
to the public. So far the summary and analysis of the Games has been
restricted to a select group of people and, in an abbreviated version, to
the press. This time we wanted to round off the job with a piece of
work which will be thorough, free of secrets and within the reach of
everyone.
Ultimately, the Olympic Games would not be what they are without
communication. Thousands of millions of people follow them on the
small screen and without that enormous audience the sources of finance
or the massive support which makes it possible to meet the cost would
simply not be forthcoming. The event is interesting in itself, but so is
the expectation it arouses.
This communicative potential gives us the chance to broadcast our
message loud and clear. It allows us to bring our way of living, our way
of working and our way of understanding the relationships between 25

people to the four corners of the earth.

With the Official Report, we analyse the facts and the capacity of our
organisation. But, most of all, we scatter to the four winds the
enthusiasm of our people, which has been decisive, since the outset, in
the will to offer the best and most universal Olympic Games in history.
Editor's note One of the commitments undertaken by the Organising Committee of
Romà Cuyàs i Sol the Olympic Games is to take charge of the publication of the Official
Director of Report. The Report has one essential purpose: to pass on to the
the Official Report
managers of the Olympic Movement and future Organising Committees
the experience acquired. As an additional benefit, it provides the
Olympic Family as a whole with the results of the sports competitions.
Furthermore, because they involve the whole world, the Olympic
Games are the most complex and demanding event on the calendar.
They are itinerant by nature, which means that the organising city is
unlikely to have any previous experience. And so the Official Report
which each Organising Committee leaves to its successors must be a
reflection not only of the sporting event, which has already been
thoroughly discussed and analysed by the media on the five continents,
but also of each and every aspect of the organisation which made it
possible and which only the Report can explain in the necessary depth
and detail. It must therefore be an exhaustive, serious document from
which future organisers can extract the maximum amount of information.
But the Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad is the first
one in history to be available to the public. This unusual element poses
a new challenge to the people in charge of producing it: to make the
explanation of the organisation of the Games interesting and enjoyable
to a wide audience without sacrificing the seriousness and thoroughness 27
demanded by the content.
Facing this twofold requirement, then, COOB'92 set to work on the
Report about a year and a half ago. The first step was an exhaustive
analysis of previous reports in terms of both structure and content,
graphics and text. One of the first decisions was to shun the
monumental in terms of extent and presentation; the dimensions chosen
were intended to make for easier reading. The planned length was
about one thousand five hundred pages spread over four volumes of
similar length. This would make it possible to market it in serial form,
with the added advantage that distribution could begin before the
 Games. This has meant that the Report itself is an element in
stimulating public interest in the Games just a few months before they
are held; such is the aim of this first volume which, as it covers the
period of the Candidature, will be available before the opening ceremony.
And so, as Josep Miquel Abad says in his introduction, the first volume
will be "the climax of a process which has taken years", and the fruit of
the labours of the whole city and the entire country. Moreover, the
book explains the transformation of Barcelona since holding the Games
there became more than just an idea.
As a contribution to the spread of the Olympics and bearing in mind
that for the first time the general public has been included in the
reading of an official report, COOB'92 has decided to introduce a
chapter dealing with the history of the Games since their revival in
1896 to the Barcelona Games this year. The outstanding events of each
one are listed and there are tables with the complete results of all the
competitions in all the sports on the official programme in Barcelona.
Thus the reader can follow the evolution of the scores and times
achieved over the years and discover the highlights of each sport. A
further contribution to Olympic knowledge is the glossary, which you
will find in the appendices to this volume, which defines the terms
found in the Olympic Charter or commonly used by COOB'92.
28
The drafting of this first volume has involved a tremendous labour of
documentation. The information has been taken, as far as possible,
from the most reliable sources, the basis being the documents published
by the Olympic Office and the branches of the administration which
formed the consortium of the Managing Council during the period of
the Candidature. The IOC archives have also been consulted, as well as
those of the companies which make up HOLSA (AOMSA, VOSA and
IMPU) and those so kindly placed at our disposal by the institutions of
the COOB'92 consortium through the relevant organisations. Some
private archives were also referred to when the need arose. Altogether
the compilers have read over thirty thousand pages and looked at over
ten thousand photographs. In the selection of the photographic material
prominence has been given to the documentary and informative
aspects. Moreover, the Report has benefited from the contribution of
specialists from a wide range of disciplines -who have brought to our
work an authority which it would not otherwise have had- and, as the
drafting progressed, from the suggestions of all those closely involved
with the Candidature.
The next volumes will concentrate on the planning, organisation and
staging of the Barcelona Olympic Games. COOB'92 is already working
on the compilation of the documents.
We trust that this volume will live up to expectations and that in the 29
future it will be a reference point for students of a period as thrilling
and decisive in the history of the city and the country as these years of
preparation for the Games of the XXV Olympiad.
1

1
The Rambla in Barcelona is
well - loved and used by
the people of the city and
by visitors.
2 now occupies the whole of the plain
The breakwater for the port
is also used in moments of
leisure.
3
The district of Poblenou,
completely transformed for
the Olympic Games.
4 Barcelona metropolitan area 1,623,542
The Sant Josep market,
popularly known as La
Boqueria.
5
Four and a half kilometres
of seafront have been
rehabilitated for the city.
6 important crossroads for commerce and
The Parc de la Creueta del
Coll is a former quarry
converted into a new
recreational area.
7 the Iberian peninsular through the
The popular musical bars
play an important part in
Barcelona nightlife.
Barcelona, a great metropolis
Barcelona is a city with more than two
thousand years of history. Since its
founding by the Romans in the first
century it has continued to grow until it
bounded to the north and south by the
rivers Besòs and Llobregat, and to the
east and west by the Mediterranean and
the Collserola range of hills. According to
the 1991 census, of the slightly more
than 3 million inhabitants in the
live in the 99 square kilometres enclosed
by the city boundaries.
Barcelona's location in the south-west of
Europe and on the shores of the
Mediterranean has made it a historically
culture: technical innovations, ideas,
currents of thought and fashions from all
over the world have found their way into
gateway of Barcelona. This has been
important in making the city known in
Europe and the rest of the world.
A privileged climate and setting
Barcelona is the capital of Catalonia, one
of the seventeen autonomous
communities into which Spain is divided
administratively. Catalonia has its own
history, language and culture. Barcelona
is also the second largest city in Spain,
after Madrid, and the leading industrial
centre.
Catalonia is situated in the north-east of
the Iberian peninsular. It is almost
perfectly triangular in shape, with two
natural frontiers: the Pyrenean mountain
range to the north and the Mediterranean
to the east. A virtually straight western
boundary runs between the Pyrenees and
the sea. It occupies an area of great
orthographic variety; 32,000 square
kilometres, 6.3% of the total of Spain.
Catalonia has 6 million inhabitants out
of a total Spanish population of 39
million and is therefore one of the most
densely populated parts of the country
(187 inhabitants/square kilometre).

2 4 6 33

5 7
1
Previous page.
View of Barcelona from
Tibidabo.
1
The monastery of Sant Pere
de Rodes is one of the
finest examples of Catalan
Romanesque.
2
A beautiful panorama of
the snow-covered Pyrenees.
3
The village of Taüll is
notable for the bell towers
of its Romanesque churches.
4 beach. Inland lies the Central Catalan
Catalonia's beaches are one
of its main tourist
attractions and a source of
wealth for the country.
5 most important in Europe for the
The Ebro Delta is an
agricultural area of great
ecological importance.
6
Market day in the Plaça
del Mercadal in Balaguer,
in the centre of Catalonia.
2 3
The wooded slopes of the Pyrenees are
the source of the main rivers in
Catalonia: the Ter, the Llobregat, the
Segre (a tributary of the Ebro) and the
Noguera Pallaresa and the Noguera
Ribagorçana which, in their turn, are
tributaries of the Segre. The coastal zone,
more than 400 km in length, can be
divided into three main sectors: the
northern coast (Costa Brava), rocky with
steep cliffs; the Maresme, with beaches of
thick white sand; and the southern coast
(Costa Daurada), with long expanses of
Depression, made up of a mosaic of river
valleys, plains and plateaus. In the far
south lies the Ebro Delta, one of the
richness of its animal life.
The mild climate, the beauty of the
landscape and the extensive network of
air, land and sea communications have
made Catalonia one of the major tourist
areas of Europe, with more than 16
million visitors a year.
4 6
Barcelona has a temperate Mediterranean
climate. Extremes of temperature are
rare; winters are short and mild and the
heat of the summer is relieved by the sea
breezes. The sun shines in all seasons of
the year and there are only seventy
cloudy days on average.
An active and industrious city
Barcelona was at the forefront of Spanish
industrialisation, which began with the
emergence of the Catalan textile industry,
based principally on family firms, at the
end of the eighteenth century. In the
course of the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries other industries such as
metallurgy and chemicals have also
established themselves. The economic
growth of the nineteen sixties extended
to neighbouring communities such as
Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Badalona,
Sant Adrià de Besòs, Cornelia and
5 37
1
1
The Zona Franca in
Barcelona, situated in the
basin of the River
Llobregat, is an industrial
and warehousing area
which is well connected
with the rest of Catalonia.
2 growth in the presence of foreign firms
The new architecture of the
buildings in the Avinguda
Diagonal contrasts with the
classic colours of the
Barcelona taxis.
3 prospects of European cities are agreed
The fishing zone of the port
of Barcelona. In spite of
the important industrial
and commercial elements in
the port, fishing activity
still goes on.
4
Barcelona is the centre of
an important area of
industrial activity and
services for more than three
million people.
5
Antiquarians bring
Barcelona's past alive.
2 3
l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, which came to
form a dense agglomeration around the
city.
Since Spain's accession to the European
Community in 1986 there has been a
and multinationals in Barcelona and its
surrounding area. These firms are
engaged in a large variety of industrial
sectors. Recent reports on the economic
in describing Barcelona as one of the
first choices for company investment,
something which has reinforced its role
as a commercial crossroads.
Because of the size of its industrial
sector, Catalonia -which accounts for
almost 25% of Spanish industrial
production- is today one of the most
important industrial regions in Europe.
The distribution of the economically
active population by sector in the region
is typical of an advanced economy: 5.2%
engaged in the primary sector
(agriculture, stockbreeding and fishing),
45.7% in the secondary sector (industry
and construction) and 49.1% in the
tertiary sector or services.
The majority of companies in Catalonia
are located in the area of Barcelona
which contributes 80% of the Gross
Added Value (GAV) to the Catalan
economy. In European terms this has an
above average growth rate for Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). The most
active economic sectors include the
automotive industry, Pharmaceuticals,
electronics, computers and new
technologies, graphic arts and the textile
industry.
The industrial diversity of the Catalan
economy, the high level of specialisation
and the fact that none of its basic
industries was seriously affected by the
economic crisis of the nineteen seventies,
together with its traditional openness,
have all been decisive factors in ensuring
its continued competitiveness in the
recent period of economic adjustment.
4 39
5
1
1
The town of Calella, an
important tourist centre in
the Maresme, has one of
the most popular beaches
on the whole of the Catalan
coast.
2
Entering Barcelona by the
Avinguda Diagonal. Traffic
flow at the access points to
Barcelona and the central
area of the city has
improved thanks to the
construction of rapid routes
which encircle the city.
3
The port of Barcelona, at
the bottom of the Rambla.
2
A well-connected city
The port of Barcelona is one of the
busiest in the Mediterranean and is one
of the driving forces behind the
economic development of the
metropolitan area and Catalonia as a
whole. It handles a large part of the
goods traffic entering Spain and leaving
for the rest of Europe and is a pole of
attraction for the location of industry
and services. Its increasing dynamism in
the nineteen eighties has led to a far
greater increase in traffic than in other
ports in Mediterranean Europe. The port
of Barcelona and the neighbouring port
of Tarragona, which specialises in
petroleum and chemicals for the
petrochemical industry in the region,
together handle forty million tonnes of
goods per year.
The airport, situated just ten kilometres
from the city centre and with excellent
road and rail connections to the whole of
the surrounding area, enjoys magnificent
weather conditions throughout the year.
Thanks to its location on the coast, it is
an extremely safe airport which is open
to traffic 95% of the available time. It
handles more than 9 million passengers a
year and over 100,000 regular flights
connect it with the major cities of the
world. The three new terminals which
have been brought into service for the
1992 Olympic Games have given it a
capacity of more than 16 million
passengers a year.
Because of Barcelona's strategic position
in the European road, motorway and rail
networks, a large part of the goods traffic
between Spain and the rest of Europe
passes through the city. The motorway
which links Barcelona with France makes
the frontier accessible in an hour and a
half and both the motorway which leads
on into the Peninsula and the one which
follows the coast down to southern Spain
connect it to the main cities of the
country. Catalonia also has 600
kilometres of internal motorway.
3 41
The Olympic Port, situated
next to the Olympic
Village, is a marina with
more than 800 berths.
1
1
The Barcelona Airport
Barcelona itself is surrounded by a
concourse, which has been system of ring roads which facilitate
extended and redesigned for
the Olympic Games by the
communications between the outlying
architect Ricard Bofill. areas of the city and between the centre
and certain key points, such as the
2
An everyday scene in the airport and the port.
Estació de França before
renovation. Barcelona's urban transport system
3 includes 70 kilometres of subway lines
Barberà del Vallès
motorway intersection
which connect the centre of the city with
fifteen kilometres from the surrounding districts and the
Barcelona. The motorway industrial centres and is used by
network connects Barcelona
with the main Spanish and 270 million passengers a year. The bus
European cities. network carries 200 million passengers
within the city and another 35 million in
the metropolitan area.

2 3 45
1

1
Columns from the Roman
temple dedicated to
Augustus. This building was
situated on Mount Taber,
the small hill which was
the site of the Roman
colony of Barcino.
2 Paterna Favencia Barcino on Mount
Water channels from a
street in Roman Barcelona.
Remains from the ancient
city can be seen in the
Museu d'Històrìa de la
Ciutat, near the Plaça del
Rei in the Earn Gòtic.
3
Pantocrator from the
church of Sant Climent in
Taüll, which is to be found
in the National Museum of
Art of Catalonia on
Montjuïc. This museum is
considered the most
important in the world for
Romanesque painting.
4 splendour, especially in pockets of
The monastery of Sant Pau
del Camp, Visigoth and
Romanesque in style, was
founded at the beginning of
the tenth century outside
the walls of Barcelona on
the road to Montjuïc.
2 3
Barcelona through the ages
From the Romans to the city of the
Counts
In the first century AD the Romans
founded the the colony Julia Augusta
Taber, a hill which was in those days a
coastal promontory. This colony would
eventually give the city its name. Barcino
was situated in an area of marshland and
lagoons, which the Romans quickly
developed as a port in place of the
ancient Iberian port of Laie situated at
the the foot of Montjuïc. Barcino grew
rapidly and by the second century it had
already become an important market
centre for the western Mediterranean,
rivalling Tarraco (Tarragona) and
Massalia (Marseille).
In the third century the city entered a
period of crisis and instability thanks to
successive conquests by the Visigoths,
Moors and Franks. The first barbarian
invasion led to the city being fortified
with new protective walls.
The expansion of Islam into Europe,
through the Iberian Peninsula, in the
seventh century came up against the
organised defence of the Franks. Their
Emperor, Charlemagne, established the
Spanish March on either side of the
Pyrenees. This name referred to
territories which formed the shifting
boundary between Moorish and Christian
domains and which were the origin of
what would later become Catalonia.
At the end of the tenth century, the
counts of Barcelona cut the bonds of
vassalage with the Franks and, with their
power increased through the union with
the kingdom of Aragon in 1149, began to
govern their domains as independent
kings. This was the era in which
Romanesque art flourished in all its
resistance to Islam and centres of
civilisation and culture in the Pyrenees.
The monasteries of Ripoll, Sant Cugat
del Vallès, Sant Pere de Rodes, Sant
Marti del Canigó and Sant Miquel de
4
47
1
1
Vaults in the central nave
of the church of Santa
Maria del Mar; built in the
fourteenth century, it is the
finest example of Catalan
Gothic.
2
Mural by Ferrer Bassa,
from the fourteenth century,
in the monastery of
Pedralbes.
3
Gallery of the Gothic
courtyard in the Palau de
la Generalitat de
Catalunya; the work of the
architect Marc Safont, it is
the most important mediaeval
civic building in the city.
4 political institutions: the Corts General
In the Plaça del Rei, centre
of the Gothic Quarter, is
the Palau Reial Major,
where the Counts of
Barcelona lived.
5
The Saló de Cent in
Barcelona Town Hall,
Gothic in style.
6 Isabella, the city entered a period of
Tiles from the eighteenth
century representing various
occupations of the period.
2 3
Cuixà and the churches of Taüll and Boí
are the most important examples of
Catalan Romanesque.
The Mediterranean expansion
With the consolidation of the
Catalan-Aragonese crown and, above all,
starting from the reign of the Jaume I in
the thirteenth century, Catalonia initiated
a process of commercial and military
expansion into the Mediterranean. This
period gave rise to some important
(1214), considered by some historians as
the first parliament in Europe; the
Consell de Cent (1265); the consultative
assembly for the municipal government
of Barcelona; and the Generalitat (1365),
a permanent delegate body of the Corts
with governmental functions.
4 6
The Catalan expansion into the
Mediterranean and the establishment of
local institutions coincided with the
development of Gothic art. Barcelona
still retains beautiful examples of
religious and civil buildings which
display the luminosity and gracefulness
characteristic of Gothic architecture: the
church of Santa Maria del Mar
(constructed between 1329 and 1383 at
the instigation of the merchants, artisans
and seamen who inhabited the Ribera
district), the monastery of Pedralbes, the
Cathedral, the palaces in the Carrer de
Montcada, the Llotja and the Drassanes.
These buildings have their equivalents in
other parts of Catalonia, such as Lleida
and the royal monasteries of Poblet,
Santes Creus and Vallbona de les Monges.
In the closing years of the fifteenth
century, after the union of the crowns of
Castile and Aragon through the marriage
of their king and queen, Ferdinand and
economic decline which was to last for
5
49
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Previous page.
The Llotja de Barcelona.
This great Gothic hall is at
present home to the
Barcelona Stock Exchange.
1 to the advantage of the Atlantic
Saló del Palau Moja, one
of the neoclassical palaces
on the Rambla.
2
Front page of the first
edition of the Diari de
Barcelona, the second
oldest daily newspaper in
Europe still in production.
3
The Mar Bella beach in
Poblenou at the beginning
of this century.
4 The prosperity of the period is expressed
Part of the site of the 1888
Universal Exhibition.
5
The old Maquinista
Terrestre i Marítima factory.
6
El Born, once the central
market of Barcelona.
2 3
the two centuries during which the
Hapsburgs were on the throne of Spain.
The discovery of America, in 1492, led
to a decline of the Mediterranean ports
seaboard. The War of Succession
(1702-1714), finally won by the Bourbon
pretender, Felipe V, opened a new era in
Catalan and Spanish history. This is the
period when Montjuïc Castle and the
military fortifications which occupied the
site of the present Ciutadella Park were
constructed. During the second half of
the eighteenth century the city underwent
a revival, thanks to trade with America
and the success of its incipient industry.
in the neoclassical buildings of the
Rambla, the facade of the Palau de la
Generalitat, the church of La Mercè and
the Civil Government building
(previously the Customs House) situated
in the Plaça del Palau.
4 6
From a city of artisans to a city of
industrialists
The process of industrialisation which
took place during the nineteenth century
led to one of the most spectacular
periods of growth in the city's history.
The industrial revolution gave rise to a
new class: the bourgeoisie, and with it
the cultural, artistic and literary
movements of the Renaixença and
Modernism, which were marked in a
political sense by Catalan nationalism.
The growth experienced by the city
during the nineteenth century was
extraordinary: in 1832 the first factory
powered by steam was established; two
years later the first steam ship was built;
by 1842 the city had gas lighting; in
1848 the first railway line in Spain was
opened between Barcelona and Mataró;
and by the end of the century the first
trams were in operation and the city was
alive with industrial activity.
5
53
 Inside the Gran Teatre del
Liceu, in use since 1847.

54
1
1
Stained glass ceiling in the
Palau de la Música
Catalana, designed by Luís
Domènech i Montaner.
2 of Barcelona" by Idelfons Cerdà in 1859,
The Modernist style can be
seen in small shops in
Barcelona.
3
Poster by Ramon Casas.
Painter and draughtsman,
he was one of the group of
Modernist artists who met
in the bar Els Quatre Gats.
4 thoroughfares in the city, such as the
The Sagrada Família,
Gaudi's best-known work
and symbol of the city.
5
The Hospital de Sant Pau,
one of the other jewels of
Modernism in the city.
6 incorporation into the city of the
Modernist furniture.
From 1854 onwards, after the mediaeval
walls surrounding the city were finally
pulled down and with the approval of
the "Plan for the Reform and Extension
the city began to spread out over the
plain which separated it from the small
neighbouring towns. The first
international event to be held in modern
Barcelona, the Universal Exhibition of
1888, was important for the
consolidation of several important
Paral-lel, the Passeig de Colom and the
Rambla de Catalunya, and for the
creation of one of the largest open public
spaces in the city, on the site of the old
military citadel built in 1716. This
period of expansion initiated the
neighbouring communities on the
Barcelona plain, which still constitute
clearly differentiated neighbourhoods.
This period of intense, thrusting,
innovative activity which extended into
the first third of the twentieth century
produced the Modernist buildings of
Antoni Gaudí (the Sagrada Família, the
Parc Güell, the Pedrera, Can Batlló),
Lluís Domènech i Montaner (the Albert
Lleó i Morera house, the Palau de la
Música Catalana, the Hospital de San
Pau) and Josep Puig i Cadafalch (the
Casa de les Punxes, the Casa Amatller),
and the work of painters such as Ramon
Cases, Santiago Rusiñol and Isidre
Nonell, sculptors such as Josep Llimona,
metalworkers, stained glass workers,
cabinet makers and other artisans. They
were the local expressions of the artistic
ferment of fin de siècle Europe.
The city in the twentieth century
The first third of the twentieth century
was marked by the activities of the
thinkers and artists in the noucentisme
movement and the political activity of

2 4 5 57

6
3
1
1
The Casa Milà, popularly
known as La Pedrera, by
Antoni Gaudí.
2 the future. The structure of the old city
View of the Poble Espanyol
in Montjuïc, built for the
1929 International
Exhibition.
3
Numerous advances in
science and technology were
on display at the
International Exhibition.
4
The Palau Nacional, in
Montjuïc, seen from an
illuminated Avinguda de la
Reina Maria Cristina.
5
The German pavilion at the
International Exhibition,
designed by Mies van der
Rohe.
6 inspired by the functionalism of the
Other pavilions at the
Exhibition, such as that of
Sweden, also represented
avant-garde architectural
tendencies.
2 4
the Mancomunitat de Catalunya. The
Universal Exhibition of 1929 was a new
occasion for planning the Barcelona of
was partially reorganised, the slopes of
Tibidabo were developed and the first
subway lines were built. The monumental
complex of buildings constructed on
Montjuïc for the Exhibition is now used
every year to house the most important
trade fair in Spain and numerous
international shows, which justify the
description of Barcelona as the city of
fairs and congresses.
After the proclamation of the Second
Spanish Republic in 1931 and the
restoration of the Generalitat of
Catalonia, the first urban and social
planning projects were drawn up,
Catalan Architects and Technicians
Group for Progress in Contemporary
Architecture (GATCPAC), which was
influenced by the ideas of Le Corbusier.
However, the outbreak of the Spanish
Civil War in 1936 prevented the
implementation of the extensive projects
through which the Generalitat and the
City Council aimed to turn Barcelona
into a modern metropolis.
After the end of the war, in 1939, and a
number of years of international isolation
and repression under the Franco regime,
Barcelona experienced a period of growth
and expansion which began towards the
end of the nineteen fifties and
accelerated during the following decade.
Large scale immigration from other parts
of the country necessitated the provision
of both private and public sector housing
and the construction of new suburbs.
This period of economic prosperity also
brought some improvements in the
transport infrastructure, such as the
railway line in the Carrer d'Aragó being
re-routed underground, the construction
of the central railway station in Sants
and the extension of the Gran Via to the
north of the city.
5 59
6
1

1
Entrance to the Picasso
Museum. Situated in the
Carrer Montcada, it has an
important collection of the
painter's work, above all
from his youth and the blue
period.
2 artist; the Miró Foundation, a museum
In recent years, Barcelona
has become a leading centre
for interior and furniture
design.
3 Foundation; the Science Museum; the
The Orfeó Català, one of
the most prestigious choirs
in Barcelona, was created
in 1891 by Lluís Millet
and Amadeu Vives.
4 situated in Montjuïc Park and home to
Towards evening, the Plaça
de Sant Iu in the Gothic
Quarter becomes a peaceful
spot for listening to music.
5
Monument to Francesc
Macià, president of the
Generalitat of Catalonia
from 1931 to 1933,
designed by Josep Maria
Subirachs.
2 3
Cultural and artistic Barcelona
Barcelona has a deeply rooted cultural
tradition which is expressed in its
contributions to the worlds of art, culture
and science. The numerous museums in
the city include the Picasso Museum,
with more than 4,000 works by the
and a centre for the study of
contemporary art designed by the
architect Josep Lluís Sert; the Tàpies
Modern Art Museum, which contains the
most important examples of Catalan
modernism and noucentisme, and the
National Museum of Art of Catalonia,
the most important collection of
Romanesque art in the world.
However the historical and artistic
heritage of Barcelona is not only to be
found within the walls of the museums;
it can also be seen on the streets.
Barcelona is a city recognised throughout
the world for its innovative aesthetic
sense. The beauty of the Romanesque
4
and Gothic buildings which give their
historic imprint to the city is matched by
the brilliance of the modernist
constructions by Aritoni Gaudí or the
German Pavilion designed by Mies van
der Rohe for the 1929 Universal
Exhibition, known as the Pavelló
Barcelona, which is considered to be one
of the most important architectural
works of the twentieth century.
Barcelona's artistic proclivity is also
reflected in its important growth as a
fashion and design centre. In addition to
the traditional textile design, industrial,
furniture and other design are all thriving
in Barcelona.
Barcelona has a long musical tradition,
represented above all by the opera house,
the Liceu, opened in 1847, and the Palau
de la Música Catalana, built in 1908 as a
home and concert hall for the Orfeó
Català. Composers such as Isaac Albéniz,
Enric Granados, Ricard Viñes, Pau
Casals, Frederic Mompou, Robert
5 61
 Sculptures on the roof of
the Miró Foundation.
Designed by the architect
Josep Lluís Sert, it is home
to an important permanent
collection of works by the
painter, as well as
temporary exhibitions of
contemporary art.

62
1
1
Mosaic by Joan Miró, in
the Pla de l'Ós in the
Rambla, once a crossroads
for roads leaving the city
through the city walls.
2
Castells (human towers),
together with the sardana,
are among the most
characteristic
representations of Catalan
folk culture.
3 survive in the city's popular festivals.
One of the most popular
events in the festival of the
city of Barcelona is the
corre-foc.
4
Some of the Gothic palaces
in the old part of the city
have been turned into
cultural and artistic centres.
2 4
3
Gerhard and Xavier Monsalvatge;
musicians Alicia de Larrocha and Tete
Montoliu; and outstanding figures from
the world of opera Fransesc Viñas,
Victoria de los Angeles, Jaume Aragall,
Montserrat Caballé and Josep Carreras
have represented Catalonia in concert
halls and on stages all over the world.
The oldest examples of local folklore
Apart from the Festes de la Mercè,
celebrations of the patron saint of
Barcelona, and the annual festivals in
many neighbourhoods, such as Sarrià,
Gràcia and Sants, traditional festivities
such as Sant Ponç, fireworks and
bonfires on the night of Sant Joan,
Carnival and corre-focs with dragons,
devils and other monstrous figures, are
also celebrated. Human castles and the
traditional dance, the sardana, are an
integral part of many of the city
celebrations.
The dramatic arts in the city are going
from strength to strength, thanks to the
two theatres administered by the
Generalitat of Catalonia (the Poliorama
and the Romea), the Teatre Lliure and
the National Theatre of Catalonia, which
is under construction. The early nineteen
eighties saw the foundation of an annual
summer festival of high quality
international productions in the Teatre
Grec and the Festival de Tardor. Catalan
theatre, represented by many different
groups, is successful today on stages
around the world.
There are five universities in Barcelona:
Barcelona University, the oldest, founded
in 1842; the Polytechnic University of
Catalonia; the Autonomous University of
Barcelona, in Cerdanyola; the Pompeu
Fabra University, which opened its doors
in 1990, and the first private university
in Catalonia, Ramon Llull, which was
founded in 1991.
65
1
1
The Tupies Foundation.
Housed in the old Editorial
Montaner i Simon, it is the
work of Lluís Domènech i
Montaner.
2
The giants of the city.
These figures, which often
represent kings or lords,
have a long tradition
throughout Catalonia.
3
The book of Usatges is a
legal work compiled from
the twelfth century
onwards. Initially written
in Latin, the Catalan
version dates from the
thirteenth century.
4 the thirteenth century, or in the Quatre
Saint George's day in the
Plaça de Sant Jaume. The
traditional festival of the
book and the rose.
2 3
The Catalan language
Catalan is the native language of
Catalonia and, with Spanish, the
co-official language. It has been the
normal vehicle of communication for the
majority of the inhabitants for more than
ten centuries. The first known examples
of the written language date from the
twelfth century.
Catalan has been a medium for literary
expression for centuries, as in the work
of Ramon Llull of Palma, who was using
it to express his philosophical ideas in
Grans Cròniques (thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries), which tell the story
of the lives of the Catalan count-kings.
The illustrious figures of Arnau de
Vilanova, Francesc Eiximenis, Bernat
Metge, Ausiàs Marc - one of the great
European poets of the fifteenth century-
and Joanot Martorell -author of Tirant
lo Blanc- contributed to the formation
and development of an extremely rich
literary tradition in the Middle Ages.
In the middle of the nineteenth century
the Catalan language gained new force
through the movement of the
Renaixença, whose key figure was the
poet Jacint Verdaguer. Among the
literary figures dating from the period
before the codification of the language by
Pompeu Fabra at the beginning of this
century, the most important are Angel
Guimerà, Narcís Oller and Joan
Maragall. These names have since been
joined by those of Josep Carner, Carles
Riba, J.V. Foix, Josep Maria de Sagarra,
Josep Pla, Mercè Rodoreda and Salvador
Espriu.
Barcelona is the main centre for the
publishing industry in Spanish and at the
same time the centre of a growing
production in Catalan. The considerable
increase in local literary production and
publishing in Catalan has been aided by
the use of the language in magazines and
newspapers such as L'Avui and the two
hundred year old Diari de Barcelona, and
by the opening of two television channels
at the beginning of the nineteen eighties
to broadcast solely in Catalan.
4 67
1

1
Engraving from Civitas
Orbis Terrarum, published
in Cologne in 1597.
Barcelona seen from
Montjuïc in the sixteenth
century.
2
Plaça de Sant Felip Nerí,
in the Gothic Quarter, near
the cathedral.
3 the city between the turn of the century
Map of Barcelona from the
beginning of the eighteenth
century, signed by the
geographer Nicolas de Fer.
It shows the streets, water
channels, convents, mills
and other towns on the
Barcelona plain.
2 3
The transformation of the city
The stages of growth
The present conurbation of Barcelona
has been formed by the addition to the
ancient Roman and mediaeval city of the
development known as the "Eixample",
which began in the middle of the
nineteenth century; the incorporation of
communities on the Barcelona plain into
and the beginning of the nineteen
twenties; and the accelerated growth of
the nineteen sixties. The Barcelona urban
area has therefore gone through four
basic stages of development.
The first of these stages corresponds to
the primitive Roman settlement situated
on the Mount Taber promontory and
enclosed by walls which were later
reinforced and extended. The population
of the city in the fourth century, known
by the name of barcinonenses or
fauentini, varied between 3,500 and
5,000 inhabitants. The centre of the
Roman city was situated close to the
present Plaça Sant Jaume, where the
Palau de la Generalitat, the seat of the
autonomous government of Catalonia,
and the Town Hall, the seat of the
municipal government, face each other
today.
The second stage of urban growth was
that of the mediaeval town which
covered the area of the Ciutat Vella,
including the cathedral, the royal palaces
and various buildings of great historical
importance. This area is bounded by the
four Rondas: Sant Pau, Sant Antoni,
Universitat and Sant Pere. The
population of the city seems to have
reached 40,000 in the fourteenth century,
falling again to 30,000 by the end of
sixteenth century as a result of
epidemics. The population grew by
almost 100% during the eighteenth
century to reach a figure of 125,000.
Barcelona retained its mediaeval
structure until the middle of the
nineteenth century, when the walls were
pulled down. From this point onwards
the city began to extend rapidly outwards.
69
1
1
View of Barcelona by the
Frenchman A. Guesdon,
dated between 1860 and
1870. It shows the smoke
from the factories and the
steam ships, symbols of the
growing industrialisation.
2 extensive development based on a regular
During the festival of
Gràcia, a former village
which retains a strong sense
of identity, the inhabitants
decorate the streets with
great imagination.
3
In the nineteen fifties and
sixties, decades of
immigration into
Barcelona, the city spread
out to the north with the
creation of numerous new
districts.
4 incorporate neighbouring communities.
Map of the Barcelona
metropolitan area. At
present, Barcelona and the
surrounding communities
occupy 600 square
kilometres.
2 4
The response to Barcelona's need lor
expansion defined the third stage of
urban growth. The key element was the
Eixample, constructed between 1860 and
1930 in accordance with a plan by
Ildefons Cerdà. The Eixample is an
grid pattern of streets running parallel
and perpendicular to the sea, which form
square, uniform islands of housing
measuring one hundred by one hundred
metres. The Carrer de Balmes divides it
into two zones: the right and left
Eixample. The extraordinary growth of
the city at the end of the nineteenth
century and the beginning of the
twentieth obliged Barcelona, which
already had half a million inhabitants, to
After overcoming strong resistance, the
city incorporated the nearby villages -Les
Corts, Gràcia, Sarrià, Sant Marti de
Provencals, Sants, Sant Andreu de
Palomar and Horta-, some of which still
conserve their own structure and
character. This process of incorporation
is reflected in the present division of the
city into ten districts.
Finally, the form of the city was
completed in a fourth stage, which began
at the end of the nineteen fifties and
centred on the construction of residential
suburbs to house successive waves of
immigrants, above all from southern and
central Spain. The influx of newcomers
brought the population of Barcelona to
over one and a half million in 1965 and
this considerable demographic growth led
to a shortage of open spaces and public
facilities. Between 1960 and 1975 the
growth extended to the Barcelona
metropolitan area whose population
increased from two million to more than
three million.
71
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Previous page.
Aerial view of part of the
Eixample and Gràcia. The
Eixample, designed by
Ildefons Cerdà in 1855 to
develop the Barcelona plain,
joined the old city with its
neighbouring towns and
villages.
1 introduction of democracy into local
Dona i ocell. Sculpture by
Joan Miró in the Parc de
l'Escorxador.
2
The Plaça dels Països
Catalans, designed by Helio
Piñón and Albert Viaplana,
is one of the earliest
examples of the
transformation of the city
at the beginning of the
nineteen eighties.
3
Parc de l'Espanya
Industrial, by Peña
Ganchegui and Rius i
Camps, built on the site of
a former textile mill of the
same name.
2 3
The Barcelona of the Games
Squares and urban thoroughfares
The end of the Franco regime and the
councils made it necessary to provide an
answer to the problems created by the
lack of an urban planning policy:
massifïcation and the shortage of land
for infrastructure and leisure activities in
the city.
Therefore, in 1980 a programme of
constructing public spaces was launched.
During the period of the transition to
democracy old industrial and
warehousing sites had been acquired. The
programme took the form of converting
these sites into sports and leisure areas
and at the same time beginning the
conversion of some historic buildings for
popular use.
The new projects were situated mainly in
the old city and the suburbs, the areas
most affected by the waves of
immigration. The intention was to give
the projects a specific style and their own
aesthetic forms. This idea was borne in
mind in the commissioning and
execution of the projects and was also
given expression in the placing of
sculptures by well-known artists in the
new parks. Some examples are the
spectacular work by Eduardo Chillida in
the Parc de la Creueta del Coll, the
emblematic Dona i ocell by Joan Miró in
the Parc de l'Escorxador and the original
design for the Parc de l'Espanya Industrial.
Clearance and restoration projects in
various areas in the centre of Barcelona
revived and beautified public spaces.
Some of the more important examples
are the Plaça Reial, the Plaça de la
Mercè and the Plaça de Sant Agustí Vell
in the old city and the Places de Rovira i
Trias and Trilla in the district of Gràcia.
75
1
1
A spectacular view of
Barcelona can be had from
the Hotel de les Arts, next
to the Olympic Village.
2 modernity and rationality which had
The Rovira tunnel. This
project, begun at the end of
the nineteen eighties,
connects the middle and
outer ring roads, below the
Carmel district.
3
The Plaça Reial, heart of
the old part of the city.
Many of the streets and
squares in this part of
Barcelona have been
renovated.
2 3
This activity led to the School of Urban
Design at Harvard University awarding
Barcelona the 1991 Prince of Wales Prize
for architecture in recognition of the
guided the planning of the new spaces
created during the first years of
municipal democracy.
Large scale projects
Despite the limited resources available,
at the beginning of the nineteen eighties
a series of projects designed to improve
communications within the city were
started. Some infrastructure work was
resumed, such as the second ring road,
which had been in abeyance for more
than thirteen years, the connection
between the first and the second ring
roads through the Rovira tunnel, the area
of the Vallvidrera tunnel through
Tibidabo and the Valldaura -Llucmajor-
Via Julia axis. These projects were
accompanied by improvements in the use
of the existing road system.
A number of specific plans were also
drawn up for the transformation of the
general urban infrastructure systems
(transport, communications, lighting,
sewerage, etc), which were put into
operation immediately, so that they
would not affect the more ambitious
projects, which in many cases required
an agreement between the various public
administrative bodies or the intervention
of the private sector.
The designation in 1986 of Barcelona as
the site for the 1992 Olympic Games was
to be a upheaval for the city similar to
that of the exhibitions of 1888 and 1929.
The Games have been the catalyst for
improvements in the general
infrastructure of the metropolitan area
and for large scale planning projects
which, because of their location and their
size, will alter the shape of the growth of
the city. This was a situation which
Barcelona had not faced for half a century.
77
1
1
The Moll de la Fusta
contains various open-air
cafes, examples of the
innovative spirit of the city
in new leisure areas.
2
One of the office buildings
in the Olympic Village. The
different buildings have
been designed by winners of
the Premi del Foment de les
Arts Decoratives, as part of
an. overall project designed
by the Martorell/ Bohigas/
Mackay/ Puigdomènech
team.
3 seafront was complemented by
The coastal ring road at
the Moll de la Fusta. Part
of the road passes
underneath the wide avenue
of palm trees, open-air
restaurants and terraces.
4
The former Magatzems
Generals del Comerç at the
Moll del Dipòsit, the work
of Elies Rogent. Their
restoration is part of the
general redevelopment of
the old port.
The new seafront
In 1987, the redevelopment of the Bosch
i Alsina wharf -popularly known as the
Moll de la Fusta- and its connection to
the area of the old city was the first step
in the renovation of the central area of
Barcelona's seafront. It was the beginning
of an extensive redevelopment of the old
port of Barcelona with the object of
turning it into a recreational and sporting
area. This process of renewing the city's
improvements to the district of
Barceloneta and the conversion of the
old industrial and warehousing zone of
Poblenou into a residential area.
The Parc de Mar Area, the proposed
location of the Olympic Village for the
Games, was undergoing a process of
deindustrialisation; the beaches were in
an extremely degraded state and railway
lines separated the district from the sea.
The redevelopment of the area changed
all this.
An alteration in the route of the railway
lines was already envisaged in a project
to reorganise the Barcelona railway
system, with two new stations planned
on the outskirts of the city. The design
for the residential area was to follow the
pattern of streets in the Eixample,
something which would also allow the
Diagonal to be extended as far as the sea
and would integrate the new area of the
Olympic Village into the fabric of the
city.
Finally, the development of the Poblenou
seafront and the construction of the
coastal ring road entailed the redesign of
the system of main drains. A plan was
drawn up in 1988 which covered the
municipality of Barcelona and its entire
hydrographic area and provided for a
100 kilometre extension of the sewer
network.

2 4 79

3
1
Previous page.
The bridge designed by
Santiago Calatrava which
unites the Carrer Bac de
Roda and Carrer Felip II,
and facilitates
communication between the
districts of Sant Andreu de
Palomar and Sant Marti
de Provencals.
1
Section of the outer ring
road at the intersection of
Via Favència and Via Júlia.
2 nineteen seventies.
The Parc de la Guineueta,
an extensive green area in
the north of the city, begin
at the Plaça Llucmajor.
3 to improve the connections between the
Intersection of the Diagonal
and the Ronda del Mig.
This is one of the most
important commercial and
services areas in Barcelona.
2 3
The ring roads
In 1988, with the impetus of the
Olympic Games, the construction of the
ring roads was speeded up. This work
followed the provisions of the 1976
General Metropolitan Plan, but
abandoned the concept of "urban
motorways", adopted when some sections
were to be constructed during the
The new ring roads were designed to
facilitate entry and exit from the city and
main road network and the various areas
of Barcelona. The new ring roads would
also be a fundamental element in the
links between the different Olympic areas
during the 1992 Games.
The second, or "mountain", ring road
was to absorb between 130,000 and
140,000 vehicles a day, while the coastal
ring road would take between 80,000 and
90,000. Both were designed with a
double structure: a central section
connected with the regional road network
and lateral sections with the local
network. They were also to be provided
with traffic control systems, especially at
intersections, and their impact on the
environment was to be minimised.
In this last case, the delay which
Barcelona had experienced in reinitiating
the construction of its ring roads had
allowed time for other experiments to be
studied. An assessment was made of the
impact which various types of road
construction had had on the environment
in other cities around the world. This led
to the adoption of measures to diminish
the barrier effect which ring roads have
on the areas which they pass through.
The Barcelona ring roads have therefore
been designed principally as high density
and relatively high speed routes (80
kilometres per hour in the central
section), but with the ability to also take
local traffic.
83
1
1
Services gallery. The
construction of the ring
roads made it possible to
modernise the utilities
running under the city.
2
The Vallvidrera tunnel. In
1991, the historic project
linking the city with the
western Vallès district via a
tunnel under the Serra de
Collserola was implemented.
3 which were undertaking extensive
Section of the outer ring
road. The new ring roads
have eased the passage of
traffic through the centre of
the city
It was also thought essential to take
advantage of the investment in the
construction of the ring roads to install
service galleries providing independent
access to the the underground gas, water,
electricity and telephone networks, which
would make the disruption of the normal
functioning of the new roads unnecessary.
The utilities companies -the majority of
modernisation of their networks-
contributed to the financing of the
galleries and were involved in the
planning which their construction
entailed. The galleries also have space for
the expansion of services in the future.
Telecommunications
The economic upturn which took place
in the second half of the nineteen
eighties produced a sudden increase in
2 3
demand for new telecommunications
lines which greatly exceeded the
provisions which had been made and
quickly saturated the existing network.
The telephone company was forced to
speed up its investment plan to complete
the necessary modernisation and
extension of the network. As a result by
1991 30% of the telephone exchanges in
Barcelona were digital, a 40,000
kilometre fibre optic network had been
completed, the system of
telecommunications masts had been
extended, and a number of specialised
installations had been built, such as the
International Exchange, the new mobile
telephone switchboards and the Montjuïc
telecommunications mast designed by
Santiago Calatrava.
However, the most ambitious projects
undertaken for 1992 are the Granada del
Penedès Satellite Communications
Complex, the Barcelona teleport in
Castellbisbal and the Barcelona
85
The Passeig de Luci Minici
Natal, in the Montjuïc
Olympic Ring with the
redesigned Olympic
Stadium and the Palau
Sant Jordi.
1
1
The Trade buildings, built
in 1969 in the Diagonal
area, are the work of Josep
Antoni Coderch.
2 which has been placed half underground
Collserola
telecommunications tower.
Designed by Norman Foster
and situated near the
summit of Tibidabo, the
viewing platform on the
tenth floor gives a
wonderful panoramic view
of Barcelona and the whole
of the Vallès.
3
Zona Universitària.
Faculties of the University
of Barcelona are situated
along the final section of
the Diagonal.
2 3
telecommunications tower situated on the
Sierra de Collserola. The tower, the work
of Norman Foster, is complemented by a
7,500 square metre service building
to minimise its impact on the
surroundings. The tenth floor of the 115
metre high tower houses a public viewing
point. This construction, which rises
from the crest of the Collserola range
-the backdrop to the city- has become
one of the most spectacular symbols of
the new Barcelona.
The definition of the city centre
Over time the services district of
Barcelona has shifted from the Ciutat
Vella to the Eixample and more recently
to the upper part of the Diagonal. For
this reason, the large scale projects for
1992 have been concentrated in the
peripheral and relatively inactive areas of
the city to counteract the tendency for
activity to concentrate in the south west
of the city, starting from the Diagonal.
The Barcelona Candidature Dossier
proposed a number of projects in four
areas strategically located around the
city: Montjuïc, Diagonal, Vall d'Hebron
and Parc de Mar. These so-called
Olympic Areas, which will contain the
main facilities for the 1992 Games, have
been the subject of extensive
redevelopment for use after the event.
The planning of the Parc de Mar Area,
entailing as it does conversion to
residential use and opening up to the sea,
has been the most innovative of all the
transformations which Barcelona has
experienced in preparation for the
Olympic Games, because the changes
which it has brought cover such a large
section of the city -more than seventy
hectares.
89
1
1
The two towers constructed
at the end of the Passeig de
Carles I are a gateway to
the Olympic Harbour and
provide the coastline with a
new profile.
2
The Velòdrom, the ideal
setting for cycling events.
3 Tarragona gives this area direct and
Aerial view of the Olympic
Ring. The Olympic project
was always designed to be
located primarily on
Montjuïc.
4
Aerial view of the Diagonal
Area, with the Real Club de
Polo in the foreground on
the right.
5
The development of the
Parc de Mar Area has
made possible the
continuation of the Passeig
Marítim, which links the
beaches along the coast.
2 3
The plan for the Diagonal Area, which is
spread over the municipalities of
Barcelona, l'Hospitalet and Esplugues,
centres on the provision of
infrastructures to complement and order
a group of existing sports facilities, as
well as new services, hotels and office
and commercial areas. The Carrer
rapid access to the Plaça Espanya and
the Montjuïc Area. Altogether, this
development constitutes what has been
called the Eix de Ponent.
The development of the Vall d'Hebron
Area has produced an extensive park out
of a zone previously occupied by terraces
and slopes which separated the districts
in this sector from the rest of the city; a
number of sports facilities and residential
areas have been built, and a number of
services linking the districts of La
Teixonera, Els Penitents, Horta, Montbau
and Carmel have been installed.
4 91
5
1
1
The Sala Oval in the Palau
Nacional de Montjuïc. The
Palau has been redesigned
by Gae Aulenti to become
the permanent home of the
National Museum of Art of
Catalonia.
2 were launched, some of which will be
Sculpture by C. Oldenburg
in the Vall d'Hebron Area.
A significant number of
well-known artists have
helped to beautify the city
with their works.
3
The campaign slogan
"Barcelona, més que mai"
(more than ever), which has
figured in various
municipal advertising
campaigns.
4 Gae Aulenti was commissioned to
Graffiti on the ventilation
shafts on the Via Julia.
5 converting it into the permanent home of
Model of the city
Auditorium, designed by
Rafael Moneo, and the
National Theatre of
Catalonia, by Ricard Bofill.
2 4
3
The cultural infrastructure
As a consequence of Barcelona's
designation as the site for the Olympic
Games, a number of cultural projects
completed after 1992. These included the
renovation of the National Museum of
Art of Catalonia, the Municipal
Auditorium, the National Theatre of
Catalonia, the Centre of Contemporary
Culture, the Museum of Contemporary
Art and the new Botanical Garden in the
Parc del Migdia on Montjuïc.
In December 1990, the Italian architect
undertake the project for the renovation
of the Palau Nacional in Montjuïc,
the National Museum of Art of
Catalonia. In June 1990 the City
Council, the Generalitat and the Ministry
of Culture reached an agreement on the
financing of the work.
An agreement was made for the joint
financing of the Auditorium in
September 1989 and in December of the
following year work was started near the
Plaça de les Glòries, based on a design
by the architect Rafael Moneo. The
construction of the National Theatre of
Catalonia, designed by the architect
Ricard Bofill, is planned for the
neighbouring site. Responsibility for this
project has been taken on by the
Generalitat.
In 1980 the Regional Government and
the City Council agreed to devote the
Casa de la Caritat, a former charitable
institution, to a cultural purpose. It was
decided to convert it into the home of
the Centre of Contemporary Culture and
the Museum of Contemporary Art. The
design for the first of these was produced
by Helio Piñón and Albert Viaplana and
the work started early in 1991.
Meanwhile, in 1988 the Generalitat, the
City Council and the Museum of
Contemporary Art Foundation formed a
5 93
1
1
Building work on the new
Centre of Contemporary
Culture.
2 and the work began the following year.
The rehabilitation of the
beaches has provided new
leisure areas for young and
old.
3
Gallery in the Casa de la
Caritat. This building,
previously a convent, is the
site of the new Centre of
Contemporary Culture and
Museum of Contemporary
Art.
4
Montjuïc, as well as
containing museums and
funfairs and providing
facilities far sporting
activities, is also an
open-air art area.
5
Municipal office for urban
redevelopment in the old
part of the city.
2 3
consortium to begin the building. In circumstances would have taken several
October of that year Richard Meier was decades.
commissioned to undertake the project
Finally, in 1989, as part of the new
layout of the Parc del Migdia on
Montjuïc, a project was drawn up to
move the Botanical Garden there. A
commission was set up to carry out the
plan made up of representatives from the
Generalitat, the City Council, the
Catalan universities and the Botanical
Institute. Work started in 1991.
Montjuïc will also be home to the Teatre
Lliure when it moves to its new site in
one of the buildings of the old Mercat de
les Flors.
In general terms, as a consequence of the
presentation of the Candidature and the
designation of Barcelona as the site for
the 1992 Olympic Games, the city has
undergone a spectacular change in no
more than ten years which under normal
5 95
4
1

1
Scene showing two boxers.
The one on the left is
raising his index finger to
acknowledge defeat. Greek
ornamental and votive
ceramics show scenes of the
various gymnastic,
equestrian and artistic
contests, known as agon,
which made up the
programme of the Games.
The Olympic Games and
classical Greece
Myth and legend have attributed
different meanings to the origin of the
Olympic Games, but everything points to
a ritual ceremony of some kind
celebrated in honour of Zeus, father of
the gods, at the shrine at Olympia. Many
different dates have been given for the
first Games, but the most widely
accepted is 776 BC.
This occasion gradually increased in
importance until the Olympic Games
became a focal point for the whole
Hellenic world. The calendar was based
on the four year periods which separated
the Games and became the Olympiads.
It is highly probable that in the
beginning the Olympic Games were
simply an encounter for young people
from neighbouring cities who came to
attend the religious ceremonies and
display their sporting skills. As Greece
grew, the Games grew with it and
athletes from all around the shores of the
Mediterranean came to take part. Three
months before the festival a sacred truce
was declared and all wars between the
city-states ceased for the duration.
But although the Olympic Games were
the most ancient sports festivals, they
were not the only ones in Hellas. There
were three others in which the whole
Hellenic world took part and which were
also considered sacred because they took
place at important shrines: the Isthmian
Games at the shrine in Corinth; the
Nemean Games in the city of Nemea;
and the Pythian Games in Delphi. The
Olympic and Pythian Games were held
every four years, whilst the Nemean and
Corinthian were biennial. Apart from
these pan-Hellenic festivals, there were
many local ones organised by cities on
special occasions.
The Isthmian Games were held in spring
and the others in summer and the
competitions were divided into three
disciplines: equestrian, gymnastic and
musical. The prizes awarded at the four
sacred festivals were purely honorary: an
olive crown at Olympia, laurel at Delphi,
pine branches at Corinth and wild celery
at Nemea. But the winners' greatest
rewards came with their return to their
native cities, where they were often
received in triumph and rewarded with
sums of money. Some sculptors, such as
Myron, or poets such as Pindar or
Bachillides made a living from carving
bronze statues of the triumphant athletes
or composing odes in their honour. The
pan-Hellenic Games were mainly
reserved for men, though some women's
competitions were held. At Olympia,
only one woman was allowed to be
present: the priestess of Demeter, who
occupied the place of honour.
The setting of the Olympic Games
The shrine of Olympia was located in the
region of Elis in the north-east of the
central Peloponnese at the confluence of
the rivers Alpheus and Cladeus, 340
kilometres from Athens. From the
remains discovered in the archaeological
excavations which began in 1875, it has
been possible to reconstruct the original
appearance of the buildings which made
up the setting for the Olympic Games.
They all lay within the sacred perimeter,
the Altis, from which rose the
Olympieium, the temple which housed
the monumental statue of Zeus. The
statue of the god was the work of the
sculptor Phidias and was one of the
seven wonders of the world. The main
sports facilities were the stadium, the
palaestra, the gymnasium and the
hippodrome. 101
The stadium was a flat rectangle 211
metres long and 32 metres wide. Fresh
water flowed along a channel which was
built all around it. Across the stadium
from east to west ran a ridge of marble
furrowed by two parallel grooves where
the athletes placed their feet to launch
themselves into the race. It was divided
into twenty sections, one for each
competitor. There were no stands: the
spectators stood or sat on the grass on a
series of terraces alongside the stadium.
There was only one platform, on the
southern side: we suppose it was where
the judges and the people presiding the
Games sat.
The palaestra was the building where the
different kinds of wrestling competition
took place. It was an almost perfect
square 66 metres along the sides. Inside
there was another square area about 40
metres along the sides. In the space
between the inner columns and the outer
wall were a series of compartments and
rooms used for different purposes.
The gymnasium was the place where the
runners and the competitors in the
pentathlon trained. The pentathlon was a
competition consisting of five events:
long jump, wrestling, discus, javelin and
sprint. The gymnasium was rectangular
with columns all around the edge. Inside
 The Greek world in
there were two race tracks 192 metres sacrilege and that they would not use the fifth century B.C.
long. The building was covered by a illicit methods to triumph. The area influenced by Greek
wooden roof supported by two rows of civilisation is in yellow
66 Doric columns. The rules for each event were precise 1 Gades 24 Corinth
and clear and the judges made sure that 2
3
Malaca
Hemeroscopeum
25
26
Nemea
Olympia
The equestrian competitions and chariot they were observed to the letter. If an 4 Empúries 27 Sparta
5 Roses 28 Thera
races took place at the hippodrome. It athlete disagreed with the outcome of an 6 Massilia 29 Knossos
was a great esplanade with two pillars event, he could appeal to the Olympic 7
8
Alalia
Pyrgos
30
31
Cyrene
Phanagoria
separated by a distance of two stadii (1 Senate, which would look into the case. 9 Rome 32 Theodosia
10 Ancona 33 Byzantium
stadium = 192.27 metres). The pillars 11 Naples 34 Pergamon
marked the starting line and the place Altogether, 293 Games were held at 12
13
Elea
Sybaris
35
36
Smyrna
Phocaea
where the turns were made when the Olympia: 194 before the birth of Christ 14 Croton 37 Miletos
15 Himera 38 Halicarnassos
race involved various laps of the circuit. and 99 after. This speaks eloquently of 16 Selinus 39 Rhodes
The equestrian events always closed the the depth to which group feeling and 17
18
Carthage
Catana
40
41
Xanthos
Tarsus
competitions of the Olympic Games. appreciation of the sporting tradition 19 Syracuse 42 Antioch
20 Epidamnus 43 Damascus
were rooted in Greek culture. 21 Apollonia 44 Jerusalem
45
Messengers were dispatched to the cities 22
23
Delphi
Megara 46
Alexandria
Athens
to announce the sacred truce and the The crisis of the Hellenic world also
opening of the Games, which were held affected the Olympic Games, which went
between July and August and lasted into decline, particularly under Roman
seven days. On the first day would-be domination. At last, when Christianity
competitors had to swear an oath that became the official religion of the
they were free men and of Hellenic Roman Empire, the emperor Theodosius
blood. They also had to declare that they issued an edict in 393 AD abolishing the
were under no penalty for crime or Games and all other pagan events.

102
1
Remains of the crypt
passage or secret door in
Olympia. Built in the
middle of the second
century AD as part of the
reconstruction carried out
under the Romans, it led
from the sacred Altis to the
stadium.
2
Representation of a chariot
on a panathenaic amphora
from the sixth century BC
3 and studying the Hellenic world.
Panoramic view of the
ancient stadium at
Olympia. In the foreground
is the grooved marble ridge
which marked the starting
line for the runners.
4
Model of the ancient
sanctuary at Olympia. In
the centre, the temple of
Zeus, which sheltered a
monumental statue of the
god by Pheidias.
5 Olympia and re-awoke interest in the
Runners with torches. The
ritual use of fire was linked
with the Olympic Games
from the beginning.
1 3
2
The return of the Games: the
Modern Era
The coming of the Enlightenment and
the publication of the Encyclopaedia in
the eighteenth century, events whose
origins can be traced back to the
Renaissance two hundred years before,
were decisive in establishing values based
on a knowledge of man. In this context,
there was renewed interest in discovering
Excavations began to reveal the way of
life of the ancient civilisation. In the
classical texts, especially the works of
Pausanias, there was mention of the
shrine of Olympia. More documents were
gathered and in 1875 a group of
archaeologists began to dig systematically
around the site of the ancient Greek
shrine. Their discoveries told them a
great deal about the exact location of
Games which had been held so long ago.
4 5
The industrial revolution which was
sweeping Europe, involving mass
movement of people to the cities and
new forms of social organisation, brought
about reforms in the educational systems.
In the mid-nineteenth century a
movement emerged which advocated
universal schooling and the adaptation of
the curriculum to the social conditions of
the time. At the same time, varying in
extent from one country to another,
interest in sport grew. Books about sport
were published and private associations
to encourage the practice of certain
sports were founded.
103

These two factors -the rediscovery of
Olympia and the rise of sport- triggered
an extraordinary interest in the Olympic
Games. Among all the people and groups
who became involved, the outstanding
name, on grounds of sheer tenacity, was
that of a French thinker and
educationalist, Pierre de Fredy, Baron de
Coubertin.
On 25 November 1892 at the Sorbonne
in Paris, Coubertin made a formal
proposal to the French Association of
Athletic Sports: to re-establish the
Olympic tradition of ancient Greece in
the modern world. Fifteen hundred years
had passed since they disappeared, but
the recovery of classical ideals which was
a feature of European thought at the turn
of the century coincided with the social
and educational value of sport
propounded by Coubertin himself.
104
1
Coubertin's perseverance led to the Some of the fifteen
constitution of the first International members of the first
Olympic Committee (IOC) on 23 June International Olympic
Committee which organised
1894. The first members were fifteen the first modern Olympic
people chosen by de Coubertin from Games in Athens in 1896.
From left to right, standing,
outstanding figures of the aristocracy or Wilhelm Gebhardt from
the military establishment of thirteen Germany, Jiri
Guth-Jarkovsky from
countries. Bohemia, Ferec Kemeny
from Hungary and the
Since the foundation of the IOC, the Swede, General Victor
Balck; sitting, Pierre de
members have not been representatives Coubertin from France,
of their countries, but representatives of Demetrius Vikelas from
Greece (first president of
the organisation in their countries. The the IOC, from 1894 to
first ones to have members on this new 1896) and the Russian
international body were Argentina, General Von Boutowsky.
Belgium, Bohemia, France, Germany, 2
Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, The Cháteau de Vidy, in
Lausanne, has been the
New Zealand, Russia, Sweden and the headquarters of the IOC
United States. The members' first task since 1915, when it was
chosen by Pierre de
was to approve the Olympic Charter, the Coubertin.
document which contains the rules and
bye-laws of the Olympic movement and 3
Pierre de Coubertin
all information and instructions required (1863-1937), the French
for the organisation of the Games. teacher and thinker, was
the prime mover in the
restoration of the Olympic
Games. Coubertin also laid
the foundations of the
1 2
3
Olympic Movement and Although Coubertin had been the
created the Olympic
ideology, which he promoter of the Olympic movement, he
expounded and developed in declined the presidency of the IOC in
his many works. He was
president of the IOC from favour of the Greek Demetrius Vikelas.
1896 to 1925.
4
The IOC president's office
in Lausanne.
5
An old edition of the
Olympic Charter, the
document which contains
the rules and by-laws of the
Olympic Movement and all
the instructions regarding
the organisation of the
Games.
6
In Paris on 23 June 1894,
before two thousand leading
citizens and delegates from
thirteen countries, Pierre de
Coubertin publicly
proclaimed his desire to
restore the Olympic Games
of ancient Greece. Two
years later, the Games of
the I Olympiad of the
modern era were held in
Athens, with 295 athletes
and 13 countries
participating.

4 6 105

5
1

1
Not a single poster was
published for the first
Olympic Games of the
modern era; as their use
was still not widespread.
On the left is the cover of
the Official Report. It
shows the goddess Athene
holding the winner's olive
crown, the rebuilt
panathenian stadium, with
the Acropolis in the
background and the figures
776-1896, which refer to
the year in which the first
known Olympic Games
were held in ancient Greece
(776 BC) and the year of
their restoration.
Athens 1896
(I Olympiad)
The first aim of the newly formed
International Olympic Committee was to
make the dream which had inspired it
come true and organise an Olympic
Games. The debate centred on the choice
of venue. Although the father of the
project wanted to have the Games in
Paris, it was finally decided to hold them
in the country where they had been born.
The city of Athens had the honour of
being the first Olympic city of the
modern era.
The organisation of those first Olympic
Games was still rudimentary, but they
were the incarnation of the original idea:
to bring together athletes from different
countries and focus the eyes of the world
on the competitions. The ancient
stadium in Athens, built in 350 BC, was
reconstructed to be the Olympic stadium
with private donations, particularly from
the Greek banker George Averoff, who
lived in Alexandria. This patron gave a
million gold drachmas for the
organisation of the Games. The
pan-Athenian stadium was built in white
marble in the shape of an elongated U,
with a 250 metre track and a capacity of
60.000.
Although the invitations were sent out
late and the newness of the occasion
meant that the number of international
athletes attending was smaller than
hoped, the Games were opened on
Wednesday, 6 April 1896, by King
George I. They lasted ten days. 295
competitors, all men, from 13 countries
took part. The largest delegation, 197,
was from the host country, followed by
Germany and France with 19 each. The
countries taking part were Australia,
Austria, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark,
France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece,
Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland and the
United States. The teams were
heterogeneous and the competitors often
chosen at random. There were no
qualifying events and some competitors
were students on holiday who entered at
the last moment. The winner of the
discus, for example, was a student from
Princeton, Robert Garrett, who had

109
2 4
A set of commemorative
stamps was issued to mark
the Athens Games. There
were twelve values, with
eight different designs,
based on scenes from the
ancient Games. The ten
drachma stamp (2) showed
the Acropolis and the
Parthenon; while the 25
and 60 lepta stamps (3)
3 featured a chariot drawn by
white horses and a winged
Victory, inspired by an
ancient Greek coin which
also commemorated a
victory in the Olympic
Games. These stamps were 5
the work of the teachers
Svoronos and Guilleron
and the engraver Eugene
Mouchon. The medals
awarded at those first
Olympic Games of the
modern era, which were
silver, bore an allegorical
representation of Olympia
on one side (4) and the
Acropolis on the other (5).
 handled the discus for the first time just
three days before the competition.
At these first Games there were 43
events in 9 sports; many of them have
since vanished from the programme. The
sports on the programme were athletics,
cycling, fencing, gymnastics, weightlifting,
tennis, wrestling, swimming and shooting.
The first Olympic champion was James
Brendan Connolly of the United States,
the winner of the triple jump with a
distance of 13.71 metres. The United
States carried off the prizes for most of
the athletics events. The Marathon, the
event closest to the hearts of the Greeks,
was won by one of their athletes, the
shepherd Spyridon Louis, who ran the
last few metres escorted by the heir to
the throne, Prince Constantine, amidst
general rejoicing. In recognition of his
triumph, the winner was presented with
a complete wardrobe, a shaving kit and a
free room at a hotel in Athens for a year.
110
The swimming and cycling events at the 1
The start of the first
Athens Games bear scant resemblance to Olympic 100 metres final,
the competitions today: the swimming which was won by the
American Thomas Burke.
events were held out to sea, the The regulation starting
competitors plunging into the water from position had still not been
boats at anchor. The cycling, in which laid down and the lanes
were divided by ropes.
the French distinguished themselves, was
held at the New Phaleron velodrome on 2
Rope climbing was
the outskirts of the city. occasionally included in the
gymnastics competition
until the 1932 Games. The
In the 100 kilometre cycling event there first winner was the Greek
was a demonstration of the gymnast Nicolaos
Andriakopoulos.
sportsmanship advocated by the Olympic
precepts: when the French cyclist Léon
Flameng realised that his Greek rival was
having mechanical problems, he stopped
and waited for him to finish the repairs
before continuing with the race, from
which Flameng eventually emerged the
victor.
At the Athens Games, the winners in
each event received silver medals, as
there was not enough money left to mint
them in gold. All in all, the most
important feature of the Games was the
1 2
3
The French cyclists Léon
revival of the Olympic spirit. In spite of
Flameng, winner of the 100 their technical shortcomings, they were a
km track event, and Paul resounding success in terms of
Mason, winner of the
333.33 m, the 2000 m and participation and were the key to the
the 10000 m races. rebirth of the Olympic movement. The
4
international press gave them ample
Robert Garrett, winner of coverage.
the discus event. Garrett,
an American student who
was on holiday in Athens, The closing ceremony at Athens marked
entered for the Games even an unexpected triumph, which was not to
though he had never seen
an official discus until be repeated for some years, and the
three days before the return of the Olympic Games.
competition.
5
The rebuilt panathenaic
stadium was the main
venue for the 1896 Games.
Like the original,
constructed in 350 BC, it
was built of white marble
and held some sixty
thousand spectators. It was
also used for the
Pan-Hellenic Games in
1906.

3 5
111

4
1

1
No poster was published for
the Paris Games, but there
were posters for some of the
sports in the Concours
Internationaux d'Exercices
Physiques et de Sports, as
the 1900 Games were
known. An emerging
artistic genre gave the
poster reproduced on the
left, for fencing, a period
feel. It shows a female
athlete as women took part
for the first time in the
Olympic Games, although
they were not officially
recognised.
Paris 1900
(II Olympiad)
In 1900 the founder of the modern
Olympic Games, Baron de Coubertin,
saw his wish to hold them in his own
country fulfilled. The principle of
different countries and continents taking
turns to host them was also established.
However, the second Games were
somewhat uneven. They coincided with
the Universal Exhibition in the French
capital, which meant that the Games
were eclipsed by the variety of events
and settings. This, combined with the
decision of the organisers to spread the
competitions over six months from 20
May to 28 October, with no opening or
closing ceremony, cast a pall over the
Olympic event. Many of the participants
were not even sure that they were
competing in the Olympic Games, as
they were called Concours Internationaux
d'Exercices Physiques et de Sports. The
first Games of the century are the only
ones with no official results. Another
detail is that the medals were sent by
post years later.
Nevertheless, there were more
competitors than in Athens. 1,077
athletes from 21 countries entered and
women's events were held for the first
time -though they were not officially
recognised- in golf and in tennis, where
the British player Charlotte Cooper
shone. The Games failed to draw the
number of spectators who had flocked to
Athens. The largest turnout was under
3,000, for an athletics competition, while
eliminating rounds in the other sports
took place in front of much smaller
crowds. Competitions were held in 17
sports altogether, 8 more than at the first
Games.
Paris had no Olympic stadium to
concentrate the athletics events, which
were scattered around more than fifteen
venues, some of them hardly suitable for
the practice of sport. The racing track at
the Racing Club de France in the Bois
de Boulogne was very hard and the high
and long jumpers had to dig the pits for
their competitions. The swimming events
were held at Asnières, a suburb on the

113
2 Unlike in Athens, no 3
commemorative stamps were
issued for the Paris Games.
In fact, they went almost
unnoticed amongst the
festivities surrounding the
Universal Exhibition, two
of the designs for which are
reproduced here. No-one
attending the 1900 Games,
which were poorly
organised and spread over a
long period, could have
guessed the significance
that the modern Olympic
Games would achieve.
 River Seine; yachting at Meulan; fencing
at the Tuileries; tennis at the Île de
Puteaux; gymnastics at Vincennes; the
equestrian sports at Breteuil; and cycling
in the Parc des Princes. This dispersal
detracted from the lustre of the Olympic
occasion. However, thanks to the
personal efforts of many athletes these
obstacles were overcome and the Games
were held.
A noteworthy feature was that the
swimming and water polo competitions
were held in the River Seine. The water
polo match between France and England
was an eventful occasion, as the two
teams were playing to different rules,
thereby demonstrating the need to lay
down sports regulations which would be
valid internationally. In rowing Holland
won the coxed event; what made this
remarkable was the fact that the
coxswain was a ten-year-old boy who had
been chosen from the spectators a few
minutes before the race began. Other
sports were included on the official
114
programme but had little future there: 1
The cycling events were
cricket, croquet and even fishing in the held at the Parc des
Seine. Princes velodrome. In the
background is a giant
balloon, one of the
Some famous names stand out in Paris. attractions at the Universal
Exhibition. For the
Alvin Kraenzlein of the United States organisers of the Paris
won four individual events (the 60 Games, the sporting events
metres, the 110 and 200 metres hurdles were always subsidiary to
the great spectacle of the
and the long jump), a feat which has Exhibition.
never been equalled since. Ray C. Ewry,
2
his fellow countryman, won three gold The American athlete Alvin
medals in the standing high jump, long Kraenzlein, the only person
to win four gold medals in
jump and triple jump, in spite of the fact individual athletics events
that as a child he had been paralysed in at the same Games (60 m,
the legs. Ewry carried off three more 110 and 200 m hurdles and
long jump).
medals at the Games in St Louis in 1904
and two in London in 1908. Altogether, 3
While running in the
the US competitors took home seventeen Marathon, the French
of the twenty-three titles. athlete Émile Champion
drinks from a bottle offered
by a following cyclist.
1 2
4
Two participants in the golf
After Paris, Coubertin retired to
competition finishing their Lausanne to prepare the next Games in
round. Eleven women took
part in the Paris Games,
greater calm and with fewer pressures.
although not officially. He had fought hard for the Games to
change venue in the face of opposition
5
The shooting competition. from the Greek members, who wanted to
Many of the participants keep them in their country.
were professional soldiers.
At these second Olympic
Games, no attention at all
was paid to the amateur or
professional status of the
competitors.
6
The American athlete Ray
C. Ewry was a legendary
figure in early twentieth
century sport: in the Games
of 1900, 1904 and 1908 he
won eight gold medals for
the standing start jump.
The achievement was
especially remarkable
considering Ewry had had
polio as a child.

3 4 115

5 6
1

1
There was no poster for the
St Louis Games either and,
as at Paris, they coincided
with the staging of a
Universal Exhibition in the
same city. The programme
cover, reproduced here, went
against the trends of the
day by deliberately
advertising the Exhibition
rather than providing a
simple decorative addition.
St Louis 1904
(III Olympiad)
In 1904 the Olympic Games crossed the
Atlantic for the first time. Coubertin,
who was now president of the IOC,
wanted to hold each Games in a
different part of the world and his wish
came true. In spite of the signs of crisis
in the Olympic movement which were
apparent after the Paris Games, the
four-yearly event was duly held again,
this time in St Louis. Chicago had also
been a candidate to host the Games, but
the president, Theodore Roosevelt,
intervened to secure the nomination for
the city on the Mississippi.
The situation in St Louis was practically
a re-run of Paris. The Games coincided
with the World Fair held to
commemorate the centenary of Louisiana
joining the United States. Once again the
competition calendar spanned a long
period, from 1 July to 23 November.
And just as in Paris four years before,
there was no opening ceremony.
The distance from Europe also meant a
considerable drop in the number of
participants: only 554 from 12 countries
entered. The only European countries to
attend were Germany, Great Britain
(with just one representative), Greece,
Hungary and Norway. In many events
the only competitors were athletes from
American universities and sports clubs.
Nor was there any unifying criterion for
measuring scores. Whilst the metric
system was used for the athletics events,
other competitions used yards, feet and
inches.
There were 15 sports on the official
programme. The St Louis Games brought
in basketball roque and lacrosse as
exhibition sports and boxing and
wrestling became official for the first
time. However, there were no yachting
events. Innovations were introduced into
many Olympic sports. In athletics it was
decided to include a combined event
-the direct ancestor of the decathlon-
and the 56 pound weight throw event,
which was only to be held once more, in
1920. The team event was brought back

117
2 3
The Universal Exhibition
overshadowed the St Louis
Games. The two events were
mixed even on the winners'
medals, as demonstrated by
the two sides of this bronze
medal.
 in gymnastics and more modes were
introduced into fencing.
The hero of this encounter was Archibald
Hahn of the USA, known as "the
Milwaukee Meteor". He won three gold
medals in the 60, 100 and 200 metres,
with a time of 21.6 seconds in the last,
an Olympic record which was not broken
for twenty-eight years. The Marathon was
marred by the scandal provoked by Fred
Lorz. also of the USA. Having been
acclaimed victor and congratulated by no
less a person than Alice Roosevelt, the
daughter of the president, it was
discovered that he had done part of the
route by car. The real winner, Thomas
Hicks, another American, reached the
finishing line in a state of intoxication
due to the brandy and strychnine which
he had been consuming along the way.
Another winner at the St Louis Games
was James Lightbody, a middle distance
runner. He was the victor in the 800 and
1500 metres and in the 2500 metres
118
steeplechase. Harry Hillman won the 400 1
The American athlete Ralph
metres and the 200 and 400 metres Rose beat his compatriots
hurdles, the latter with a time of 53 to take the gold medal for
the shot put. Rose,
seconds, a new world record. It was not nicknamed "Elephant
made official, however, as the athlete Baby" because of his baby
face and sturdy build,
knocked over the last hurdle; at the time, dominated this event at the
this meant that the record could not be 1904, 1908 and 1912
recognised. It should be pointed out that Games. His career was
brought to an untimely end
the hurdles were then 76 centimetres by his death in 1913 at the
high, as opposed to 90 today. age of only twenty-eight.
2
The small group of European competitors Harry Hillman of the
United States, who took the
shone in the form of the German gold medal in the 400 m
swimming team, who won three gold and the 400 m hurdles.
medals. The only medallists in the
athletics events who were not from the
United States were Thomas Kiely of
Ireland in the combined event and the
Canadian Etienne Desmarteau in the 56
pound weight throw.
The shot put was won by Ralph Rose, a
giant weighing 115 kilograms, who threw a
distance of 14.8 metres. Rose won the
gold medal again at the London Games in
1908 and a silver at Stockholm in 1912.
1 2
3
The Marathon was
At the St Louis Games, however, the
surrounded by controversy. Olympic spirit was dimmed by the
The first runner to cross celebration of the Anthropology Days, a
the finishing line, Fred
Lorz of the United States, series of events off the programme
had covered part of the reserved for athletes of all races except
course by car. When the
fraud was discovered, the
the white. The participants were pygmies,
medal went to the athlete Ainu from Japan, Patagonians, Turks,
who had come second, Philipinos and Sioux Indians, some of
Thomas Hicks (in the
photograph), also of the whom worked on the stalls at the
United States. Exhibition. The protests of the IOC, of
4 Coubertin himself (although he did not
The German swimmer Emil attend the Games) and some journalists
Rausch, winner of the mile were unable to prevent these events from
and 880 yards freestyle,
was one of the few taking place.
non-American swimmers to
win a gold medal.
Nevertheless, the press paid little
5 attention to the Games of the III
So-called Anthropological
Days were held during the Olympiad. The reporters had their eyes
St Louis Games. These glued to the Russo-Japanese conflict
were parallel events for which was then monopolising the
non-white competitors,
outside the official headlines in all the newspapers.
competitions. The protests
of some Olympic leaders
were not enough to stop
these events from being held.

3 4 5 119
1

1
The organisation of the
London Games was far
more thorough than
previous editions, and
meant a great step forward
in the development of the
Olympics. The programme
cover features the name of
the Shepherd's Bush
Olympic stadium, the scene
of most of the competitions
and the first to be built
specially for the Games.
London 1908
(IV Olympiad)
The 1908 Olympic Games were to have
been held in Rome, but the eruption of
Vesuvius, serious economic problems and
the resentment of other cities, such as
Milan and Turin, drove the Italian
capital to withdraw 2 years before the
Games. In spite of the lack of time,
which almost led to the postponement of
the Games, London offered to be a last
minute candidate.
The London Games, which opened on 27
April 1908 and closed on 31 October,
brought about a crucial change in the
nature of the Olympics. For the first
time a stadium was built specially for the
Games with a concrete track for cycling.
A swimming pool and a diving tower
were built nearby. The stadium was the
White City in Shepherd's Bush, a suburb
in west London.

Great Britain had been the cradle of
modern sport. It had drafted most of the
rules, had launched distinguished
sportsmen and women onto the world
scene, created a large number of
international federations and had the
best facilities of the day. Everything
suggested that these Games would be
splendid and, indeed, their arrival in
London was of great benefit to the
Olympic movement. Links were forged
between the IOC and the emerging
national Olympic committees (NOC) and
the international federations of the sports
on the Olympic programme.
The London Games were notable for
their meticulous organisation. For the
first time the teams and competitors
were representatives of countries and not
of clubs or just individuals. The parade
of countries at the beginning of the
opening ceremony was introduced. One
feature of most of the events at the
stadium was the rivalry between Great
Britain and the United States.
The number of competitors also
increased substantially: 2,034 from 22
countries. There were 21 sports on the
programme, which was far more

121
2 Originally, the Games of 3
the IV Olympiad had been
awarded to Rome, but in
1906, during the
Pan-Hellenic Games in
Athens (intended, in part,
to erase the bad memory of
the St Louis competitions),
the Italian organisers
renounced their claim to
them. The IOC turned to
London, and the British
capital was designated host
city for the Olympic Games
at the last moment. Thanks
to the long British tradition
of organising sporting
events, the London Games
were a great success,
providing the definitive
spirit in which the Games
should be held. Shown here
are the two sides of the
gold medals awarded at the
Games.
 coherent, and the venues were close
together. These were also the first Games
at which women took part in an official
capacity.
There was some debate about which
sports should be included. Athletics,
swimming, boxing, fencing, gymnastics,
rowing, yachting and football were
retained. Others, such as tennis, archery,
polo, rugby and motor canoe races
disappeared after the Games in London,
though some of them were to be revived
later. Even equestrian sports, so British
in their roots, were not held, while figure
skating, the precursor of the Winter
Olympic Games, hockey and
Greco-Roman wrestling, made their
debut. The women's event in archery,
one of the few sports to admit women
competitors, was won by Sybil "Queenie"
Newell of Britain. Once again the
Marathon was the centre of attention: the
Italian Dorando Pietri ran the last lap at
the White City stumbling and staggering;
some of the judges stepped forward to
122
help him across the line, which provoked 1
Many of the athletics
the United States, whose runner John events which were held in
Hayes came second, to challenge the London were still not
organised in accordance
result; they succeeded in having him with modern rules. The
disqualified. Nevertheless, Queen photograph shows some
athletes negotiating the
Alexandra awarded him a gold cup as a water jump in the
special distinction, unaware of the fact steeplechase, which was run
over a distance of 3200 m.
that the Italian runner had drugged
himself before the race with a strychnine 2
compound. The Organising Committee The rowing events were held
on the Thames at Henley,
set the Marathon at 42 kilometres 195 and they attracted large
metres, the distance from Windsor Castle crowds. This river had been
the scene of the traditional
to the finishing line, which became the Oxford versus Cambridge
official figure from 1924 onwards. boat race since 1829.
3
There were many other remarkable The women's archery
incidents at the London Games. Forrest competition, in which only
British archers took part,
Smithson, who won the gold medal in was won by Sybil
the 110 metres hurdles, ran with a bible "Queenie" Newall. The
women -36 in all- were
in his hand as a protest against the taking part officially in the
holding of competitions on Sunday. Olympic Games for the
Reginald Walker, a last-minute addition first time, albeit only in
tennis, archery and figure
to the South African team, won the 100 skating.
metres. The final of the 400 metres was
somewhat lacking in sporting appeal: it
was won by the English runner,
1 2
4
Figure skating was one of
the demonstration sports.
5
The Italian runner
Dorando Pietri, on the
point of collapse, finished
first in the Marathon, yet
the help he received from
officials a few moments
before crossing the line led
to his being disqualified.
Queen Alexandra, however,
rewarded him for his efforts
with a cup.
6
The French cyclists
Maurice Schilles and André
Auffray, winners of the
2000 m tandem race, which
was removed from the
Olympic programme after
the 1972 Games.
3 4
Wyndham Halswelle, literally on his own:
the final was a repeat of the day before
when Carpenter of the USA had blocked
him several times during the race. When
Carpenter was disqualified, two of his
fellow countrymen, Robbins and Taylor,
failed to turn up for the re-run and so
Halswelle ran in solitary splendour. The
middle distance specialist Mel Sheppard
won the 800 and 1500 metres. There
were more British triumphs in rowing,
water polo and swimming; Henry Taylor
distinguished himself in the 400 and
1500 metres freestyle.
On balance the London Games were a
tremendous success. The Olympic idea
had taken shape. The IOC was more
than satisfied and a brilliant future was
predicted for the Games. At a mass held
at St Paul's Cathedral as a prelude to the
opening, the archbishop of Pennsylvania
spoke the most famous words of the
Olympic Movement: " The important
thing in the Olympic Games is not
winning but taking part".
5 123
6
1

1 The Games of the V Olympiad were held
This is the first real
Olympic poster. It is by the
Swedish artist Olle
Hjortzberg (1872-1959), a
teacher at the Royal
Academy of Fine Arts in
Stockholm, of which he
became director. The poster
caused something of a stir,
as it was considered a little
too daring. Hjortzberg's
poster is an excellent
example of the early period
of this artistic genre (at
which painters such as
Toulouse-Lautrec had
excelled), and which was
beginning to be widely used
for advertising purposes.
Stockholm 1912
(V Olympiad)
in Stockholm from 5 May to 22 July
1912. A century and a half before,
Sweden and other Scandinavian countries
had started a gymnastics movement
which had made a considerable impact
and this helped the Swedes win the
confidence of the IOC in their ability to
organise the Games of 1912.
Important technical innovations were
introduced in Stockholm and the
regulations established by the IOC were
observed far more scrupulously. It was
the first time that electric time-keeping
and the photofinish were used. The
quality of the tracks and teams was
rising steadily and this was reflected in
the improvement in the times and scores.
Stockholm also had a stadium built
specially for the Games, the Djungarden,
which still stands today. It was raised on
the grounds of the royal zoological
gardens, donated by King Gustav V, who
opened the Games. It was built in
reddish stone in a very Scandinavian
architectural style and held 30,000 people.
The Stockholm Games were a success in
every way. The number of athletes taking
part was higher than at earlier Olympic
Games: 28 countries from the five
continents -among them a newcomer,
Japan- sent a total of 2,504 competitors,
including 57 women. The organisers
excluded boxing from the official
programme and introduced women's
events in the swimming competition.
Moreover, the Games made a profit for
the host city and the Swedes won most
of the medals. In Stockholm the IOC
authorised the participation of teams
from Finland and Bohemia, although the
Grand Duchy was still subject to Russia
and Bohemia was part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Among the outstanding performers were
the American Indian Jim Thorpe, whose
tribal name was Wa-Tho-Huck (Shining

125
2 No commemorative stamps 3
were issued for the
Stockholm Games. Instead,
they produced an official
postcard with the words
"Stockholm Olympic
Games 1912" and a
promotional postmark.
Shown here are the two
sides of one of the
twenty-six gold medals
awarded at the Games.
 Path): he won the pentathlon and
decathlon -both newly introduced- with
great authority. Nevertheless, the
following year the Amateur Athletic
Union informed the IOC that Thorpe
had been a professional baseball player
and he was obliged to return his medals.
His rivals, it should be said, refused to
accept them. In 1982, nineteen years
after his death, the IOC decided to
reinstate him and restore the medals to
his heirs. Thorpe's feats were
immortalised in the film Man of Bronze,
directed by Michael Curtiz with Burt
Lancaster in the leading role. Thorpe's
countryman, Avery Brundage, future
president of the IOC and a champion of
amateurism, also competed in the
pentathlon.
One of the three Finnish Kolehmainen
brothers, Hannes "the Strong", won the
5000 and 10000 metres, the 3000 metre
team event and the cross-country. The
Hawaiian "Duke" Kahanamoku, the king
of the crawl, made his entry in the
126
swimming events. In Greco-Roman 1
The American athlete Platt
wrestling, which had made its debut in Adams in the standing start
London, a curious episode took place: long jump, in which he won
the silver medal. After
two wrestlers, the Estonian Martin Klein Stockholm this type of
and the Finn Alfred Asikainen fought a jump was dropped from the
Olympic programme.
true battle of the Titans in one of the
semi-finals, which lasted eleven hours 2
without a break. In the end Asikainen The semi-final of the
middleweight Greco-Roman
succumbed, but Klein was too exhausted wrestling competition
to fight in the final. between Martin Klein, an
Estonian member of the
Russian team, and Alfred
The Marathon was back in the headlines Asikainen, of Finland. The
match was won by Klein
in Stockholm, as the Portuguese runner after eleven hours, but he
Francisco Lázaro, unable to endure the was so exhausted that he
fierce heat, collapsed and died -the first declined to take part in the
final. Hence, the gold
death in a modern Olympic Games. A medal went to the Swedish
tribute was organised at the Olympic wrestler Claes Johanson.
Stadium to collect money for the 3
athlete's family. Avery Brundage, of the
United States, who was to
be president of the IOC
Pierre de Coubertin sought the union of from 1952 to 1972.
sport and culture and with that aim he Brundage took part in the
decathlon, alongside his
inaugurated competitions in music, compatriot Jim Thorpe, one
painting and poetry inspired by sport. of the heroes of the
Stockholm Games.
These were the forerunners of what was
to be the Olympic Arts Festival, held at
1 2
3
4
Judges at the finish line in
the Olympic stadium.
Electronic chronometers
and the photo-finish system
were used for the first time
at Stockholm. Until then,
times had been measured
manually. The Games
provided an important boost
for the use of technology in
sport.
5
The British women's
swimming team won the
gold medal in the 4 x 100
m freestyle. This was the
first time that women had
taken part in the swimming
competition. Coubertin was
not keen on women taking
part in the Olympic Games.
6
The Swedish shooting team
in action.
4 6
5
the same time as the Games. Curiously
enough, the winner of the two poetry
prizes was Baron de Coubertin himself,
who had entered under a pseudonym. In
painting, the first prize went to Giovanni
Pellegrini for his oil Winter Sports; in
music the gold was won by Riccardo
Barthelemy for his composition Olympic
Triumphal March.
The Stockholm Games marked the
consolidation of the modern Olympics.
The technical foundations which were
laid have survived to our time. At these
Games the International Amateur
Athletics Foundation (IAAF) was
constituted, with a strict code which
made it possible to judge and classify
athletes.
127
1

1
The First World War
meant that the Games were
not held again until 1920
in Antwerp (Belgium). They
were promoted by a poster
by the Belgian artists
Marth van Kuyck and
Walger van der Ven, which
is based on the same
thematic elements as the
poster for the 1912 Games:
the naked athlete and the
billowing flags. The effect
is less audacious, however,
and the poster did not
provoke the same
controversy as at the
Stockholm Games.
Antwerp 1920
(VII Olympiad)
Eight years had gone by since Stockholm,
as the Games planned for Berlin had to
be suspended because of the First World
War. Antwerp, which had already been a
candidate in 1914, was nominated to
host the Games in 1920 in recognition of
the suffering of the city during the
conflict. Because of the recent war, the
IOC did not invite Germany, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Austria or Turkey, the nations
which had instigated hostilities and their
allies. Russia did not take part either and
was not to do so again until 1952 as "the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
As the country's economy had been
badly damaged by the war, the Antwerp
Games ran into severe financial
problems, in spite of the decisive
intervention of King Albert I and the
support of private patrons who made
cash contributions. To ensure that as
many athletes as possible took part, the
competitors were given special facilities,
but the spectators were charged high
prices. No more than 6,000 people
attended any of the events. Many
sportsmen were unable to compete
because they were still enlisted in armies,
which reduced the number of records,
well below the previous Games
At the Antwerp Games the Olympic flag
and oath were first introduced. The idea
of Coubertin, the five coloured rings
symbolising the five continents
interlinked on a white background
represented the peace which governed the
Olympic ideals. The honour of swearing
the first oath fell to the Belgian polo
player and fencer Victor Boin, future
president of the Olympic Committee of
his country and of the International
Sporting Press Association. This historic
oath was sworn on behalf of 2,591
athletes from 29 countries. Another
innovation at Antwerp was the releasing
of thousands of white doves at the
opening ceremony as a symbol of peace
among nations.
Weightlifting, boxing and freestyle
wrestling became permanent features of
the programme in the Belgian city and

129
2 Three stamps were issued 4
for the Games of the VII
Olympiad. As in Athens in
1896, various ancient Greek
elements were used, such as
Myron's Discobolos (2) for
the 5 centime stamp and a
victorious chariot (3), for
the 10 centime stamp. The
finely-engraved gold medal
(4), shows an athlete with
the winner's crown and palm.

3
 several rather strange events, such as
tug-of-war and swimming with hurdles,
were eliminated.
Finland provided the big surprise of the
Games. Still exhausted by the war it had
fought to win its independence, the
country carried off fifteen medals. Two
of their great athletes were the long
distance runners Hannes Kolehmainen,
who won the Marathon and had taken
part in Stockholm and London, and
Paavo Nurmi, "the human stopwatch",
who won the 10000 metres. Another
notable achievement was that of Ethel
Bleibtrey, the swimmer from the USA,
who won three gold medals. Among the
other outstanding figures of the Games
were Philip Noel-Baker of England,
runner-up in the 1500 metres, who was
to win the Nobel Peace Prize forty years
later, and John Kelly, who had been
barred from the Henley regatta because
the rules only allowed "gentlemen", as
amateurs were called, to take part. He
was proclaimed Olympic champion in
130
single and double sculls. His son John 1
Two of the most important
was also to become an Olympic athlete symbols of the Olympic
and, years later, president of the US Games-the flag with the
five rings and the Olympic
Olympic Committee, while his daughter oath- were introduced at
Grace became princess of Monaco. Antwerp. The first Olympic
oath was spoken by the
Belgian fencer and
The American runners dominated the water-polo player Victor
sprint events, particularly Charley Boin, who was later to
become president of his
Paddock, who was famous for his country's Olympic
unorthodox leap just before crossing the Committee.
finishing line. The Hawaiian "Duke" 2
Kahanamoku was still speed king in the Suzanne Lenglen, of
France, one of the best
swimming pool, just as he had been at tennis-players of her time,
earlier Games. won three medals at the
Antwerp Games, two golds
in the singles and mixed
The Antwerp Games were also the scene doubles and a bronze medal
of Spain's official debut. The football in the women's doubles.
and polo teams won silver medals and 3
delegations were also sent to compete in Paavo Nurmi, "the Human
Stopwatch", became
swimming, shooting, athletics and tennis. legendary in long-distance
races in the twenties.
Antwerp was the beginning
of a sensational series of
victories and second places
which brought him nine
gold medals and three silver
medals in three consecutive
Games.
1 2 3
4
Patrick Ryan of the United
At a time when peace seemed to have
States won the hammer returned to Europe, the Olympic
event. Movement left Antwerp with excellent
5 prospects for the future, far greater than
The British team-consisting Coubertin had imagined in 1916.
entirely of policemen-beat
the United States in the
tug-of-war. This was the
last time this curious event
appeared at the Olympic
Games.

4 5 131
1

1
The poster for the 1924
Paris Games was selected
after a competition held by
the French Committee, for
which there were 150
entries. The winner was the
French artist Jean Droit
(1884-1961). The Games of
the VIII Olympiad were
held in the French capital
at the express wish of the
Baron de Coubertin, who
wanted to efface the
memory of the somewhat
unsuccessful 1900 Games
before he retired from the
presidency of the IOC.
Paris 1924
(VIII Olympiad)
In 1924, for the first time, the Games
returned to a former venue. Coubertin's
wish was for the French city to wipe out
the bad memories of the II Olympiad,
which it managed to do, though not
without difficulty. Only one year before,
no agreements had been reached and no
budget drafted; the possibility that the
Games might be transferred to Los
Angeles drove the president to concede
the credit for the Olympic stadium at the
eleventh hour.
The Paris Games marked a major
increase in participation: 44 countries
and 3,075 athletes, of whom 136 were
women. There were competitions in 17
sports. Many countries were now anxious
to take part in a competition which had
become a-fully-fledged event on the
international calendar and had inspired
other similar, but more local,
championships, such as the Latin
American or the Far Eastern Games. In
spite of the winds of peace that were
blowing through Europe, Germany was
still excluded.
On 5 July the president of France,
Gaston Doumergue, opened the first
Games to adopt the slogan "Citius,
altius, fortius". Some competitions had
already started early in May. The official
programme was modified as the Games
went along: events which had been held
before were excluded and the rules of
others were modified. The 3000 metres
and the 56 pound weight throw were
eliminated from the programme, tennis
disappeared until 1988 and the number
of events in gymnastics and swimming
were increased.
The Paris Games were the first to have
an Olympic Village for the athletes.
Coubertin thus achieved one of his
ideals: for sportsmen and women to live
together in pursuit of the solidarity and
mutual awareness which the Olympic
movement hoped to foster. Furthermore,
the Games began to be a motive for
major town planning activities in the
host city. Paris built the Colombes
stadium on land ceded by the Racing
Club de France. The swimming

133
2 To commemorate the 5
second Games to be held in
Paris, France issued four
Olympic stamps, including
the 30 centimes (2),
showing Milon of Croton, a
famous ancient Greek
wrestler, and the 10
centimes (3), which shows a
victorious athlete saluting.
Uruguay also issued three
stamps, showing the Victory
of Samothrace (4), to
commemorate their team's
triumph in the football
competition at the Games.
The gold medal features an
athlete aiding a companion
3 on one side and an 6
allegorical motif on the
other.

4
 competitions took place in an Olympic
pool specially built for the occasion, Les
Tourelles. Technology was also a feature:
the Games were broadcast for the first
time by radio, a recent invention, which
allowed people all over the world to have
the results of the sporting events as they
happened every day.
One of the outstanding performers was
Johnny Weissmuller, who won three gold
medals for swimming and became the
first man to swim the 100 metres
freestyle in under a minute. He was later
to become famous in the cinema as
Tarzan. But once again the Finn Paavo
Nurmi was the star of the Games. He
achieved a feat which has never been
equalled, to win five of the hardest
events in athletics in seven days: the
1500 metres, the 5000 metres, the 10000
metres cross-country, the 3000 metres
team event and the 10000 metres
cross-country team event. His
fellow-countryman Ville Ritola won the
gold medal in the 3000 metres
134
steeplechase, the 10000 metres, the 3000 1
The 1924 Games were the
metres team race and the 10000 metres first for which a Village
cross-country team event. Some team was built to accommodate
the athletes, constructed
sports sprung a few surprises: the US from prefabricated wooden
rugby team beat the powerful French units. Paris also saw the
adoption of the Olympic
fifteen and in football an unknown team, motto: "Citius, altius,
Uruguay, defeated Switzerland in the final. fortius".
2
The 1924 Games were recalled in the The American swimmer
film Chariots of Fire, which tells the Johnny Weissmuller
shaking hands with another
story of the open rivalry between the great swimmer, the
Scot Eric H. Liddell and the Englishman Hawaiian Duke
Kahanamoku. Weissmuller
Harold M. Abrahams. The former, who -later to become famous in
was a theology student, refused to run the role of Tarzan- won the
his speciality, the 100 metres, on a 100 m freestyle. Two years
earlier, in 1922, he had
Sunday. Abrahams ran in his place and beaten the world record for
won the gold medal from the American this event, with the first
time under one minute.
favourites. Nevertheless, Liddell ran the
400 metres, the race which in theory his 3
The British athlete Eric H.
team-mate should have run. Liddell won the 400 m with
a new Olympic and world
The Paris Games continued the record. Liddell's
participation in this event
experiment of 1912 and integrated art instead of his teammate
and sport: many outstanding literary Harold M. Abrahams, who
competed in the 100 m, is
figures, painters and musicians of the dramatised in the film
day went to Paris. Chariots of Fire.
1 2 3
1 The 1924 Games saw technical
The Austrian weightlifter
Franz Aigner, silver
medallist in the
heavyweight category,
demonstrates his strength
by lifting 97 kg with one
hand.
5 and 1.000 journalists went to see them
The British runner Harold
M. Abrahams was first,
unexpectedly, in the 100 m
final. Abrahams, who ran
instead of Liddell, beat the
American Jackson Scholz
and the New Zealander
Arthur Porritt.
6 instructors, though rarely as competitors.
The gold medal-winning
Uruguayan football team.
The Uruguayans, who beat
the Swiss in the final, also
won the gold at the
following Games in
Amsterdam.
Olympic Movement had lost its way.
improvements in both athletes and "The common enemy is professionalism",
venues and the growing complexity of he affirmed on his retirement.
the organisation of an event of this kind.
They were a resounding success in terms
of attendance: over 625,000 spectators
live. The increase in the number of
athletes taking part and in the number of
events on the programme made it
essential to strictly define the word
"amateur". In fact some of the athletes
in Paris had been paid as trainers or
The IOC Congress in Prague in 1925
tackled the problem. It also elected the
new president Henri de Baillet-Latour.
Coubertin, now sixty-two years old, had
resigned from his post with the
organisation a year before. He had seen
his wish for a brilliant Games in the
capital of his country fulfilled, but he
abandoned the presidency of the IOC
somewhat demoralised as he felt that the

4 5 135

6
1

1
The poster for the
Amsterdam Olympic Games
by the Dutch artist Joseph
Johannes Rovers, born in
Utrecht in 1893. In the
distance, behind the figure
of the striving athlete, is
the tower of the stadium in
the Dutch capital where the
Olympic flame burned for
the first time. Amsterdam
represented the
consolidation of the
Olympic Movement, which
had spread sport
throughout the world.
Athletes from Europe,
America, Asia, Africa and
Oceania all won medals
there.
Amsterdam 1928
(IX Olympiad)
After two frustrated attempts,
Amsterdam finally hosted the Olympic
Games in 1928. It had been chosen at
the IOC Session in 1920, when the next
two Games were awarded to Paris and
the Dutch city.
The organisation of the Games ran into
serious difficulties. The Dutch
government refused to subsidise them
and Queen Wilhelmina, who was
decidedly lukewarm about the idea, even
declined to preside over the opening.
This situation was in marked contrast to
previous occasions when the royal
families had worked closely with the
organisers, fully convinced of the benefits
the Games would bring to the country.
The financial restrictions forced the
organising committee to carry out a
highly imaginative marketing programme.
The US team arrived on board a ship
which they also used as a hotel during
the Games. The photography rights were
sold to a commercial firm; as a result the
spectators were searched for hidden
cameras, which was naturally an
extremely unpopular measure.
The Amsterdam Games offered various
novelties. For the first time the Olympic
flame burned for the duration of the
Games. The torch that lit it was brought
directly from Olympia overland.
A notable feature was the participation
of 290 women. At last the International
Olympic Committee, which had a new
president, allowed them to compete in
the athletics events. Coubertin had
always been reluctant to allow women to
take part in the Olympic Games. "The
Games", he pronounced, "must be a
solemn, periodic exaltation of male
athletics, based on internationalism,
loyalty as a method, art as a framework
and the applause of women as a reward".
The women's athletics events consisted of
100 metres and 800 metres races, a
4 x 100 metres relay, high jump and
discus. The women athletes were so
unaccustomed to running 800 metres

137
2 The Netherlands issued a 4
set of eight stamps with
designs representing various
Olympic sports, including
yachting (2), fencing (3)
and equestrian sports (4).
At Amsterdam the medal
designed by the Florentine
artist Cassioli was adopted
for the first time, showing
an allegorical figure (5).
This design continued to be
used in subsequent Games.

3
5
 -many of them arrived at the finishing
line exhausted- that the event
disappeared for twenty-five years.
For the first time, the organisers installed
a large board to keep the spectators
informed of the results of the events, a
necessary invention in view of the
growing numbers of people attending and
the increase in the capacity of the
stadiums. The athletes suffered from the
lack of training and the fact that the
track was only completed forty-eight
hours before the opening ceremony.
There was a tense incident at the
ceremony when the French delegation
refused to parade because the day before
an over zealous porter had barred their
way when they tried to visit the stadium.
There were less sports on the programme
than in Paris; polo, rugby, tennis and
shooting had gone, but others, such as
hockey, were back. 46 countries entered
a total of 2,971 athletes. Among the
countries were Germany and Austria, for
138
the first time since the war. This made a 1
An aerial view of the
considerable difference to the Games, Amsterdam stadium during
with the Germans winning 31 medals. the opening ceremony of the
Games of the IX Olympiad,
Some countries, such as Haiti, Cuba and which involved 2,971
Panama sent a single representative. athletes - 290 of whom
were women- from 46
different countries.
Paavo Nurmi continued to add to his
triumphs by winning the 10000 metres. 2
Lord Burghley, Marquess of
He had won nine gold and three silver Exeter, was the winner of
medals at three successive Games. The the 400 m hurdles.
Burghley, who was a
swimmer Johnny Weissmuller won his member of the team which
last Olympic medal at Amsterdam. The came second in the 4 x 400
m relay in Los Angeles in
US athletics team was generally less 1932, was twice
successful than at earlier Games. One of vice-president of the IOC.
the competitors in Amsterdam was one
of the most important sports
administrators of the future, the Marquis
of Exeter, Lord David Burghley, who
won the 400 metres hurdles; he was later
elected president of the IAAF and twice
vice-president of the IOC.
The presence of new countries spread the
Olympic glories around a little more
evenly. The Canadians arrived in force
in the sprint events and put an end to
1 2
3
In the cauldron of the
the domination of the United States. In
Amsterdam stadium, the football the South American teams had
Olympic flame burned entered their Golden Age: the
throughout the Games for
the first time. Uruguayans beat the Argentinians in the
final. In hockey India began its reign,
4
At Amsterdam the riders which was to last for six successive
José Alvarez de las Asturias Olympic Games. The Spanish delegation
(in the photograph), José won a gold medal in the team jumping
Navarro Morenés and Julio
García Fernández., all three event in the equestrian competition.
of them cavalry captains,
were the first Spaniards to
win a gold medal, which
came in the equestrian team
jumping championships.
5
The start of the 10000 m.
The first on the right is
Paavo Nurmi (who won one
gold and two silver medals
at these Games), on his last
Olympic appearance: the
International Amateur
Athletics Federation would
not let him compete at Los
Angeles in 1932, claiming
that he was a professional.

3 4 139

5
1

1
The poster for the Los
Angeles Olympic Games is
very different both from
those that preceded it and
those for later Games. The
victorious athlete, or the
athlete in the heat of
competition, is replaced by
a gentler figure, with a
laurel garland-symbol of
peace- announcing the
Games and pleading for an
end to wars. The poster is
by the Hungarian-born
American artist Julius
Kilenyi.
Los Angeles 1932
(X Olympiad)
In 1932 the Games returned to America.
Just as in St Louis, the distance from
Europe meant a considerable drop in the
number of countries and athletes
entering. Only 38 countries with 1,331
competitors went to the Californian city.
The number of official sports was kept at
14 with 117 competitions.
There had been fears that the Los
Angeles Games would not be held, as the
stock market crash of 1929 was still very
recent. However, the United States had
now entered a phase of unstoppable
recovery. As in Paris in 1924, the Los
Angeles Games were an attempt to wipe
out the bad image left behind by the
Games in St Louis in the III Olympiad.
The Olympic Village was very
comfortable, with prefabricated chalets in
the colonial style. The organisers
provided the competitors with things
which had never been provided before:
soap, towels, saunas, massages, a laundry
and dry-cleaning service and a bus
service. But the Olympic Village was
only for men; the women were
accommodated in hotels.
Massive publicity campaigns were
mounted across the States to promote the
Games. Over a million people went to
see the events live at a stadium, the
Coliseum, which seated 105,000. The
nautical stadium in Long Beach held
17,000. All the facilities and installations
incorporated the technological advances
that the sports required. The opening
ceremony, with 300 musicians and 150
singers, set the standard for later Games.
Remember that the Games of Los
Angeles were the Games of the country
of the Hollywood stars, of stagecraft and
show business, of cinema as a form of
communication with tremendous impact
and the radio with an ever-increasing
audience.
The guiding spirit of the Games was the
businessman William May Garland. He
managed to secure the help of
industrialists and politicians, who were in
no doubt of the potential profits of the
project. At the end it was calculated that
the Organising Committee had a surplus
of one million dollars. These were the
141

2 3
The United States postal
service issued two stamps to
commemorate the 1932
Olympic Games. The 5
cents (2) shows Myron's
Discobolos and the 3 cents
(3) a runner in the starting
position. The design of the
official medals (4) was the
same as that for the
Amsterdam Games.

4
 first Games that produced such a high
level of profit.
New technologies appeared in Los
Angeles. The finishes of the competitions
were filmed, thus allowing the order of
competitors to be decided with no
chance of error. This was also when the
familiar three-level podium for the
medals ceremony made its appearance.
Various anecdotes have survived from
Los Angeles. In the steeplechase the
time-keeping judges made a mistake in
the distance and the runners covered 460
metres too many. When the mistake was
discovered, it was agreed that the places
would be calculated from the correct
distance of the race: 3000 metres, which
altered the second and third places: the
silver medal was given to Joseph
McCluskey of the USA, but he refused it
on the grounds that it belonged to the
British runner Tom Evenson. In the 5000
metres Ralph Hill, also of the USA,
appeared to have been blocked by the
142
winner. Lauri Lehtinen of Finland, which 1
A publicity shot from the
provoked the crowd to an extremely Los Angeles Games of
audible protest. Once back in his 1932, typically American in
style.
country. Lehtinen cut the gold medal in
two and sent half to Hill. There was also 2
The American runner
controversy in the 100 metres: Eddie Edward Tolan won the 100
Tolan and Ralph Metcalfe, two black and 200 m. Technical
runners, broke the tape together. The resources were still very
limited, so it was difficult
rules were not clear in such a case and to establish whether he had
the gold medal went to Tolan for the really beaten his fellow
countryman Ralph Metcalfe
sole reason that as he was slimmer he in the 100 m.
was considered to have crossed the
3
finishing line first. This was the The Los Angeles Olympic
beginning of the domination of the sprint Village was built from
events by black runners. prefabricated colonial style
chalets.
The home athletes took their revenge for 4
The British athlete Thomas
Amsterdam. Their supremacy in the Hampson took the gold
short events was quite clear. A notable medal and broke the world
record in the 800 m.
name was Mildred "Babe" Didrikson, Behind him came the
who won the 80 metres hurdles and the Canadians Alexander
javelin and was runner-up in the high Wilson and Philip Edwards.
jump.
The Japanese, who had made their first
appearance at the 1912 Games, were the
1 2 4
3
5
Mildred Didrikson of the
United States, nicknamed
Babe, was only eighteen
when she won the javelin
and the 80 m and took the
silver in the high jump.
6
The Finn Lauri Lehtinen
won the 5000 m, beating
the American Ralph Hill.
Lehtinen later sent half the
gold medal to Hill. The
Finnish athlete had been
accused of obstructing the
American at the finish.
7
The Los Angeles Coliseum
was the scene of the first
truly spectacular Games in
the history of the Olympics.
The photograph shows the
105,000 capacity stadium
full to bursting on the day
of the opening ceremony.
5 7
6
victors in swimming, collecting five of
the eight gold medals. The American
swimmers saved face in the springboard
and platform events and the 400 metres
freestyle, which was won by Clarence
"Buster" Crabbe. the second cinema
Tarzan. India won the hockey again and
Hungary the water polo. The winner of
the Marathon was the Argentinian, Juan
Carlos Zabala. The great name missing
was Paavo Nurmi. who had been
disqualified for professionalism.
The small Spanish delegation (one
yachtsman and five pistol shooters) won
a bronze medal, that of Santiago Amat
from Barcelona, in the Snowbird class
after seven regattas.
Los Angeles had organised a great
Games. The mild climate of California
was ideal and the facilities were first
rate, which helped to produce excellent
final results: sixteen world records and
over thirty Olympic records.
143
1

1
The poster for the Games of
the XI Olympiad was by
Franz Würbel, born in
Berlin in 1896. It shows a
foreshortened view of the
chariot which crowns the
Brandenburg Gate, with a
laurel-crowned athlete
behind. The work expresses
artistically both the colossal
scale of the Games (which
had not previously been a
feature) and the
organisational rigour which
characterised them. In spite
of the sporting successes
which were achieved there,
in Berlin the delicate
balance between sport and
politics was upset.
Berlin 1936
(XI Olympiad)
The Games returned to Europe for the
XI Olympiad. The 1936 Games in Berlin
were a turning point in the history of the
Olympics; their colossal scale and the
political use that was made of them were
not entirely new, but under the Nazi
regime of Adolf Hitler they found their
fullest expression. It cannot be denied
that the Germans' organisation was
perfect, but the National Socialist
symbols were all pervasive.
The opening ceremony was carried out
with full pomp and circumstance.
Thousands of Germans hailed the Führer
with their arms raised in the Nazi salute.
Two thousand doves were released and
flew up towards the airship Hindenburg,
which was flying over the stadium while
the music of Wagner, conducted by
Richard Strauss, accompanied the parade
of athletes. The official film of the
Games, Olympia, directed by Leni
Riefenstahl, was another clear
demonstration of the Nazi interpretation
of this sporting event. After an idea of
Carl Diehm, secretary general of the
Organising Committee, the Olympic
flame was brought from Olympia by a
series of athletes as if it were a baton in
a kind of relay, over a total of 3,000
kilometres through six countries.
The United States was on the point of
not attending the Games because of the
pressure brought to bear on the sporting
authorities by the Jewish community, but
the guarantees given to Avery Brundage,
then president of the American Athletic
Union and future president of the IOC,
by the German Chancellor finally
convinced them. Nevertheless, in spite of
the brutality of later events, in Berlin the
Olympic spirit imposed itself on political,
racial and religious discrimination. The
Germans included Jewish athletes in
their teams, such as the fencer Helene
Mayer, who won the silver medal.
Other political events were stirring up
tension on the international scene: Italy
had invaded and conquered Ethiopia;
Japan had invaded Manchuria and
resigned from the League of Nations;

145

2 At Berlin, not only was the 4

Olympic Flame carried to
the stadium from Olympia
by runners, as it has ever
since, but for the first time
the sacred flame was
ritually lit. The torch (2)
was conceived by the
German Olympic executive
Carl Diem, inspired by
designs on ancient
ceramics. It was designed
by the artist Lemeke and
manufactured by Krupp.
The German athlete Fritz
Schilgen was chosen to
light the cauldron (4).
Eight stamps were issued to
commemorate the Berlin
Games, and the four below
show the javelin, the
carrying of the torch,
fencing and rowing (3). The
design of the medals (5)
was again the same.
5

3
 Greece was living through a tense period;
Austria was threatened by Anschluss and
Chancellor Dolfuss had just been
assassinated; France was ruled by the
Popular Front and Spain was on the
brink of a civil war which was to last
three years.
Barcelona had presented its candidature
for these Games. As they were given to
Berlin, a People's Olympiad was
organised in Barcelona, but was never
held owing to General Franco's military
rising against the government of the
Republic. There was therefore no Spanish
delegation at the Games of the XI
Olympiad.
The Berlin Games broke all records of
participation, with 3,980 athletes and 49
national delegations. The number of
sports was also increased to 19 with the
significant incorporation of basketball,
canoeing, football, handball and polo.
146
But the most important new element in 1
For the first time, the
terms of the future was that in 1936 Olympic Flame was brought
television made its first appearance at from Olympia to the
stadium by relays of
the Olympic Games, though with the athletes. Before being
resources available at the time the carried through Berlin
-between ranks of
broadcasts were confined to the city of uniformed youths- it had
Berlin. In places specially prepared for passed through Athens,
the purpose, thousands of spectators Thessaloníki, Sofia,
Belgrade, Vienna and
gathered to watch broadcasts of the Prague.
sporting events filmed by cameras with 2
telephoto lenses. Leni Riefensthal was
commissioned to make the
first official film of the
The triumphs of Jesse Owens at the Games (The Triumph of
Games are famous; four gold medals in the Will). In spite of the
the 100 and 200 metres, the 4 x 100 film's ideological
connotations, it is a great
metres relay and the long jump. Another work of cinema.
notable competitor in Berlin was 3
Marjorie Gestring, also of the USA, who The Latvian team coming
at the age of thirteen was -and still is- out of the sports hall. This
was the last time that this
the youngest person to win an Olympic Baltic country was to take
medal: a gold in the springboard diving part in the Olympic Games
event. With a world record set by Jack until their reappearance in
1992.
Lovelock in the 1500 metres, New
Zealand founded a tradition of successes
in the middle distances. In women's
swimming Hendrika W. Mastenbroek of
1 2
4
The Italian fencer Franco
Riccardi (on the left) beat
his team-mate Valeria
Ragno in the sabre final.
Fencing has been part of
the Olympic programme
since the first Games of the
modern era.
5
The American athlete James
Cleveland "Jesse" Owens,
at the start of the 200 m
final. Owens, who won four
gold medals (100 and 200
m, long jump and 4 x 100
m relay), was the star of
the Berlin Games.
6
Argentina defeated Britain
in the polo final by a
resounding 11-0. This was
the last time this sport was
included in the Olympic
Games.
7
The 1936 Games were
broadcast on television.
However, the technological
limitations of the time
meant that the broadcasts
could be received only in
the German capital.
3 5
the Netherlands reigned supreme with parenthesis in the history of the
three gold medals. The Germans carried Olympics, which was to last for twelve
off most of the medals; they were years.
particularly outstanding in rowing,
equestrian sports and gymnastics. Sixteen
new records were set in athletics.
Other records were broken at the Berlin
Games. One million people watched the
Marathon. Four and a half million
tickets were sold over the fifteen days of
the competition. The spectators paid
2,800,000 dollars at the turnstiles. A
special Olympic stadium with a capacity
of 110,000 was built, as well as a
complex for the nautical events with
20,000 seats. Dietetics, medicine,
technique and even psychology entered
the world of sport and opened up new
frontiers in all the disciplines.
The next host city for the Games was to
have been Tokyo in 1940. Once again
Barcelona had presented its candidature,
for the third time. But the Second World
War broke out and opened the second
147
6
7
1

1
The poster for the London
Games of 1948 -which were
characterised by post-war
austerity- was by the
British artist Walter Herz,
born in 1909. It combines
the five Olympic rings with
two symbols chosen for the
occasion: Myron's
Discobolos and the Houses
of Parliament, one of the
London's most famous
buildings. In spite of the
difficulties of the period,
the organisation of the
London Games was
impeccable.
London 1948
(XIV Olympiad)
In 1945 peace had finally returned to
Europe. After the armistice the IOC
ratified the choice of London, which had
been appointed to organise the Games of
1944 which never took place, to host the
XIV Olympiad. As in Antwerp in 1920,
the city chosen had been severely
punished by the war and once again a
city was selected for the second time.
The president of the IOC, Henri de
Baillet-Latour, had also died during the
war. He was replaced by the Swede
Sigfrid Edström, a former athlete and
organiser of the 1912 Games and
vice-president of the IOC since 1931.
Once again the record for participation
was broken: 58 countries and 4,062
sportsmen and women. London was in a
precarious position, busy with rebuilding;
there was food and clothes rationing. But
in spite of these difficulties, the level of
organisation was very high.
Unfortunately, this was not reflected in
the standards of the competition; The
aftermath of the war and post-war
shortages took their toll on the results
and not one Olympic record was broken.
Both Germany and Japan were absent
from the Games although Italy attended.
Germany had no recognised committee
and Japan made no attempt to attend.
The USSR was invited by the IOC, but
declined. The new State of Israel took
part with two athletes, but did not
display the star of David, as the
Organising Committee wanted to avoid
aggravating the Arab-Israeli conflict.
The number of women was still rising:
385 came to London to take part.
Outstanding among them was Fanny
Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands who,
at the age of thirty, won four gold
medals (100 and 200 metres, 80 metres
hurdles and 4 x 100 metres relay).
There were some legendary names among
the male competitors. In only his third
decathlon Bob Mathias, a
seventeen-year-old runner from

149
2 Two torches were used at 4
London, one for the last
runner and another lighter
one; both were the same
shape (2). The cauldron at
Wembley stadium was more
modest than on previous
occasions (4). The torch
travelled 3,160 km and was
carried by 1,688 runners;
for the first time, part of
the journey was by sea
(Corfu-Bari). Four stamps
of different values were
issued to commemorate the
London Games; the £1
stamp shows the goddess
Victory with an olive crown
and a portrait of King
George VI (3). The medals
(5) bore the same design as
those for previous Games.
5

3
 California, won the gold medal and spirit that has always moved the British 1
On 29 July 1948, when the
obliterated his rivals. Only the and by the will to put a country back on Olympic Flame entered
magnificent performance of the Czech its feet, taking advantage of the benefits Wembley stadium carried
by the British athlete John
long-distance runner Emil Zatopek could that the Games might bring. RAF nissen Mark, the Olympic Games
hold a candle to him. His tormented huts were used to accommodate the men began again after the long,
sad hiatus caused by the
style, the grimace of pain on his face, his while the women stayed in colleges. Food Second World War.
way of clutching his sides or doubling up was provided by a daily air shuttle of
as if under an unbearable weight which basic necessities from the USA. The 2
The very young American
made it almost impossible for him to Italians brought a ton of pasta asciutta. athlete Bob Mathias
move, had the spectators in constant became one of the
outstanding figures of the
agony. Zatopek won the gold medal in London Games when he
the 10000 metres and the silver in the became Olympic decathlon
champion, well ahead of his
5000. Once again the king of the sprints rivals.
was a black athlete: Harrison Dillard of
3
the United States. The closing ceremony.
Sigfrid Edström, president
The Spanish delegation in London was of the IOC, hands the
Olympic flag to the mayor
made up of one hundred athletes. They of Helsinki, who was to
won another medal in the equestrian keep it until the next
Games, held in the Finnish
team jumping events, a silver this time, capital in 1952.
with a team formed by Jaime García
4
Cruz, José Navarro Morenés, Marcelino The Dutch athlete Fanny
Gavilán y Ponce de León. Blankers-Koen, in the final
of the 80 m hurdles (on the
far right of the
The London Games were the Games of photograph.) At thirty
austerity, only overcome by the sporting years of age, she was one of

150 1 2 3

4
the stars of the London Wembley Stadium was the main venue
Games. She took four gold
medals: the 100 m, the 80 for the competitions. The opening
m hurdles, the 200 m and ceremony was watched on television by
the 4 x 100 m relay.
half a million people. One of the athletes
5 who had fought in the war read the
The Jamaican athlete
Arthur Wint carried off the Olympic oath: his name was Donald
gold medal for the 400 m. Finlay and he was a wing commander in
In spite of their success in the RAF. The swimming competition was
terms of participation, no
important records were set held at the Empire Pool, which was built
at the London Games. by a private firm next to the Stadium.
6 King George VI opened the gardens of
The Hungarian László Papp Windsor for the cycling events.
was the first boxer to win a
gold medal in three
consecutive Olympic Games
(1948, 1952 and 1956)

5 6 151
1

1
The poster for the Olympic
Games of Helsinki in 1952
was the same as the one
which had been issued
twelve years earlier, for the
1940 Games, which should
have been held in the
Finnish capital. This
aspiration was frustrated by
the outbreak of the Second
World War. The artist,
Ilmari Sysimetsä (1912-
1955) wanted to pay
homage to a national hero,
the great long-distance
runner Paavo Nurmi who,
at the age of 55, carried
the Olympic Flame into the
stadium during the opening
ceremony.
Helsinki 1952
(XV Olympiad)
The Helsinki Games symbolised the end
of the antagonism left over from the war.
Germany and Japan returned to the
Olympic palaestra. The USSR sent its
first official delegation; the IOC had
recognised its Olympic Committee in
1951. The IOC also passed a motion in
order to allow both the People's Republic
of China and Taiwan to attend. Only the
former actually went, not to return until
1984.
In spite of the climate of the Cold War
-the Korean War had broken out two
years before- Finland prepared a Games
distinguished by meticulous organisation
and the cordiality among everyone
involved: athletes, spectators and
organisers. The Finns demonstrated that
the success of a Games does not depend
on the grandiosity and luxury of the
facilities but on the atmosphere among
the participants. This was clear in the
fraternization between the Soviet
competitors and the other delegations,
although the Soviets were lodged, at their
own request, outside the Olympic
Village, well away from the Western teams.
Helsinki was the first city to have four
official languages, the IOC official
languages, French and English and the
two languages of the host city, Swedish
being a co-official language with Finnish.
The organisers approached this aspect of
communication with great sensitivity.
The number of participants continued to
grow and a new record for attendance
was set. The final figure was 5,867
athletes. 518 of them women, and 69
national Olympic committees. The
members of the IOC still limited the
number of sports according to the
principles of Coubertin; on this occasion
there were 17.
If the last lap of the Olympic torch relay
is customarily reserved for athletes of
particular distinction, this time, as
Finland was the host country, it had to
be Paavo Nurmi and Hannes

153
4
2 The Olympic torch (2) was
made of silver alloy and the
handle was of birch-wood.
Two sets of stamps were
issued for the Helsinki
Games, each of two values
(3). For these Games,
commemorative coins were
minted for the first time; 5
there were two issues of the
same value (500 marks), in
silver (4). The great Finnish
athlete Hannes
Kolehmainen lit the
cauldron, amid the
enthusiasm of the public
(5). The medals bore the
design which had by then
become traditional (6).

3

Kolehmainen. The secret was kept until
the last moment and when Nurmi
entered the stadium, the spectators went
wild. This national hero, who had been
prevented from taking part in the 1932
Games by the IOC for his supposed
professionalism, had not been forgotten.
Kolehmainen lit the flame in the
cauldron which presided over the
Olympic Stadium and it burned there
from 19 July to 3 August.
Like all Olympic Games, Helsinki had its
heroes. Emil Zatopek, who was now a
lieutenant-colonel in the Czech army,
came into full flower. He won three gold
medals and broke three Olympic records,
in the 5000 and 10000 metres and the
Marathon, an event in which he was
running for the first time. But there was
another Zatopek among the Olympic
champions: his wife, Dana, who won the
gold medal for the javelin on the same
day that her husband achieved victory in
the Marathon.
154
1
The Soviet athletes emerged from their The Czechoslovakian athlete
first Olympic Games with flying colours, Emil Zatopek (on the
winning twenty-two gold medals. The US right), in the final of the
5000 m. This long-distance
athletes won fourteen victories in the runner became the hero of
twenty-four athletics events and, as usual, Helsinki. He won the 5000
and 10000 m and the
they did well in swimming, basketball Marathon. His tortured
and rowing. running style concealed
great technical skill.
The outstanding performer in the men's 2
sprint events was Harrison Dillard, who The Italian walker
Giuseppe Dordoni, winner
won two gold medals, one in the 110 of the 50 km event, setting
metres hurdles and the other in the 4 x a new Olympic record. He
beat the Czech Josef
100 metres relay. In the women's events, Dolezal (silver) and the
Marjorie Jackson from Australia won Hungarian Antal Róka
(bronze).
both the 100 and 200 metres. But in the
relay race, when victory was within the 3
grasp of her team, the baton fell from Marjorie Jackson, of
Australia, who took the
her hands. In the decathlon the winner gold medal in the 200 m.
was Bob Mathias, who had triumphed in In Helsinki a new record
was set for the number of
London. After Helsinki he retired and women competitors: 518
went into films. Joseph Barthel carried took part.
off the first gold medal for Luxembourg
in the 1500 metres.
1 2
4
The final of the 110 m
hurdles. The winner of this
event, Harrison Dillard of
the United Stales, also won
a gold medal in the 4 x
100 m relay.
5
Joseph Barthel, of
Luxembourg, is first across
the finishing line, smiling,
in the 1500 m. This was
Luxembourg's first ever
gold medal.
6 her style, arms above the level of the
Undoubtedly the most
curious incident at Helsinki
concerned Gaston Boiteux,
who did not take part in
any event. He was the
father of the French
swimmer Jean Boiteux, the
surprise winner of the 400
m freestyle. Without a
second thought, and still
wearing his beret, he leapt
into the water to be the
first to congratulate the
champion.
3 4
A French swimmer, Jean Boiteux, won In cycling Jacques Anquetil of France
the gold medal in the 400 metres had a disappointing run; he was later to
freestyle, the first time for his country. A hold the record for victories in the Tour
curious scene took place in the final of de France. In fencing his fellow
the event: as Boiteux touched the wall of countryman Christian d'Oriola won the
the pool with his last stroke, his father gold medal in the individual and team
jumped into the water fully clothed, foil events. The Spanish athlete Angel
overcome by emotion, to be the first to León won the silver medal in the free
congratulate him. The Hungarian pistol event.
swimmer Eva Szekely was the gold
medallist in the 200 metres breaststroke;
water, which was perfectly legal at the
time, was the precursor of the butterfly.
There was a most unusual incident in the
boxing competition: in the heavyweight
final Hayes Edward Sanders of the
United States beat the Swede Ingmar
Johansson, who was disqualified for "not
giving of his best". Johansson went on to
have a professional career and become
world heavyweight champion.
155
5 6
1

1
The poster for the
Melbourne Olympic Games
in 1956 made a complete
break with those for
previous Games. Based on a
fusion of the five Olympic
rings with the host city's
coat of arms, it was a
departure from the
symbolism which had
characterised the posters for
previous Games and
followed the trend of
contemporary graphic
design, influenced by
abstract painting. It was
designed by the British
artist Richard Beck.
Melbourne 1956
(XVI Olympiad)
It had seemed in Helsinki in 1952 that
the political conflicts which had dogged
the Olympic movement were a thing of
the past, but this was not the case at the
XVI Olympiad. It was the first time that
the Games had been held in the
Southern Hemisphere. Australia was a
country with a great Olympic tradition,
which had decided the IOC to award
Melbourne the nomination. Another
Olympic ring was to take up the
challenge. It should be said, however,
that the city had won by just a few votes
from Buenos Aires and that there had
been no European candidature.
The fifties were a thorny period in
international politics. The Cold War was
approaching a climax. The recent
invasion of Hungary by Soviet troops
was condemned by many Western
countries, Spain, Holland and
Switzerland withdrawing from the Games
in protest. Nor was that the only
flashpoint: the Suez war had increased
international tension and China did not
come to Melbourne because of the
presence of a team from Taiwan. The
Lebanon, Egypt and Iraq also boycotted
the Games, in their case because of the
Anglo-French intervention in the Suez
Canal dispute.
All in all 67 countries took part with
3,342 athletes. As on other occasions
when the Games took place outside
Europe, the number of participants
dropped perceptibly. The Melbourne
Games marked the beginning of the
sports rivalry between the Soviet Union
and the United States, which was the
focus of attention in many competitions.
There were 17 sports on the official
programme in 1956.
The Games were held from 22
November to 8 December -not July and
August, as had become traditional-
coinciding with the Australian spring,
and there were two venues. The strict
laws governing quarantine imposed by
Australia meant that the equestrian
events had to be held in Stockholm. The
heroes in Sweden were the German

157
2 Two torches of the same 4
design were used at
Melbourne (2); the lighter
of the two was used for the
relays. To mark the Games
of the XVI Olympiad a set
of four stamps was issued,
with Olympic motifs and
views of Melbourne (3).
The cauldron at the
Olympic stadium in the
Olympic city, the
Melbourne Cricket Ground
(4), burned from 22 5
November to 8 December
1956. Captain Hans Wilke,
of Sweden, lit the cauldron
(5) in Stockholm, where the
equestrian events were held
in June, because of the six
month quarantine imposed
on horses entering
Australia. There was a
special poster for the
equestrian competition (6).
6

3
 Hans-Günter Winkler, who rode with a
broken rib, and the Italian brothers Piero
and Raimondo d'Inzeo, who dominated
the Nations Grand Prix.
The athletics events were contested in a
vast stadium, the Melbourne cricket
ground, which held 110,000. The
Olympic Park swimming pool, built
specially for the Olympic competition,
was elegant and extremely comfortable
for the public, who had high hopes for
their swimming team. The Olympic
Village consisted of 841 small huts with
a very cosy atmosphere. This time all the
athletes lived there, with no exceptions.
At the closing ceremony there was a
novelty, the result of a suggestion by a
Chinese schoolboy: the sportsmen and
women all paraded together, with no
grouping in teams and no flags. This
informal close has been incorporated into
all subsequent Games.
158
Among the outstanding figures of those 1
The Brazilian Adhemar
Games was the Soviet long-distance Ferreira da Silva, executing
runner Vladimir Kuts, who won the 5000 one of his spectacular triple
jumps. He won the gold
and 10000 metres, demonstrating that medal in Melbourne, as he
Soviet athletics was alive and well. Two had in Helsinki four years
earlier.
notable figures from the US team were
the sprinter Robert Morrow in the 100 2
and 200 metres and the 4 x 100 metres The German rider
Hans-Günther Winkler
relay and the pole-vaulter Bob Richards. took the gold medal in the
The Marathon was won by Alain individual jumping event in
Stockholm, where the
Mimoun who, in the twilight of his equestrian events were held,
sporting career, finally wrote his name in in spite of competing with
an injury.
the annals of the event after three
successive attempts at previous Games. 3
The Czech discus champion
Olga Fikotova, together
Romantic interest was provided by with the hammer champion
Harold Connolly of the USA and Olga Harold Connolly of the
United States, provided the
Fikotova of Czechoslovakia, who fell in romantic touch in
love during the Games. He won the gold Melbourne. One year after
the Games they were
medal in the hammer and she in the married in Prague after
discus. A year later, having overcome overcoming a variety of
various political obstacles, they were political obstacles.
married in Prague.
The Australian swimmers did not
disappoint their public and won five of
1 2 3
4
Bob Richards of the United
States, training for the pole
vault in the Melbourne
Olympic Village. Unlike in
Helsinki, the Soviet athletes
also stayed in the village,
in spite of serious
international political
tensions.
5
Unquestionably one of the
outstanding figures at
Melbourne was the
Ukrainian long-distance
runner Vladimir Kuts,
winner of the 5000 and
10000 m. His great rival,
the British athlete Gordon
Pirie (directly behind the
Soviet athlete in the
photograph), took the silver
medal in the 5000 m.
6 southern hemisphere and on a new
The Indian team won the
gold medal for hockey,
beating Pakistan 1-0. The
captain of the winning team
salutes the crowd from the
podium on 6 December 1956.
4 5
the seven finals in which they took part.
Dawn Fraser won the women's 100
metres freestyle; Murray Rose won the
men's 400 and 1500 metres freestyle. In
the 100 metres freestyle events the
Australians won all six medals.
The final of the water polo competition
between the USSR and Hungary
provoked serious incidents in the pool.
Vyacheslav Ivanov was outstanding in
rowing, establishing a domination in the
sculls that was to last for many years. In
hockey India finally met a rival of its
own calibre, neighbouring Pakistan.
The holding of the Games in the
continent was a great success for the
Olympic Movement. The technical
improvements in all the sports and the
records (eighteen Olympic records and
two world records were broken) ushered
in the new era of sport.
6
159
1

1
Armando Testa, born in
Turin in 1917, won the
competition for the official
poster for the Rome Games
in I960. Testa managed to
give artistic expression to
one of the main themes laid
down for the competition:
the union between Olympic
sport and Rome. It includes
the wolf of the Capitoline
hill, which was the official
symbol of the Games. The
success of this poster can
be attributed to its
suggestion of the reunion of
the two Romes: ancient
Rome, which saw the
abolition of the ancient
Games, and modern Rome,
site of the Games of the
XVII Olympiad in 1960.
Rome 1960
(XVII Olympiad)
The city which had been the heart of an
empire which was split in two when
Theodosius I abolished the Olympic
Games of antiquity, prepared itself to
host the Games of the XVII Olympiad.
There was a new record for the number
of countries entered (84) but not
participants (5,396). The 610 women
now accounted for more than ten per
cent of the total. The Rome Games were
thus a truly universal event, even more
so because of the hundred television
networks which broadcast the
competitions.
1,567 years after Theodosius' edict,
Rome organised Games which were
artistically superb. Naples shared the
honours by hosting the yachting
competitions. Besides the Marmori
Stadium with its imposing white statues
of the 60 sporting disciplines, the Italian
capital provided other competition
venues: the Baths of Caracalla for
gymnastics, the Basilica of Maxentius for
wrestling. Lake Albano for rowing and a
new sports palace for boxing. Before the
opening, 300,000 people gathered in St
Peter's Square in the Vatican. Athletes,
officials and spectators mingled with the
people of Rome to listen to the speech of
welcome by Pope John XXIII. At the
opening ceremony all the bells of the city
pealed when the president of the
Republic declared the Games open.
It is difficult to single out one man or
woman from the five thousand who took
part; so many of them shone. One
notable performance was by the
Ethiopian Abebe Bikila in the Marathon:
he was the first to pass beneath the Arch
of Constantine after running the 42
kilometres barefoot. That was the
beginning of African domination in the
long distance events. Wilma Rudolph of
the United States, "the black gazelle",
won the 100 and 200 metres and ran in
the victorious team in the 4 x 100
metres relay. The greatness of this
achievement is even more striking if we
bear in mind that she had suffered from
polio as a little girl. The gold medal in
the men's long jump went to Ralph

161
2 The torch for Rome (2), 4
conceived by Professor
Maiure and his team at the
National Archaeological
Museum in Naples, was
inspired by designs on
ancient ceramics. On the
occasion of the Games a set
of stamps was issued
showing the new sports
facilities, ancient Roman
monuments (3) and
classical sculptures of
athletes (5). The official
medal was the same as at
previous Games (4). There
were no special coins, but
commemorative medals 5
were minted (6).

6
3
 Boston, also from the USA, who broke
Jesse Owens' Olympic record. In the
men's 100 metres Armin Hary of
Germany won the gold medal, bringing it
back to Europe for the first time since
Paris in 1924.
Death carried off a competitor during
one event: the Danish cyclist Knud
Enemark succumbed to the effect of the
stimulants he had taken in the 100
kilometre team time trial. This
unfortunate incident led the organisers of
future Games to pay more attention to
drug tests.
Explosive incidents were not lacking in
either sport or politics. The problem of
the two Germanies loomed over all
international forums. The IOC found an
equitable solution, however. All the
German athletes were integrated into a
single team with one uniform and one
flag, red and yellow with black edges,
common to the two states, but with the
five Olympic rings in white in the centre.
The anthems of the two countries were
replaced by Beethoven's Ode to Joy. The
differences between the IOC and the
nationalist China of Taiwan also became
patent; the Olympic organisation obliged
them to parade under the name of
Formosa, despite the protests of the
Taiwanese competitors. At the parade at
the opening ceremony they hung a notice
beneath the name Formosa which read
"By imposition".
At the Rome Games a legend of the ring
was bom: Cassius Clay, who beat the
Pole Zbigniew Pietrzykowski in the
light-heavyweight final. In hockey the
Spanish team managed to win a bronze
medal. Pakistan won the tournament,
relegating India to second place. In one
of the swimming events the victory was
awarded to a swimmer who, when the
film was shown, turned out not to have
been the first to finish. Since then
electronic time-keeping has become
standard at all Olympic events. The
Australians once again displayed their
superiority in this sport.
1
The Ethiopian athlete Abebe
Bikila runs barefoot
through the streets of
Rome. After winning the
Marathon it was discovered
that it was only the third
time he had run this
distance. In Tokyo, four
years later, he repeated his
triumph, but this time
wearing running shoes.
2
The Soviet gymnast Larisa
Latinina achieved great
success in Rome, winning
three gold medals, two
silver and one bronze.
During her career she won
nine gold medals, five silver
and four bronze. The Soviet
gymnasts dominated the
Rome games.
3
The South African team,
without any black athletes,
in the opening procession.
It was to be the last time
this country took part in
the Olympic Games until it
was readmitted by the IOC
in 1991.

162 1 2 3

4
4
The Soviet sisters Tamara
As is usual with the host nation, Italy
and Irina Press. Tamara emerged with honour: thirteen medals in
(right) came first in the all. The Italian public entered fully into
shot put and second in the
discus; Irina won the 80 m the Olympic festivities. At the closing
hurdles. ceremony, during the final parade, the
5
crowd lit matches and lighters, creating a
Ralph Boston, of the United most moving atmosphere.
States, broke the Olympic
long jump record, beating
the legendary jump by Jesse
Owens in Berlin.
6
Cassius Clay on the
podium after taking the
light heavyweight title.
7
Aerial view of the Rome
Olympic stadium
8
The lithe and agile Wilma
Rudolph, the black gazelle,
during a race.

5 6 8 163

7
1

1
The many advances
available to sport in Tokyo
made these Games the first
at which technology played
a major role. As far as
architecture -and even town
planning- were concerned,
the Japanese far surpassed
what had been achieved at
previous Games. The simple
and straightforward official
poster for the Tokyo
Games, by Uusaki
Kemejura, also reflects the
renewal, modernisation and
opening to the outside
world which the Tokyo
Games implied for Japanese
society.
Tokyo 1964
(XVIII Olympiad)
Tokyo was meant to have organised the
Games in 1940, the 26th centenary of
the foundation of Japan, but had
withdrawn because of the Sino-Japanese
war of 1936. In the end, those Olympic
Games were never held because of the
outbreak of the Second World War.
With the organisation of the Games in
1964, the Japanese did not want to let
slip an opportunity of showing the
Western world the progress they had
made since their defeat at the hands of
the allied armies in 1945.
The Japanese city underwent a thorough
transformation to host the Games of the
XVIII Olympiad. The architect Kenzo
Tange and his team designed an indoor
swimming pool, a sports palace and a
hall for judo, which were warmly praised
by the European and American visitors.
One member of that team was a young
architect called Arata Isozaki, who was
later to be the designer of one of the
emblematic buildings of the Olympic
Ring for the 1992 Barcelona Games: the
Palau Sant Jordi. The Olympic stadium
was renovated and Tokyo provided a
Village for the journalists for the first
time. The athletes' village was a model
of Japanese hospitality and style: small
chalets with gardens linked by broad
paths lined with flowers.
Once again the record for participation
was broken: 94 countries and 5,586
athletes. New African nations joined the
Olympic celebration. However there were
two notable absences: South Africa,
banned for its racist policy, and China,
which refused to attend as long as
Taiwan was still among the participants.
The international situation was hardly
encouraging. China had just exploded its
first atom bomb and tensions between
China and the Soviet Union were
spiralling. The missile crisis between
Cuba and the USA had flared up not
long before and war was breaking out in
Vietnam. Tokyo was to be the last time
until reunification that the two
Germanies would take part under a
single flag.

165
2 4
The torch for Tokyo (2),
made of stainless steel, was
very simple. Yoshinori
Sakai, nineteen years of age
and born in Hiroshima on
the day the atomic bomb
was dropped, was chosen to
light the flame (3). For
5
these Games special coins
of 100 and 1000 yen were
minted (4). Commemorative
stamps were also issued (5).

3

The most moving event at the Tokyo
Games was the entry into the stadium
during the opening ceremony of
Yoshinori Sakai, nineteen years old, who
had been born in Hiroshima on the day
that the city was destroyed by the atomic
bomb. The gesture had a double
significance: Japan wished to show that it
had risen from the ashes and that it
sought international reconciliation. Just
before, a squadron of planes had drawn
the five Olympic rings in their colours in
the sky.
The Ethiopian Abebe Bikila won the
Marathon for the second time; this time,
however, wearing shoes. In the pole vault
the fibreglass pole was used for the first
time. The new technique had no effect
on the supremacy of the United States
and Fred Hansen won his country's
fifteenth consecutive victory in the event.
Peter Snell won the middle distances,
800 and 1500 metres. As at the
Melbourne Games, a new couple was
166
formed among the medal winners. Ann
Packer, who won the gold in the 800
metres, married her British team-mate
Robbie Brightwell, who won a silver
medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay.
The most brilliant page was written by
the sprinter Bob Hayes from the USA. In
the 100 metres he won the gold medal
and set a new world record at 10 seconds
flat. It should be remembered that in
Tokyo the event was run on a cinder
track and at sea level.
As usual there were some strange
incidents at the Games. The Soviet
weightlifter Alexei Vakhonin celebrated
his victory in the 56 kilogram category
with a display of strength: he lifted the
barbells while standing on one leg.
Another outstanding figure was the
discus thrower Al Oerter, who won his
third gold medal in a row in spite of
having dislocated his neck. He was to
win yet again in Mexico, thus retaining a
crown that no-one else has ever been
1 3
2 4
1
The national stadium, the
scene of the main events at
the Tokyo Olympic Games.
2
The Soviet high jumper
Valeri Brumel clears the
bar at 2.18 m; this jump
won him the gold medal.
Brumel was the last great
high jumper to use the
belly-flop technique.
3
Bob Hayes, of the United
States, crosses the finishing
line in the 4 x 100 m relay.
Hayes also won the 100 m,
with a time of 10.0
seconds, thus equalling the
world record and setting a
new Olympic record.
4
Final of the 1500 m. The
winner of this event, the
New Zealander Peter Snell,
also came first in the 800
m.
5
The American pole vaulter
Fred Hansen broke the
record with a jump of 5.10
m. Fibreglass poles were
used for the first time in
the Olympic Games.
5
6 able to keep for so long. In the high
Dawn Fraser, of Australia,
was the first woman to
swim the 100 m freestyle in
under one minute. This was
her third victory in the
same event at consecutive
Olympic Games.
7 reached epic proportions in the seventies.
The men's athletics in
Tokyo was dominated by
the United States, even in
the long-distance events. A
surprise came in the 10000
m, when Billy Mills, a
Sioux Indian from South
Dakota, won unexpectedly.
8 she was the only woman swimmer to
The Dutchman Antonius
Geesink beat the Japanese
Akio Kaminaga in the judo
final. It was said that the
result caused a number of
suicides in Japan.
By the end the USSR had won the
jump Valeri Brumel of the Soviet Union largest number of medals. In second and
was the victor; he was the supreme third places were the USA and Japan.
exponent of the straddle style. A new But the most important thing was that
star rose in boxing: Joe Frazier. The athletes from 42 countries won medals.
fights between him and Cassius Clay
The Games were becoming truly
In swimming Dawn Fraser won her third international in terms of results.
Olympic medal at the age of
twenty-seven in the 100 metres freestyle.
And in under a minute. This was the
first time that a woman had equalled
Johnny Weissmuller's feat in 1922 and
carry off the prize for the same event at
three consecutive Games.
The Japanese met with a great
disappointment in their national sport,
judo. Undisputed masters of the
discipline, they saw their idol Akio
Kaminaga, the favourite in the open
category, defeated by Antonius Geesink
of the Netherlands.

6 8 167

7
1

1 In 1968 the world was still racked by
The striking poster for the
Mexico Olympic Games
was created by the president
of the Organising
Committee of the Games,
the Mexican architect
Pedro Ramirez Vázquez,
Eduardo Terrazas, also
from Mexico, and the
American Lance Wyman.
From the pop art school,
the poster has another very
unusual characteristic: it is
square. The world was
going through a period of
upheaval and the Games
were not lacking in incident
either. Nevertheless, the
organisers managed to
provide a few original
touches, notably in the field
of visual communication.
Mexico City 1968
(XIX Olympiad)
regional conflicts, whether wars or
political and social disturbances. It was
the year of the assassination of Martin
Luther King and Robert Kennedy. Soviet
tanks had entered Czechoslovakia and
put an end to the Prague Spring. France
was in turmoil with the workers' and
students' movements in the famous May
of 68. which inspired students around
the world. Ten days before the Games,
on the orders of President Díaz Ordaz,
the army brutally crushed a
demonstration of thousands of students
in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in
Mexico City, causing thirty deaths
according to official figures and over
three hundred according to eyewitnesses.
sea level) would have on performance. In
fact, the height favoured short intense
bursts of effort, under two minutes, while
more sustained ones were more difficult.
But the teams of the great powers
managed to prepare well beforehand at
venues located at similar altitudes. In
spite of the fears, the Mexico City
Games closed with seventeen world
records and twenty-nine new Olympic
records.
The Games opened on 12 October and
closed fifteen days later. The competitors
numbered 6,626, of whom 781 were
women, from 113 countries. Gender
controls were carried out for the first
time.

Mexico City had been chosen to host the
Games at the IOC assembly in
Baden-Baden in Germany in 1963, where
for the first time each candidature was
present with a promotional stand.
The question that was raised was what
effect the altitude (2,250 metres above
The Mexico City Games are also
remembered for several notable events.
The first was at the opening ceremony
itself, where Enriqueta Basilio was the
first woman to light the Olympic flame.
For the first time the two Germanies
sent separate delegations. The most
impressive sporting feat, without any

169
2
The Mexico torch (2) 4
weighed 780 g and
measured 52.3 cm. In 1965
Mexico issued a set of
stamps devoted to the 1968
Games, with pre-Columbian
motifs (3). A Mexican
athlete, Enriqueta Basilio,
lit the flame in the
cauldron (4); the first
woman to do so. To mark
the Games a special coin
was minted (5) and several
sets of stamps were issued; 5
the 5 pesos (6) showed the
logos of the Olympic sports.

3
 doubt, was that of the athlete Bob
Beamon, who set a record of 8.90 metres
in the long jump, which stood for
twenty-three years.
Another athlete from the States roused
the Olympic Stadium with a jump, this
time the high jump. Dick Fosbury
carried off the gold by jumping the bar
backwards, head first and back parallel
to the ground. A new style had been
born and was baptised with the athlete's
name: the Fosbury flop. It was possible
thanks to the introduction of latex mats
to break the fall. In the 100 metres Jim
Hines won the gold medal with a time of
9.95 seconds, a new Olympic record. Al
Oerter won the gold medal for the fourth
time in the same event: the discus. Only
Victor Sanejev of the Soviet Union in
the triple jump, Gyula Zsivotsky of
Hungary in the hammer and Janis Lusis,
also of the Soviet Union, in the javelin,
managed to break US domination in the
athletics events.
170
The black athletes from the States were 1
This is doubtlessly the
in the news for an act of racial defiance sporting moment of the
rather than for their performances. At Mexico Olympic Games:
Bob Beamon of the United
the medals ceremony, Tommie Smith States jumped 8.90 m in
and John Carlos, gold and bronze medal the long jump. This record
was not to be broken for
winners in the 200 metres, raised their another twenty-three years.
clenched fists in black gloves and bowed
their heads when the national anthem of 2
At Mexico the American
their country was played in an act of high-jumper Dick Fosbury
protest against the racial tension that was introduced a revolutionary
style -which was
prevalent in the United States. Their immediately adopted by the
attitude led to their expulsion from the great majority of
high-jumpers- with which
Olympic Village. The sprinters in the 4 x he won the gold medal.
400 metres relay also stood on the
podium wearing black berets and gave 3
The black Americans
the black power salute, but when the Tommie Smith and John
anthem was played they stood to attention. Carlos, first and third in
the 200 m, raise clenched
fists and lower their heads
The height favoured some of the African on the podium while the
American national anthem
long distance runners, who were is played: in this way they
accustomed to running in similar sought to protest before the
whole world about the
conditions. Naftali Temu from Kenya racial tension which existed
won the 10000 metres. Mohamed in the United States.
Gammoudi from Tunisia won the gold in 4
the 5000 metres and the bronze in the The Czech gymnast Vera
10000 metres, while another Kenyan, Cáslavská, "the sweetheart
of Mexico", won four gold
Kip Keino, won gold medal in the 1500
1 2 4
3
and two silver medals. That
was two months after the
Soviet tanks had entered
Prague.
5 earlier had not been aware that it was an
The Mexico Olympic
Games were the fourth in
which Al Oerter, the great
American discus thrower,
competed. Oerter achieved
what had seemed
impossible: he won a fourth
gold medal.
6
The altitude of Mexico City
-2,250 m above sea level-
was favourable to events
involving quick bursts of
energy, but a disadvantage
for those involving
sustained effort. This
explains the avalanche of
records -as some
remarked- more appropriate
to the twenty-first century
than to the year 1968.
7
At 12.51 on 12 October
1968, Enriqueta Basilio
strode into the Aztec
stadium. The photograph
shows her climbing the
steps of the central tower to
light the flame in the
cauldron.
5 6
7
and the silver in the 5000. In the 3000 on the podium. That was two months
metres steeplechase the winner was also a after the Prague Spring.
Kenyan, Amos Biwott, who two months
In the exhibition sports, Santana and
obstacle race. Orantes dominated the singles in the
tennis event, winning the gold and silver
Colette Besson of France won the 400 medals, and were runners-up in the
metres and Wyomia Tyus of the USA doubles.
won the gold medal in the 100 metres
for the second time, after Tokyo.
There were new events in the swimming
competition, four for men and six for
women. The swimmers from the States
once again demonstrated their mastery in
the water. The Mexican public watched
one of their own sportsmen, Felipe
Muñoz, "El Tibio", take his place on the
podium to collect the gold medal for the
200 metres breaststroke.
Gymnastics consolidated its position as
the third most important Olympic sport
in Mexico City. The Czech Vera
Caslavska won four gold and two silver
medals, in spite of the competition from
the Soviets, who completely ignored her
171
1

1
Of the 2,333 entries for the
competition for the official
poster for the Munich 1972
Olympic Games, the winner
was the one designed by the
German graphic artist Otl
H. Aicher, born in Ulm in
1922. It is a work of great
formal refinement, which
plays with the transparency
of the suspended roof of the
Olympic stadium and the
adjacent buildings, and the
silhouette of the
communications tower, in
the background.
Munich 1972
(XX Olympiad)
The Bavarians used the old Munich
airport, the Obenweissenfeld, to build the
Olympic facilities. The silhouette of the
Olympic Stadium with the translucent
plastic suspended roof has passed into
the annals of the history of sports
architecture. The organisers built a sports
hall and a swimming pool. An Olympic
Village for 12,000 athletes was built
around the venues along with a press
centre for 4,000 journalists, equipped in
great comfort and with unprecedented
data-processing resources. The special
correspondents had a central computer
with sixty terminals to gather and order
the data. Sixty television networks
relayed live pictures of the competitions,
filmed by a hundred colour cameras.
And the 7,894 athletes who entered from
122 countries set a new record for
participation.
The city lavished resources on the
Games. They built a subway and
extended the airport. Also, as was the
custom, they organised an interesting
programme of artistic and cultural
events. Munich had the first Olympic
mascot, Waldi the dachshund.
A week before the opening, the IOC
decided to withdraw the invitation to
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in view of the
boycott announced by several African
countries against the racist regime of the
former British colony. Other countries
absent from the Games were Libya,
Jordan, South Africa and China.
The German sprinter Heidi Schüller,
twenty-two years old, swore the Olympic
oath, the first time that a woman had
done so at a Summer Games. For the
last lap of the torch relay the bearer was
Günther Zahn, accompanied by four
athletes from other countries as a symbol
of the union of the five continents.
The Munich Games included 21 sports.
Water skiing and badminton were
demonstration sports and archery, absent
since 1920, returned to the official
programme. So did judo, omitted since
Tokyo in 1964, and handball, which had

173
2 4
The Munich torch (2) was
made by the Krupp
company, as was the one
for the Berlin Games in
1936. It was of stainless
steel and contained a liquid
gas cartridge which enabled
it to burn for 20 minutes.
The German Günther Zahn, 5
who lit the flame in the
cauldron with the torch (3),
entered the Olympic
stadium escorted by four
athletes representing the
other four continents:
Africa, America, Asia and
Oceania. For the first time,
the Olympic Games had an
official mascot; it proved to
be a very effective
communications and
commercial element. At 6
Munich, the mascot was
Waldi (4), a friendly
dachshund. Outstanding
amongst the stamps issued
for the Games of the XX
Olympiad was a block of
various values, each
representing one of the 7
main Olympic facilities (5).
They also appear on the
commemorative coins (6).
3
The medals awarded at
Munich had a very stylized
design (7).
 only appeared once before, in 1936.
Before the opening of the Games, Avery
Brundage, now eighty-five, left the
presidency of the IOC in the hands of
Lord Killanin.
A new Finnish runner also appeared at
Munich: Lasse Viren, who won a double
in the 5000 and 10000 metres. The
USSR won two golds in the sprints,
thanks to Valeri Borzov, considered to
have the ideal physique for a sprinter.
But the laurels this time were reserved
for a swimmer, Mark Spitz from
California. He won four gold medals in
individual events and three in relays:
seven medals altogether and seven
Olympic records.
The Soviet gymnasts Olga Korbut and
Ludmila Turitscheva captivated the
spectators and audiences around the
world by their skill on the mat and the
apparatus. In athletics the outstanding
women were the East German sprinter
Renate Stecher, winner of the 100 and
174
200 metres, and the West Germans Heidi 1
The Olympic sports
Rosendahl, gold medallist in the long facilities built on the site of
jump, and Ulrike Meyfarth who, at the the city's old airport, the
Obenweissenfeld, were of
age of sixteen, beat the world high jump admirable architectural
record with 1.92 metres. The East quality; especially notable
was the Olympic stadium
German Wolfgang Nordwig was the first with its plastic canopy.
athlete not from the United States to win
the gold medal for the pole vault. 2
The Soviet runner Valeri
Borzov (in lane 5) broke
In basketball the USSR took the gold the supremacy of the
United States in the sprint
from the USA with a controversial events by winning the 100
basket in the last three seconds, when the and 200 m. The USSR and
the United States, great
US team were celebrating their victory in rivals at the Munich
the belief that the match was over. They Olympic Games, won 101
were in such a huff that they did not go medals (50 golds) and 91
(33 golds) respectively.
to collect the silver medal.
3
The famous Soviet
The Spanish team won a bronze medal weightlifter Vassili
in boxing: Rodríguez Cal in the light Alekseyev celebrates a good
lift. Alekseyev dominated
flyweight. The long distance runner Super Heavyweight
Mariano Haro came fourth in the 10000 weightlifting during the
metres. There was a notable Spanish seventies.
participant at the Games: Prince Juan
Carlos, a member of the yachting team.
But Munich was the most dramatic
Games in history. At the height of the
1 2
4
The American swimmer
Mark Spitz was the
indisputable star of
Munich. He won seven
medals (four of them in
individual events), and
broke seven world records.
5 government led by Golda Meir in
Closing ceremony at the
Munich stadium. The high
standards reached, the
record number of
participants and the
technical resources
employed made the Munich
Games -in spite of the
tragic massacre of Israeli
athletes by Palestinian
terrorists- a point of
reference for future
Olympic Games.
6
The Soviet gymnast
Ludmila Turischeva on the
balance beam. Ludmila and
her team-mate Olga Korbut
enchanted everyone in the
gymnastics events at the
Munich Games.
3 4
competition, a Palestinian commando When the Games closed everyone felt
belonging to the terrorist organisation that, in spite of the tragic events, Munich
Black September kidnapped part of the had been a milestone in the history of
Israeli delegation inside the Olympic the Olympic movement. Fine facilities,
Village itself. They demanded the release record participation, first rate electronic
of two hundred prisoners of the Israeli and technical resources and a large
television audience had pointed the way
exchange for the hostages, but Israel for future Games.
refused to meet their demands.
Negotiations bore no fruit and the
incident ended in a bloody shoot-out at
the airport. The final result of the
tragedy was seventeen dead: eleven
Israeli athletes (two of whom had already
been killed at the Olympic Village), five
of the eight terrorists and a German
policeman. Israel demanded the closure
of the Games, but they continued after
the funerals: in all, a twenty-four hour
adjournment. In addition to Israel,
Egypt, Syria and Kuwait decided to
withdraw.
6 175
5
1

1
The official poster for the
Games of the XXI
Olympiad in Montreal was
notable for its simplicity
and even austerity; the
Olympic rings -symbol of
the five continents and the
union of nations through
sport-are the only feature.
The rings fade into the
white background; a visual
device which gives the
poster a certain kinetic
dimension. It was designed
by Ernst Roch and Rolf
Harder, members of the
graphic design team headed
by Georges Huel and
Pierre- Yves Pelletier.
Montreal 1976
(XXI Olympiad)
The Montreal Olympic Games suffered
the first block boycott by a group of the
National Olympic Committees which are
members of the IOC. The presence of
New Zealand provoked the withdrawal of
twenty-seven countries from the African
continent after the delegations had
arrived in Canada. The reason was that a
New Zealand rugby team had toured
South Africa. Only the Ivory Coast and
Senegal did not join in. Some African
athletes even asked the IOC if they could
take part individually, but the Olympic
organisation was unable to meet their
request. In addition, the prime minister
of Canada, Pierre Trudeau, opposed the
participation of Taiwan in the Games if
it did so using the name of China. The
athletes and officials of the island
therefore also withdrew from the
competition.
Montreal had held a universal exhibition
in 1967, the same year that the capital of
Quebec had won the Olympic
nomination in Teheran. The force behind
the exhibition and the 1976 Olympic
Games was one and the same: the
mayor, Jean Drapeau. The city took
advantage of the Games to carry out
extensive redevelopment, with no support
from either the central government or
the province of Quebec. They built a
subway, a new airport, opened new
accesses to the motorways and made a
new city underground with warm,
comfortable shops and other commercial
premises, a desirable amenity in a
country where winter does not encourage
a stroll down the road. The Olympic
Village, the stadium, the velodrome and
several sports halls were also built by the
City Council. The organisers faced two
major problems: the increase in costs,
which had originally been estimated at
310 million Canadian dollars and which
finally rose to 1,500 million, and the
labour conflicts with the building unions
which threatened strikes unless their
members were given a wage increase.
Finally, on 17 July 1976, the opening
ceremony of the Games of the XXI
Olympiad was held. Two young athletes,

177
2 The Montreal torch (2), 4
conceived by Georges Huel
and Michel Dall, was of
aluminium and was fuelled
by olive oil, treated in a
special way to enable it to
withstand the wind and the
rain. The Canadian postal
service issued several sets of
stamps to celebrate the
event, and of special
interest are those which
show statues of athletes (3).
The medals which were
awarded were specific to
each sport (4). The torch
covered some of its journey
by canoe, on horseback and 5
by bicycle (5). Canada
minted 31 coins to mark
the Games (6). A beaver
(famous for its patient and
hard-working nature) called
Amik, was the official
mascot (7).

3 7
 a boy and a girl, carried the torch on the
last lap of the relay and lit the flame in
the cauldron. They symbolised the
brotherhood of the two language
communities in Quebec: the French and
English speakers. Queen Elizabeth of
England (whose daughter Anne had
entered as a competitor) declared the
Games open in both languages, thereby
recognising the importance of the two
language communities. 6,189 athletes, of
whom 1,251 were women, from 88
countries came to Montreal.
Exhaustive drug tests were carried out at
the Games: 1,500 in fifteen days by an
integrated, automatic system. Some
athletes who had taken one of the ninety
pharmaceutical products banned by the
IOC were stripped of their medals. A
rather unsporting detail in the fencing
event of the modern pentathlon was the
discovery of an electric device on the
pommel of the epee of the Soviet
pentathlete Boris Onischtschenko, who
had been silver medallist in Mexico City
178
and Munich, which lit up his adversary's 1
The stadium in Montreal,
touch light at a distance. on 17 July 1976. The last
minute boycott by the
African countries did not
The star of the Games was the detract from the opening
Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci. At ceremony of the Games of
the XXI Olympiad, which
the age of fourteen, 1.53 metres tall and were presided over by
weighing 39 kilograms, she was the Queen Elizabeth II.
precursor of a new style in gymnastics. 2
Comaneci had been entering for The Cuban Alberto
competitions since she was twelve. She Juantorena (217), winner of
the 800 m final. He was
not only won five medals -three of them also the winner of the 400
gold- but brought up two tens on the m, an unprecedented
achievement in the history
Scoreboard with her performance, a score of the Olympic Games.
which judges have always been most
reluctant to give in competitions. The 3
Heidi Rosendahl, of West
swimming pool was also the scene of Germany won the gold
great deeds of prowess. Kornelia Ender medal in the long jump.
of East Germany broke the record for
the 100 metres freestyle, making her
country's supremacy patent. In the men's
events John Naber and James
Montgomery from the USA were
outstanding. Montgomery broke the 50
second barrier in the 100 metres
freestyle. Between them and the rest of
1 2
4
Nadia Comaneci, on the
beam. The lithe and
extremely young Romanian
girl, creator of a new style
of gymnastics, was the first
athlete ever to be awarded
the maximum of 10 points.
Comaneci was the
unquestioned star of the
Montreal Games.
5 Edwin Moses in the 400 metres hurdles;
The Finnish athlete Lasse
Viren, winning the 5000 m
in front of the New
Zealander Dick Quax and
the West German
Klaus-Peter Hildenbrand.
Viren also won the 10000
m gold medal.
6 winner of the 5000 and 10000 metres;
The last relay of the
Olympic torch. Two
Canadian athletes, a young
French-speaking man and a
young English-speaking
woman, were to light the
flame in the cauldron; a
symbol of the Olympic
desire for harmony.
3 4
the team they carried off twenty-seven of The Spanish delegation won two silver
the thirty-nine medals at stake. medals: in yachting in the 470 class,
thanks to Antonio Gorostegui and Pere
In athletics a new figure emerged: the Lluís Millet, and in canoeing, in the K-4
Cuban Alberto Juantorena, "El Caballo", 1000 metres, with a team made up of
Luis Gregorio Ramos Misioné, Herminio
who won the 400 and 800 metres, a feat
which no other runner has equalled. But Menéndez, José Esteban Celorrio and
other winners must not be forgotten: José Díaz Flor.
the discus thrower Mac Wilkins; the
Hungarian javelin thrower Miklos
Nemeth; the Polish runner Irena
Szewinska, who won the gold medal for
the 400 metres at her fourth Olympic
Games; Lasse Viren from Finland,
the Cuban boxer Teófílo Stevenson,
winner of the gold in the heavyweight
category; or Bruce Jenner of the USA,
the decathlon champion. In basketball
the US team won the gold medal in
revenge for their humiliation at Munich.
The surprise winners of the hockey
competition were the New Zealand team.
The sport was played on artificial turf
for the first time.
5 179
6
1

1
Of the 26,000 entries from
8,500 designers, Vladimir
Arsentiev's effort was
chosen as the official poster
of the 1980 Moscow
Games. Born in 1951 in
Guriev, Kazakhstan,
Arsentiev studied at the
Faculty of Applied Arts in
Rezekne in Latvia. The
work is highly schematic in
conception, employing
geometric patterns: it
represents the five Olympic
rings and the lane
markings of an athletics
track which converge on a
five-pointed red star.
Moscow 1980
(XXII Olympiad)
At the 75th Session of the IOC in
Vienna in October 1974 the Moscow
candidature was chosen for the Games of
the XXII Olympiad. For the first time
the Games were to be held in an Eastern
bloc country. But the choice, years later,
had serious repercussions for the
organisers.
On 20 January 1980, the president of the
USA, Jimmy Carter, announced his
country's decision to boycott the Moscow
Games unless Soviet troops withdrew
from Afghanistan within a month. The
decision, taken in election year with the
support of 85% of the population, found
an echo in other countries, such as the
Federal Republic of Germany, Japan,
China -whose national Olympic
committee had been recognised by the
IOC the year before, along with that of
Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)–, Canada and
Kenya. Thirty-eight countries were absent
in all. Others, such as Great Britain,
Italy, Australia and France took part in
the parade without their flag or anthem,
for which they substituted the Olympic
ones. Spain, which did not join the
boycott either, paraded under a white
flag with the shield of the Spanish
Olympic Committee. The other countries
of Western Europe marched with a
placard bearing their name behind the
Olympic flag. Naturally, participation in
Moscow was smaller than at earlier Games.
In the Soviet capital 81 national Olympic
committees entered with a total of 5,923
athletes. The Olympic truce, which had
been a feature of classical Greece, was
ignored once again.
The opening ceremony was spectacular
and lasted over four hours. Six thousand
soldiers with coloured scarves composed
highly artistic patterns on the grass.
Sergei Belov, the basketball player who
had won the gold for the USSR in
Munich with the controversial last
basket, lit the Olympic flame. To reduce
the impact of the boycott to a minimum,
the organisers paid for the travel and
accommodation of the representatives of
various African and South American
countries.

181

The Moscow torch (2) was 4

2
conceived by a group of
Leningrad engineers led by
Bon's Tuchin and was made
of aluminium alloy. The
series of commemorative
coins minted on the
occasion of the Games was
the largest and most varied
issued by any Olympic host
country until then (3). The
bear Misha (4), the mascot
of the 1980 Games, was by
Viktor Tshichikov. Viktor
Soneiev was the last athlete
in the Olympic torch relay
and the basketball player
Sergei Belov was chosen to
light the great cauldron in
the stadium (5). The USSR 5
was also the country to
issue the largest number of
stamps on the occasion of
the Games (6).

6
3
 Three days before the opening Juan
Antonio Samaranch was chosen as the
new president of the IOC. That was on
16 July 1980. Born in Barcelona, a
member of the IOC since 1966 and
ambassador to the USSR at the time, he
replaced the diplomat Lord Killanin, who
had been president of the Olympic
organisation for eight years.
Without the United States and other
Western countries the Games were
dominated by the Soviets and East
Germans, particularly in the swimming
events. Vladimir Salnikov won three gold
medals. Barbara Krause of East Germany
was the first woman to swim the 100
metres freestyle in under 55 seconds and
her fellow countrywoman Rica Reinisch
won three golds. There was one Soviet
hero, the gymnastics teacher Alexander
Ditjatin, who won a total of eight medals.
On the track Soviet and East German
domination was broken by a British duel
between the long distance runners
182
Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett. Coe won 1
The opening ceremony of
the gold for the 1500 metres and Ovett the Moscow Olympic
the 800. Another British athlete, Allan Games was then the most
spectacular ever staged. The
Wells, won the 100 metres, but Pietro absence of 38 of the
Mennea of Italy beat him into second countries who had
originally entered did not
place in the 200 metres. Another detract from the sporting
sensational performance at the Moscow achievements of the
competitors.
stadium was by the Ethiopian Miruts
Yifter who, at the age of thirty-seven 2
won the gold medal in the 5000 and The Soviet gymnast Nelli
Kim, who had been
10000 metres. Without the opposition of Comaneci's great rival in
West Germany or the USA, Daley Montreal in the floor
exercises. At the Moscow
Thompson of Britain had no difficulty Games, the two athletes
winning the decathlon with 8,495 points, shared the gold medal for
this event.
far behind his own personal best of 8,743.
3
Nadia Comaneci, who no longer had the Miruts Yifter, during a
race. This Ethiopian
childish figure that had captured the athlete's thirty-seven years
limelight at Montreal, won two gold of age did not prevent him
from winning the gold
medals and two silvers despite the medal in the 5000 m and
pressure of being the focus of everyone's 10000 m.
attention. In Moscow a new star 4
appeared, a formidable young gymnast: The British athlete Daley
Nelli Kim of the Soviet Union, who won Thompson came first in the
decathlon, although without
the gold for the floor exercises. approaching his best
performance. In 1984 in
Los Angeles, he was to
repeat his triumph.
1 2 3
5
The Soviet swimmer
Vladimir Salnikov won the
400 m, the 1500 m freestyle
and the 4 x 200 m freestyle.
6 of the athletes tested had taken
The figure of Misha the
bear appeared in the stands
during the opening
ceremony. As at other
Olympic Games, the mascot
was to be seen everywhere.
7
Sebastian Coe (254) won
the 1500 m. The battle
between the British runners
Coe and Steve Ovett (279)
was one of the high points
of the 1980 Games. Ovett
won the 800 m.
8
Teófilo Stevenson in
Moscow. This Cuban boxer
is, undoubtedly, the most
outstanding figure in
Olympic boxing history,
taking the heavyweight gold
at three consecutive Games:
1972, 1976 and 1980.
4 5
The 1980 Games were marked by the were the best Spanish performance at
favouritism of the referees and the use of any Olympic Games.
stimulants and anabolics by many
athletes. Later analyses showed that 15% The Games mascot, the bear Misha, was
reproduced everywhere. On 3 August the
testosterone or some other product Olympic flame was quenched at the
banned by the IOC. grandiose Lenin Stadium. On the
electronic Scoreboard appeared the phrase
In Moscow Spain performed with merit. "Goodbye until Los Angeles 1984". To
The supreme garland was won by the the strains of Beethoven's Ode to Joy, the
pair formed by Alejandro Abascal and flags of the USSR, Greece and the city of
Miguel Noguer in yachting, in the Flying Los Angeles were hoisted on the main
Dutchman class. There were three silver flagpole. The decision of the Soviet
medals: for Jordi Llopart in the 50 leaders whether or not to attend the
kilometres walk; for the canoeing team 1984 Games was left hanging in the air.
formed by Herminio Menéndez and
Guillermo del Riego in K-2 500 metres;
and the hockey team, which lost to India
in the final. There were two bronze
medals: for David Lopez Zubero in the
400 metres butterfly, the first medal won
by a Spanish swimmer at the Games;
and Luis G. Ramos Misioné and
Herminio Menéndez, also in canoeing, in
the K-2 1000 metres. These six medals
7 182
6 8
1

1
The poster for Los Angeles
broke with tradition, as had
the one for Mexico City:
while the poster for the
1968 Games was square,
the 1984 poster was
atypical because of its
elongated shape. It is
completely dominated by
the American star
representing all the states
of the Union. The broken
lines give an impression of
movement and express the
dynamism of the Olympic
Games. The poster is by the
painter Robert
Rauschenberg, born in Port
Arthur (Texas) in 1925,
and one of the leaders of
the pop art movement.
Los Angeles 1984
(XXIII Olympiad)
As some journalists had predicted, the
USSR and the countries of the Eastern
bloc returned the boycott that the
Moscow Games had suffered in 1980.
The reasons advanced were the lack of
security they had observed for their
athletes and the invasion of Grenada by
the United States. Romania and
Yugoslavia decided to take part. In spite
of the absence of the Soviet bloc, the
Games of the XXIII Olympiad had the
highest number of countries taking part:
140 delegations and 7,055 athletes. For
the first time, countries such as the
Solomon Islands, Mauritius, Gambia and
Qatar took part and the People's
Republic of China returned after an
absence of twenty-eight years. Libya
abandoned Los Angeles three days before
the start of the Games when three
Libyans accredited as journalists were
refused visas.
The organisation of the Games was left
in the hands of private enterprise, as
neither the city nor the federal
government paid a penny from their
budgets. Existing facilities were used,
including the Olympic Stadium which
had been built for the Games in 1932.
Only the swimming pool and velodrome
were built new by a hamburger chain
and a supermarket respectively. With this
model of organisation a new path in the
world of the Olympics opened up. At the
Los Angeles Games the television rights,
one of the main sources of income,
reached the record sum of 276 million
dollars. One novelty was the creation of
a body of Olympic volunteers as soon as
the city had been awarded the Games.
Altogether 28,742 of the 45,000 who had
presented entry forms took part. The
volunteers helped with many tasks,
particularly the competitions and areas
such as health, press, hosting and
accreditations. Their civic spirit and
enthusiasm sounded an original note at
the 1984 Games. The organising
committee made a profit of 225 million
dollars after deduction of expenses of
around 650 million.

185
2 4
The torch for Los Angeles
(2), conceived by Newhart,
Turner Industries Inc. and
made of aluminium and
bronze, had sufficient fuel
for 45 minutes. To mark
these Games, a number of
countries minted coins:
Jamaica issued one for 10
dollars (3). The United
States postal service issued
five sets each of four
5
stamps, representing twenty
Olympic sports (4). The
mascot of the Los Angeles
Games was the eagle Sam
(5) designed by C. Robert
Moore and produced by
Walt Disney Productions
Inc. The lighting of the
cauldron (6) was highly
original: Rafer Johnson,
gold medallist in the
decathlon at Rome 1960,
was handed the torch by
Gina Hemphill,
grand-daughter of Jesse
Owens, the hero of the
Berlin Games of 1936.

3
6
 The opening and closing ceremonies had
all the glitter of a Hollywood production
and all the television coverage of a great
event. A choir of 1,000 voices, an
orchestra of 100 musicians, 84 pianists,
2,500 doves and a man flying over the
stadium at the opening ceremony were
just some of the elements which were
part of the show. The Californian city,
with about 12 million inhabitants,
already had all the necessary
infrastructure. However, the urban sprawl
meant that long distances had to be
travelled between the venues, sometimes
as much as 200 kilometres. The security
of athletes, journalists, referees and
officials was in the hands of 20,000
police and 100 helicopters spread around
the three Olympic Villages.
A nervous Edwin Moses was charged
with speaking the Olympic oath.
However, in the 400 metres hurdles he
recovered his nerves and won decisively.
186
Carl Lewis was predictably the centre of 1
The opening ceremony of
attention during the Games. Everyone, the Games of the XXIII
including him, felt that he had no rivals. Olympiad. In spite of the
absence of the USSR and
And such was the case. He won gold the majority of the Eastern
medals in the 100 and 200 metres, the European countries, the Los
Angeles Games were a great
long jump and as a member of the 4 x sporting success and also
100 metres relay team. With these the most financially
victories he equalled the feat of Jesse rewarding in the history of
the Olympics.
Owens at the Berlin Games in 1936.
2
Edwin Moses, who swore
Daley Thompson of Britain showed once the Olympic oath, was the
again that he was the perfect all-rounder. winner of the 400 m hurdles.
In the decathlon he repeated his success 3
in Moscow over his eternal rival Jürgen Luis Doreste and Roberto
Hingsen of Germany. Sebastian Coe won Molina were first in the
470 class in yachting. The
the gold medal in the 1500 metres and Spanish team did well at
the silver in the 800. In the Marathon Los Angeles, obtaining five
medals.
the victory went unexpectedly to Carlos
Lopes of Portugal, who thus won the first 4
Final of the 5000 m. The
ever gold medal for his country. Moroccan runner Said
Aouita eventually took the
In the women's Marathon, on the gold medal for this event.
Olympic programme for the first time, 5
the spectators at the stadium witnessed a A spectacular jump by a
Pakistani player in the
moving scene. Gabriela Andersen of hockey match between
Switzerland staggered into the Memorial Britain and Pakistan.
1 3 5
2 4
6
A moment from the
basketball final between the
United States and Spain.
7 hardly knowing which way to go and
Final of the 100 m. The
American runner Carl
Lewis (915) was the star of
Los Angeles. He was
unrivalled in the sprints,
winning the 100 m, 200 m,
and 4 x 100 m relay, as
well as the long jump.
8 not win a medal, but she gave a lesson
A moment from a water
polo match between Spain
and Australia.
9
The unmistakeably
American closing ceremony
of the Los Angeles Games
was just as spectacular as
the opening ceremony.
6 7
Coliseum. Everyone could see the terrible
difficulty she was having in moving
normally. Her legs bent, her face twisted,
about to collapse to the ground from
exhaustion and dehydration, she was
making unmistakable signs that no-one
was to help her to the finish. She made
it. She collapsed at the line, having put
her life in considerable danger. She did
in Olympic courage.
In the pool fifteen-year-old Tracy
Caulkins of the USA distinguished
herself: she won the 200 and 400 metres
medley and helped her country to win
the gold in the 4 x 100 metres relay
medley. In the men's events the West
German Michael Gross burst on the
scene; he was nicknamed "the albatross"
because of the breadth of his stroke.
Gross won the gold medal in the 200
metres freestyle and the 100 metres
butterfly. In both cases he set an
Olympic record. Greg Louganis of the
8 9
USA stood out in the diving events,
springboard and platform. His last dive,
a three and a half turn somersault, was a
direct defiance of the law of gravity.
The Spanish team had one of their most
successful Games. Luis Doreste and
Roberto Molina won the gold medal in
the 470 yachting class. The basketball
team, defeated in the final by the host
country, won the silver. In canoeing, in
the C-2 500 metres, with Enrique Míguez
and Narciso Suárez, and in rowing, with
Fernando Climent and Luis Lasúrtegui,
there were medals: one bronze and one
silver. Lastly, José Manuel Abascal won
the bronze in the 1500 metres, behind
Sebastian Coe and Steve Cram.
187
1

1
The attractive design of the
official poster for Seoul was
matched by the high
standard of organisation
and sporting achievement at
the 1988 Games. The fears
which some had voiced
about possible political
conflicts or cultural
confrontations proved to be
groundless.
Seoul 1988
(XXIV Olympiad)
Seoul was chosen to host the Games at
the 84th Session of the IOC in
Baden-Baden in September 1981. In spite
of the forecasts about the international
conflicts which the choice of Seoul might
provoke, the Games of the XXIV
Olympiad had the highest number of
participants in the history of the
Olympics, both in terms of the number
of countries and the number of athletes:
9,417, of whom 2,471 were women, from
160 countries.
North Korea aspired to organise the
Games jointly with the South. Juan
Antonio Samaranch offered the neutrality
symbolized by his post to resolve the
political differences in favour of the
Olympic movement. In spite of his
mediation, North Korea did not take
part in the end and was joined by
Albania, Cuba, Ethiopia, Madagascar,
Nicaragua and the Seychelles.
The Games were organised basically by
the State and South Korea carried out a
wide-ranging operation to present its
image to the world. The opening and
closing ceremonies were beautiful to
watch and attempted to convey the
culture and the sensibility of the country.
The Games were held from 17
September to 2 October. The accredited
journalists who attended, almost 5,000,
were housed in a press village. The
television rights reached a record figure:
407 million dollars. It has been estimated
that 3,000 million viewers all around the
world watched the Games on the small
screen.
The major facilities -stadium, swimming
pool, sports palace, baseball stadium and
rowing canal- were concentrated in the
Chamsil area on the banks of the River
Han. The stadium held 100,000 people
and was completely covered by a circular
roof.
During the XXIV Olympiad the TOP
(Olympic Programme) was introduced.
Invented by the IOC and managed by
ISL (International Sports Leisure) it

189
2 4
The Seoul torch (2), by Lee
Woo-Song, professor at the
women's university of
Sookmyung, was made of
leather and plastic. Both
before and during the
Games, South Korea issued
several special sets of
stamps, with designs
showing all the Olympic
sports (3). The Seoul
mascot was the tiger
Hodori (4), a symbol of
courage and greatness. It
was designed by Kim Hyun.
Twenty-five countries,
including the host, minted
5
a total of 162 different
commemorative coins (5).
The athletes responsible for
lighting the flame at the
Seoul Games ascended to
the cauldron in a lift (6).
This spectacular image has
been engraved on the
memory of everyone who
saw it.

3 6
 allowed a group of companies to
commercialise a product category
worldwide with an exclusive for the use
of the symbols of the organising
committees of the Summer (Seoul) and
Winter (Calgary) Olympic Games and the
Olympic rings for the four years of the
Olympiad. This first, TOP-1, programme
had a total of nine companies.
At Seoul table tennis and tennis became
official, whilst taekwondo, baseball and
women's judo were demonstration sports
and badminton and bowling exhibition
sports. In taekwondo the Spanish teams,
men and women, won a total of nine
medals.
Florence Griffith of the USA with three
gold medals and one silver in athletics,
Kristin Otto of East Germany with six
gold medals in swimming and Matt
Biondi, the swimmer from the States,
with five gold medals, one silver and one
bronze medal were the outstanding
figures of Seoul.
190
One of the sports which aroused unusual 1
The opening ceremony. The
emotion was women's gymnastics. Elena estimated 3,000 million
Chouchounova of the USSR and Daniela viewers who watched the
broadcast were treated to
Silivas of Romania battled out a an extremely beautiful
competition which was no less spectacle in the Olympic
stadium.
spectacular than the performance of
Nadia Comaneci in Montreal. 2
A taekwondo contest. One
of the innovations at Seoul
At the 1988 Games the Canadian runner was the inclusion of
Ben Johnson won the 100 metres with a taekwondo as a
demonstration sport.
world record time of 9.79 seconds.
Seventy-two hours later there was a 3
The Chinese weightlifter He
commotion at the Olympic Village: in Yingqiang, silver medallist
the analysis of the drug test he was in the 56 kg category.
found to have been taking anabolics and Weightlifting has formed
part of the Olympic
was stripped of his gold medal, which programme since the Games
was given to Carl Lewis, who had run a of the I Olympiad.
time of 9.92 seconds. 4
The Soviet gymnast Elena
Chouchounova, on the
The Spanish team won four medals. José beam. Once again, the
Luis Doreste won the gold in yachting. great Eastern European
Emilio Sánchez Vicario and Sergio Casal gymnasts attracted the
public's attention and
won the silver medal in tennis. Sergi obtained the best results.
López won the bronze for the 200 metres
breaststroke and Jorge Guardiola did the
same in shooting.
1 2
3
5 The closing ceremony at the Seoul
Qualifying match in the
football tournament between Games marked the start of the XXV
West Germany and Olympiad, the four years during which
Tunisia. In this competition
the gold medal went to the Barcelona had to guard the Olympic
Soviet Union, the silver to colours. After the performance of a group
Brazil and the bronze to of Catalan dancers before millions of
West Germany.
viewers around the world, Pasqual
6
The Catalan swimmer Sergi
Maragall, the mayor of Barcelona,
López, third in the 200 m received the Olympic flag from the hands
breast-stroke, was the of the president of the IOC, Juan
winner of one of the four
medals obtained by Spanish Antonio Samaranch. The Olympic
athletes at Seoul. Movement bade farewell to the Korean
7
city and arranged to meet in Barcelona
Catalan dancers taking part in 1992.
in the closing ceremony of
the Games of the XXIV
Olympiad in Seoul. With
this spectacle and the
handing over of the
Olympic flag to the mayor
of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, the Olympic
Movement parted until the
next meeting, in Barcelona
in 1992.

4 5 191

6 7
 Summer Olympic Games

1. The equestrian competition was

I. 6.IV-15.IV Athens 1896 295 0 295 13 9 held in Stockholm from 10 to 17
June. 29 NOCs, 145 men and 13
II. 20.V-28.X Paris 1900 1,066 11 1,077 21 17 women took part.

III. 1.VII-23.XI Saint Louis 1904 546 8 554 12 15

IV. 27.IV-31.X London 1908 1,998 36 2,034 22 21

Source: Repertoire du mouvement
V. 5.V-22.7 Stockholm 1912 2,447 57 2,504 28 13 olympique, IOC, 1991.
VI. Not held

VII. 20.IV-12.IX Antwerp 1920 2,527 64 2,591 29 21

VIII. 4.V-27.VII Paris 1924 2,939 136 3,075 44 17

IX. 17.V-12.VIII Amsterdam 1928 2,681 290 2,971 46 14

X. 30.VII-14.VIII Los Angeles 1932 1,204 127 1,331 38 14

XI. 1.VIII-16.VIII Berlin 1936 3,652 328 3,980 49 19

XII. Not held

XIII. Not held

XIV. 29.VII-14.VIII London 1948 3,677 385 4,062 58 17

XV. 19.VII-3.VIII Helsinki 1952 5,349 518 5,867 69 17

XVI. 22.XI-8.XII Melbourne 1956 2,958 384 3,342 67 17

10.VI-17.VI Stockholm 1956 (1)

XVII. 25.VIII-11.IX Rome 1960 4,786 610 5,396 84 17

XVIII. 10.X-24.X Tokyo 1964 4,903 683 5,586 94 19

XIX. 12.X-27.X Mexico 1968 5,845 781 6,626 113 18

XX. 26.VIII-11.IX Munich 1972 6,824 1,070 7,894 122 21

XXI. 17.VII-1.VIII Montreal 1976 4,938 1,251 6,189 88 21

192 XXII. 19.VII-3.VIII Moscow 1980 4,835 1,088 5,923 81 21

XXIII. 28.VII-12.VIII Los Angeles 1984 5,435 1,620 7,055 140 21

XXIV. 17.IX-2.X Seoul 1988 6,946 2,471 9,417 160 23

 193

Olympic cities of the modern era

1 Athens, 1896
2 Paris, 1900 and 1924
3 St Louis, 1904
4 London, 1908
5 Stockholm, 1912
6 Antwerp, 1920
7 Chamonix,1924
8 Amsterdam, 1928
9 St Moritz, 1928 and 1948
10 Los Angeles, 1932 and 1984
11 Lake Placid, 1932 and 1960
12 Berlin, 1936
13 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936
14 Helsinki, 1952
15 Oslo, 1952
16 Melbourne, 1956
17 Cortina d'Ampezzo, 1956
18 Rome, 1960
19 Squaw Valley, 1960
20 Tokyo, 1964
21 Innsbruck, 1964 and 1976
22 Mexico City, 1968
23 Grenoble, 1968
24 Munich, 1972
25 Sapporo, 1972
26 Montreal, 1976
27 Moscow, 1980
28 Sarajevo, 1984
29 Seoul, 1988
30 Calgary, 1988
31 Barcelona, 1992
32 Albertville, 1992
33 Atlanta
34 Lillehammer

Summer Games cities in red

Winter Games cities in green
 Olympic Programme. Men

City
Year

Archery

Athletics

Badminton

Baseball

Basketball

Boxing

Canoeing

Cycling

Equestrian sports

Fencing

Football

Gymnastics

Handball

Hockey

Judo

Modem pentathlon

Rowing

Shooting

Swimming
194
Table tennis

Tennis

Volleyball

Weightlifting

Wrestling

Yachting

Cricket

Croquet

Figure skating

Golf

Ice hockey

Jeu de paume

Lacrosse

Motor canoeing

Polo

Racquette

Roque

Rugby
 Olympic Programme. Women

Archery

Athletics

Badminton

Baseball

Basketball

Boxing

Canoeing

Cycling

Equestrian sports

Fencing

Football

Gymnastics

Handball

Hockey

Judo

Modem pentathlon

Rowing

Shooting

Swimming
195
Table tennis

Tennis

Volleyball

Weightlifting
Wrestling

Yachting

Cricket

Croquet

Figure skating

Golf

Ice Hockey

Jeu de paume

Lacrosse

Motor canoeing

Polo

Racquette

Roque

Rugby

Source: Wallechinsky, David.

The Complete Book of the
Olympics.
Londres: Aurum Press Ltd.,
1992.
1

1
Detail of a Roman mosaic
of the fourth century BC,
found in Barcelona and
preserved in the
Archaeological Museum
there, which shows a
chariot race in a circus.
2 of the founders of the Olympic Games,
Greek amphora from
Empúrìes, sixth century
B C. The decoration
represents two athletes
taking part in a race at the
Olympic Games.
3
Monument dedicated to
Lucius Minicius Natali. It
contains his testament and
mentions his Barcelona
origin: "To the Barcelona
colonists of Hispania
Citerìor amongst whom he
was born". Lucius
Minicius, who held public
office in several posts in the
time of the Emperor
Trajan, won the laurel
crown at Olympia in the
chariot races of the
CCXVII Olympiad, in 129
AD.
2 reign of the Emperor Trajan. The
3
The sporting tradition of Barcelona
Barcelona is a city with a notable
sporting record, dating back to Roman
times.
The Romans who settled on the Iberian
Peninsula kept up the sporting tradition
the Greeks, who had sailed to the
Catalan coast in the fifth century BC and
founded the small colony of Empúries.
The mosaics and ceramics which have
survived from Roman times give us an
idea of how the founders of Barcino
played sport. There is evidence that some
citizens made donations of money to be
invested in sporting competitions. One
such person was the centurion Cecilius
Optatus in the second century AD, who
gave 7,500 denarii so that the yearly
interest could be used to hold wrestling
competitions in the city amphitheatre
every tenth of June.
One of the leading families in Barcino in
the second century AD was that of
Lucius Minicius Natali. The father was a
well-known politician and soldier who
became a Roman senator during the
Minicius Natali family founded baths in
Barcino.
The son, Lucius Minicius Natali
Quadroni Ver, was a tireless traveller. He
was also the only citizen of Barcino who
is known to have taken part in an
Olympic Games. When he was only
seventeen he was made a tribune in the
army. At nineteen he was already an
officer and embarked on a military
career in Africa at his father's side. He
held the posts of quaestor and augur
before being appointed tribune of the
people in Rome at the age of thirty-two.
He was also governor of the provinces of
Lower Moesia and Africa. He always
stressed that he had been born in
Barcino, as the five surviving monuments
to him bear witness. These monuments
are in Libya, Bulgaria, where he was
tribune of the legion, London, Rome and
Olympia itself, where there is a stone
commemorating his victory in the chariot
race at the CCXVII Olympiad in 129
AD. This feat is also recorded on a
plaque which can be seen in the
Archaeological Museum of the city of
Barcelona.
In the Middle Ages, arms and the
practice of sport were closely linked, as
we can read in works such as the
Registre d'Ordinacions, dating from the
fourteenth century. This book governed
all questions arising from neighbouring
estates and rural or urban buildings and
the rights and duties involved. Obvious
differences apart, mediaeval tournaments
with different weapons were the sporting
competitions of the time. In the Middle
Ages crossbow contests were held outside
Barcelona at the monastery of Santa
Clara in what today is the Ciutadella
park. In Don Quixote, when Cervantes
describes a combat between his hero and
the Knight of the Black Moon on the
beaches of Barcelona, he is parodying the
tournaments which were held in the city
in the sixteenth century and were
extremely popular with the inhabitants.
The practice of sport today
The practice of sport as we understand it
today did not reach Barcelona until the
second half of the nineteenth century.
Individuals, such as a sailor called
Fornells who taught rowing and
organised competitions in the port of
Barcelona in the eighteen-fifties, and
collective ventures, such as the
foundation of the Garcia Alsina
gymnasium in 1868, prepared the city for 201
the proliferation of sports associations
around the turn of the century.
Clubs and gymnasiums sprang up in the
city in obedience to the new educational
precepts which arrived from other
European countries and advocated the
introduction of gymnastics into schools
and the practice of sport outdoors. These
trends intermingled with the walking and
nature study movement, which had been
well established in Catalonia for a
quarter of a century, when the Associació
Catalanista d'Excursions Científïques was
founded (1876). A few years later it was
replaced by the Centre Excursionista de
Catalunya (1890), which is still
flourishing today.
The gymnasiums were the cornerstones
of many of the new sports clubs. The
García Alsina gymnasium produced
monitors who themselves set up new
centres: Vila, Motiño, Tiberghien, Bricall,
Solé, Ramis, Gibert or Tolosa, among
others, all frequented mostly by members
of the well-to-do classes, students and
foreign technicians who lived in Barcelona.
Sea sports also began to make their
appearance: the Club Català de Regates
(1879) and the Reial Club Nàutic (1881)
were founded. In 1907, Bernat Picornell,
a friend of the man who had revived the
 Olympic Games, Baron Pierre de
Coubertin, and some of his friends
founded the Club Natació Barcelona. A
water polo section was opened and
matches were played off the beach at
Barceloneta until a pool was built, one of
the first in Spain.
One of the most popular sports in the
city was football, which started its career
as an association sport in 1899 when
Joan Gamper, a Swiss who had settled in
Barcelona, founded the Futbol Club
Barcelona, which has done more than
anything else to make the city famous
around the world and has over 100,000
members today. A year later RCD
Espanyol was founded and then Europa
(1907), Martinenc (1909), Júpiter (1909)
and Sant Andreu (1910).
Those were also the days of the first
motor racing competitions on the
esplanade which is the present day
Passeig de Sant Joan. The Reial
Automòbil Club de Catalunya (RACC)
202
was founded in 1906 and promoted the
first motor racing competition to be held
in Spain on the Sitges-Vallmoll-Vilafranca
circuit in 1908. There were other
competitions, such as the Copa de
Catalunya in 1908 and 1910. In 1916 a
new organisation, the Penya Rhin,
appeared and organised various
motor-racing events, sometimes jointly
with the RACC. Among them were the
first car race on Montjuïc in 1921 and
the inauguration of the motor racing
circuit in Sitges in 1923.
The sporting infrastructure was rounded
off with the addition of clubs such as the
Unió Esportiva de Sants (1882), and the
Esport Ciclista Barcelona (1929) for
cycling; the Real Sociedad Colombófila
de Catalunya (1890); the Club de Tennis
Barcelona (1899) and the Tennis Barcino
(1917) for tennis; the Real Club de Polo
(1900) for equestrian sports; the
Barcelona Boxing Club (1913) for boxing;
the Sociedad de Sport Vasco (1903), the
nucleus of the Club Vascònia (1924) for
1 3
2
1
A pupil of the García
Alsina gymnasium taking
the first steps on a balance
beam. This gymnasium,
founded in 1868, was the
precursor of a series of
centres of this type which
sprang up in Barcelona at
the end of the nineteenth
century.
2
Professor Tolosa, founder of
a gymnasium which bore
his name, surrounded by a
group of pupils. Pupils from
the early Barcelona
gymnasiums often founded,
in turn, other centres for
the practice of sport. It is
not surprising, therefore,
that early in the present
century Barcelona had a
variety of clubs and
facilities for the main
sports of the time: tennis,
swimming, cycling, football
and boxing, amongst others.
3
A tennis match at the Club
de Tennis Barcelona in the
twenties. Tennis, the laws
of which date from 1877,
soon appeared on the
Barcelona sporting scene.
4
Cover of the first issue of
the magazine Los Deportes,
which appeared on 1
January 1899. The style of
the illustration reflects the
artistic taste of the day,
dominated by the modernist
movement.
5
Reproduction of a drawing
from the mast-head of the
first issue of the magazine
El Ciclista, of 16 July
1891, the organ of the
Sociedad Velocipédica
(Union Velocipédica
Española). It was one of
the first Spanish sport
papers and it was
published, like many others,
in Barcelona.
6
First issue of El Mundo
Deportivo, which appeared
in 1906. Of all the sports
dailies which are still
published in Europe, this is
the second oldest, after
Milan's La Gazetta dello
Sport.
pelota. After the pioneering Club Natació
Barcelona, other swimming clubs were
founded, such as the Fèmina Natació
Club (1912), the Natació Atlètic (1913),
the Barceloneta (1929), the Mediterrani
(1931) and the Catalunya (1931). Some
of these clubs had athletics, cycling,
basketball or rugby sections and many of
them are still active today. They were
the cornerstone of the Catalan sporting
movement.
Overall, therefore, at that time Barcelona
was equipped with various sports
facilities, among them a racecourse, a
cycling track, a swimming pool, tennis
courts and football pitches, which show
how receptive Catalonia had been to
sporting innovations. Simultaneously,
especially in the last quarter of the
nineteenth century, the people of
Barcelona also began to take an interest
in the sporting press. Journalists and
financiers promoted publications such as
El Cazador (1856), El Ciclista (1891), La
Velocípeda (1892), La Bicicleta (1896), El
4 5
Pelotari (1896) and Los Deportes (1897).
Altogether, at the beginning of the
twentieth century twenty-four sports
papers were published in Catalonia. One
of them, El Mundo Deportivo (1906), is
the second oldest surviving sports journal
after La Gazzetta dello Sport of Milan.
And so, at the turn of the century, as
people enjoyed more leisure time,
sporting activities became increasingly
popular. A good example of the
principles that were being assimilated by
society is the motto proposed for schools
by the Mancomunitat de Catalunya in
the twenties: "A boy who jumps, runs
and swims is not only guaranteeing his
good health but is also becoming a good
citizen."
It is not surprising, therefore, that
Barcelona was at the heart of the
sporting boom in Spain at the end of the
nineteenth century. Later on, the
foundations that had been laid created
the conditions for famous sportsmen in
203
6
 Barcelona and Catalonia to emerge on
the scene: Bernat Picornell in swimming;
Joan Serrahima and Pere Prat in
athletics; Santiago Amat in yachting;
Eduard Flaquer or the Sindreu brothers
in tennis; Josep Canudas in aviation;
Marià Cañardo in cycling; Ricard
Zamora and Josep Samitier in football;
Joaquim Blume in gymnastics.
On the managerial side this breeding
ground was no less fruitful. Men such as
Josep Elies Juncosa, "Corredisses", a
sporting journalist who worked on La
Veu de Catalunya and La Publicitat and
was editor of the Boletín de la Unión
Velocipédica and Stadium, was one of the
leading promoters of Spanish
participation in the 1920 Olympic Games
and the Barcelona Candidature to host
the Games of 1924. Other members of
the sporting movement were Josep Maria
Co i de Triola, one of the promoters of
the Minyons de Muntanya and the
Aeroclub de Catalunya; Eusebi Bertrand,
golf promoter and president of the first
Motor Show; Antoni Martinez Domingo,
204
mayor of Barcelona in 1919; Joan 1
Finish of the Jean Bouin
Ventosa i Calvell; Jaume Messalles and race of 1928. The Jean
Narcís Masferrer, all figures from the Bouin, one of the oldest
races in the city, was
intelligentsia, industry or Catalan founded in 1920 in memory
nationalist politics. of the French athlete who
had died six years earlier
during the First World War.
As the sporting spirit spread to all levels
of society, it awoke an ambition to take 2
The walker Guerau García
part in the Olympic Games, even to accompanied through the
organise them in Barcelona. And so in streets of Barcelona by fans
on bicycles. García was a
1913 a group of distinguished journalists great walker: he was senior
and citizens decided to take steps to champion of Spain between
1927 and 1943.
ensure that sportsmen from Barcelona
could compete in the Games. After the 3
First World War, during which the Since the middle of the
nineteenth century, the port
project was adjourned, these Olympic of Barcelona has often been
aspirations were renewed. At that time used for rowing and
canoeing. As with most
sport was already well established in the sports, women took part
city. In 1918, for example, the first right from the early days.
Congress on Physical Education in
Schools was held. Many notable people
took part: August Pi i Sunyer, Rosa
Sensat, Narcís Masferrer, Eladi Homs,
Josep Elias i Juncosa and Francesc Canto
i Arroyo. It was a manifestation of the
concern to incorporate sport into the
school curriculum.
1 2
3
4
Santiago Güell, Baron de
Güell, member of the IOC
from 1922, was the first
president of the Spanish
Olympic Committee,
founded in Barcelona in
1924.
5 Moreover, a large number of Spanish
The motorcyclist Fernando
Aranda with his mobile
workshop in the Diagonal
in Barcelona in 1927.
Aranda was European
champion six times.
Motorcycling has a long
tradition in Spain and is
extremely popular.
6
A motor race in 1923 at
the Terramar track in
Sitges. The track was one
of the first to be built in
Spain.
7
A great goal by the FC
Barcelona player Josep
Samitier, at the old Les
Corts ground in 1925. This
football club, founded in
1899, now has over a
hundred thousand members.
4 5
Finally, in 1924, in response to repeated
demands by the sporting press, the
Spanish Olympic Committee (COE) was
founded in Barcelona. The president was
Baron Santiago de Güell, who had been
a member of the IOC since 1922.
federations were founded in the city.
During those years, workers'
organisations began to include sport
among the activities of their members
and to form their own clubs. The main
one was the Centre Autonomista de
Dependents del Comerç i de la Indústria
(CADCI), which gave its members an
opportunity to play almost all the sports
of the time. Another notable one, though
shorter lived, was the Club Femení
d'Esports. The strength of the sporting
movement was such that in 1934 the
president of the Generalitat of Catalonia,
Lluís Companys, signed a decree
constituting the Unió Catalana de
Federacions Esportives.
In 1939, when the Civil War which had
broken out three years before came to an
end, this state of affairs changed. The
direction that sport had to take was
decided by the Franco regime rather than
the associations or individual initiative.
Nevertheless, there were some notable
sporting events at that time, such as the
two world roller hockey championships
(1951 and 1954) and the Second
Mediterranean Games (1955), all held in
Barcelona.
By the sixties a certain liberalisation of
the regime and a more amenable
disposition on the part of the sporting
authorities allowed civil society to
recover its role little by little. The clubs
could work practically without hindrance
and the federations were gradually
restored to their former importance.
6 205
7
 Sport in recent years
With the return of democracy in the late
seventies, the administrations initiated a
policy of building new facilities and
providing equipment to introduce young
people to the practice of sport. These
facilities were built to be used to the full
and for durability and easy maintenance.
The result of this is that today thirty
percent of the population of Catalonia
regularly practise some sport or other.
In the seventies and eighties, all this
work and the task carried out by clubs
and federations with the support of new
techniques and improvements in the
equipment of the facilities bore fruit and
Barcelona and the whole country saw a
substantial increase in the quantity and
quality of sport. This progress reached
many parts of Catalonia with a long
sporting tradition and they became
leaders in their particular sports or
consolidated the status they already had.
206
In some cases, clubs in Catalan towns 1
A striking image of the epic
won European titles: hockey (Terrassa), match between the Basque
roller hockey (Reus, Sant Sadurní Paulino Uzcudun and the
German Max Schmeling
d'Anoia and Igualada), basketball for the European
(Badalona), handball (Granollers) and heavyweight championship
at the Montjuïc Stadium in
swimming (Sabadell). 1932, before more than
forty thousand spectators.
During those years Barcelona maintained 2
the prestige which it had won through The Volta Ciclista a
the organisation of major sporting events, Catalunya in 1920. The
Volta is the third oldest
some of which dated back many years: stage race in Europe, after
the Tour of Catalonia cycle race (1911), the Tour de France and the
Giro d'Italia.
the Jean Bouin race (1920), the
traditional Christmas swim across the 3
Port of Barcelona (1927), the Reis A moment from a women's
basketball match in the
(Epiphany) hockey tournament (1948), forties between RCD
the Comte de Godó tennis trophy (1953), Espanyol and the women's
section of the Falange. The
the Barcelona-Sitges vintage car rally game was introduced into
(1959), the uphill cycle race to Montjuïc Spain via Barcelona in the
early twenties. In 1924, in
Castle (1965), the Joan Gamper football connection with the
trophy (1967) and the Joaquim Blume founding of the Catalan
gymnastics memorial (1968). Federation, the first official
matches were held in
Catalonia.
The institutions have also taken an
interest in top level sport. One practical
manifestation of this is the High
1 2 3
4
The great champion Tazio
Nuvolarì in one of the
motor races which were
held at the Montjuïc circuit
in 1936. This urban circuit
was the scene of Formula 1
World Championship races
in 1969, 1971, 1973 and
1975. Catalonia did not
again have a permanent
track for races of this
category until 1991, when
the Circuit de Catalunya at
Montmeló was opened.
5 the general public. The CAR has athletics
Finish of the traditional
Christmas swim across the
Port of Barcelona, which
the Club Natació
Barcelona, founded by
Bernat Picornell in 1907,
organised from 1927
onwards.
4 5
Performance Centre (CAR) in Sant
Cugat, one of the most extraordinary
new facilities, which was set up by the
Generalitat of Catalonia and the Higher
Sports Council to foster top-level sport.
Inaugurated in October 1987, it is
equipped with high quality technical,
scientific and educational resources to
train the sportsmen and women who will
take part in the leading competitions and
act as a spur to the practice of sport by
tracks, an indoor pool, a grass pitch,
tennis courts, grounds and halls for one
or various sports. In 1991 there were 180
boarders, 150 day students and 50
members of staff: teachers, trainers,
doctors and technicians.
Over the last few years, with the
Olympic Games in view, federated sport
has gone from strength to strength.
Assistance from institutions, federations
and clubs has led to a dramatic increase
in the number of people playing sport of
one kind or another. In 1986 the Catalan
sports federations had a total of 5,079
affiliated bodies, which by 1990 had
risen to 8,617.
In short, the improvement in economic
and social conditions and the increase in
the popularity of sport -due largely to
the boost given by the media, television
in particular- have been decisive factors
in the growth and spread of the practice
of sport in Catalonia.
The Olympic calling
The first attempt
At the 18th Session of the IOC held in
Antwerp during the 1920 Olympics,
Barcelona made a formal request to
organise the Games in 1924. The other
candidate cities were Amsterdam, Rome,
Los Angeles, Prague and Paris.
207
 Josep Eliàs i Juncosa and Santiago
Garcia Alsina attended the session, but
the host city was not chosen: the decision
was adjourned to the session planned for
June 1921 in Lausanne.
While waiting for the year to pass, the
city created a candidature committee
headed by King Alfonso XIII as
honorary president and work began on
La Foixarda Stadium, which was finished
in 1923. Today it is used as a rugby
ground.
However, the Barcelona Candidature was
faced with a decisive setback: Pierre de
Coubertin wrote a letter to the members
of the IOC asking them to vote for Paris.
The argument he advanced was the
thirtieth anniversary of the revival of the
Games, though he also wished to wipe
out the bad memory left behind by the
way the event had been organised in the
city in 1900. In the letter he recognised
the quality of the Amsterdam
candidature and asked for a vote for the
208
city for 1928. Shortly afterwards 1
Coubertin with several
Coubertin's recommendation (no less personalities and officers of
than a coup d'état, as he himself the Club Gimnàstic de
Tarragona, one of the
acknowledged) proved its effectiveness: oldest in Catalonia,
Paris and Amsterdam were chosen to founded in 1868. In 1926,
Pierre de Coubertin, driving
organise the Games of the VIII and IX force behind the revival of
Olympiads. The president's letter read: the Olympic Games and
"The choice of the city which will take president of the IOC until
the previous year, visited
on the organisation of the next Games is Barcelona and other parts
particularly important on this occasion, of Catalonia. He made his
first visit because years
as the VIII Olympiad coincides with the earlier Barcelona had made
thirtieth anniversary of the revival of the its first application to
organise the Games.
Olympic Games. Many attractive
candidatures have been put forward. If 2
we weigh up the qualities of the cities This poster announcing the
sports competitions
the name of Amsterdam seems to stand organised in connection
out. But, on the other hand, as the with the Barcelona
Universal Exhibition in
renewer of the Olympic Games is 1929 shows that Catalonia
approaching the end of his labours, had some fine sports poster
designers.
no-one will deny his right to ask a
special favour for his native city. Paris
was the place where, on 23 June 1894,
the revival of the Olympiads was
carefully prepared and solemnly
proclaimed. I must therefore advise you
in all honesty, dear colleagues, that at
1 2
3
The third president of the
IOC, Henri de
Baillet-Latour from
Belgium, during his visit to
Barcelona for the opening
of Montjuïc Stadium in
1929. Two years earlier this
Olympic leader had been
present at the laying of the
foundation stone of the
stadium, restored for the
1992 Games.
4
Montjuïc Stadium in 1929.
In the foreground, one of
the two equestrian
sculptures by Pau Gargallo
which crowned the facade.
3 4
our next meeting I shall be asking you to impromptu change of site. When the
set aside your preferences and your Paris organisation finally got off the
national interests under these great ground, the Games of the X Olympiad
circumstances and to accept the award of were awarded to Los Angeles, nine years
the Games of the IX Olympiad to in advance.
Amsterdam (1928) and to proclaim Paris
host city for those of the VIII Olympiad
(1924)."
Of the candidate cities for the
organisation of the 1924 Games, Los
Angeles was the one to voice its disgust
at the IOC's decision most strongly as,
like Barcelona, it had already begun to
build various Olympic facilities. In
recognition of the tenacity shown by the
Barcelona sports managers, the
Associació Esportiva de Catalunya
received the Olympic Cup in the same
year.
In March 1922, things in Paris were not
going too well and the French Olympic
Committee considered the possibility of
withdrawing. Coubertin contacted Los
Angeles to see about the possibility of an
209
 The great hope fails
After these nominations Barcelona
presented its second candidature, for the
Games of 1936. The Barcelona of the
second decade of the century, a
manufacturing and sporting centre which
had consolidated the ties between the
city and the Olympic movement,
received a visit from Baron Pierre de
Coubertin in 1926. He left behind a
phrase which has become famous:
"Before I had visited Barcelona, I
thought that I knew what a sporting city
was like" (7 November 1926).
The second application by Barcelona
aroused great enthusiasm and coincided
with an economic and cultural boom. In
1929 the International Exhibition was
held and two sports facilities were
inaugurated for the occasion on
Montjuïc, bearing fresh witness to the
city's determination to hold the Games:
the stadium (now the Estadi Olímpic)
and the swimming pool, the only one at
210
the time large enough for Olympic 1
On 20 May 1929, King
competitions. Alfonso XIII officially
opened Montjuïc Stadium.
On 5 April 1927 the foundation stone of 2
the Montjuïc Stadium was laid. Count Mountain sports, closely
associated with the
Henri de Baillet-Latour, president of the discovery of nature and
IOC, was present as part of an leisure, have long been very
exhaustive visit to Barcelona. On the popular. The mountain
sports section of the Centre
first day he went from Miramar to La Excursionista de
Foixarda, the Palau Nacional and offices Catalunya, formed in 1890
as a result of the
of the 1929 Exhibition, where he saw the amalgamation of the
plans for the stadium. The next day he Associació Catalanista
d'Excursions Científiques
visited the Club Marítim, then took a (1876) and the Associació
boat trip to the Club Natació Barcelona Catalana d'Excursions
and visited the courts of the Reial Club (1878), organised skiing,
skating and bobsleigh
de Tennis Barcelona and the Club de championships in the
Tennis del Turó. To finish off he went to Pyrenees in 1912.
the Real Club de Polo, the Cercle
Eqüestre and the Real Sociedad de
Carreras de Caballos.
Alexandria, Berlin, Budapest, Buenos
Aires, Cologne, Dublin, Frankfurt am
Main, Helsinki, Nuremberg, Rome and
Barcelona were the candidates on the
short list for the Games of 1936. The
1 2
3
Poster for the car and
motorcycle races at the
Terramar track in Sitges in
1923.
4 presidents of the Second Republic of
On 24 April 1931 the 29th
IOC Session was held in
Barcelona. This meeting
was to decide the Olympic
city for the 1936 Games. In
honour of the president of
the IOC, Henri de
Baillet-Latour, a football
match was organised at
Montjuïc Stadium between
the Irish Free State and the
Spanish Republic,
proclaimed a few days
earlier. Present, amongst
other figures, were Niceto
Alcalá Zamora, president of
the Republic, Francesc
Macià, president of the
revived Generalitat of
Catalonia and Lluís
Companys, mayor of
Barcelona.
3 4
nomination was to be decided in
Barcelona on 24 April 1931 at the 29th
Session of the IOC and the prospects for
the city could not have been brighter.
But at the time the political situation in
Spain was very tense: ten days earlier the
Second Republic had been established
and King Alfonso XIII had gone into
exile. In spite of everything, nineteen of
the sixty-seven members of the IOC
came to Barcelona. The Olympic
delegation were pleasantly surprised by
their reception by the Catalan authorities
and by the response of the people of the
city. The mayor of Barcelona, Jaume
Aiguadé, and the president of the
Generalitat, Francesc Macià, spared no
effort to make the visitors feel welcome.
After a football match between the teams
of the Irish Free State and the Spanish
Republic at a packed Montjuïc Stadium,
Count Baillet-Latour stated at a press
conference: "The Olympic calling of
Barcelona is beyond any doubt. I have
been to the splendid Montjuïc Stadium,
the pride of Spanish sport, and I have no
doubt that the city has the strength, the
capacity and the spirit to organise the
Olympic Games. The presence of the
Spain and the Generalitat of Catalonia in
the box shows that the whole country
participates in these sporting events."
Because of a lack of quorum, the
decision about the site for the 1936
Games was adjourned and it was agreed
that there would be a postal vote. The
count was made in Lausanne one month
later: Berlin, the winner, obtained 43
votes; Barcelona 16; and there were 8
abstentions.
211
 The People's Olympiad
With the disappointment of 1931 and
the political events of the time in Spain
and the rest of Europe, the idea of
organising an athletics event in
opposition to the Berlin Games gradually
took shape. It was to be a counterblast to
the concept of sport held by the National
Socialist regime of Adolf Hitler, which
had been in power since 1933.
The government of the Spanish Republic
declined to take part in Berlin and
groups emerged from various quarters
prepared to promote an alternative
meeting to the official Games. The
influential American Amateur Athletic
Union made its participation conditional
on an official declaration from the
German government about the Jewish
athletes. The president of the IOC, Henri
de Baillet-Latour, took a similar line,
demanding that the German Olympic
Committee adhere strictly to the rules of
the Olympic Charter. In many European
countries, particularly in France, the
forces of the left and the trade unions
advocated a boycott of the Berlin Games,
though in the end the government of
Léon Blum decided to take part.
Nevertheless, they granted a subsidy of
600,000 francs to the delegation which
was to attend the alternative event. On 6
and 7 June 1936 an International
Conference for the Defence of the
Olympic Spirit was held in Paris;
alternative competitions were organised
in Prague and an exhibition called The
Olympiad under the Dictatorship was held
in Amsterdam.
The sporting competitions of the People's
Olympiad, the name given to the
alternative Games, were to be held in
Barcelona in the week of 19 to 26 July
1936. The Generalitat had promoted an
organising committee, the facilities
inaugurated on Montjuïc in 1929 would
be used as the venues for the
competitions and accommodation and
the writer Josep Maria de Sagarra was

212
January Reis (Epiphany) International Hockey Start of the Monte Carlo Rally Sports competitions held
Tournament annually in Barcelona

February Solo Moto Indoor Dirt Track Trial
March International Winter Polo Tournament
Barcelona-Sitges International Vintage Car
Rally
Lloret-Costa Brava Car Rally
April Comte de Godó Tennis Trophy
May Barcelona Equestrian Grand Prix
El Corte Inglés Popular Race
Ciutat de Barcelona Athletics Championship
International Tennis Tournament
June Ciutat de Barcelona International Petanque
Tournament
July Ciutat de Barcelona Athletics Trophy
Ciutat de Barcelona Archery Trophy
August International Springboard Diving Tournament
Barcelona Mediterrani International
Windsurfing Regatta
September Tour of Catalonia (Cycling)
Formula Motorboat Grand Prix
October Segura-Viudas Rally
Ciutat de Barcelona Table Tennis Tournament
November Ciutat de Barcelona Judo Cup
Ciutat de Barcelona International
Taekwondo Championship
Supercross
December Catalonia International Women's Artistic
Gymnastics Trophy Jean Bouin Grand Prix
Ciutat de Barcelona Swimming Grand Prix
Catalana Cycling Week
Barcelona Clay Pigeon Shooting
Championship
Catalonia Cycling Week
Ciutat de Barcelona Fencing Trophy
Roller-skate race
Ciutat de Barcelona Rythmic Gymnastics
Championship
Ciutat de Barcelona Squash Tournament
Catalunya Polo Championship
International Junior Hockey Tournament
Ciutat de Barcelona Modern Pentathlon
Trophy
Ciutat de Barcelona Yachting Trophy
Joan Gamper Football Trophy
Ciutat de Barcelona Football Trophy
Open Golf Tornament
La Mercè Race
Montjuïc Castle International Cycling Climb
"Joaquim Blume Memorial" Ciutat de
Barcelona Men's Artistic Gymnastics
International Criterium
Christmas Swimming Cup Source: Sports department.
Ciutat de Barcelona Handball Tournament Barcelona City Council
1
On 19 July 1936 the papers
were still announcing the
opening ceremony of the
People's Olympiad. This
event had been organised in
response to the growing
politicisation of the Berlin
Olympic Games, which
were to take place the
following month.
2 Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great
The People's Olympiad was
to have taken place between
22 and 26 July, but the
rising against the
government of the Republic
by troops in Barcelona on
19 July, the day after the
start of the Spanish Civil
War, caused its cancellation.
commissioned to write an anthem, which
was set to music by the German exile
Hans Eisler. According to later
calculations, about 6,000 competitors
entered for the events; they were mostly
Spanish (4,000) and French (1,500), but
there were delegations from Algeria,
Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia,
Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway,
Palestine, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA
and the USSR. About 20,000 visitors
were expected.
The whole event was organised in a
record time of two months and enjoyed
wide popular support. On 19 July
everything was ready for the opening
ceremony of the Games and the People's
Folklore Week that was to accompany
them. But General Franco's uprising in
Morocco against the legitimate
government of the Republic two days
before marked the outbreak of the Civil
War and prevented the competition from
1 2
being held. On the day the newspaper
headlines still read "Today the People's
Olympiad begins". Given the turn that
events were taking, there was only time
to make the opening speech and for the
athletes to form Picasso's dove of peace
on the turf at the Montjuïc Stadium. As
soon as the uprising in Barcelona had
been smothered, the foreign athletes were
evacuated. However, some of them
stayed on in the city and enlisted in the
International Brigades, which defended
the Republic during the Civil War.
A forgotten attempt
At the 30th Session of the IOC in Los
Angeles during the 1932 Games,
Barcelona had again presented its
candidature for 1940, in spite of its
earlier disappointment. The site was to
be decided in Berlin in July 1936 before
the opening of the Games. The other
cities competing were Alexandria,
Budapest, Buenos Aires, Dublin,
213
 Helsinki, Montreal, Rio de Janeiro,
Rome and Toronto.
Constancy and tenacity were the cards
played by two of the European cities,
Barcelona and Rome. Nevertheless,
another unexpected competitor emerged:
Tokyo, which sent representatives to
Rome to talk to Mussolini and explain
their plans to him. Rome withdrew and
Tokyo presented its candidature. The
arguments were that the Games had
never been held in Asia and that 1940
would mark the commemoration of the
26th centenary of the foundation of
Japan. The Tokyo City Council had
decided to grant a credit of a million yen
to cover the athletes' travelling expenses.
In spite of the power of the Tokyo
candidature, Barcelona forged ahead with
its attempt, but the outbreak of the Civil
War fifteen days before the nomination
prevented the Spanish delegation, led by
August Pi i Sunyer, president of the
COE, from going to Berlin to formalise
the petition.
214
In the end Tokyo was chosen, but in July 1
The first international
1938 it withdrew because of the competition to be held in
Sino-Japanese War. The Games were Spain after the Civil War
was the World Roller
then hastily given to Helsinki, but the Hockey Championship,
onset of the Second World War brought which was held in
Barcelona in 1951. Three
about the cancellation of the event. years later, the
championship returned to
the Catalan capital, with
the triumph of the host
The Stadium in a ferment team, whose coach was
Juan Antonio Samaranch
(second on the right).
The Olympic Games, adjourned for two
consecutive Olympiads because of the 2
Poster for the Second
war, returned in London in 1948. Mediterranean Games,
which were held in
In 1951 Barcelona organised the World Barcelona in the summer of
1955. With the holding of
Roller Hockey Championship, the first these Games, the city once
international sporting event held in the again demonstrated its
capacity to play host to
city since the Civil War, and repeated it international sporting
in 1954. competitions.
In July 1955 Barcelona hosted the
Second Mediterranean Games. On that
occasion, the city demonstrated its
organisational capacity and its
inhabitants' love of sport: they filled not
only the Montjuïc Stadium but all the
1 2
3 competition venues for the 21 sports on
The Palau d'Esports de
Barcelona, on Montjuïc,
was built for the Second
Mediterranean Games.
4 members of the IOC to visit the city
A novelty in the streets of
Barcelona: illuminated
signs in the city centre
during the Second
Mediterranean Games.
5 Epifani de Fortuny i de Salazar, Baron
Opening of the Second
Mediterranean Games, at
Montjuïc Stadium. An
amphora full of sea water
from the ancient Greek port
of Empúrìes on the Costa
Brava was carried to the
stadium by relays of runners.
the programme, such as the Palau
d'Esports or La Foixarda Stadium. This
was the first opportunity for the
since the session of 1931.
The idea of applying to host the Second
Mediterranean Games had come from
d'Esponellà. A crucial part was played by
Juan Antonio Samaranch, who
encouraged the involvement of the
Olympic federations of the sports on the
programme.
The opening of the Games was heralded
by the arrival of an amphora with water
from the Mediterranean brought from the
beaches of Empúries, the ancient Greek
colony. From there it was carried by
relays of athletes to Barcelona in
imitation of the traditional Olympic
torch route. This original idea, attributed
to Carles Pardo, press officer for the
Games, has been carried on at later
Mediterranean Games, which have been
held in Beirut, Naples, Tunis, Smyrna,
Algiers, Split, Casablanca, Latakia and
Athens.
At the closing ceremony, Armand
Massard of France, the official
representative of the IOC, spoke these
words: "After living with you for two
weeks, I can state that Barcelona
deserves to organise the Olympic Games.
Your managers, the athletes of the
country, the enthusiasm of the public,
the sports facilities, everything has
demonstrated that Barcelona is a city
capable of carrying out the organisation
of the leading Olympic event. I shall put
this in my report."
The hope eluded
In 1965 Barcelona City Council
presented a new application to organise
the Olympic Games, this time in 1972.
The proposal was sent to the IOC. At the

3 5 215

4
 1
end of December, the president of the the most privileged cities to organise, The Catalan gymnast
COE, José Antonio Elola Olaso, for no when required, an Olympic Games. It Joaquim Blume performing
apparent reason, changed the candidature has been well accredited to do so for on the rings, on which he
was a consummate expert.
for Madrid, with a proposal to hold the many years". Blume, senior Spanish
aquatic and nautical sports events in gymnastics champion
between 1949 and 1958 and
Barcelona. Juan Antonio Samaranch, European champion in
now national delegate for Sport in 1957, could not take part
in the Melbourne Games in
Catalonia, was on a trip to Australia 1956, at which he was a
with the Spanish Davis Cup Team. Other certain candidate for a
Catalan members of the COE were on medal, because of a
Spanish boycott. Three
trips or on holiday and so missed the years later he died in a
meeting at which the change was decided. plane crash.

2
Madrid formalised its candidature to the The torch which took the
IOC on 30 December 1965, a few days Olympic flame to Mexico
in 1968 passed through the
before the official deadline. The other city of Barcelona on its
aspiring cities were Detroit, Montreal way from Olympia to the
Mexican capital. From
and Munich. At the 64th Session of the Barcelona it was carried by
IOC in Rome in April 1966, the Games relays of athletes to Palos
de la Frontera, where it was
were awarded to Munich. taken on board ship for the
journey to the host country.
At the Munich Olympic Games, Lord
Killanin was elected president of the
IOC. On a visit to Barcelona in October
1972, he declared: "The sports facilities
of this great city place Barcelona among

216 1 2
1
1 From the idea to the first text
Opening ceremony of the
World Cup in June 1982 at
the FC Barcelona stadium.
On the turf, hundreds of
volunteers formed Picasso's
dove of peace, from which
the flags of the competing
countries emerged.
2
On 31 January 1981 at the
dinner organised annually
by the daily El Mundo
Deportivo to announce the
sportsmen and women of
the year, mayor of
Barcelona Narcís Serra
made public for the first
time, before the president of
the IOC, Juan Antonio
Samaranch, his wish to
present Barcelona's
Candidature for the
organisation of the 1992
Olympic Games.
3
A lithograph from the
studio of the painter Antoni
Tàpies, reproduced on the
cover of the City Council's
first publication related
with the Barcelona
Candidature, Barcelona
pretén els Jocs de 1992.
2
3
In mid-1980, the mayor of Barcelona,
Narcís Serra, and the deputy mayors,
Josep Miquel Abad, Josep Maria Cullell
and Pasqual Maragall, began to carry out
a study of the possibility of holding the
Olympic Games in the city. On 31
January 1981, at a dinner to celebrate
the awards for the sportsmen and women
of the year organised annually by El
Mundo Deportivo at the Hotel Princesa
Sofía, Narcís Serra announced in public
that he wished to offer the city as the
site for the 1992 Olympic Games. Juan
Antonio Samaranch was also present: he
had been appointed president of the IOC
in July of that year. The dinner was
attended by about a thousand people,
including sportsmen and women and
directors of sports federations and clubs.
They all received the proposal with
enthusiastic applause. This piece of news
was more than just an idea, as was
confirmed by later events.
The next step was to have a plenary
session of the City Council agree to
make an official application for the
organisation of the 1992 Olympic
Games. The city council, democratically
elected for the first time in forty years,
had councillors from five parties: PSC,
PSUC, CiU, UCD and ERC. From the
debate which took place on 30 June 1981
among the representatives of these
parties came the first agreement adopted
unanimously by the new democratic
council: to present the Barcelona
Olympic candidature again.
Just a month before, in the Saló de Cent,
the mayor had taken advantage of the
king's visit to Barcelona on the occasion
of the Armed Forces Week to present to
him the proposal to apply for the
organisation of the 1992 Olympic
Games. Although King Juan Carlos did
not give an official reply, he did express
his sympathy with the Olympic
aspirations of the city.
A decree from the mayor's office on 14
January 1982 put the official seal on the
work that Romà Cuyàs had been doing
since the summer of 1981. He was also
commissioned to direct a viability study
for the Games and to produce a dossier
for the reporters who would be travelling
to Barcelona for the World Football Cup
on 12 June 1982. This was the birth of
the publication Barcelona pretén els Jocs
de 1992, which was produced with covers
specially designed by the painter Antoni
Tàpies; it explained the reasons why
Barcelona deserved to host the Olympic
Games. Reactions to the book were very
favourable; it was published in five
languages and presented to the journalists
with a key-ring, post cards, writing paper
and envelopes. The City Council also
brought out the Guia de l'Esport, which
contained an exhaustive list of the 1,300
facilities and 250 areas which could be
used for sport, as well as the 1,200
sporting bodies in the city.
The first estimates
At the same time, a study of the works
to be done in the city and the real
chances it had of winning the
nomination was prepared. The report,
entitled Projecte de Jocs Olímpics
Barcelona 1992. Primeres aproximacions,
was presented to reporters on 11
November 1982. It appraised the
usefulness and the possibilities of the
candidature and posed five questions:
1. Is it desirable for a country to
organise the Olympic Games? 219
2. Is the project in the interests of
Barcelona, Catalonia and the rest of Spain?
3. Is it possible for Barcelona to win the
nomination?
4. Are we ready to take on the Games?
What are we lacking?
5. Can we assume the economic
responsibility?
The answer to the first question was
totally positive; the city would be the
focus of world attention for fifteen days,
with all the spin-offs of an Olympic
event: crowds of visitors, improvements
to telecommunications, a boost for the
practice of sport. The report also
affirmed that the Games were the most
important peaceful event in the world.
For the second question, the report
stated that the commitments involved in
the organisation of the Games could be a
useful instrument for political decision
making and a way of speeding up
improvements to the city and the quality
of life of the people who lived there. It
also defended the thesis that the Olympic
Games would make it possible to provide
amenities and plan the promotion of
sport globally for the city and the country.
As far as the third question was
concerned, the report evaluated the real
possibilities of Barcelona winning the
nomination. Conditions for 1992 were
 ideal, as neither of the previous Games
had been held in Europe. Furthermore,
in spite of repeated applications, Spain
had never been awarded the Olympics.
Moreover, the report mentioned that the
new president of the IOC had been born
in Barcelona, which was an excellent
letter of introduction for the candidature.
It also recalled that this was the fourth
application to host the Games and
pointed out that the infrastructure of the
city was appropriate for an event of this
scope and that there was a fund of
accumulated experience in the
organisation of international sporting
competitions and tournaments.
For the fourth question the report
described the basic scheme for the
preparation of the Games, based on a
specific project for the city which could
be applied and remain valid for the next
ten years. The areas requiring
development were identified; the
intention was to restore the balance of
220
the city and open up the main 1
During a visit to Barcelona
thoroughfares. It pointed out that by the king and queen of
twenty-seven of the thirty-two venues Spain in May, 1981, the
mayor of Barcelona
required for the competitions already repeated the city's intention
existed. Furthermore, the occasion should to apply to organise the
Games, and asked for royal
be used to carry out a series of building sponsorship for the
works which, without the deadline of the Candidature.
Games, would be unlikely to be completed. 2
On 11 November 1982 the
Bearing in mind the sporting tradition of study Projecte de Jocs
Olímpics Barcelona 1992.
Montjuïc, there was a proposal to build a Primeres aproximacions.
sports hall beside the Stadium which, in was released to the press.
This report examined for
turn, would be renovated. Athletics the first time the city's
training tracks would also be laid, the chances of submitting a
Bernat Picornell swimming pools and the sound application to hold
the Games.
Palau d'Esports would be refurbished and
new car parks and accesses would be
created.
1 2
3
Projecte de Jocs Olímpics
Barcelona 1992. Primeres
aproximacions. This report
proposed the location of the
Olympic areas of Barcelona
and the participation of
other cities as Olympic
subsites.
4
The Plaça de Francesc
Macià, one of the main
commercial and service
centres of the city, is
located at the main
entrance to the Diagonal
Olympic Area.
3 4
The report emphasised the importance of Lastly, the report weighed the question
the Diagonal area and the heavy of the financing of the organisation. It
concentration of private sports facilities proposed to follow a similar model to
which could be used during the Games. the one to be used for the Games in Los
It also recommended eliminating the Angeles, where private enterprise played
railway line which crossed Poblenou, an important part. Later, most of the
which would leave a large plot of land financial forecasts were more than realised.
free for the site of the Olympic Village.
The report also proposed that other
towns around Barcelona should be used
for Olympic competitions. The process of
transforming the city was conceived in
terms of the whole metropolitan area,
with a series of town planning measures,
roads and transport systems. Mention
was made of constructing the Llobregat
dual carriageway, a coastal ring road and
the Vallvidrera and Rovira tunnels, of
completing the second ring road, of
extending the Avinguda Diagonal towards
the sea, of enlarging the airport and
extending the subway to Montjüic.
221
 On 12 November 1982 the mayor of 1
The Piscines Bernat
Barcelona, Narcís Serra, and the director Picornell, in the Montjuïc
general of Sport at the Generalitat, Josep Area, were built for the
European Swimming
Lluís Vilaseca, the representative of the Championships in 1970.
government of Catalonia, which had The early reports on the
viability of organising the
given its support to the Barcelona 1992 Games considered
venture from the very early stages, refurbishment to make
presented the first estimates to Juan them suitable as an
Olympic venue.
Antonio Samaranch, president of the
IOC. They travelled to Lausanne,
accompanied by the councillor for Sport
for Barcelona, Enric Truñó, and the
author of the report, Romà Cuyàs.

222 1
1
1
Aerial view of the coastal
district of Poblenou in the
late seventies. The
Barcelona Candidature
proposed the rebuilding of
the whole of this section of
the city to accommodate
the Olympic Village, which
would house all the athletes
and accompanying persons
who would attend the 1992
Games. The demolition of
the old factories and
warehouses, many of which
were already disused, and
the removal of the railway
lines that ran parallel to
the coast, has meant that
Barcelona has recovered
four and a half kilometres
of beach and put an end to
the centuries-old expression
that the city "lives with its
back to the sea".
2 elections that year he was summoned to
On 2 December 1982, the
mayor, Narcís Serra, the
initial promoter of the
Olympic Candidature, left
office and was succeeded by
his deputy, Pasqual
Maragall.
2
The Olympic Office and the Managing
Council
The presentation of the report Primeres
aproximacions, which demonstrated the
viability of the Olympic project, was the
starting signal of a race to reach the date
of the nomination, four years later, with
maximum guarantees of success. The first
step was to establish and formalise the
organisational structures for the
administration of the Candidature.
On 26 November 1982, the Barcelona
City Council approved the setting up of
the Olympic Office, with Romà Cuyàs as
commissioner. That was one of the last
steps taken by Narcís Serra, as after the
be minister of Defence and left the
mayor's post to his deputy for the
Treasury, Pasqual Maragall. The new
incumbent was no less enthusiastic about
the idea than his predecessor had been.
Indeed, at one of the first events that he
attended, just a few days after his
appointment, he personally presented the
king with the book Barcelona pretén els
Jocs de 1992.
The operational framework for the
Candidature was formally established in
January 1983, when the Barcelona City
Council and the Generalitat of Catalonia
signed the agreement constituting the
Managing Council for the Barcelona
Candidature for the 1992 Olympic
Games. The Managing Council, which
had to bring together all the institutions
which were to make the Games of the
XXV Olympiad possible, became the
highest representational and decision
making body. Its main function was to
set out the guidelines for the Olympic
project and coordinate the measures to
be taken.
The Olympic Office was to be the organ
responsible for implementing the
decisions of the Managing Council and
its mediator and technical adviser in all
the actions planned. It therefore took on
a double role. First, it had to coordinate
projects and studies, both those
connected with town planning and
development and those related
specifically to the organisation of the
Games, and prepare the Preliminary
Project and the Candidature Dossier.
Second, it had to promote the Games to
the public, institutions and the Olympic
authorities with the aim of creating the
most favourable conditions for the
nomination.
On 4 February 1983 Armand Carabén
was appointed commissioner for the
Candidature, replacing Romà Cuyàs, who
had been appointed secretary general for
Sport in the Spanish government on 15
December 1982. Armand Carabén only
occupied the post from February to May
1983, when Joan Mas Cantí replaced
him until the nomination. At the same
time, the post of director of the Olympic
Office was created and Jordi Serra was
appointed. In the last months of 1983,
the Olympic Office left its headquarters
in the Barcelona City Council and
moved to a building belonging to the
Consorci de la Zona Franca.
At the start, the Office was financed by
the municipality, but soon its income
was increased by contributions from the
other institutions represented on the
Managing Council and from the business
sector.
In November 1983, Pasqual Maragall
met a group of businessmen under the
aegis of the Barcelona Chamber of
Commerce, Industry and Navigation and
asked them to take part in the 225
management and financing of the
Candidature. This was the first time that
a joint venture of this kind had been
suggested to local firms; precedents had
to be sought in the steps taken by Mayor
Francesc N. Rius i Taulet to finance the
Universal Exhibition in 1888. The
businessmen welcomed the idea and
from that first encounter there emerged a
commitment to economic cooperation on
the Candidature budget and the inclusion
of a representative of the sector on the
governing bodies.
 The city gets ready
Future projects and immediate measures
The presentation of a candidature for the
organisation of the Olympic Games
required action on two fronts which were
clearly differentiated in terms of
implementation. First, all the
organisational and functional aspects
which would make the Games possible
had to be planned, described and
designed; in other words, the Preliminary
Project had to be prepared. However, the
most critical projects, such as
infrastructures and the main facilities
which would provide the framework for
the Olympic event and which were not
ready, had to be got underway
immediately. Rapid action was called for;
planning had to begin and, in some
cases, the implementation of certain
projects, well before the Olympic
nomination. From the moment that the
226
aspirations of the city to host the Games 1
The Velodrome, in the Vall
of the XXV Olympiad were made public d'Hebron Area, was the
the first technical and legal studies first Olympic-standard
venue to be built in
examining the adaptation of the city to Barcelona before the
the urban and sporting demands of the nomination. It was opened
on the occasion of the
Games were set in motion. World Cycling
Championships, which were
There were two very positive facets to held there in the summer of
1984.
this. First, the Candidature acted as a
spur to contending with certain historical
deficits in infrastructures and amenities
in the city and triggered off a burst of
activity which was not dependent on the
eventual success of the application.
Second, the Candidature would
demonstrate to the IOC that the city was
willing to prepare and that not only were
plans being made, but measures were
being taken in the sectors crucial to the
Games.
1
2 A velodrome in the Vall d'Hebron
Model of the Olympic
Stadium. The Candidature
proposed the preservation,
because of its symbolic
value, of the facade of the
old stadium which had been
opened in 1929 for the
International Exhibition
and the reconstruction of
the entire interior, with a
new stand and a larger
capacity.
3
The agreement for the
constitution of the
Managing Council of the
Barcelona Candidature for
the 1992 Olympic Games
and the creation of the
Olympic Office was signed
by the Generalitat of
Catalonia and the
Barcelona City Council in
January 1983. Later, they
were joined by the Spanish
government and the COE.
4 the architects Esteve Bonell and Francesc
Montjuïc Stadium before
the rebuilding work began.
2 3
Barcelona had no facilities for high level
track cycling competitions, something
which would be indispensable for the
Olympic events. The idea of building a
velodrome was put forward when the
idea of the Barcelona Candidature was
just emerging.
In July 1981 the preliminary studies had
been carried out with the idea of holding
the 1984 World Cycling Championship
there.
In this way the Barcelona Candidature
could show the Olympic Family one of
the most modern facilities of its kind,
which would be ready for the Games in
1992. The new velodrome, designed by
Rius, is a fine building located in the
north of the district of Horta and
became the central sports venue of the
Vall d'Hebron Olympic Area.
The Montjuïc Olympic Ring
One of the first decisions taken during
the embryonic stage of the Candidature
was to locate the venues for the leading
events on the Olympic programme in
Montjuïc. Both its proximity to the sea
and the city centre and its long sporting
tradition -several facilities had already
been built there- carried decisive weight
when it came to making the choice.
Montjuïc already had an Olympic
Stadium which had been inaugurated in
1929, but it had deteriorated through
lack of use and maintenance. Part of the
Barcelona Olympic plan was to recover
the Stadium, to complete the
development of Montjuïc Park and to
integrate it into the city as a public space
which could be exploited to the full. The
emblematic nature of the Stadium and
the wish to restore it to the function for
which it had been built were the
arguments advanced in support of the
implementation of this plan. On 6
227
4
 October 1982, the Barcelona City
Council announced its intention to throw
open an international competition for the
renovation of the Stadium and the
development of the Montjuïc Olympic
Ring.
The Olympic Office began to draft the
Montjuïc Olympic Ring Master Plan,
which was completed in April 1983. It
was approved by the Managing Council
at a meeting in July and later ratified by
the City Council.
The Master Plan established exactly
which sports facilities would be built in
the Montjuïc Olympic Ring: the Olympic
Stadium, the new sports hall (the future
Palau Sant Jordi), the Bernat Picornell
swimming pools and the Institut
Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya
(INEFC ) headquarters, and suggested a
certain way of laying them out -along a
wide avenue which would act as a
linking element. It also provided for a
large park and set out a system of
228
accesses to the hill and particularly to 1
The various parts of the
the facilities of the Ring. Olympic Ring were shared
amongst some of the
architects who had taken
In August 1983, the Managing Council part in the international
invited eight teams of leading architects competition organised by
the Managing Council in
to present a general plan for laying out January 1984. The team
the Olympic Ring in such a way that the consisting of Frederic
use of the facilities and public areas for Correa, Alfons Milà, Joan
Margarit and Carles
the Games would be compatible with the Buixadé were commissioned
use to be made of them afterwards. The to execute the overall
design of the Ring and to
teams invited were those of Ricard cooperate in the rebuilding
Bofïll, Josep Antoni Coderch, Frederic of the stadium.
Correa/Alfons Milà/Joan Margarit/Carles 2
Buixadé, Francisco Sainz de Oiza/Rafael The model of the project by
Moneo, Vittorio Gregotti, Arata Isozaki, Arata Isozaki shows a
daring, avant-garde design.
James Stirling and Richard Weidle. It was chosen for an
Coderch and Stirling declined the extremely important
building: the sports hall.
invitation; the other groups submitted
their proposals at the end of the year. 3
Ricard Bofill's architectural
studio presented a
On 16 January 1984, a technical neoclassical design, chosen
committee delegated by the Managing for the University of Sport,
later the INEFC.
Council announced the results of the
competition: it was decided to share out
the different elements of the Olympic
Ring among the majority of the
1 3
2 4
4
Project presented by the
Italian architect Vittorìo
Gregotti, who was finally
entrusted with rebuilding
the Olympic stadium, in
conjunction with the
Correa/Milà/Margarìt/Buixadé
team.
5
On the basis of the projects
of the various groups of
architects, the Olympic
Office prepared this initial
drawing of the Olympic
Ring. Later, a baseball
stadium was added, located
near the INEFC, and an
athletics track, adjacent to
the new Pau Negre rugby
stadium, behind the sports
hall.
competitors: the Correa/Milà/
Buixadé/Margarit team was
commissioned to produce the general
design of the Olympic Ring; the same
team with Vittorio Gregotti, to carry out
the restoration of the Olympic Stadium;
Arata Isozaki was to construct the new
sports hall and Ricard Bofïll the
headquarters of the INEFC. The plans
presented were exhibited at the College
of Architects in April 1984. The
exhibition was called "Montjuïc Olímpic"
and was complemented by a cycle of
lectures by the authors of the projects,
which were included in the catalogue.
From May to July, the different teams
delivered the preliminary projects for
each of the buildings to the Olympic
Office and in October the architects
agreed with the City Council on the
drafting of the definitive versions.
The detailed studies were made but the
first building works, the restoration of
the Olympic Stadium and the laying of
the foundations for the sports hall, did
not begin until February 1985. However,
the unanimous opinion was that progress
was faster than in most of the other
cities which aspired to be candidates for
the 1992 Olympic Games.
A village by the sea
Apart from the facilities in the Montjuïc
Olympic Ring and the Vall d'Hebron, the
Barcelona Candidature had made plans
for urban development in what was to be
another large Olympic area for the
Barcelona of 1992: the Parc de Mar, in
Poblenou, where the Olympic Village for
the athletes and team officials who would
be coming to the Games was to be built.
Initially the sheer size of this
development aroused doubts and
reticence and it was suggested that
alternatives should be sought to cover the
Olympic accommodation. In the end,
however, it was decided to forge ahead
5 229

with the studies and the planning of Parc
de Mar, which would open up the city to
almost five kilometres of coastline.
The Barcelona Candidature proposed to
demolish all the obstacles which stood in
the way of this opening to the sea. To do
so they had to draft a wide-ranging plan
to restructure the area, to modify the
railway network and to modernise the
sewage system.
In order to proceed with the new layout
of the seafront, all the administrations
involved, the city, the metropolitan area,
the autonomous community and the state
had to reach an agreement. Further
arrangements had to be made with
service companies, such as RENFE, and
the land occupied by old industries, most
of them obsolete, as well as some
dwellings, had to be expropriated.
The precedents for this town planning
project go back to December 1981:
coinciding with the projects which
230
1
RENFE was drafting to rationalise and One of the Candidature's
modernise the Barcelona train services, great challenges was the
the mayor, Narcís Serra, and the recovery of the Barcelona
coastline for leisure
president of the railway company, amenities. After the Games
Alejandro Rebollo, agreed on the bases the apartments which form
the Olympic Village of
for cooperation to solve the urban Poblenou were to become a
development problems created by the new residential area of the
city rail network. At that time the City city.
Council purchased the land on which the
old Estació del Nord stood in order to
convert it into amenities. No-one could
have foreseen then that during the 1992
Games these facilities were to be the
setting for the Olympic table tennis
competition.
The Preliminary Project for the
Candidature, which was being drafted at
the time, dealt with the proposal in more
detail: it consisted of putting the part of
the Glories branch line which crossed the
Poblenou area underground and
removing the line along the coast.
1
2
In March 1983 the
Olympic Office began to
publish the bulletin
Barcelona Olympic News
in four languages, to keep
the Olympic Family
informed about the progress
of the Candidature.
3
The first poster published
by the Olympic Office
combined, with tremendous
visual impact, the silhouette
of Montjuïc with the
Olympic rings standing out
from the seaward horizon.
2 3
Although these projects were considered
necessary and seemed feasible on paper,
it was not possible at the time to find
practical ways of carrying them out.
Promotion and popularisation
of the idea
Meanwhile, the Olympic Office set its
administrative structure in motion and
divided up its activity on several fronts.
The main objective was to draft the
Preliminary Project. The Los Angeles
Games would be an ideal opportunity to
present the Barcelona Candidature to the
Olympic Family, but for that the Project
had to be completed and approved by
the Spanish government and the COE.
In the summer of 1983 coordination
meetings between the Olympic Office
team and the members of the public
administrations, the sports federations
and clubs were held to prepare the
Preliminary Project. The report Primeres
aproximacions was used as a starting
point for the drafting.
At the same time the Olympic Office
carried out a series of initiatives to make
its work public and to move the
Candidature beyond the original idea,
with the twofold aim of popularising it
in the city and bringing it closer to the
managers of the Olympic Movement. The
idea and the contents of the Barcelona
project were therefore explained fully to
town councils, districts, political parties
and sports associations in Catalonia and
all over Spain.
231
 Public appearances
In the summer of 1982, that is, before
the Olympic Office was set up, the City
Council had published a book entitled
Barcelona pretén els Jocs de 1992. In
1984 another one called Barcelona'92
appeared; it was a summary of the
Preliminary Project in which the initial
ideas were made more specific. The
Olympic Office continued to issue
reports, bulletins and works for public
consumption. In March 1983 Barcelona
Olympic News was founded; it was a
periodical written in what would be the
four official languages of the Games:
Catalan, Spanish, French and English. In
1984 the first video with the generic title
Barcelona'92 was produced and presented
at the Los Angeles Olympic Games.
In March 1983 the exhibition "Què és
Barcelona?" opened, the first of a series
which explained the progress made by
the candidature. They often coincided
with important sporting events, such as
232
the World Cycling Championship held in
Barcelona in 1984.
On 16 June 1983 the First Olympic Day
was held. An exhibition was mounted at
the Saló de Tinell with the 33 official
posters for the Summer and Winter
Olympic Games up to 1984. This was
the first time that the IOC had loaned
the posters; moreover, the president lent
144 more from his own private
collection. During the Session in the Salò
de Cent at the City Council, the
president of the Mexico City Organising
Committee, Pedro Ramírez Vázquez,
gave a lecture on the organisation of the
1968 Games and in the Palau de la
Música Catalana the Olympic anthem
was played. It was the work of the Greek
composer Spyridon Samaras with words
by his fellow-countryman, the poet Costis
Palamas.
The Second Olympic Day was held on 6
June 1984. The torches of the twelve
previous Olympiads, including the
1 2
1
The official posters for the
Olympic Games were
exhibited in the Saló del
Tinell on the occasion of
the first Olympic Day, 16
June 1983.
2
The Candidature invited the
president of the Organising
Committee of the Mexico
Olympic Games, Pedro
Ramírez Vázquez, to
Barcelona, where during the
first Olympic Day he gave
a speech in the Saló de
Cent in the city hall about
the organisation of those
Games.
3
The president of the IAAF
and the ASOIF, Primo
Nebiolo, lent his support to
the Candidature. While he
was in Barcelona on the
occasion of the second
Olympic Day on 6 June
1984, he gave an address in
the Saló de Cent in the city
hall.
4 president of the International Amateur
The Candidature logotype,
by the designer America
Sánchez. With this logotype
the Candidature acquired a
special graphic image.
5 the Barcelona Candidature, gave a lecture
The second Olympic Day
was attended by Louis
Girandou-N'Diaye, then
first vice-president of the
IOC. The Olympic leader
was present at the opening
of the exhibition of
Olympic torches at the
Palau de la Virreina.
3 4
Summer Games from Berlin to Los
Angeles and the ones used at the Winter
Olympics, were on show. The exhibition,
at which the book La flama olímpica was
presented, was held at the Palau de la
Virreina and was opened by Louis
Girandou-N'Diaye, first vice-president of
the IOC. At the Saló de Cent, the
Athletics Federation (IAAF) and the
Association of Summer Olympic
International Federations (ASOIF), Primo
Nebiolo, who expressed his sympathy for
entitled "Athletics as a basic sport of the
Olympic Games". The Ciutat de
Barcelona orchestra, accompanied by the
Orfeó Gracienc, also gave a rendering of
the Olympic anthem at the Palau de la
Música.
During the Candidature phase two more
Olympic Days were held, in 1985 and
1986.
The image of the candidature
At the beginning of 1984, the Managing
Council decided to provide the
Candidature with a graphic image which
would identify it and give it its own seal.
In April a committee was constituted to
draft the bases for a competition to
choose it. In essence the image sought
was not specifically local, but one which
would communicate the Barcelona'92
concept and would be as understandable
in the city as in an international context.
Before the competition, other temporary
designs had been used, such as the poster
which showed the outline of Montjuïc
with the five Olympic rings rising over
the coastline.
The bases of the competition specified
the various applications for which the
future logotype would be used, both
internal for the Olympic Office
(stationery, exterior signposting,
publications) and external (sports events,
233
5
 advertising campaigns, facilities, Besides appearing on cars, the logotype 1
The Candidature logotype
transport, decoration). Of the various was adapted to many objects: T-shirts, applied to several
designs presented, the one chosen was by towels, pencils, pens, lighters, eyeshades, promotional and everyday
objects, created by the
América Sánchez, who popularised a watches, maps, ties, postcards, Olympic Office.
particular aesthetic linked to the handkerchiefs and badges. It was also
2
Candidature. It was based on the five used for promotional purposes in Barcelona subway carriage
Olympic rings flattened and in publications, on murals, advertisements with the promotional
sticker of the Candidature.
perspective. Below them, like a cushion, and signs both in institutional and The graphic image of the
was an elongated, curved, silver shape private publicity. Candidature soon became
which, according to the author, popular amongst the people
of Barcelona, who exhibited
represented the outline or horizon of the it everywhere.
city from the sea. The phrase
"Barcelona'92" was written on it. The
logotype was rapidly incorporated into all
the Olympic Office publications and the
various activities in which the
Candidature took part.
The image soon became popular with the
public, perhaps because of its
adaptability and neutral character. The
growing relationship between the
Candidature and the people of the city
and Catalonia as a whole helped with the
rapid assimilation of the symbol.

234 1 2
1
1
Aerial view of the Montjuïc
Area in 1985. The
construction of the Olympic
Ring and the landscaping
of the Parc del Migdia
completed the plans for
Montjuïc, begun in 1929
on the occasion of the
International Exhibition.
2
The location of the Olympic
areas in different outlying
areas of the city was a
response to the planners'
desire to correct
Barcelona's tendency to
grow towards the west.
3
The preliminary project of
the Candidature, prepared
in late 1983, laid down the
general criteria for the
transformation the city was
to undergo over the
following years. It defined
the four Olympic areas and
the venues for the sports on
the Olympic programme.
2
3
The plan
The Preliminary Project listed the venues
for the competitions and described the
Barcelona Olympic Games. In the first
phase, the general criteria had to be
developed and the process of
transformation of the city to host the
event specified.
The Candidature Preliminary Project was
finished in 1983. It took six months to
draft, and during that time a team of
specialists outlined the matters which
would have to be dealt with: the sporting
and technological requirements, the town
planning, the residences and the
financing. Experiences from previous
Olympics and contacts with the
organisers of the Los Angeles Games
were a primary source of information
and comparison.
The conclusions of the Preliminary
Project followed the line traced in
Primeres aproximacions. The figures for
the budget, though it was stressed that
they were merely indicative,
corresponded to detailed estimates
compared with data from previous
Games. They were therefore a useful
reference point for the administrations
involved when it came to estimating the
financing for the infrastructures required
to organise the Games. There was also
an analysis of the cost to the city in
comparison with that of host cities on
earlier occasions and the conclusion
reached was that it was within its means.
The Preliminary Project defined
fundamental questions for the later
development of the Candidature and the
Barcelona'92 organisation: the
demarcation of the four Olympic areas,
Montjuîc, Diagonal, Vall d'Hebron and
Parc de Mar (where the Olympic Village
was to be located); the participation of
other cities as venues for sports
competitions; the establishment of a
mixed model of financing, which
included contributions from public
administrations and the support of
private enterprise; and the programming
of a cultural Olympiad lasting four years.
The sports programme and calendar
The Preliminary Project provided for
events in the 23 official sports referred
to in the Olympic Charter, the same ones
that had been included in the Los
Angeles programme. The dates proposed
were early summer, between the end of
June and the beginning of July, over a
period of sixteen days which would begin
on a Saturday and finish on a Sunday, as
had been the custom since the Games in
Munich in 1972.
The sports facilities
As the sports facilities in the host city
are one of the basic aspects of the
planning of the Olympic Games, it was
necessary to analyse the sporting
infrastructure in Barcelona at the time
and see how it compared with the
general requirements of the IOC. For this
purpose the Preliminary Project team
made an analysis from which specific
proposals for action were drafted.
The Candidature extended the number of
sports facilities required ex professo so
that the subsequent selection would be 237
easier. Moreover, the criterion for
choosing the facilities gave preference to
existing ones. Of the 46 considered
suitable for tournaments and finals, only
13 had to be newly built (including the
Olympic Stadium, which was restored).
The idea of building a single
monumental sports facility complex was
discarded from the outset, as in the long
run it would be an excessively onerous
operation for the city.
The Preliminary Project stated that being
chosen to host the Games would justify
constructing unique amenities which
Barcelona did not possess (Olympic
stadium, sports hall, Olympic swimming
pool, velodrome). But for the sports
which, however relevant to the Olympic
Games, were not widely practised
(archery, weightlifting, wrestling),
temporary constructions would be
chosen. In these cases it was considered
more suitable to use existing buildings or
take advantage of spaces which could be
easily adapted.
Lastly, the proposed new facilities and
the policy of improving existing ones
helped to correct the deficits and to
refurbish districts in the city, thus
encouraging an increase in the practice of
sport by the public.
 Accommodation for the participants
The Preliminary Project expected a
maximum of 15,000 athletes and team
officials, of whom about 3,000 would be
women, to come to Barcelona to take
part in the Games. These participants
would have to be housed in specially
prepared dwellings.
To accommodate the athletes there was a
proposal to build an Olympic Village on
the Barcelona seafront, specifically in the
eastern sector near the River Besòs. This
operation would involve the recovery of
the area facing the sea and the
construction of a new district which
would be part of the city after the
Games. On the reclaimed land new
sports and leisure areas could be built as
well as the residences.
It was proposed that the judges and
referees would be lodged in an area of
Cerdanyola del Vallès on land near the
238
1 2
campus of the Barcelona Autonomous 1
Of the four planned
University. Later on the proposal was Olympic areas, the
modified and the space in question was Diagonal Area had the
largest number of existing
used to accommodate the security forces. sports facilities. It was also
planned that the members
of the IOC would stay there.
The Preliminary Project suggested
building a special village for the 2
journalists, though without deciding a The planning of the Vall
d'Hebron was to fill an
location. Moreover, it recalled that the important gap in the urban
hotels in the city and along the coast fabric and to provide
several districts with
could absorb a large part of the demand. much-needed sports
facilities. Furthermore, the
construction of the outer
For the remainder of the Olympic ring road ended the
Family the plan was to take advantage of isolation of this sector of
the preparatory activity to build new the city.
hotels in the city, particularly top 3
category. As an unusual detail, there was The Estació de França was
completely refurbished for
a suggestion that it would be quite viable the 1992 Olympic Games,
to anchor deep draught luxury liners in as the terminal for
international trains and the
the port of Barcelona to make up the future high speed train.
supply of rooms during the Games.
The Preliminary Project also took up the
initiative of previous Games in
organising an International Youth Camp.
3
4
A ship moored at one of the
wharfs of the Port of
Barcelona. The preliminary
project provided for its
enlargement.
The new infrastructures
The preparation of the city to receive
and transport the large number of
participants and visitors was examined
from a list of the different transport
systems existing at the time and
speculation as to how they could be
used; moreover, the adaptations which
would have to be made in the
intervening years were taken into
account. A first conclusion of the study
was the need to enlarge the airport
terminals by 9,400 square metres and it
was proposed to provide 5,000 new
parking spaces and bring a third runway
into operation to allow an increase in air
traffic.
It would also be necessary to extend the
port to the west to have more berths and
allow the vessels providing the extra
accommodation to be moored at a
central point between the Montjuïc and
Parc de Mar areas.
The Preliminary Project included plans
to dismantle the stretch of railway line
from the Estació de França to the Plaça
de les Glòries and to put the coastal line
from the Estació de França to Badalona
underground where it crossed Poblenou.
The possibility of building a halt for the
new Olympic Village was also mooted.
Taking advantage of the provisions of
the Barcelona Subway Plan, the
Preliminary Project proposed to extend
the cross-city lines to connect the centre
with the neighbouring towns and finally
open Line 2, for which work on the
infrastructure had begun in 1975 and
had still not been finished.
The proposed transformation of the road
system would allow though traffic to
avoid the city centre. This would involve
two ring roads and the junctions and
links between them. The proposal to
improve the thoroughfares included an
extension to the Diagonal as far as the
sea and the completion of several
4 239
 pending projects, such as the
construction of the Rovira and
Vallvidrera tunnels, the new layout of the
Plaça de les Glòries and the provision of
3,000 extra parking places.
With these measures the Preliminary
Project considered that traffic within the
city could be relieved and connections
between the districts, particularly the
Olympic areas, improved. In this way
transport for the Olympic Family would
be punctual, rapid, safe and efficient.
Telecommunications
The Preliminary Project paid special
attention to the technological aspects.
The underlying idea was that through the
Olympic event the city had to face up to
new challenges and use the Games to
offer the world a demonstration of the
application of the latest technological
240
advances in the fields of computers, 1
The outer ring road at the
broadcasting and telecommunications. To Plaça Karl Marx, one of
this end it was considered necessary for the first sections of this
important link to be
the Candidature to sign agreements with finished before the
the Spanish ministries and the industrial nomination. The proposed
road network was intended
sectors involved so that they would to enable through traffic to
cooperate on research into the new bypass the city rather than
technologies required for the Games. cross the centre.
2
All the technological functions needed for The Organising
Committee's initial budget
the Games were identified. Moreover, presupposed that a large
there was a proposal to build a part of the income would
come from television rights,
telecommunications mast to cover which had grown steadily
broadcasting requirements. To coordinate over previous Olympic
the tasks of radio and television, both Games.
operational and technological, a special 3
body was to be created: the Olympic Model of the new
Collserola communications
Radio and Television Organisation tower. In view of the
(ORTO), which was finally called tremendous importance of
telecommunications in the
Olympic Radio and Television (RTO). organisation of the Olympic
Games, the Barcelona
Candidature expected that
more than three thousand
million people would watch
the competitions live on
television.
1 2 3
 The budget and financing the time) for the Los Angeles Olympic
Games Organising Committee.

In 1983 the first budget of the
Organising Committee was estimated at
73,250 million pesetas.
58% of the budget, 42,640 million
pesetas, was set aside for the organisation
of the Games. The remaining 42% was
distributed over the Organising
Committee's share in the facilities,
mostly sports (18%), adaptation of areas
(14%) and miscellaneous (10%).
The aim of the economic model
proposed for the Games was to achieve
the maximum degree of self-financing.
The internal revenue section was
equivalent to 58% of the total, notably
television rights, which could reach
32,500 million pesetas. Although this
figure was enormous, it was not at all
rash, as it was known that the same
rights had brought in 281.5 million
dollars (about 42,225 million pesetas at
Revenue from the exploitation of the
Olympic symbols was prudently
estimated at about 2,000 million pesetas.
The remainder of the income came from
a share of lotteries and issues of coins
and stamps (20% of the total budget);
transfers and subsidies (15%) and sale of
assets (7%).
To evaluate the cost of organisation of
the Games, the compilers of the
Preliminary Project divided the different
elements into twelve broad areas:
administration, technology, services, press
and publications, image, urban
development, security, Olympic villages,
sports, ceremonies, cultural activities and
International Youth Camp. The cost of
staff, goods, services and equipment to
be contracted and acquired for each
department was analysed. There was also
a preliminary estimate of the number of
staff who would be required: 1,100

Initial budget of the 241

Organising Comittee*
Organisation of the Games 42.64 Own income 42.43
Staff 10.26 Tickets 2.45
* In thousands of millions Purchase of goods and services 21.15 Accomodation at the Olympic Village 1.20
of pesetas 1983 value. Equipment 11.23 Programmes, posters and lithographs 0.15
Sponsorship 2.00
Sites (participation quota) 12.80 Broadcasting rights 32.50
Competition venues 7.92 Provision of service 1.63
Training facilities 2.97 Interest and other income 2.50
complementary (Press) 0.97
complementary (Accomodation) 0.94 Participation in income 14.20
Lotteries 2.10
Actions in specific areas 10.34 Pools 8.10
Basic costs 0.00 Coins 3.00
Conversion costs 10.34 Postage stamps 1.00
Unforeseen 7.47 Transfers and subsidies 11.00
From the private sector 3.00
From the public sector 8.00
Sale of assets 5.62

Pro memoria Pro memoria

Quota from the public administrations: 14.94 Collateral from the public administration
Source: Olympic Office: direct investment quota 14.94
Preliminary Project for
the Candidature, 1984.
 permanent members and 40,000 external
contributors.
The first budget of the Organising
Committee was calculated by adding the
investment quota assumed by the public
administrations for facilities and actions
in specific areas, which was set at 14,940
million pesetas, to the general budget of
the Games. In the Preliminary Project
the set of actions on facilities and areas
necessary for the Games and the
distribution of costs among the investors
in both the public and private sectors
was decided.
Lastly, the Preliminary Project concluded
that the Olympic Games were well
within the reach of Barcelona, Catalonia
and Spain. They would serve to project a
modern image of the city and the
country abroad. They would also act as a
spur to the economy, catalyse investment
and have a multiplying effect on the
local and regional economy and on
Spain's presence on the international
242
scene. In short, the economic and social
incentives which would be generated by
the Candidature were valued positively
even if the city was not chosen in the
end.
1
1
On 27 November 1984,
King Juan Carlos I gave an
audience to the members of
the Managing Council. His
Majesty took advantage of
the occasion to reiterate his
support for the Candidature.
2
A room in the old Museum
of Modern Art in
Barcelona, where some of
the most representative
works of Catalan
modernism were exhibited.
As part of the restructuring
of the city's museums, this
collection has become part
of the National Museum of
Art of Catalonia on
Montjuïc.
3
Montjuïc also contains the
Joan Miró Foundation,
designed by the architect
Josep Lluís Sert, which
houses an important
collection of work by the
painter.
4 aspects of the Olympics have always
The Gran Teatre del Liceu,
a world famous opera house
where the most prestigious
singers and companies
frequently appear. The arts
in Barcelona endorsed the
organisation of the four
year Cultural Olympiad,
which had been provided
for in the preliminary
project.
5 of Ministers on 28 March 1984 the
Homenatge a Picasso,
sculpture by Antoni Tàpies.
Two names intimately
related with the artistic life
of Barcelona.
The cultural programme
Although the reason for organising the
Games is primarily to do with sport,
since the origins the artistic and cultural
played a prominent part. In the
Preliminary Project, the Candidature had
expressed a wish to organise a cultural
Olympiad which would last for four
years. Work on the programme would
begin as soon as Barcelona was officially
designated host city.
The first official approval
The Preliminary Project of the Barcelona
Candidature was approved by the
Managing Council on 12 December 1983.
The Assembly of the Spanish Olympic
Sports Federations gave its approval on
21 December the same year. Last, on 28
2 4
3 5
February 1984, the Spanish Olympic
Committee also gave the go-ahead, after
some reticence at the beginning. With
this approval, the Candidatures of Jaca
and Granada to organise the Winter
Games in 1992 were discarded so as to
concentrate all efforts on securing the
nomination of Barcelona as host city for
the Summer Games.
The Higher Sports Council received the
favourable reports from the Spanish
Olympic sports federations and passed on
the Preliminary Project to the
government. At a meeting of the Council
project was approved and the
Candidature given official support. In
November the same year, Pasqual
Maragall appeared before the Culture
and Sports Committee of the Parliament
of Catalonia to ask for the support of all
the Catalan parties and institutions. A
few months later, in May 1985,he did
the same before the Education and
Sports Committee of the Congress of
243

Deputies. At both forums the
Candidature received the formal support
of all the parliamentary groups.
The international debut in an Olympic
year
Early in 1984, the Barcelona Candidature
had already secured substantial support
from the institutions and had an
organisational and technical plan to
implement the project. It began to
consider what international promotion
would be necessary to make the city and
its aspirations to organise the Games
known.
1984 provided an excellent occasion to
learn at firsthand from the experience of
two Olympic cities, Los Angeles and
Sarajevo, and to introduce Barcelona and
its ambitions to the world.
244
1
In February that year a delegation from A colourful image of the
Barcelona travelled to Sarajevo to attend opening ceremony of the
the Winter Games and promote the Los Angeles Olympic
Games in the summer of
Barcelona Candidature. Representatives 1984. The Barcelona
also began to make appearances at Candidature attended in
order to collect information
meetings of the Olympic organisations; in about the organisation of
the same year the Candidature went to the Games and to promote
Mexico for the annual assembly of the the Catalan capital
amongst the Olympic
Association of National Olympic leaders who had travelled to
Committees (ACNO). California.
2
Nevertheless, it was not until July, on The representatives of the
Barcelona Candidature who
the occasion of the Games of the XXIII went to Los Angeles
Olympiad in Los Angeles, that Barcelona watched the basketball final
formally introduced itself to the Olympic in which the Spanish team
won a silver medal.
Movement and presented the
Candidature and its new logotype to the 3
A moment from the press
Olympic Family. conference given by the
Barcelona Candidature for
the international press at
The Hotel Biltmore was the headquarters Los Angeles. The
of the Organising Committee of the Los Candidature was very well
Angeles Games and the residence of the received and made an
excellent impression on the
members of the IOC. The Candidature members of the Olympic
mounted a small exhibition showing the Family.
more technical aspects of the Olympic
project by means of panels and models.
1 2
3
4
At Los Angeles, the Spanish
delegation stayed at a
house which was christened
Casa Barcelona, and which
became a pleasant meeting
place far the members of
the delegation and for the
rest of the Olympic Family.
It held a reception at the hotel for 500 Barcelona also took the opportunity to
people, among whom were the mayor of make contact with the Games organisers
Los Angeles and many members of the to glean further information.
IOC. The Candidature delegation which
travelled to the city set up an operations
centre at a residence located near
Hollywood, which was christened the
"Casa Barcelona". It became a
rendezvous for many members of the
Olympic Family who were curious to
know more about the Barcelona proposal.
Other cities which were aiming for the
1992 Games were also present in Los
Angeles, among them Amsterdam, whose
Candidature drew special praise from the
local press. All in all, the Barcelona
Candidature, for which the visit to the
Californian city was a highly positive
experience in terms of its future actions,
made an excellent impression of
seriousness and enthusiasm on both the
members of the Olympic Family and the
international press. The mayor of
4 245
1
1
Aerial view of the
Barcelona waterfront, from
the port to Badalona. The
various stages of the growth
of the city can be
distinguished: the perimeter
of the Roman nucleus, the
shape of the mediaeval
walled area, the grid of
streets of the Eixample and
of Barceloneta, and the
structure of some of the old
factories, such as those of
Poblenou, an area which,
thanks to the impulse of the
Olympic Games, has
undergone a spectacular
transformation.
2
King Juan Carlos listens
closely as the mayor of
Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, explains the
model of the Olympic Ring
during a visit to the
Olympic Office in May
1985.
3 1985 was a key year in the consolidation
Enrique Tierno Galván,
then mayor of Madrid, also
visited the Olympic Office,
accompanied by Ramón
Mendoza and Vicente
Calderón, the presidents of
the two most important
football clubs in the
Spanish capital. All three
wished to make known their
support for the Barcelona
Candidature.
2 249
3
Institutional support
With a year to go before the IOC
decided which of the candidate cities
would organise the 1992 Olympic
Games, the Barcelona Candidature had
secured all the promises of institutional
backing which it had been asked for. To
this could be added an increasing level of
public awareness and support, not only
in Barcelona but also in the rest of
Spain; an initial survey of public opinion
commissioned by the Olympic Office
showed that 64% of the population
believed that the choice of Barcelona for
the Olympic Games would be beneficial
for the whole of the country.
not only of an idea and a project, but
also of the institutional and social
framework which would bring it to
fruition.
On 9 March an agreement was signed
between the mayor of Barcelona, the
president of the Generalitat of Catalonia
and the minister of Culture, restructuring
the Managing Council which had been
created two years before by the City
Council and the Generalitat. In
accordance with this agreement the
Spanish government joined the Managing
Council on 2 April 1985.
The COE, which a year previously had
expressed its approval of the Preliminary
Project, reaffirmed its support on 22
March. Some months later, on 13 June,
it also joined the Managing Council, thus
ensuring that the decision-making body
of the Candidature included all the
institutions that would need to be
involved in the organisation of the
Games. In May, the king made an
official visit to the Olympic Office in
Barcelona and accepted the presidency of
the Council of Honour for the
Candidature.
This institutional support was
accompanied by backing for the
Candidature from the world of business,
expressed in significant financial
contributions. Early in 1985 this was
reinforced by a joint venture between
Barcelona City Council and business
circles which led to the setting up of the
association Barcelona Olímpica'92,
composed of 92 companies, each
contributing ten million pesetas to the
Candidature. On 25 March Carles Ferrer
Salat, who had been the prime mover of
this support from the business sector,
was elected president of Barcelona
Olímpica'92, with Leopold Rodés as
vice-president. Shortly afterwards, in
June, Ferrer Salat was appointed a
member of the IOC at its 90th Session in
Berlin.
The participation of business was not
confined to the provision of financial
contributions. It also played a decisive
role in the promotion of the Candidature
in the outside world and in the
impression of solidity and cooperation
which it conveyed to the IOC. The
associate companies demonstrated their
commitment by incorporating the
logotype of the Candidature into their
advertising and on their products,
something which also helped to make it
familiar.
The formal application and the
reinforcement of the structure
On 13 May 1985 the president of the
COE, Alfonso de Borbón, and the
Candidature commissioner, Joan Más
Cantí, formally presented the Barcelona
application to organise the 1992 Olympic
Games to the IOC. The City Council had
unanimously approved the presentation
of the Candidature a month earlier, on
11 April, and the COE had recently
taken the decision to join the Managing
Council. Meanwhile, a second survey had
confirmed the sense of expectation
created by the Olympic project and the
growing support it enjoyed among the
Spanish public.
The increasing complexity and scale of
the work undertaken by the Candidature
called for a strengthening of the
organisational structure. Therefore, on 15
July 1985, Pasqual Maragall proposed
Josep Miguel Abad as chief executive
officer, the senior executive post in the
Candidature. At the time Abad was
director general of the Barcelona Trade
Fair and had been associated with the
Olympic project from the outset as
deputy mayor of Barcelona City Council
and a member of the first Managing
Council for the Candidature.
Shortly afterwards, at the instigation of
the chief executive officer, two other
organisations were created: the Executive
Board and the International Relations
Committee. The Executive Board, on
 which all the organisations making up
the Managing Council were represented,
was responsible for following up the
agreements made by that body. The
nature and scope of the tasks to be
carried out by the Executive Board
required that it meet at weekly intervals.
The International Relations Committee
had the task of promoting the
Candidature abroad, above all among the
members of the IOC: providing them
with information about the project and
accompanying them on their visits to
Barcelona. Carles Ferrer Salat, who was
named president of the new organisation,
and Leopold Rodés took on this
responsibility.
In November 1985 the Olympic Office
moved from the Zona Franca to the
Institut Nacional d'lndústria (INI)
building in the Montjuïc trade fair
precinct, situated in the Plaça de la Font
Màgica. At 1,600 m2, the new
headquarters was twice the size of the
250
one in the Zona Franca. It was an ideal 1
The king and queen of
place in which to undertake the rapidly Spain, accompanied by staff
accelerating amount of work to be faced from the Olympic Office
during their visit to
in the final stage of the process. Barcelona in May 1985.
2
The rebuilding of the
Montjuïc Olympic Stadium
Work goes ahead on the Olympic venues began in February 1985, at
a time when the Olympic
nomination was still a mere
aspiration, Barcelona
wanted to show the
Olympic world that it was
Building work on Montjuïc taking advance action in
crucial aspects of the
organisation of the Games.
In January 1985 the final Master Plan
was drawn up for the Montjuïc Olympic 3
In November 1985, the
Ring, differing from the original proposal Olympic Office moved to
in the siting of the Palau Sant Jordi and new premises. From the
offices in the Zona Franca,
the INEFC. For technical reasons the it moved to the former
position of these two buildings was Institut Nacional
d'Indústria building,
reversed, allowing a better arrangement overlooking the Font
of the esplanades which formed part of Màgica (Magic Fountain)
the Olympic Ring. A baseball training in the Montjuïc Olympic
Area.
field was also added, replacing the one
situated to the east of the Olympic
Stadium, and the Pau Negre hockey field
was moved to a position next to the
1 2
3
4
The first phase of work on
the Montjuïc Area began
with the erection of
scaffolding all round the
stadium, thus enabling
work to begin on the
rebuilding of the venue. It
was carried out under the
auspices of the Higher
Sports Council.
athletics warm-up track, in front of the
southern facade of the stadium.
The complexity of the work on the
Olympic Ring and the desire to link it to
the Candidature led to the creation of a
body with specific responsibility for
overseeing its progress. In March 1985 a
plenary session of Barcelona City Council
approved the constitution of a company
with the name Anella Olímpica de
Montjuïc, S.A. (AOMSA), which would
also have Josep Miquel Abad as its chief
executive officer.
In February 1985, with finance from the
Higher Sports Council, demolition work
began on the old stadium, after
scaffolding had been placed around the
exterior to protect the facade. This work
and the excavations to lower the interior
level of the stadium by 11 metres in
order to increase seating capacity
continued until the following October.
The sculptures by Pau Gargallo were also
removed from the main facade for
restoration.
Preparatory work also began on the site
for the sports hall. This consisted of
moving the municipal nurseries,
demolishing some shacks which were still
standing in the area and levelling and
closing off the site. In fact, the work to
install the municipal nurseries in the area
of Tres Pins was the first step in turning
the previously undeveloped part of
Montjuïc into a park.
In the summer of 1985 excavation work
for the new sports hall began, including
the removal of the solid refuse that had
accumulated on the site. In October of
the same year earth moving work was
started to create platforms for the pilings.
In June 1986 the plenary session of the
City Council incorporated the provisions
of the Olympic Ring Master Plan into
the Montjuïc Special Development Plan,
which took in the Olympic venues and
the whole of the Ring. In the same
month the Barcelona Provincial Council
signed an agreement with the City
4
251
 Council under which it would take
responsibility for the sports hall, which
was to be given the name of Palau Sant
Jordi. Meanwhile, work had started on
the pilings. On 18 September the
foundation stone was laid for the sports
hall which would later become one of the
outstanding buildings of Olympic
Barcelona.
With construction of the Olympic
Stadium and the Palau Sant Jordi in
progress the Olympic Ring began to take
shape, notably with the construction of a
water tank with a capacity of 160,000
m3 and an area of 1,350 m2, replacing
an existing one. The construction of a
large square -the future Plaça d'Europa-
on top of this tank, situated at the end
of the Avinguda de l'Anella Olímpica,
was planned.
252
1 2
Planning the Parc de Mar Area
The decision to place the railway line
between the Estació de França and the
Plaça de les Glòries underground was
taken in February 1985. Barcelona City
Council and the Barcelona Metropolitan
Corporation (CMB) followed this up by
ordering technical studies to be made for
the reorganisation of the railway network
in Barcelona.
This decision removed the most
important question mark over the
Candidature, the location of the Olympic
Village, and the City Council was able to
go ahead with the planning of the Parc
de Mar Area. The work was undertaken
by the architectural firm Martorell/
Bohigas/ Mackay/ Puigdomènech, which
presented its project on 18 October of
the same year. Several successive
versions were produced, each improving
on the initial project in accordance with
recommendations from various
government and council departments,
1
The sculptural groups by
Pau Gargallo which
crowned the main facade of
the old Montjuïc Stadium,
seriously deteriorated over
the course of the years,
were temporarily removed
in May 1986 for
restoration. They were later
returned to their original
position.
2
The first stage of the
rebuilding of the Montjuïc
Stadium involved
demolishing all the interior
structures and lowering the
internal ground level by
eleven metres in order to
increase the seating capacity.
3
The laying of the
foundation stone of the
Palau Sant Jordi in August
1985. This building was
financed by the Barcelona
Provincial Council.
3
 especially those from the Ministry of
Public Works and Planning.
The final project, the Special
Development Plan for the Barcelona
Seafront, approved by the City Council
on 26 June 1986, contained a number of
central, interlinked proposals for one of
the most important steps in the creation
of the Barcelona of the future: the
construction of a new area which would
serve as the Olympic Village and would
then be destined for residential use after
the Games, the opening up of the city to
the sea, and the reorganisation of the
road system. All this would have to take
place on a site which, until then, had
been occupied by industrial buildings,
workshops and, to a lesser extent,
housing, whose occupants would have to
be provided with alternative
accommodation.
To supervise the whole project and in
accordance with the Coastal Plan being
drawn up by the CMB for the whole of
Companies forming the Barcelona Abengoa, S.A.
Olímpica'92 Business Association Aceros Boixareu, S.A.
ACESA
Antonio Puig, S.A.
Arthur Andersen & Cia.
ASEPEYO
Banc de Sabadell
Banca Catalana
Banco Atlántico
Banco Central
Banco de Bilbao
Banco de Europa
Banco de Progreso
Banco de Santander
Banco de Vizcaya
Banco Exterior de España
Banco Hispanoamericano
Bamices Valentine, S.A.
Basi Hermanos, S.A.
BBC Brown Boveri, S.A.
Belloc Escuté
Bodegas Torres
Caixa de Barcelona
Caixa d'Estalvis de Catalunya
Caixa de Pensions
CAMUNSA
Casinos de Catalunya, S.A.
Catalana de Gas i Electricitat
Cementos Asland, S.A.
Cementos Uniland
CEPSA
COBEGA, S.A.
Compañía Telefonica Nacional de España
COMSA
Source: Olympic Office: Official Report, 1986.
the coastline in the metropolitan area,
the City Council set up the Special Unit
for the Redevelopment of the Poblenou
Seafront, an executive body with powers
to manage, coordinate and implement all
measures related to the Olympic Village
and the seafront. Once this body had
been set up the process of acquiring the
land was begun, one of the first plots to
be appropriated being the 40,000 m2 site
owned by the Crédito y Docks company,
situated on the Avinguda Icària.
The foundation stone of the Olympic
Village was laid on 21 January 1986. At
the same time the CMB, which was
responsible for the sewage system, started
work on the main drains which would
make it possible to construct the
underground section of the Plaça de les
Glòries branch line. Further plots of land
were acquired from the company
Catalana de Gas, among which was a site
called L'Arenal, which made it possible
for work to start at the perimeter of the
future Village.
Construcciones Núñez y Navarro, S.A. HUSA 253
Control y Aplicaciones, S.A.
Cubiertas y Mzov, S.A. IBM
Indicesa
DAMM, S.A. Iberia, S.A.
Danone, S.A. Industrias Burés
Dragados y Construcciones, S.A. Isolux, S.A.
El Corte Inglés, S.A. J. Uriach & Cia, S.A.
El País
ENHER La Maquinista Terrestre y Marítima, S.A.
ENASA La Vanguardia
EMTE Laboratorios Dr. Esteve, S.A.
Enrique Masó, E.D.S. Leche Pascual
Entrecanales y Tavora, S.A.
Maquimpres, S.A.
FECSA Material y Construcción, S.A.
Ferrer Internacional, S.A. Med Playa Hotels
Ferrocarril Metropolitano de Barcelona Mestre i Ballbé, S.A.
Ferrovial, S.A. Motor Ibérica, S.A.
Fichet, S.A.E.
FOCSA Nestle, A.E.P.A.
Foret, S.A. Nutrexpa, S.A.
Francisco Quintana Ylzarbe, S.A.
Freixenet, S.A. Obras y Construcciones, S.A.
Fujitsu-España, S.A.
Philips Ibérica, S.A.E.
Galerias Preciados Rank Xerox Española, S.A.
Grupo Asegurador Catalana Roca Radiadores, S.A.
Occidente
Grupo Ramel Sanyo
Grupo Z Siemens, S.A.
Sintel, S.A.
HECSA
Henry Colomer Torras Hostench
Hispano Alemana de Construcción, S.A. Torres Herrería y Construcciones
Hispano Olivetti, S.A.
 While this work was beginning the
institutional agreements were being
finalised. In February 1986 the
Generalitat of Catalonia, the City
Council, the CMB, the Ministry of
Transport and the railway company
RENFE signed the official agreement to
re-route the lines in Poblenou, which in
turn followed an agreement between the
CMB and the Ministry of Public Works
over the redevelopment of the seafront in
the area.
In September 1986, the allocation of
work on the restructuring of the railway
was signed by the mayor of Barcelona
and the president of RENFE, Julian
Garcia Valverde. This provided for the
removal of the lines running parallel to
the coast and the burying of the line to
the Plaça de les Glòries, which skirted
the area. It was followed soon afterwards
by an agreement on an overhaul of the
Bogatell sewage system.
254
Both the Olympic Village, which was 1
The route taken by the
located beside the sea and extended the railway through the district
line of the streets of the Eixample, and of Poblenou made
numerous level crossings
the whole operation in the Parc de Mar and bridges necessary. The
Area of which it was part were designed construction of the Olympic
Village and the
to put an end to the isolation of a large restructuring of the whole
part of Poblenou in the north of the city. of the city's railway
The redevelopment of the triangle network has meant that this
image is now only a memory.
formed by the Passeig de Carles I, the
Avinguda Bogatell and the coastline 2
The Barcelona Trade Fair
entailed work on 47 of the 100 hectares precinct, adjacent to the
which made up the so-called Parc de Plaça d'Espanya, in the
Montjuïc Area. The
Mar. The name "Nova Icària" was Candidature proposed that
proposed for the new district in memory the Press Centre should be
of the utopian Icària, which had taken located here.
root in the working class tradition of
Poblenou.
The Olympic Village was the most
important urban development connected
with the Candidature. For the first time
the operation to provide accommodation
for the athletes at the Games would lead
to the transformation of an important
sector of the host city. The Village is
only 6 kilometres from the Olympic
1 2
3 Stadium, 5 kilometres from the Main
View of the Vall d'Hebron
area, with the Velodrome in
the foreground. The project
proposed that this zone be
transformed into one of the
four Olympic areas.
Press Centre, 6.5 kilometres from the
hotel which would serve as the IOC
headquarters, 7 kilometres from the
Diagonal area, 6.5 kilometres from the
Vall d'Hebron area and 600 metres from
the Hospital del Mar, which would be
the Olympic hospital during the Games
Filling a gap
In April 1985 the Olympic Office drew
up a master plan for the Vall d'Hebron
Area, one of the four Olympic areas
containing the main venues for the 1992
Games.
Located in the north-west of Barcelona,
the Vall d'Hebron Area was a triangle of
more than 160 hectares surrounded by
districts with serious deficiencies in
accesses and services. The construction
of the velodrome in 1984 had been the
first step in the recovery of the largest
gap in the city for public use. The
Olympic project gave the final push to
the extension of the long postponed
second ring road, part of the 1976
General Metropolitan Plan, which was in
turn based on an initial idea from the
1917 Road Links Plan. The new ring
road would finally provide this area with
better access from the centre of the city.
The Candidature around the world
A successful presentation
Alongside these town planning and
development measures, the Barcelona
Candidature abroad was making itself
felt through a presence at international
sporting events and meetings of the IOC
and other organisations in the Olympic
Movement.
3 255
 The reception which Barcelona received
at the 90th Session of the IOC, held in
East Berlin from 1 to 5 June 1985, was
especially favourable. The Candidature
attended the meeting with the object of
showing the changes that had taken place
in the city since its first formal
presentation abroad at the Los Angeles
Olympic Games the year before. A report
entitled From Los Angeles to Berlin,
1984-1985 was distributed to everyone
attending the Session. It was divided into
chapters with forceful titles: "Barcelona
moves forward", "Barcelona spreads the
Olympic spirit", "Barcelona plans and
builds", "Barcelona guarantees
accommodation", "Barcelona will provide
transport" and "Barcelona can finance
the Games".
All the cities which aspired to host the
1992 Summer Games were present in
Berlin. At a press conference after the
90th Session of the IOC, Pasqual
Maragall declared: "Barcelona and
Brisbane are the Candidatures which
256
have brought the most added value in 1
The Candidature presented
their presentations. The Australian a lengthy report to the 90th
Candidature, because it was an unknown Session of the IOC, which
was held in East Berlin in
quantity and projected a favourable 1985. At that Session,
image, and ours, because we have Carles Ferrer Salat was
elected a member of the
presented a progress report which has international organisation.
made a great impression." Until then, Ferrer Salat
had been head of the
Barcelona Olímpica'92
A stand was constructed to display the Association, which lent
technical project. The design minted the significant support to the
city's Olympic aspirations.
modern, creative, Mediterranean image
which was to become associated with the
Barcelona Candidature. The floor of the
stand was blue perspex, lit from beneath,
with a wooden platform in the shape of
the map of Catalonia. One of the panels
held a model of Barcelona on which the
sites of the sports venues and other
places of interest were picked out by
laser. A metal tower was installed with
video monitors offering graphic
information in eight languages. The
luminosity, combined with the dynamism
of the technology used, gave an
impression of the finest aesthetic quality,
and this was an aspect in which
1
2
Albertville, candidate to
organise the 1992 Winter
Olympic Games, exhibited
this sober and functional
stand at Berlin.
3
The stand of the Paris
Candidature. In 1985, the
cities of Brisbane,
Amsterdam, Paris and
Birmingham had joined the
race to organise the 1992
Games. Belgrade was later
added to the number.
4
At the Barcelona
Candidature stand at the
90th Session of the IOC,
visitors could obtain
information about facilities
which formed part of the
project using a computer
terminal; at the same time,
they could see a photograph
and find them on a model
of the city, where they were
picked out by a laser beam.
The stand was designed by
Josep A. Pols and Antoni
Rosselló.
Barcelona was to be the leader
throughout the campaign. The stand was
visited by 8,000 people.
The presence of the Barcelona
Candidature in East Berlin was
considered a great success as a
promotional exercise abroad. The
synthesis between serious organisation
and aesthetic quality produced an
excellent result with a unique style based
on a balanced projection of the content
and the form of the Barcelona Olympic
proposal.
The first "decalogue", which summed up
the message of the Candidature and was
presented in the German city, was as
follows:
1. By land, sea and air, all roads lead to
Barcelona.
2. The Games with short journeys.
3. Rapid and easy communication
between the different areas.
4. Sites full of the magic of the city.
2 4
3
5. Barcelona'92: an architectural style
combining tradition and modernity.
6. A Mediterranean style: the Olympic
Village by the sea.
7. A first class location for the Olympic
Family.
8. The press at the heart of the Games.
9. A project for the city of the future.
10. With everyone's support, we are ready.
After Berlin the stand also appeared at
the meeting of the IOC Executive Board
with ACNO, held at the Hotel Alfa in
Lisbon from 14 to 19 October 1985.
Delegations from Albertville, Anchorage,
Belgrade, Birmingham, Cortina
d'Ampezzo, Lillehammer, Paris and Sofia
were also present at the meeting.
257

From continent to continent
The delegation from Barcelona also took
advantage of meetings of the Olympic
committees from one of the continents to
establish personal and institutional
contacts.
One example of this was the 4th General
Assembly of the Asian Olympic
Committees held in Bahrain on 4 and 5
December 1985. Although some
difficulties were encountered in bringing
the promotional material into this
Persian Gulf country, an exhibition was
mounted in the Hotel Diplomat, where
the meeting was held. In Bahrain
contacts were established with members
of the IOC from South East Asia and
from other countries on the continent,
many for the first time. The
Candidatures from Amsterdam,
Anchorage, Albertville, Birmingham,
Falun, Lillehammer, Paris and Sofia were
also at the Assembly and each was given
time to make a brief presentation to the
meeting.
258
1
In December 1985 the 5th General The president of the
Assembly of the African Olympic Generalitat of Catalonia,
Committees was held in the capital of Jordi Pujol, at the opening
of the International Tourist
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Here the Fair in Milan. The public
Barcelona delegation established further bodies associated with the
Candidature took every
useful contacts with Olympic executives. opportunity to publicise it
Apart from Barcelona, the meeting was abroad.
attended by the delegations which had 2
been present in Bahrain and those from The Candidature was
Cortina d'Ampezzo and Berchtesgaden. present at the meetings of
all the international
associations which make up
While the Candidature was being the Olympic Movement. At
Buenos Aires, Raimon
presented at the various forums of the Martínez Fraile, deputy
Olympic Movement, the Olympic Office mayor on the Barcelona
also organised exhibitions at other City Council, explained the
Olympic project to Jo-o
international fairs and shows. Those in Havelange, member of the
Milan, Stockholm and Buenos Aires in IOC and president of FIFA.
the first quarter of 1985 were particularly
important.
The occasion in Milan was the Tourist
Fair held in the Palazzo di Brera
between 20 and 25 February 1985 and
the exhibition was opened by the
president of the Generalitat, Jordi Pujol.
1 2

Public opinion in the Barcelona
metropolitan area concerning
the Barcelona Candidature
Source: Olympic Office:
Official Report, 1986.
In Stockholm the exhibition was
mounted as part of Barcelona Week,
organised in March by the Metropolitan
Tourist Office. It was accompanied by a
Gaudí exhibition and a Catalan cookery
show. In Buenos Aires the exhibition was
installed in the headquarters of the
Argentinian Olympic Committee between
17 and 24 April, where it made a great
impact, despite coinciding with the
massive public demonstrations which
were taking place in Argentina at the
time.
The decisive year
In 1986, the year in which the IOC had
to decide which city would organise the
1992 Olympic Games, Barcelona was
getting ready, spurred by a Candidature
which had become a long-awaited source
of hope and renewal. The drafting of the
Candidature Dossier was in its final
Do you think that the Olympic Games will be beneficial to the city of Barcelona?
Very
Fairly
Not very
Don't know
Personal interviews carried out among people between 16 and 65 resident in the Barcelona metropolitan area.
stages, work had started on the Olympic
Village and was progressing on the
Olympic Ring. Furthermore, the first of
the new sports venues destined for use at
the Games, the velodrome, had already
been in operation for two years.
On 27 December 1985, a plenary session
of the City Council ratified the Barcelona
application to organise the Games and
undertook to respect the Olympic
Charter. Soon afterwards, on 24 January,
the Council of Ministers passed a similar
resolution and a month later the COE
took the same step.
On 1 March 1986, Pasqual Maragall and
other members of the Managing Council
presented the Candidature Dossier to the
IOC at its headquarters in Lausanne, the
other candidate cities having done so
several days before, following an order
established by lot. The Dossier was then
unveiled to the press on 14 March.
259
77.0 82.4 84.0
16.0 11.7 7.6
3.0 4.6 3.2
4.0 1.3 5.2
 The presentation of the Dossier was the
decisive step in the application process;
the Barcelona Candidature was now in
the final straight. A few days later the
president of the Spanish government,
Felipe González, made an official visit to
the Olympic Office and was followed
soon afterwards by the minister of
Culture and Sport, Javier Solana. The
president of the Generalitat, Jordi Pujol,
also came and registered as an Olympic
volunteer.
given to the committees of inquiry sent
by the IOC, the ACNO and the
International Federations were the best
means of reasserting the Olympic project
and maintaining the institutional and
popular support which underpinned it.
1
In March 1986, the
president of Spain, Felipe
González, paid an official
visit to the Olympic Office
to give his support to the
city's Olympic aspirations.
2
The president of the
Generalitat, Jordi Pujol,
registered as an Olympic
volunteer during his visit to
the Olympic Office in June
1986.

With the handing in of the Dossier the

Olympic project was complete and no
further modifications could be made.
Nevertheless, several months still
remained before the voting in October,
during which time the Candidature could
be further promoted and explained.
Presentations of the Candidature all over
the world, the competitions organised in
Spain during the period, the campaign for
Olympic volunteers, the Olympic Bus
which visited the capitals of all the
autonomous communities and the answers

260 1 2
1
1
The Candidature Dossier
was the document which
contained Barcelona's
proposals for the
organisation of the 1992
Games. The originality of
Barcelona's presentation of
the Dossier -after an idea
by the designer André
Ricard- was highly praised
by the press and television,
who soon re-christened it
the Magic Box.
2 commitment made by a city applying to
The mayor of Barcelona
and president of the
Managing Council, Pasqual
Maragall, and the chief
executive officer of the
Candidature, Josep Miquel
Abad, present the
Candidature Dossier to the
Barcelona press.
2
The commitment of the city
A few months before the Olympic
nomination, the cities aspiring to
organise the Games have to present a
final report to the IOC. This is called the
Candidature Dossier.
The Candidature Dossier is a formal
host the Olympic Games. Basically it is
the answer to a detailed questionnaire
prepared by the IOC and the
international federations. The questions
refer to all aspects of the organisation of
the Games: infrastructures, facilities and
services, human resources and financing
and all legal and contractual relations
established by the IOC with the city
chosen in order to guarantee observance
of the rules and regulations of the
Olympic organisation.
The candidate cities have to send copies
of the dossier to IOC headquarters in
Lausanne, to all members of the
organisation, to all the international
federations and the NOCs. The
information in the dossier has to be
checked by three committees of experts
sent by the IOC, the ASOIF and the
ACNO to the candidate cities. After their
visit, these fact-finding committees have
to report on their conclusions to the
organisations they represent so that the
members of the IOC can take them into
account when making their final decision.
Besides Barcelona, five other cities had
applied for the Summer Games:
Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham,
Brisbane and Paris. The growing interest
in sport and the increase in revenue from
the sale of television rights and the profit
made by the Los Angeles Organising
Committee had raised the number of
candidate cities. In its Candidature
Dossier, therefore, Barcelona had to show
that it was capable of undertaking the
organisation of an event of this scale,
which meant that the answers had to be
absolutely precise.
The Barcelona'92 organisation strategy
and the progress made on the early
preparations for the Olympic Games had
been set out in various publications: The
Barcelona'92 Preliminary Project,
presented in Los Angeles in 1984; the
Progress Report, presented in Berlin in
1985; and the periodical, Barcelona
Olympic News. The presentation of the
Candidature Dossier was the end of a
process which had begun in mid-1980
and which had to be tied up in a
feasible, coherent proposal.
The drafting of the Dossier
On this basis, in mid-1985 a team began
to study the requirements of the IOC
and the international federations and to
compare them with the solutions that the
city and the Candidature had already
found. This revealed all possible gaps in
the project. Previously the team had
made an exhaustive analysis of the
dossiers presented by the Olympic
candidatures which had been successful
in earlier years: Los Angeles (1984),
Calgary (1988) and Seoul (1988).
The final version of the Barcelona
Candidature Dossier consisted of six
volumes and complementary elements.
The title of the first volume was
"Request to the International Olympic
Committee by the Barcelona Candidature
for the hosting of the Games of the XXV 263
Olympiad". The volume opened with
letters of support from the king, the
president of the Spanish Government,
the president of the Generalitat of
Catalonia, the president of the Spanish
Olympic Committee and the mayor of
Barcelona and contained a list of the
members of the Candidature. The body
of the volume provided the answers to
the twenty-three questions posed by the
IOC; there were comments on the
conditions required of the candidate
cities by the IOC and the proposed
contract between the Organising
Committee, the IOC and the COE if the
city were chosen; and there was an
explanation of the plan to organise the
International Youth Camp. The volume
closed with the answers to the
questionnaire about organising the IOC
sessions which would coincide with the
Olympic Games.
The second volume referred to the
minimum requirements for coverage of
the Games by press, photographers and
broadcasters. The third, fourth, fifth and
sixth volumes contained the sports
programme and answers to the questions
of the international federations about
each of the official Olympic sports,
which were arranged in groups of six.
In addition to all the printed material,
there was an audio cassette, a video and
 a diskette with general information about
the city and the Olympic project.
In the copies addressed to the members
of the IOC there was a personal letter
from the king, the book Ara Barcelona
by the journalist Carles Sentís and a
personal greeting from the mayor
recorded on video tape.
The drafting of the Candidature Dossier
involved a process of selection from over
100 preliminary projects, 3,000
photographs, 2,000 plans and 150
illustrations. There were 50 hours of
audio and video recording. Altogether the
preparation of the Dossier represented
500,000 hours work over four years and
involved 750 professionals from different
disciplines.
No city had ever presented a candidature
report resembling the Barcelona Dossier,
either in terms of exterior appearance or
contents, as the international press
pointed out at the time. The Barcelona
264
Dossier became both symbol and fruit of 1
The Dossier amounted to
the tenacity and determination of the more than seven hundred
city to be chosen to host the Olympic pages of information and
multi-media material. Its
Games. preparation, directed by
Fèlix Àrias, was arduous
and intense, and lasted
more than four years. Some
The Magic Box 750 professionals from a
great variety of disciplines
were involved in it.
Special attention was paid to the external
appearance of the Dossier for maximum 2
A delegation of the
impact at the presentation. In November Managing Council presents
1985, the designer André Ricard was the Candidature Dossier to
commissioned to produce a container for the president of the IOC at
the organisation's
the materials and books which were headquarters in Lausanne.
being prepared.
The detailed nature of the contents of
the Candidature Dossier conditioned the
design of the container, since it was
necessary to be able to add information
or modifications which would improve
Barcelona's tender up to the last
moment. As André Ricard commented,
"This need for flexibility and
open-endedness was the basic
conditioning factor in the structure of the
1 2
3
Barcelona's proposal
included twenty-four sports:
the twenty-three which
made up the official
programme at the Games in
Seoul in 1988, plus
badminton. After the
nomination had been won,
a twenty-fifth sport,
baseball, was added. Three
demonstration sports were
also included: Basque
pelota, roller hockey and
taekwondo.
Barcelona Dossier. We were looking for
an original, convenient and prestigious
solution and we found that the best way
was to group the documents in a series
of open containers which would make it
possible to move them around right up
to the last day."
The solution which was adopted
consisted of a dark grey filing box, with
plastic drawers fitted with handles which
made them slide on rollers. The index of
the contents of each drawer was printed
on the outside. The container was
designed in such a way that its
appearance suggested tradition and
modernity, quality and technique.
The Dossier was presented in a special
edition addressed to the members of the
IOC by name and another to be
distributed amongst the international
federations and the NOCs. 100 of the
former and 900 of the latter were made.
The Dossier addressed to members of the
IOC was contained in a special box
made of bubinga wood, fastened with a
gilded brass fastener bearing the
Candidature emblem and the name of
the person to whom it was addressed,
which created a subtle link between the
city and the recipient. The result was
soon christened the Magic Box.
The whole Dossier weighed nearly twelve
kilos. A packaging for mailing and a
container which would make it possible
to move it around conveniently and
which fitted in with the general concept
were designed. The container was a white
cardboard box with canvas straps and
wooden handles. When the lid was
removed, the sides dropped down to
reveal the wooden box. The idea was to
make an immediate impact on the
recipient.
265
 Prior guarantees
The Candidature Dossier began by
explaining how the Barcelona Olympic
Games Organising Committee would be
constituted and at what stage. The
Organising Committee would have
independent legal status and would be
structured in two governing bodies, the
Assembly and the Executive Board. The
first organisation chart and its probable
evolution until 1992 also appeared. The
City Council and the COE undertook to
constitute it no later than six months
after the nomination.
The Dossier stated that under Spanish
law there were no obstacles to holding
the Games and recalled that Articles 30
and 31 of the law governing physical
education and sport, of 20 March 1980,
provided a framework for the promotion
of the functions of the COE and the
propagation of Olympism throughout
Spanish territory. It also pointed out that
266
at the Council of Ministers in January 1
Plan of the Barcelona
1986 the Spanish Government had given subway network. The city
explicit guarantees that everyone taking has more than seventy
kilometres of subway line,
part in the Games would be able to enter used every year by 270
the country freely and that the million passengers.
Organising Committee, in accordance 2
with the Olympic Charter and the For the football World Cup
numerical criteria of the IOC, would in 1982, signposting for the
Barcelona subway was
accredit everyone with an Olympic redesigned by Josep M.
Identity Card. Trias.
Within the framework of the Spanish
Constitution, the Candidature Managing
Council guaranteed that no political
demonstrations which might distort the
Games would be allowed within the
Olympic sites or the surrounding areas.
Furthermore the Barcelona City Council
undertook not to authorise any political
event at the Olympic venues for a period
beginning one week before and ending
one week after the Games.
Bearing in mind that the IOC is the
exclusive owner of broadcasting rights to
the Games, the Candidature promised to
1 2
3
Plan of the Olympic
Stadium. The Candidature
Dossier described the
competition and training
facilities to be used by each
sport during the Olympic
Games. It also included a
detailed study of the
seating, within each venue,
of the groups which make
up the Olympic Family.
4 acknowledged formally that the IOC
Plan of the RCD Espanyol
Stadium, one of the venues
selected from the beginning
for the football competition.
respect its rights and prerogatives and to
manage all the tasks connected with the
broadcasting of the Games properly and
efficiently. This declaration was backed
by letters from the director general of
Radio Televisión Española, José Maria
Calviño, and the director general of the
Corporació Catalana de Ràdio i
Televisió, Joan Granados, who
owned the exclusive broadcasting rights
for the Games. However, the budget
established the distribution of television
rights as set out in Clause 33 of the
Olympic contract with the city
nominated. In accordance with that
contract, which had to be signed on the
day of the nomination, the IOC granted
to the Organising Committee 20% of the
income from television, to cover the
production costs; of the remaining 80%,
one third was to be retained by the IOC
and the other two thirds would be paid
to the Organising Committee as a
contribution to the financing of the Games.
3 4
In the Dossier, the Candidature
undertook to give the Olympic symbols
and emblems protection under the law
before the Games: use of them was the
exclusive prerogative of the IOC. It also
referred to Spanish law, which explicitly
granted this protection under Article 32
of the law governing physical education
and sport, which attributed the
management of the Olympic symbols on
Spanish territory to the COE.
Through the commitments assumed by
the Barcelona City Council, it was
guaranteed that the Games would be
held in the candidate city and events
would only be held outside it with the
express authorisation of the IOC. It also
guaranteed that the Organising
Committee would provide facilities for
the IOC to hold a session during the
Games and that every one of the
eighteen clauses of the Olympic contract
would be observed.
267

In accordance with the contract between
the IOC and the city appointed, the
Dossier affirmed that although the object
was to achieve a balanced budget, if the
Barcelona Games generated a profit, it
would be distributed as follows: 10% for
the IOC, 10% for the COE and the
remaining 80% to be invested for the
general benefit of Spanish sport. The
Dossier also stated that the IOC would
be entitled to 3% of the contracts for the
commercial exploitation of the
Barcelona'92 symbols.
The calendar and the sports
Barcelona proposed that the sixteen
consecutive competition days for the
1992 Games should be from 25 July to 9
August. They would begin on a Saturday
and end on a Sunday, as had become the
custom at earlier Olympics.
268
1
The choice of dates had taken account of On 14 November 1985, the
various factors. As far as the climate was IOC chose the laboratory
concerned, the fortnight selected was the of the Barcelona Municipal
Institute for Medical
best for open-air sports, as statistics Research to carry out
showed that during that period the doping control tests for
international competitions.
average temperature in Barcelona was
24° C, with daily maximum and 2
minimum variations of no more than 6° The canoe slalom was
included in the competition
C. Rainfall was sparse -over the last programme which the
thirty years it had only rained six times Barcelona Candidature
presented to the IOC. The
and those just light showers- and the sport had not been seen at
winds were gentle. Moreover, studies the Olympic Games since
1972.
revealed that July and August are the
months with the lowest levels of 3
According to the proposed
atmospheric pollution owing to the programme for
favourable meteorological conditions and Barcelona'92, for the first
the reduction of contaminating elements. time badminton would be
an official sport at the
Furthermore, summer -and especially the Olympic Games.
last days of July and the whole month of 4
August- is the time when traffic flows Taekwondo was one of the
most freely in the city centre, as many of three demonstration sports
provided for in the Dossier.
the inhabitants have gone away on their The Spanish team had had
holidays and companies are closed or great success at the Seoul
working a short timetable, which means Games, where the sport had
also formed part of the
a fall in goods transport activities, and demonstration programme.
schools and universities are enjoying the
long vacation.
1 2
3
5
Basque pelota, of which
there is a great tradition in
Barcelona, became a
demonstration sport for the
first time at the Olympic
Games. At the London
Games in 1908, a very
similar sport -jeu de
paume- had formed part of
the competition programme.
6 NOCs.
Roller hockey was
introduced into Catalonia
in 1915. Many Catalan
roller hockey teams have
won international
competitions, and the
Spanish team have been
world champions ten times.
Roller hockey was chosen
as one of the three sports
which, according to the
Olympic Charter, may be
included in the programme
of demonstration sports at
the Olympic Games.
4 5
Lastly, the programme suited the
international sporting competition
calendar and the traditional cycle of the
practice of Olympic sports and so the
athletes would have plenty of time to
prepare for the Games, as had been
demonstrated by a survey sent to the
international federations and various
The sports programme
The Barcelona Candidature kept the
twenty-three sports and their events
planned at Seoul on the programme. In
addition, in accordance with the
recommendations and observations of the
IOC and the international federations, a
new official sport would be included
(badminton) and some new events (the
3000 metres women's walk in athletics,
the women's events in judo, the 50
metres freestyle in swimming and the
slalom events in canoeing, which had not
been held since the Munich Games in
1972). Once Barcelona had been
nominated, baseball was added as an
official sport and roller hockey,
taekwondo and pelota as demonstration
sports.
There were to be some changes to the
competition organisation due to the
overall increase in the number of
competitors: there were more women's
teams in basketball, handball and hockey,
though the number of wrestlers was
reduced. Nevertheless, the Candidature
remained open to modifications and the
suggestions of the international
federations and the IOC.
The Dossier went into great detail -four
volumes- about the sports programme
for the Barcelona Games and answered
the international federation
questionnaires for each of the Olympic
sports. There were general guidelines
which would cover them all and the
specific criteria for each one were set
out. There were also details of all kinds
6 269
 about the location and characteristics of
the facilities which would be used for
competition and training. Then came the
accommodation for the competitors, the
coaches, the federation staff and
technical staff. The organisation of the
meetings and congresses which the IOC
and the international federations usually
hold during the Olympic Games was also
mentioned. There was ample information
about accesses, parking spaces and
transport. Last, there was general
information about the competition
calendar and the distances between the
Olympic areas.
The Olympic areas
To carry out the programme proposed
for the Games of the XXV Olympiad,
the Barcelona Candidature chose
different facilities concentrated in the
so-called "Olympic areas". These grouped
270
together competition venues and training 1
Map of the venues Included
facilities, parks, gardens and leisure in the Candidature Dossier.
spaces, cultural buildings and Olympic Apart from a few small
differences, it is the same
Family residences. as the definitive map.
The "areas" were an attempt to
concentrate a series of activities at sites
which, in the tradition of the Olympic
parks, would provide suitable conditions
for holding the great festival which is the
Games. At the same time, the intention
was to avoid packing all the sports
facilities into a single place, which would
have meant that they were useful for the
sixteen days of the Olympic competition,
but would have been of little social value
afterwards. Another consideration was
ease of access to all the venues, which
were located at reasonable distances to
avoid transport problems and other
inconveniences for the Olympic Family
and the spectators.
The competitions in nineteen of the
twenty-four sports planned would be held
in the four areas chosen (Montjuïc,
1
2
Facilities for shooting at
Montjuïc. Subsequently, it
was decided to construct a
new facility for the 1992
Olympic Games: the Camp
de Tir Olímpic at Mollet,
one of the most advanced
in the world. Shooting has
been part of the Olympic
programme since the very
first Games of the modern
era.
Diagonal, Vall d'Hebron and Parc de
Mar). The areas were all near junctions
with main city thoroughfares and easily
accessible by public transport. All four
were within a circle with a radius of five
kilometres and travelling time between
them would not exceed twenty minutes
either by public or private transport.
The remaining sports on the official
programme would be played at various
sites in the metropolitan area or in other
parts of Catalonia, chosen either for their
long tradition in the sport and the large
number of people playing or because
they had ideal facilities and natural
settings. In short, the Games would be
held in four areas of the city, well
connected with each other and the
neighbouring towns, and in other places
in Catalonia.
adapted for the occasion), 5 were under
construction and 5 more at the planning
stage. As far as the training facilities
were concerned, the city could provide
about 1,300.
To make clear the location of the
competition venues the Dossier included
maps showing them all and a sheet for
each one -with the name, town, capacity,
events to be held, distance from the
Olympic Village, state of building work,
owner and ground plan- a photograph
and a detailed description of each
Olympic area.

The Dossier stated that of the 37

competition venues required for the
Games, 27 were already built (of which 5
would need to be converted and 7

2 271
 The Montjuïc Area
Montjuïc was to be the main setting for
the competitions of the 1992 Olympic
Games. The sports to be held there were
athletics, boxing, fencing, gymnastics,
modern pentathlon, swimming, table
tennis, water polo, weightlifting and
wrestling and the finals of basketball,
handball and volleyball. Some of these
sites were changed later; this was the
case with basketball, boxing and table
tennis.
Montjuïc Park already had a large
number of sports venues, which had been
built over the years. Many of them had
appeared in earlier applications to host
the Games: the Estadi de la Foixarda
(1920), the Olympic Stadium (1929), the
Montjuïc swimming pools (1929) and the
Bernat Picornell swimming pools (1969).
Some of them would have to be
converted for the 1992 Games.
272
The development of the Olympic Ring, 1
Plan of the Montjuïc
which had begun in 1984, included the Olympic Area. The Olympic
main sports buildings of the Games: the Ring is constructed along a
broad avenue; at one end
Olympic Stadium, the Palau Sant Jordi, stands the Olympic
the Bernat Picornell swimming pools and Stadium and, at the other,
the INEFC, to which could be added the the INEFC. On one side of
the avenue is a new sports
conversion and renovation of existing hall, and on the other, the
facilities. Piscines Bernat Picornell.
2
Some of the Barcelona Trade Fair The moats of Montjuïc
Castle provide a popular
pavilions were also to be adapted for use training area for archers.
as the Media Centre (MC), as they were
3
adjacent to the Olympic Ring and at Interior of the Palau de la
distances of between 100 and 1000 Metal-lúrgia. It was
metres from the competition venues. intended that many of the
Barcelona Trade Fair
Connections with the city and the other facilities would be used for
Olympic areas were provided by two the 1992 Games.
subway lines and six bus routes; they 4
were near the Plaça d'Espanya, a car The Palau de Congressos,
thanks to its location and
park and direct access to the coastal ring the facilities it possesses,
road. was considered highly
suitable for use as the
Main Press Centre.
5
Model of the structure
supporting the roof of the
Palau Sant Jordi.
1 3 5
2 4
6
Tennis courts in the
Diagonal Area, proposed as
training facilities for tennis.
7 Area, one of the main gateways to
Plan of the Diagonal Area,
which already had
important sports facilities,
such as the FC Barcelona
Stadium, the RCD
Espanyol Stadium, the Real
Club de Polo, the CE
Laietà, the Club de Tennis
del Turó and the Zona
Universitària.
8
The Real Club de Polo, in
the Diagonal Area, was
chosen as the ideal venue
for the equestrian events.
Later, for the endurance
test and dressage sections
of the three-day event, the
facilities of the Centre
d'Hípica del Montanyà
were added.
9 Pubilla Casas sports complex in
Aerial view of the Diagonal
Area.
10
Panoramic view of the FC
Barcelona stadium. The
Dossier proposed that the
final of the football
competition be held there.
6 7
The Diagonal Area
Around the perimeter of the Diagonal
Barcelona, were many of the sports
facilities of the city. Among the private
ones were the football grounds of FC
Barcelona and RCD Espanyol, the CE
Laietà, the Real Club de Polo or the
Club de Tennis del Turó; and the public
ones, the Zona Universitària and
recreational areas such as the Parc de
Cervantes and the Palau de Pedralbes.
Moreover, there was a large public space,
so far undeveloped, for which the
Candidature designed a master plan
setting the boundaries of most of the
sports venues, which had been built
without any overall order. It also revived
an old plan to build a new amenity: the
l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, a town
adjoining Barcelona, where development
had begun a year before the Olympic
nomination. The aim of the master plan
was to give an overall pattern to the
8 10
zone, build new roads and take
complementary measures, such as a new
park between the Real Club de Polo and
the university buildings, and develop the
empty spaces between the faculties.
According to the Dossier the Olympic
competitions to be held in this area
would be equestrian sports, football,
judo, modern pentathlon and tennis,
although in the end tennis was
transferred to Vall d'Hebron. The
Diagonal area was the second most
important in terms of concentration of
Olympic activities, after Montjuïc. Some
of the facilities there were to be the
venues for competitions which were also
held in other areas, such as football and
modern pentathlon, and others would be
used for training, as was the case with
hockey.
Besides being the site for those sports,
the Diagonal area was to be the zone for
the residences for members of the IOC
and the NOCs, the technical delegates of
9
273
 the international federations, referees'
committees and other technical staff. It
would also have suitable premises for the
congresses or sessions of Olympic
organisations coinciding with the Games.
The Vall d'Hebron Area
In the Vall d'Hebron Area, the
Candidature Dossier could point to an
Olympic venue completed well before the
city was nominated to host the 1992
Games: the velodrome, which had been
inaugurated on the occasion of the World
Cycling Championship in 1984.
The area, which occupies 160 hectares,
has other facilities, such as the Llars
Anna Gironella de Mundet, the Club
Esportiu Hispano-Francès and the Unió
Esportiva d'Horta. The Llars Mundet,
between the Velodrome and the Ciutat
Sanitària, is a residential complex with a
variety of spaces designed for the
practice of sport, where the Dossier
274
planned to set up the International 1
Plan of the Vall d'Hebron
Youth Camp. Area.
2
The events planned for this area in the Sculpture by Joan Brossa,
dossier were archery, the track cycling close to the Velodrome.
Barcelona has been
competitions and some of the handball noteworthy, in recent years,
events, though it was decided later that for the sculptures by
these would be held in Granollers. In the famous artists which have
been erected in the streets
end, tennis, volleyball and Basque pelota and squares of the city.
were also included. 3
Plan of the Velodrome, in
the district of Horta,
chosen as the venue for the
Olympic track races.
1 2 3
4
Definitive model of the
Olympic Village and the
Parc de Mar area, designed
by the team of architects
Josep Martorell/Oriol
Bohigas/David
Mackay/Josep
Puigdomènech.
5
Plan of the Barcelona
waterfront, included in the
Candidature Dossier.
6 Castelldefels (canoeing), Granollers
The Barcelona yacht
harbour in the old port.
The Olympic nomination
also brought with it the
renovation of the old port
to convert it into an
important service area for
the city.
4 5
The Parc de Mar Area
The Parc de Mar Area was to be the site
of the Olympic Village, but it was also
proposed to hold the badminton and
yachting competitions there, though
Palma de Mallorca was suggested as an
alternative location for the regattas. The
venues would be complemented by
training facilities.
The main axis of the area was the
extension of the marine parade,
eventually five kilometres long including
the kilometre which already existed in
the district of Barceloneta. This
promenade would run all along the
seafront and link the new beaches in the
reclaimed spaces between the six
breakwaters. The creation of the Parc de
Mar and Vall d'Hebron Areas was an
expression of the wish of the
Candidature to adapt the location of the
venues to the structure of the city. In
this way Barcelona would benefit from
the new sports facilities and the Games
6
would contribute to the renewal of the
whole city.
The cities of 1992
Competitions in other sports would be
held at sites outside the four main areas,
but as near to Barcelona as possible:
Badalona (basketball), Banyoles (rowing),
(handball), L'Hospitalet (volleyball),
Palma de Mallorca (possible venue for
the yachting competition, with the port
of Barcelona), Sabadell (football), La Seu
d'Urgell (slalom canoeing), Terrassa
(hockey) and Viladecans (equestrian).
After the city had been nominated, other
places were added: Mollet del Vallès
(shooting), Reus, Sant Sadurní d'Anoia
and Vic (roller hockey), and Zaragoza
and Valencia (football).
The Dossier, therefore, had defined the
role that the Barcelona'92 subsites would
finally play. Their participation would
275
 spread the impact of the Games.
Moreover, as was the case with
Barcelona itself, the Olympic nomination
would provide an opportunity to
revitalise the subsite towns, build modern
sports facilities and improve
infrastructures and communications.
The Olympic residences
The Barcelona Candidature proposed
that the Olympic Village, the residence
for the sportsmen and women, should
occupy part of a newly built residential
district in the Parc de Mar area in
Poblenou.
The Dossier gave a detailed explanation,
by means of a plan, of the location of all
the services that the Olympic Village
would provide and its general layout.
The ground floors would be set aside for
common services and the five others,
276
with a total surface area of 225,000
square metres, would be residences for
athletes and team officials. Altogether
there would be 2,500 dwellings for
15,000 people, in line with the estimates
of the international federations. The
Organising Committee of the Barcelona
Games would take charge of
accommodation, catering and medical
care for all the athletes staying at the
Village, as well as laying on all other
necessary services.
The Olympic Village buildings were laid
out simply by means of precincts with
subdivisions. There was to be a traffic
control centre and an internal transport
system. The Candidature Dossier
specified the security measures which the
residents would have to observe within
the Olympic precinct. Along the avenue
which crossed the Village was the Parc
de Mar, ten hectares of gardens for
strolling and recreation.
1 3
2
1
View of part of old
Poblenou. The old factories
and warehouses were to be
demolished to make way for
the new apartments of the
future Olympic Village,
forming part of the
residential area of Nova
Icària.
2
Thanks to the Olympic
project, which has meant
the removal of the railway
lines which crossed
Poblenou, the city has been
opened up to the sea.
3
One of the factories on the
Avinguda d'Icària which
was still in use. Some of
the factories and workshops
in this section of Poblenou,
transformed as a result of
the Olympic Games, have
carried on their activities in
other industrial areas of
Barcelona.
4
View of Banyoles Lake, 130
kilometres from Barcelona:
a beautiful setting for water
sports.
5 zone, a women's zone and a mixed zone
La Nova Creu Alta
Stadium in Sabadell.
The Olympic Village had to be open to
all participants with all the services in
operation at least two weeks before the
Games. The precinct would have a men's
with common services. There would be a
space for reporters, for whom the
Organising Committee had reserved a
certain number of passes, to hold
interviews with the athletes and officials.
The primary medical care services would
be in the Village and specialised
medicine would be available at the
Hospital de Mar on the old marine
parade, which would be the official
Olympic hospital during the Games. The
Village would be equipped with a
heliport and in the outer precinct there
would be a car park for 1,000 vehicles,
constantly attended, for the NOCs, guests
and staff.
To provide athletes and officials with
maximum comfort, it was decided to
provide residences at Banyoles and La
Seu d'Urgell as well. In Banyoles, on the
4 5
shores of the lake where the rowing
competitions would be held, there would
be an Olympic Village for 1,200 people,
included in a residential project for the
Parc de la Draga. As with the Poblenou
Village, the new dwellings would be put
on the market after the Games. The
Banyoles Olympic Village would have
training facilities and support services.
The canoeists and their officials would
stay at a luxury hotel in La Seu d'Urgell.
In both places there would be a heliport
for athletes who wished to go to
Barcelona. The dossier also discussed the
possibility of adapting a luxury hotel in
the port of Palma if the city were
eventually chosen to host the yachting
competitions.
For accommodation in Barcelona, the
Dossier pointed out that the city's hotel
capacity was more than sufficient for the
members of the Olympic Family and the
visitors to the Games. Besides the hotels
in Barcelona, there were others in nearby
towns, which had coped with 28 million
277
 tourists over the last five years. The
estimates in the Dossier were about
750,000 beds available less than ninety
minutes from the Olympic Stadium.
Among the accommodation provisions
were the 6,000 places on luxury liners
which would anchor in the port during
the Games. In the Diagonal Area were
two hotels for the senior Olympic
executives. Some of the buildings around
the Olympic Village would be used to
house journalists, with a total capacity of
4,100 people. The press and broadcasters
would also have 5,000 hotel rooms.
Efficient transport
The Dossier gave an account of the
different means of transport available in
the city and explained the special
adaptations which would be made before
1992. There was an account of the
railway network, the motorway system
and the port. There was also information
278
about the airport and the conversion it 1
The members of the IOC
would require to cope with the volume would, acccording to the
of passengers over the coming decades. Dossier, reside in the hotels
of the Diagonal Area.
As in the Preliminary Project, the 2
In recent years, as a result
Dossier reported on the capacity of the of the Olympic project, the
different city transport systems (bus, city of Barcelona has
subway, taxi and rental cars) and, in significantly increased its
hotel capacity thanks to the
particular, the connections between the construction of modern
four Olympic areas. The central location establishments.
and compactness of the competition 3
venues and training facilities was clear Barcelona possesses many
restaurants which have
from the table of distances and times. helped give Catalan cuisine
The Olympic Family would have good the prestige it enjoys.
connections through the city transport 4
systems: bus, subway and fast roads. The The Barcelona proposal
airport and railway stations were also considered the possibility
that some luxury liners
close to all four areas with excellent might be moored in the.
connections. port to provide
accommodation during the
Games.
The Olympic Office studied the
adaptation of a special transport 5
Mural by Joan Miró in the
programme for the days of the Games. It old terminal building at
contained different initiatives, some of Barcelona airport.
which had been sketched in the
Preliminary Project: to create a lane for
1 3 4
5
6
Plan of the renovated
Olympic Family transport; to restrict
Barcelona airport, traffic in certain areas to authorised
according to the design by vehicles and to prohibit it altogether in
Ricard Bofill. The new
terminals came into service others; to provide car parks on the
before the Games, outskirts and a combined ticket for
increasing the capacity of
the airport to 16 million public transport; to ask companies to
passengers per year. shorten the working day and time the
7
holidays to overlap with the Games. The
Barcelona buses also lent Dossier guaranteed transport for the
their support to the whole of the Olympic Family and stated
Candidature.
the number of drivers, cars with and
8 without driver, minibuses and coaches
Barcelona taxis, with their
typical back and yellow which would be available to them.
livery, are an unmistakable
feature of the city streets.
9
The Estació de Franca,
from which the first train
to run in the Iberian
Peninsula left in 1848, was
refurbished thanks to the
impetus provided by the
Olympic Games. In April
1992 it became the
terminal for long-distance
trains.

6 8 9 279

7
 Information technology and
telecommunications
The interest aroused by the Olympic
Games in thousands of millions of
people across the five continents during
the sixteen days of competition lays an
obligation on the organising city to
provide the necessary technical facilities
to satisfy this demand. On 14 May 1984,
five months after the Preliminary Project
for the Candidature was approved, the
Barcelona City Council announced a
competition for the design and
preparation of the project for
information technology and
telecommunications requirements for the
1992 Olympic Games. This study, which
was finally entitled BIT'92 (Barcelona
Informàtica i Telecomunicacions 1992),
pursued two objectives: first, to meet the
requirements of the IOC, that is, to show
that Barcelona was technically capable of
organising the Olympic Games and, at
the same time, to draft plans suited to
280
the future needs of the city and the 1
Barcelona City Council's
surrounding area. traffic control room. The
opening of the new ring
roads is expected to reduce
BIT'92 set out to plan the technological traffic density in the city
needs of the Barcelona Games in the centre by 15%.
fields of information technology, 2
telecommunications and broadcasting. It In July 1986 the study
analysed information requirements, Barcelona Informàtica i
Telecomunicacions 1992
which it divided into six groups: business (BIT'92) was released to
management, event organisation, the press. It described the
city's computing and
communication and information, telecommunications
services, support and security. The requirements, the
possibilities for innovation
functions, main specifications and most opened up by the Olympic
important inputs and outputs for each Games and the road to be
system were described. followed in the future.
Four types of hardware architecture were
defined according to the characteristics
of the various systems: one large
computer for general management,
another for Olympic management, a
network of minicomputers for
information and communication services,
and a scattered network of integrated
terminals, work stations and personal
computers.
1 2
3
Television control room.
Technological renewal of
the audio-visual media was
a watchword of the
Olympic project.
4
The logotype of Television
Española.
5
The logotype of Televisió de
Catalunya. The
Candidature assumed that
the two channels would
cooperate on the television
coverage of the Olympic
Games.
6
View of the premises of
Televisió de Catalunya at
Sant Joan Despí.
3 6
5
A schedule was proposed as part of the
final information and communications
plan and a series of estimates for
financial and human resources were
made for the following sectors:
information technology, broadcasting,
telecommunications, score-boards and
track instruments. Recommendations
were also made for the recycling of all
the resources and systems after the
Games, and a support and promotion
plan for applied research was described.
The study advised that three projects
should be set in motion as soon as
possible, regardless of whether or not the
Games were awarded: the
communications mast, an experimental
wide-band network and the definition of
technological standards and
recommendations.
Many of the recommendations included
in BIT'92, which was presented on 2
July 1986, had already been included in
the Candidature Dossier which Barcelona
had presented in March of that year.
BIT'92 demonstrated to the IOC and the
media that Barcelona was able to
guarantee the communications and
computing services needed for the
Olympic Games.
Most of the proposals contained in
BIT'92 went beyond the basic
requirements imposed by the Games; for
this reason the drafting of the study had
to provide the necessary impulse to
enable public bodies and companies to
modernise information technology in a
short period of time.
BIT'92 specified the services and
networks which had to be created so that
Barcelona could provide, with an ample
margin, the telecommunications which
journalists and broadcasters from all over
the world would need at the Games. The
Dossier, however, had stated that the
facilities and communications services
required could not be assessed in detail
until the exact needs of the television
and broadcasting organisations had been
281
 determined. This assessment was to be
made, in the event that the city was
awarded the Games, when the
broadcasting rights for each country were
negotiated and the Organising Committee
knew what the demand would be.
However, the Dossier did set out aspects
of the telecommunications plan which
would have to be taken into account: the
provision for output to the international
video and sound circuits by land line or
by satellite, telephone and telex circuits,
and local telecommunications facilities.
In order to make clear what the various
circuits and proposals meant, the
technical explanation was accompanied
by a series of diagrams representing the
architecture of the main
telecommunication systems.
The Barcelona Candidature called for the
creation of an Olympic broadcasting
organisation which would be directly
responsible to the Organising Committee,
an arrangement which had never been
adopted at any previous Olympic Games.
282
The Dossier calculated that during the 1
A television studio.
1992 Games some 9,000 radio and
television journalists and technicians 2
Telefónica commissioned
would be in the city. A Media Centre the engineer Santiago
was to be set up in the Barcelona Trade Calatrava to design a
telecommunications tower
Fair precinct. This facility was to cover to be built in the middle of
an area of between 10,000 and 21,000 the Olympic Ring to help
square metres and would be divided into with the broadcasting of the
Games and to contribute to
three areas: the Main Press Centre the improvement of
(MPC), the Photography Centre and the telecommunications in the
Barcelona area.
International Broadcasting Centre (IBC).
The services to be provided by each and
the technical provisions required were
described: camera, commentators' and
photographers' positions at the venues,
the nature of the lighting, technical
support and general services. There
would also be a common services area
with interview rooms, medical care,
banking services, cafeterias and
restaurants, amongst others.
1 2
 A balanced budget The financial model

The economic possibilities and the

One of the most important studies made
by the Candidature was the forecast for
the cost of staging the Games and the
sources of finance. From the Primeres
Aproximacions and the Preliminary
Project to the Dossier, Barcelona'92
proposed a model of balance between
income and expenditure.
The principles governing the definitive
financial model for the Games devised
by the Candidature were the following:
1. No new taxes were to be introduced as
a result of the Games.
2. No profit was to be expected. If there
were any, it would be ploughed back into
sport.
3. The investment as a whole was to be
approached in such a way as to obtain
the maximum socio-economic benefits.
socio-political situation of Barcelona, its
metropolitan area and Catalonia as a
whole made a mixed model of financing
advisable. Thus, the model adopted was
not one based totally on private
enterprise, as was the case with Los
Angeles in 1984 (where there was no
civic project and therefore no need for
the public sector to intervene), nor one
of state finance, as was the case with
Moscow in 1980. The money was to be
raised by a joint effort by the Organising
Committee, whose income was to be
derived mainly from the sale of
television rights and the marketing of the
Olympic symbols, and by all the public
administrations involved in the Games
(the state, the autonomous government
and the local authorities), who were to
undertake specific investments in
facilities and areas. Once the guidelines
had been laid down, business criteria
were to be applied.

Organising Committee Budget* 283

* 1985 value.
Organisation of the Games 70,254 439.1 Own income 70,212 438.8
Staff 13,706 85.6 Tickets 2,895 18.1
Purchase of goods and services 42,156 263.5 Accommodation at the Olympic Village 735 4.6
Inversions 14,392 90.0 Programmes, posters and lithographs 225 1.4
Sponsorship 15,000 93.7
RTV rights 46,900 293.1
Provision of services 4,457 27.9

Sites 18,235 114.0 Participation in income 20,710 129.4

Competition venues 10,380 64.9 Lotteries 7,000 43.7
Training facilities 7,125 44.5 Pools 7,750 48.4
Complementary 730 4.6 Coins 4,970 31.1
Postage stamps 990 6.2
Actions in specific areas 9,294 58.1
Basic costs Transfers 9,500 59.4
Conversion costs 9,294 58.1 From the State 9,500 59.4

Miscellaneous 8,938 55.8 Other income 6,299 39.4

Interest, unforeseen, etc. 8,938 55.8 Sale of assets 6,299 39.4
Source: Olympic Office:
Candidature Dossier, 1986.
 The Candidature undertook a study of
the evolution of the budgets of previous
Olympic Games in order to determine
what costs had been generated and how
the resources were obtained. This study
showed that, since the Games in Munich
in 1972, the proceeds from both the sale
of television rights and the marketing of
the symbols had increased progressively.
On the other hand, traditional sources of
income such as the issue of coins and
lotteries, which had covered 45% of the
cost of Munich in 1972, had become less
and less important, except for the
Moscow Games in 1980. It also
transpired that Games-generated income
had risen while the contribution from the
public sector had shrunk. Combined with
these other factors, this meant that there
was an ever greater incentive for a city
to aspire to organise the Olympic Games.
In order to err on the side of prudence,
the Dossier assumed that for 1992 the
income from television rights would not
increase significantly with respect to the
284
1988 Games, that is, that the amount
paid by the North American networks
would remain at a high level and that of
the European networks would rise.
The Organising Committee budget
It was intended that the Organising
Committee budget would be balanced,
that is, the income generated was to be
sufficient to cover the total costs. At
1985 values, the budget which was
proposed amounted to 106,721 million
pesetas. Adding to this the public
investment in sports facilities and urban
improvements, the final total was
170,000 million pesetas. It should be
remembered that at that time, the US
dollar was worth about 180 pesetas, and
even though it was expected to maintain
its value or even rise, the Candidature
team worked with a moderate estimate of
about 150 pesetas/dollar.
1 2
1
The opening of the Olympic
Games in Moscow in 1980.
1,500 million people
watched the Games on
television. This figure has
increased for all the
Olympic Games since then,
up to 3,500 million viewers
for the Barcelona Games.
2
A new approach to
financing and organising
the Olympics was taken at
Los Angeles, where the
Games were held in 1984.
3
At the Montreal Olympic
Games in 1976 the income
from the sale of television
rights was US$34.895
million, a figure which has
increased spectacularly ever
since to reach more than
US$600 million for the
Barcelona'92 Games.
3
 Expenditure
The budgeted cost of organising the
Olympic Games was divided into three
main headings: organisation, facilities
and urban renewal.
The expenditure provided for in the
Organising Committee budget was
classified under twelve headings:
administration, technology, services, press
and publications, image, town planning
technical control, security, Olympic
Village, sports, ceremonies, cultural
activities and International Youth Camp.
This calculation took into account the
services of volunteer staff and the free
use of services and equipment provided
by companies and institutions sponsoring
the Organising Committee.
The budget also included investment in
sports facilities and the cost of
preparation of the Olympic areas. The
cost of the construction of some of the
most important facilities was to be met
by the public administrations, as was
that of road infrastructure,
telecommunications and transport. In the
majority of cases, this meant adapting
the plans and projects which needed to
be carried out in the city and its
metropolitan area to the requirements of
the Games.
To finance the construction of
complementary facilities, essentially
residential (Olympic villages), the
Candidature counted on the cooperation
of private enterprise, since these facilities
would subsequently be used for private
housing.
As regards the third main section under
the heading of expenditure - work in
areas - the cost of adaptation of the
Olympic areas was to be met by the
Organising Committee, while the basic
cost of urban infrastructure would be the
responsibility of the local authority, or of
the private developer if the works in
question affected a residential area for
private use.

Publications of the 285

Olympic Office Books Barcelona pretén els Jocs de 1992 (1982)
Barcelona'92 (1984, 2nd edition 1985)
Montjuïc Olímpic. Barcelona 1992 (1984)
Barcelona'92. Preliminary Project presented in
Los Angeles 1984(1984)
Progress Report to the 90th Session of the IOC.
From Los Angeles to Berlin 1984-1985 (1985)
Història de I'Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc (1985)
Studies Avantprojecte de Candídatura. Jocs Olímpícs
Barcelona 1992(1983)
Candidature Dossier (1986)
BAYÉS, P. and PERIS, F. Petita història dels Jocs
Olimpics(1985)
Barcelona, un deseo unánime. Gimnasia (1986)
Barcelona, un deseo unánime. Atletismo (1986)
DURÁNTEZ, CONRADO. Olimpia y los Juegos
Olímpicos antiguos (1986)
Lausana, 10 arguments (1986)
La Guía de Barcelona'92 (1986)
BIT'92. Proyecto de Planificación de las
necesidades informáticas y de
telecomunicaciones de los Juegos Olímpicos de
1992(1986)

Source: Olympic Office:

Magazines Barcelona Olympic News (7 numbers, Barcelona'92 (3 numbers, July 1986-September
Official Report, 1986. March 1983-March 1986) 1986)
 Income third of the sum fixed for the Los
Angeles Games and, taking inflation into
The income the Organising Committee account, half that of the Munich and
would obtain was divided into two main Montreal Games. The sale of
classes: that which the Committee would programmes, posters and prints and the
raise on its own account and that which rental of accommodation in the Olympic
would require the authorisation or Village would provide comparatively
cooperation of the Spanish government. little, in the latter case since it was
intended that athletes' accommodation
Regarding the first class, the greater part should be free.
of income generated would be from
sponsorship and the sale of broadcasting Even though the greater part of the
rights. The cession of the right to use the income was to be raised by the
Olympic emblems and symbols, including Organising Committee on its own
the mascot, would raise 15,000 million account, it was to be supplemented by
pesetas. It was estimated that the sale of revenue of the second type: a share in
broadcasting rights would bring in a total the proceeds of the issue of stamps and
of 293.1 million dollars. coins and in lotteries and pools. These
operations would be carried out by the
Another important source of income central government. Finally, transfers
would be the sale of tickets. It was from the central government to the
estimated that there would be a total of Organising Committee were regarded as
4,800,000 tickets, ten per cent of which supplementary and the amount would
would be reserved for the requirements depend on the increase in tax revenue
of the Olympic Family. The average generated by economic activity related to
price of tickets was set at 825 pesetas, a the Olympic Games.

286 Income from television rights

since the Munich Games
Africa _ 1001 42 110 170 in 1972*
Latin America2 628 635 1.080 2.254 3.432
Asia 95 2.1003 4504 4.775 5.795 * In thousands of US dollars.
Australia 90 _ 1.360 10.600 7.000
Canada 289 360 1.000 3.000 4.200
Arab countries - 150 300 410 420
United States 13.500 23.000 85.000 225.500 302.110
Western Europe 1.700 6.550 5.950 19.800 28.000
Eastern Europe 300 2.000 1.500 2.500 3.000
Japan 1.050 - 4.500 18.500 52.000
Hong Kong - - - 325 1.000
Philippines - - - 400 550

1. Including South Africa, which did not buy TV rights in 1980, 1984 or 1988.
2. Including the Caribbean and Puerto Rico.
3. Including Australia, Japan, Hong Kong. Source: Official Reports of the Olympic
4. Including Hong Kong. Games of 1972, 1976, 1984 and 1988.
1
Exhibition by the painter
Miquel Barceló at the old
Casa de la Caritat. The
building has been
refurbished to accommodate
the Centre of Contemporary
Culture, designed by Helio
Piñón and Albert Viaplana,
and the Museum of
Contemporary Art, on the
basis of a plan by Richard
Meier.
2
A show at the cabaret El
Molino, a typical Barcelona
night-spot. Theatrical life
in the city is very varied.
3
Picasso, Miró and Dalí,
three renowned painters
who are closely associated
with the artistic tradition
of the city.
The cultural project
All Olympic Games since Munich have
been accompanied by an arts festival, a
programme of activities parallel to the
competitions designed to show off the
artistic and cultural assets of the
organising city.
The Barcelona proposal went beyond the
tradition of previous Games, since it
consisted of a wide-ranging, ambitious
programme of cultural events lasting
throughout the four years of the
Olympiad. This programme had two
aims: first, to convey the cultural
potential of Barcelona and the Olympic
spirit and, second, to increase the
attractions of the city for visitors.
The cultural programme revolved around
three axes:
1. The 1992 Olympic Arts Festival. As a
complement to the Games in the summer
1 2
of 1992, Barcelona proposed to organise
a programme of cultural events and
activities. This programme would include
exhibitions, folk entertainment, concerts
of classical and popular music and opera,
dance and theatre.
2. The Olympic Barcelona International
Festival. This was to consist of a variety
of events and programmes which were to
take place in the years leading up to the
Games, as follows: 1988 was to be the
Gateway to the Olympiad, when the
Olympic flag would be brought to the
city; 1989, the year of Culture and Sport;
1990, the year of the Arts, and 1991, the
year of the Future. In each of these
years, important exhibitions would be
organised related to the chosen themes.
3. The Barcelona'92 International Prizes
as a prologue to the Olympic Arts
Festival. These prizes would be
announced in 1990 and would be outside
the sphere of the Nobel prizes. They
would be: Juan Antonio Samaranch, for
287
3
 sport; Joan Miró, for the plastic arts; Pau In Barcelona, the torch would be carried 1
Musicians and artists
Casals, for classical music; Antoni Gaudí, around all the districts of the city before create a special atmosphere
for architecture and town planning; arriving at the Olympic Stadium. in the streets and squares
of the Gothic Quarter.
Narcís Monturiol, for technological
innovation in the urban environment; 2
One of the rooms in the
and El Brusi, for journalism. Barcelona's Miró Foundation on
cultural plans also included the Montjuïc.
production of a film chronicle and there 3
was to be a special programme for the A performance of the
athletes who would be in Barcelona spectacle La Nit, by the
theatre company Els
during the Games, including activities Comediants. Catalan
within the Olympic Village and artistic theatre has achieved notable
success around the world.
events produced in the city. The
programme would be accompanied by
the issue of special stamps.

In the Dossier, the Candidature proposed

the route to be followed by the torch
which would light the Olympic flame at
the opening ceremony. It would link
cities on the five continents, many of
which had been the scene of the Olympic
Games on previous occasions, before
reaching Spain, where it would pass
through all the autonomous communities.

288 1 2 3
4
The ACNO fact-finding
committee, which visited
Barcelona from 19 to 24
March 1986. It was made
up of Arne B. Mollen of
Norway, Mbogo Wa
Kamau of Kenya and
Jacques Rogge of Belgium.
Its report was presented to
the members of the IOC,
who the following October
at Lausanne were to choose
the city to hold the 1992
Games.
The fact-finding committees
The most important Olympic
organisations, the ASOIF, the ACNO and
the IOC itself, sent delegations to each of
the candidate cities to check all the
information contained in their dossiers in
minute detail and in the field and to
collect the maximum amount of
supplementary information regarding the
plans of each of the cities for the
organisation of the Olympic Games.
These are known as the fact-finding
committees and the submission of their
reports is one of the last procedures
before the IOC nominates the next
Olympic city.
The three fact-finding committees, which
had submitted a questionnaire in which
general questions alternated with specific
ones posed by their constituent
organisations, visited Barcelona between
January and April 1986, coinciding with
the final preparation and presentation of
the Candidature Dossier.
The Olympic Office designed a common
programme for the three visits, in which
meetings with the people in charge of the
organisation and administration of the
Candidature were combined with visits
to the proposed venues and
supplementary cultural or leisure
activities, so as to give the members a
chance to know what the city was really
like and to get a feel for its people. Press
conferences and formal events were
organised with the presence of
representatives of the public
administrations, such as the official
receptions at the invitation of the
president of the Generalitat and the
mayor of Barcelona.
The three fact-finding committees were
received by the Managing Council and
the technical staff from the Olympic
Office, with Josep Miquel Abad, Alfonso
de Borbón, Carles Ferrer Salat and
Leopold Rodés at the head. Pere Sust,
Jordi Serra, Fèlix Arias, Lluís Millet,
Jordi Carbonell, Pedro Palacios and
4
289
 Andreu Mercé Varela responded to all
the questions which the representatives
of international sport wanted to put to
them.
The ASOIF committee visited Barcelona
from 23 to 25 January. It was made up
of Ruben Acosta, from Mexico, president
of the International Volleyball Federation
(FIVB); Tamas Ajan, from Hungary,
secretary general of the International
Weightlifting Federation (IWF), and
Nigel Hacking, from Great Britain,
secretary general of the International
Yacht Racing Union (IYRU). The
ASOIF report, which was not binding,
had to provide the IOC with a technical
assessment, especially with regard to the
sports organisation and facilities offered
by the candidate cities. Before meeting
the candidatures, the Committee sent
them a questionnaire to be completed
and then discussed during their visit. The
answers to the questionnaire were
discussed not only with the members of
each candidature, but also with national
290
organisations, such as the sports 1
The ASOIF fact-finding
federations. committee, which visited
the city from 23 to 25
January 1986, was the first
The ACNO fact-finding committee of those the IOC sent to all
visited Barcelona from 19 to 24 March. the candidate cities to
check the state of affairs in
It consisted of Arne B. Mollen, president each of them and the
of the Norwegian National Olympic progress which had been
Committee; Samuel Mbogo Wa Kamau, made before the final
selection. It consisted of
president of the Kenya National Olympic Ruben Acosta of Mexico,
Committee; and Jacques Rogge, Tamas Ajan of Hungary
and Nigel Hacking of the
vice-president of the Belgian National United Kingdom.
Olympic Committee. Unlike the ASOIF,
the ACNO had to judge the candidate
city's potential for organising the Games,
rather than to obtain detailed replies
regarding aspects of the competitions or
the various sports. The report considered
the problems which might be faced by
the competing teams, the press and the
spectators of the Games.
After the ASOIF and ACNO committees
had visited the city, the IOC sent its own
fact-finding committee, which was in
Barcelona from 1 to 4 April 1986. The
members were Gunnar Ericsson, from
1
2
The committee which the
Sweden; Nikos Filaretos, from Greece;
IOC sent to Barcelona and Mohamed Zerguini, from Algeria.
from 1 to 4 April 1986 was The IOC members were received
made up of Gunnar
Ericsson of Sweden, Nikos personally by Felipe González, a further
Filaretos of Greece and demonstration of the support of the head
Mohamed Zerguini of of the Spanish government for the
Algeria.
Barcelona'92 project. The aim of the
IOC committee was to report on the
city's capability for organising the Games
and the extent to which the requirements
of the Olympic Charter were met. This
report was sent to the president of the
IOC and all its members to be studied
before 17 October 1986, when the
organising city of the 1992 Olympic
Games was to be designated by ballot.

2 291
1
1
On 28 August 1986, a
Catalan expedition led by
Conrad Blanch reached the
summit of Everest. In the
photograph, Òscar Cadiach,
one of the climbers who
reached the summit along
with Antoni Sors and
Carles Vallès, accompanied
by three sherpas, unfurls a
banner with the
Candidature logotype.
Everyone's goal
Social and institutional unanimity
The nomination of Barcelona as the site
of the 1992 Olympic Games depended
largely on the unanimity of all
institutions with a part in the
Candidature and on majority support
within Catalan and Spanish society.
From the first day, one of the objectives
of the Olympic Office was to popularise
the project. With only a few months to
go before the decision, this organisation
set out to stimulate interest and approval
among all sectors of society.
The support of institutions such as the
Parliament of Catalonia, the Barcelona
Provincial Council, the CMB and a large
number of autonomous communities and
town councils throughout Spain was
added to that of the mainstays of the
Candidature: the City Council, the
Generalitat of Catalonia, the Spanish
government and the Spanish Olympic
Committee. The commitment of the
central government was expressed in
various initiatives and operations, carried
out by the Ministries of Culture,
Education, Foreign Affairs, Industry and
Finance, aimed at enhancing the viability
of the Olympic project and promoting it
both within Spain and abroad. The world
of business, which had lent its support to
the Candidature from the start and had
participated in its financing, also
increased its cooperation at this time.
The outburst of joy among the people of
Barcelona on the day the city was
awarded the Games was the culmination
of five years of growing popular support.
One of the clearest demonstrations of
this was in the identification with the
Olympic project by people, organisations
and groups through the logotype of the
Candidature, which was to be seen on
car stickers, in shop windows and
commercial establishments, on public
transport and in the media.
The sporting world also provided
indispensable technical support to the
Barcelona project. Representatives of the
Catalan and Spanish Olympic sports
federations worked with members of the
Olympic Office to prepare the technical
aspects of the competition organisation
and adapt them to the requirements of
the international federations. Sporting
bodies and leading sports personalities
throughout Spain expressed their
sympathy for the Candidature.
This support culminated in the decision
by the Higher Sports Council to set the
appointment of Barcelona as the site for
the 1992 Olympic Games as its leading
objective for 1986.
The last Olympic Days
One of the most important occasions for
meeting and cooperation between the
Olympic Office and the representatives
of Spanish sporting institutions was the
Third Olympic Day, held on 18 June
1985. This was devoted to a detailed
presentation of the progress which
Barcelona had made since it had decided
to present itself as a candidate to
organise the 1992 Olympic Games, for
the benefit of members of the Spanish
and Catalan Olympic sports federations
and the members of the COE Standing
Committee.
This meeting had precedents in the
Olympic Days held in 1983 and 1984. As
295
on those previous occasions, a number of
different events were organised, such as
the "Sixty Olympic Medals" exhibition in
the Saló del Tinell and the talk given by
the president of the International
Association Football Federation (FIFA)
and member of the IOC, João Havelange
of Brazil, who expressed his support for
the Barcelona Candidature.
As part of the Fourth Olympic Day, held
on 19 September 1986, shortly before the
IOC chose the city as the site for the
1992 Games, the Spanish institutional,
sporting and cultural world expressed its
support for the Barcelona Candidature at
a ceremony held in the Saló de Cent in
the Town Hall in which the Council of
Support for the Candidature, composed
of 300 leading figures, was formally
constituted.
 Beyond Barcelona
The Olympic Bus around Spain
The Barcelona Candidature aroused
interest throughout Spain and increasing
amounts of information were being
demanded. For this reason the Olympic
Office launched a project to promote the
Candidature all over the country: it was
called the Olympic Bus.
The Olympic Bus was a large trailer
fitted out specially to hold a mobile
exhibition with photographs, models,
audio-visual displays and various other
sorts of material which would introduce
the Barcelona Olympic project and
disseminate the values of sport and
Olympism. When the vehicle arrived at a
particular place it was converted into a
large exhibition hall.
296
This exhibition travelled to the capitals 1
The Olympic Bus in the
of all the Spanish autonomous Plaza Mayor in Madrid.
communities, staying in each one for a The interest which the
Barcelona Candidature
week, and institutional, social and aroused throughout Spain
cultural events in support of the prompted the Olympic
Office, in February 1986,
Candidature were organised to coincide to organise a mobile
with the visits. The Olympic Office exhibition to show the
enjoyed the cooperation of institutions at Barcelona project to each of
Spain's seventeen
local, provincial and autonomous autonomous communities.
community level in all the places on the
2
route. These institutions were responsible Poster for the campaign
for promoting the events among local "The important thing is to
take part. Become an
bodies, sports clubs, territorial sports Olympic volunteer". With
federations, leisure and cultural this campaign, the
organisations and schools. This Candidature sought to sign
up the largest possible
institutional cooperation, and above all number of volunteers ready
the response of the people, made the to help with the Games.
project a success. 3
The Olympic volunteers
agreed to help with the
The Olympic Bus campaign was given organisation of the Games
wide coverage by the press in the without pay, if Barcelona
autonomous communities, which thereby were designated as the 1992
Olympic city.
also lent their support to a project that
had gone beyond Barcelona and
Catalonia to be shared with the majority
of the people of Spain.
1 2
3
4
Drawing by Núría Pompeia
illustrating the typical
Olympic volunteer on the
basis of the data collected
at the end of the campaign.
5
By the end of the volunteers
campaign, 102,000 people
had enrolled.
6 The objectives of the campaign fell into
When the Candidature was
presented at Lausanne on
17 October 1986, Barcelona
could be proud of the fact
that the number of
volunteers obtained by the
Los Angeles'84 organisation
had been surpassed during
the eight months of the
campaign.
7
On 10 February 1986, the
volunteers campaign was
presented in Barcelona.
Well-known sports
personalities and figures
from public institutions
represented on the
Managing Council attended
the event.
4 5
After the designation of Barcelona as
organiser of the 1992 Games, the
Olympic Bus had still to travel through
the towns of Catalonia and the
metropolitan area of Barcelona. When it
finally reached the future Olympic site it
toured the ten districts into which the
city is divided.
The volunteers: a new record
The most significant demonstration of
popular support for the Barcelona
Candidature was the number of Olympic
volunteers who registered to take part in
the organisation of the Games. On 10
February 1986, several months before the
nomination, the Managing Council of the
Candidature approved the launching of a
campaign called "The important thing is
to take part. Become an Olympic
volunteer", which was aimed at securing
the highest possible level of registration
and thus giving the Olympic Family a
demonstration of the popular
commitment and expectation which the
Barcelona Olympic project had
awakened. There had been Olympic
volunteers at previous Games; they had
had an especially important role in Los
Angeles, when the Organising Committee
had managed to mobilise some 40,000.
two groups: on the one hand, to
popularise the Barcelona'92 Candidature
throughout Spain, to offer those people
who wished to become involved a means
of participating, and to have 40,000
volunteers registered by the end of the
campaign; and on the other, to make
clear that the Barcelona Candidature was
progressing rapidly -solving problems
which other cities competing to organise
the Games had so far only looked at
briefly- to demonstrate that the
Candidature commanded widespread
popular support and to promote the
image of a Candidature which was
active, organised and open to everyone.
The campaign defined the Olympic
7
297
6
 volunteer as a person who, without
seeking any financial or other reward,
was committed individually, and in a
completely altruistic way, to offering his
or her abilities and time to the Barcelona
Candidature and, if the city was
nominated, to the organisation of the
Games.
There was an immediate, positive
response. The announcement of the
campaign, which was covered extensively
by the media, produced an avalanche of
registrations in Catalonia and in the
cities where the Olympic Bus had been.
On 5 April, only 56 days after the start
of the campaign, 8,924 people had
registered in Catalonia and the
autonomous communities of Valencia,
Murcia and Andalucía. On 15 July, five
months after the start of the campaign,
55,610 volunteers had been registered
and on 6 September the figure had
reached 61,547.
298
The success of the volunteer recruitment 1
On 25 May 1986, 53,145
campaign received favourable comment runners took part in the
in sections of the international press, C'ursa Popular de
Barcelona in solidarity with
such as Le Monde, The International the organisation Sport Aid,
Herald Tribune, Le Matin and Newsweek. as part of the campaign
against hunger in Africa.
The large number of volunteers gave the 2
Barcelona Candidature great moral Princess Elena on
horseback with the Olympic
strength and was a powerful argument flag, yet another
when the time came to take the decision. demonstration of the royal
household's support for the
After the nomination, the campaign Barcelona Candidature.
continued to produce a high rate of
registration so that when it closed in
December 1986, there were 102,000
registered volunteers.
Everywhere at once
Apart from the Olympic working
sessions, the Olympic Bus and the
volunteer recruitment campaign, the
Olympic Office organised other publicity
campaigns and promotional events and
produced literature and audio-visual
material to maintain the contact between
the Olympic project and society.
1 2
3
On 23 December 1985, a
group of 150 scouts started
Operation Petrol Station,
which consisted of
distributing stickers with
the Candidature logo
around the service stations.
In 1992, many cars still
sport them.
4
Opening parade at the XXI
World Rhythmic
Gymnastics Championships,
which took place in
Valladolid in October 1985.
The logotype of the
Barcelona Candidature was
visible throughout the
competitions.
3 4
Exhibitions were mounted periodically
-the first having taken place in 1983- to
show the public what stage work on the
Candidature had reached. They coincided
with sports events, such as the World
Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships in
Valladolid in October 1985, the Aid for
Africa race which took place in
Barcelona in 1986, and the World
Basketball and Swimming Championships
in Madrid, also in 1986. Sometimes they
were mounted at events which were
firmly established on the calendar of the
city: the Saló Nàutic, the Fira de
Mostres, the Saló Construmat and the
Fira ciutat de l'Hospitalet. Others were
organised in Palma de Mallorca and Las
Palmas.
In the field of publications and
audio-visual productions, there was a
new edition of Barcelona'92 (1985) and
with the following works: Montjuïc
olímpic (1985, in association with the
Barcelona College of Architects), Olímpia
y los juegos olímpicos antiguos (1986)
and Guia i Plànol Barcelona'92 (July
1986). A new version of the video
Barcelona'92 was made; it was entitled
Barcelona'92. Everyone's goal.
Apart from the publications and
audio-visual material, a large number of
other graphic materials were created and
helped to spread the dream of an
Olympic Barcelona: from Christmas
cards to lithographs, such as The Cosmic
Athlete by Dalí and works by Tàpies, and
including posters, magazines and
brochures.
The Olympic Office also undertook other
publicity campaigns such as the
advertising hoardings or the "Olympic
countdown", aimed at the press in
Barcelona who, as well as incorporating
the logotype of the Candidature on their
front pages, counted off the days to go
before the designation of the city which
was to organise the 1992 Games. In
November 1985, with the aim of taking
the Candidature into the schools, the
299
 "Mascot Competition" campaign was
launched; boys and girls of school age
were invited to design a mascot to
personify the city. Twenty thousand
schoolchildren took part. The winning
drawing was a dragon by Xavier Martí.
The campaign
Informing the electors
Towards the end of 1985 the
Candidature drafted the dossier which
the competing cities had to present to
the IOC seven months before the
decision was to be taken. At the height
of the campaign, with many of the
infrastructure projects already under way
and institutional unanimity assured, the
organisers continued working to reinforce
the impression that Barcelona was the
best candidate to host the 1992 Games.
300
The Candidature contacted the members 1
Some entries for the
of the IOC personally to promote the drawing competition for the
Olympic project: they were visited in mascot, organised by the
Olympic Office amongst all
their home countries or welcomed in children of school age.
Barcelona so that they could be given the
maximum possible information about the 2
The Barcelona Association
plan. Sixty-five members of the IOC of Confectioners also lent
visited the city, which was especially their support to the
Olympic project, making a
important as the majority did not know chocolate replica of the
it at first hand or had received hardly Olympic Ring.
any information. They were shown 3
various aspects of Barcelona, ranging The Candidature logotype
from sport to culture to the people. Each at Barcelona Airport. The
Olympic Office installed a
visit included a helicopter flight over the computer terminal
sports venues, a meeting with the providing general
information about the city
president of the Generalitat of Catalonia and the Olympic project for
and another with the mayor, together interested passengers.
with other tourist and social activities. 4
The ship which took the
Apart from visits by the members of the participants in the 1986
Volta Ciclista a Catalunya
IOC to get to know the city on the spot, to Alghero in Sardinia left
the International Relations Committee the port of Barcelona with
a giant Candidature banner.
made personal visits to members of the
governing body of the Olympic
Movement in their home countries. The
president of the businessmen's
1 3 5
2 4
5
Xavier Martí, the boy who
won the drawing
competition for the mascot,
with a reproduction of his
entry.
6
Some castellers unfurl the
Olympic flag during the
Festes de la Mercè, (the
feast of the patron saint of
Barcelona) in September
1986. The great majority of
people of Barcelona wanted
the city to be designated for
the 1992 Olympic Games
the following month.
association Barcelona Olímpica'92, Carles
Ferrer Salat, visited the other candidate
cities and a total of twenty-four
countries, the majority of which were in
Europe. The vice-president of this same
organisation, Leopold Rogés, also
travelled to twenty-four countries around
the world. The secretary of the
International Relations Committee,
Ignasi Masferrer, visited ten, mostly in
Asia and Africa. Masferrer had been
appointed by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs to establish links between the
Candidature and Spanish embassies
around the world. Andreu Mercé Varela
also visited ten countries. Finally, the
president of the COE, Alfonso de
Borbón, visited various South American
countries. Numerous official visits were
made by the mayor, Pasqual Maragall.
Coubertin and the new decalogue
During the spring of 1986, after the
Dossier had been presented, the
Candidature continued to attend all the
important meetings of the Olympic
Movement and in the few months before
the nomination of the future Olympic
site it intensified its promotional
campaign.
Between 4 and 6 April 1986 the 4th
General Assembly of the ASOIF was held
in the Hilton Hotel in Rome. The
meeting was attended by representatives
of the IOC and the Seoul Olympic
Games Organising Committee (SLOOC),
and by the Summer Olympic
international federations. All the cities
which were candidates to organise the
1992 Games were there, including
Belgrade, making its first public
appearance. On the Barcelona stand was
a photograph of Baron de Coubertin,
commemorating a visit he had made to
Barcelona in 1926. On that occasion the
father of the modern Olympic Movement
had praised the city with the phrase
which the Candidature had rediscovered:
"Before I had visited Barcelona, I
6 301
 thought that I knew what a sporting city
was like." The use of the photograph of
the Baron in the promotion of the
Candidature provoked criticism from
their opposite numbers from Paris, the
city which had provided the fiercest
competition which Barcelona had had to
face during the promotion campaign.
Shortly afterwards, between 21 and 26
April, there was another encounter
between the candidate cities and the
senior executives of the Olympic
Movement, at the 5th General Assembly
of the ACNO in Seoul. This was the last
opportunity which the various
candidatures had before the nomination
to present their projects to a meeting of
the Olympic management. It also
provided an opportunity to establish
contacts with members of the Organising
Committee of the Seoul Games, two
years before the event. The Barcelona
case was presented by the president of
the COE, Alfonso de Borbón, and it
focussed on the points of the new
302
decalogue with which the Candidature 1
The stand of the Barcelona
summed up its plan at this final stage. At Candidature at the 5th
the end of the speech, the Candidature General Assembly of the
ACNO, which took place in
Dossier was presented to the members of Seoul in April 1986. A
the IOC who had still not received a photograph of Pierre de
Coubertin, the man who
copy. revived the Olympic Games,
can be seen and the
The new decalogue of the Candidature celebrated phrase he uttered
when he visited the city in
presented at this final stage consisted of 1926: "Before I had visited
the following points: Barcelona, I thought that I
knew what a sporting city
was like."
1. Barcelona has applied to organise the
Olympic Games four times. Spain is the
only country in Western Europe which
has never organised an Olympic event.
2. Barcelona has the unanimous support
of the people, the institutions and the
sporting world.
3. Barcelona is ready: 88% of the
necessary facilities are already available.
4. Barcelona can offer a compact Games:
the competition venues and the Olympic
Village will be concentrated within a
circle with a radius of five kilometres.
5. Barcelona has demonstrated its
sporting tradition and its experience in
1
2
Press conference held on 25
June 1986, during the
Football World Cup in
Mexico in 1986. Beside the
mayor, Pasqual Maragall,
are Carles Ferrer Salat and
Leopold Rodés, president
and vice-president
respectively of the
Barcelona Olímpica'92
business association.
the organisation of various world
championships.
6. Barcelona has a network of hotels and
tourist facilities of world renown. There
are 750,000 hotel beds no more than
sixty minutes away.
7. Barcelona has a mild climate.
8. Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage,
as illustrated by its world famous artists:
Gaudí, Picasso, Miró, Caballé, etc.
9. Barcelona is a safe city.
10. Barcelona and Spain live for sport.
King Juan Carlos is the only head of
state to have competed in the Olympic
Games.
At all the championships
In June 1986, 118 days before the
nomination of the host city for the 1992
Games, the World Football
Championships were held in Mexico. On
26 June, Pasqual Maragall arrived and,
in front of more than 100 journalists,
listed the ten reasons why Barcelona
should receive the Olympic nomination.
He also reminded his listeners that 65
out of the 90 voting members of the IOC
had visited the city and that the
volunteer recruitment campaign had
resulted in more than 40,000
registrations. The press agreed that
Barcelona had a clear advantage over the
other aspirants.
The summer of 1986 was teeming with
international competitions. The
Candidature wished to take advantage of
this circumstance and made an
appearance at the most important ones.
In June the Barcelona'92 project was
presented at the Roland Garros tennis
tournament in Paris, at the opening of
the Albergo Olímpico in Puerto Rico and
at the Central American and Caribbean
Games in the Dominican Republic. In
August, the Candidature was present at
the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh,
at the World Basketball Championships,
which took place in Madrid and
Barcelona, at the European Athletics
2 303
 Championships in Stuttgart and at the 1
Match between Spain and
World Swimming Championships, which Cuba in the 1986 World
also took place in Madrid. The last Basketball Championship,
held in Madrid. As at all
opportunities which the Candidature had important international
to lobby Olympic organisations were the competitions which took
place that year, the
meeting of the European NOCs in Candidature was there with
Budapest in August 1986 and the Asian its promotional campaign.
Games in Seoul at the beginning of
September. These events once again
provided contacts with the electors who
were to decide the host city for the 1992
Olympic Games.

304 1
1
1
Reproduction of The
Cosmic Athlete, painted by
Salvador Dalí in 1960.
This work presided the
exhibition Treasures of
Barcelona which the
Olympic Office organised
at the Hermitage
Foundation in Lausanne on
9 October 1986, a few days
before Barcelona was
awarded the 1992 Games at
the 90th Session of the IOC.
2 presented their candidature for the
The mayor of Barcelona,
Pasqual Maragall, speaking
during the opening of the
exhibition Treasures of
Barcelona.
2
"Operation Lausanne"
The IOC settled on the third week of
October 1986 to hold the 91st Session, at
the end of which the organisers of the
Summer and Winter Games of the XXV
Olympiad would be chosen. Six cities
(Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham,
Brisbane, Paris and Barcelona) had
Summer Games in 1992 and seven
(Albertville, Anchorage, Berchtesgaden,
Cortina d'Ampezzo, Falun, Lillehammer
and Sofia) for the Winter Games. On the
eve of this decisive encounter in
Lausanne, the managers of the Barcelona
Candidature prepared for the final effort,
the culmination of a task that had begun
five years before with the first statements
of intent.
From the Candidature Dossier, which
had been presented in March, and the
reports of the fact-finding committees,
the electors were already familiar with
the technical project: the guidelines, the
venues plan, the budget and the
organisation of services. For this reason
it was decided to concentrate, at this last
stage of the operation, on the aesthetic
and human values and the originality of
the Barcelona tender; the aim was to
convey an emotive image of the city
which would add attractive elements to
the project and tip the balance in favour
of the Barcelona Candidature.
During those final days, the
representatives of Barcelona made every
effort to emphasise the civic and cultural
values of the city. The Candidature
stressed the degree of popular and
institutional support it had received and
recalled that Spain had never had the
chance to organise the Olympic Games.
These arguments, combined with the
expectation and unanimous will to win
the nomination, were presented as a
complement to the organisational
capacity and the seriousness of the
Olympic project.
In the field of organisation, "Operation
Lausanne" was prepared by means of a
strategic plan which had been carefully
drafted over the preceding months. Every
department of the Olympic Office had
been working flat out on the projects
which had to be completed for the 91st
Session of the IOC: setting up the stand
at the Palais de Beaulieu, making the
film which would introduce the
Candidature to the members of the
Committee, drawing up the different
information materials, deciding the
strategy to be pursued in relation to the
accredited press, defining the programme
of popular and institutional support and
selecting the staff who would accompany
the official delegation to the Swiss city.
The preparations
The presence of Catalonia as guest of
honour at the 67th Fair of the Comptoir
Suisse, which had opened a few weeks
before the meeting in Lausanne, gave the
city a considerable initial advantage, as it
allowed Barcelona to make contact with
the local media and to join in the
institutional life of the Swiss city. Every
effort was made to secure a propitious
atmosphere in the canton of Vaud and
the sympathy of its inhabitants for the
ambitions of Barcelona. On 15
September, the president of the
Generalitat of Catalonia, Jordi Pujol, and
the mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, inaugurated the Catalan
pavilion at the fair.
307
On 8 September, an Olympic Office
attache, in cooperation with the official
liaison officer appointed by the IOC,
began to establish and coordinate the
different areas of work, from hotel
reservations and car rentals to the
preparation of the Candidature
headquarters. On 6 October, a first team
from the Olympic Office installed itself
in Lausanne to provide support and
finalise details for the IOC Session.
The exhibition at the Hermitage
Alongside these activities, on 9 October
the Hermitage Foundation inaugurated
the exhibition "Treasures of Barcelona"
in Lausanne. This display of the cultural
heritage and artistic sensibility of the city
gave a new dimension to the promotion
of the Candidature. Shortly before the
opening, the prestigious magazine L'Oeil
had devoted a special number to Catalan
art.
The Hermitage Foundation, founded in
1976 at the former residence of the
Bougnion family with Jean-François
Daulte as director, provided an ideal
setting for the exhibition; the Catalan
intellectual Josep Pijoan, whose wife was
a member of the Bougnion family, had
lived in the mansion for the last years of
his life. And so, through the Hermitage
 Foundation, another link was forged
between the IOC headquarters and
Barcelona, this time in the field of art.
The exhibition showed three stages of
modern art in Barcelona: the turn of the
century, the avant-gardes and the last
work of Picasso, Dalí and Miró. A
painting by Picasso from 1905, Portrait
of Senyora Canals, appeared on the cover
of the catalogue, which was widely
distributed in Switzerland. Over one
hundred works were on display, some
from the Picasso Museum, the Dalí
Museum, the Miró Foundation and the
Barcelona Museum of Modern Art and
others from private collections in
Catalonia and Switzerland. The Spanish
Royal Family lent Dalí's painting The
Cosmic Athlete specially for the occasion;
it hung in the place of honour at the
exhibition. Also on show were works by
Juli Gonzalez, Pau Gargallo, Isidre
Nonell, Ramon Casas and others.
308
The exhibition, which was open until 29 1
The Managing Council of
October, was inaugurated by the mayor the Candidature is
of Barcelona and the chairman of the photographed in front of
the Magic Fountain of
Hermitage Foundation in the presence of Montjuïc a few days before
a large audience, among whom was travelling to Lausanne.
Raymond Gafner representing the IOC. 2
Portrait of Senyora Canals,
painted by Pablo Picasso in
1905. It was reproduced in
The final impact the exhibition catalogue
and on the cover of the
special issue of the
At the Palais de Beaulieu in Lausanne, prestigious international art
where the IOC session was to be held, magazine L'Oeil, published
in Lausanne, devoted to
the stands where each delegation would Catalan art a few months
broadcast its final message were installed. before the nomination.
This was the climax of the promotion
campaign.
The concept and assembly of the
Barcelona stand had been entrusted to
the designer Leopold Pomes and the
architect Ricard Sans. It was an open
space which tried to transmit an image
of clarity, daring in line and
Mediterranean in aesthetic. The message
was one of enthusiasm which shunned
lengthy explanations and concentrated on
1 2
3
The stand set up at
Lausanne by the Olympic
Office was an open space
with a Mediterranean
flavour. It was designed by
Leopold Pomes and Ricard
Sans.
4 in a shade of green showing a series of
The Albertville'92 logo
dominated the French city's
stand. Albertville was
chosen as the scene of the
1992 Winter Games,
winning against Anchorage,
Berchtesgaden, Cortina
d'Ampezzo, Falun,
Lillehammer and Sofia.
5
The stand of the Paris
Candidature.
two arguments: the fact that Spain had The Barcelona delegation had sent an
never organised an Olympic Games and Olympic Office press team to Lausanne
the broad movement of keen support to coordinate the Candidature
which surrounded the Barcelona information for the media. The team
Candidature. The first idea was depicted received visits, held conversations with
by a printed panel with a map of Europe members of the IOC and circulated
statements and press releases from the
flaming torches marking the cities which Candidature operations centre at the
had hosted the Summer or Winter Hotel de la Paix and the press office,
Games; the Iberian Peninsula was which was permanently installed at the
shrouded in darkness in token of the fact Palais de Beaulieu. Both centres became
that it had never organised an Olympic the focus of attention for Spanish and
event. The second idea was conveyed international journalists.
through a line of silhouettes of Olympic
volunteers of different ages, symbolising
the broad popular support for the
Barcelona Candidature. These figures,
made of perspex, were superimposed on
a luminous background which was a
reproduction of a mural by Joan Miró.
On a white marble floor stood five chairs
designed by Gaudí and a table showing a
map of the planned sports facilities. All
the materials were of the same high
quality as the stands mounted at earlier
IOC sessions in Berlin and Seoul.
3 5 309
4
 The week of the nomination
The session begins
On Sunday 12 October 1986 the 91st
Session of the IOC was officially opened.
All the members of the official delegation
of the Barcelona Candidature attended.
In the afternoon the stands of the
different candidatures were inaugurated
in the hall of the Palais de Beaulieu.
From then on members of the Olympic
Office and the International Relations
Committee were in permanent contact
with the members of the IOC and the
media.
The ambassador Montserrat Caballé
In the afternoon of 12 October, the
Catalan soprano Montserrat Caballé, who
had become cultural ambassador for the
Barcelona Candidature, had held a press
310
1 2
conference with the mayor Pasqual 1
Recital by Montserrat
Maragall, at which they explained the Caballé at Lausanne
cultural project for the Barcelona Cathedral, before nearly
2,300 guests. This concert
Olympiad. On 13 October, in Lausanne was one of the main events
cathedral, Montserrat Caballé gave a in the programme prepared
by the Olympic Office
memorable concert to an audience of during the week of
2,300, which was broadcast by TVE. She "Operation Lausanne".
also accompanied the wives of the 2
members of the IOC to the "Treasures of The Candidature stand
Barcelona" exhibition at the Hermitage received many visits by
supporters, notable amongst
Foundation; the members themselves whom were the Spanish
went the next day. Olympic medallists
Herminio Menéndez, Luis
Doreste, Fernando Molina,
Jordi Llopart, Jose Manuel
A sudden return Abascal and Francisco
Fernandez Ochoa.
On the night of 14 October there was an 3
Prince Albert of Monaco,
attack by the terrorist group ETA in the one of the 69 members of
Plaça d'Espanya in Barcelona which the IOC who were to
choose the city to hold the
caused the death of the policeman Angel 1992 Olympic Games, visits
Gonzalez. The mayor, who was heading the Barcelona stand
the official delegation of the accompanied by Carles
Ferrer Salat, Josep Miguel
Candidature, hurried back to Barcelona Abad and Andreu Mercé
to attend the funeral. He returned to Varela.
Lausanne on the fifteenth for the
presentation of the Candidature.
3
4
Exterior of the Palais de
Beaulieu in Lausanne,
where the 90th Session of
the IOC was held.
5 city was drawn to appear fourth, at
A fine example affair play:
the mayor of Amsterdam
and the president of the
Dutch Olympic Committee,
with some of the
representatives of the
Barcelona Candidature.
6 fact-finding committees of the ASOIF,
The president of Spain,
Felipe Gonzalez, and the
president of the Generalitat
of Catalonia, Jordi Pujol,
formed part of the official
delegation which presented
the Barcelona Candidature
to the members of the IOC.
The final exam The delegation attending the IOC
assembly was made up of thirty-six
On Thursday 16 Barcelona presented the people: six official delegates, six experts,
Candidature to the IOC assembly. The four support staff and twenty observers.
midday. First came Belgrade (8.30),
second Amsterdam (9.40) and third
Brisbane (10.50); after Barcelona came
Birmingham (15.00) and Paris (16.10).
When the presentations were over, the
the ANOC and the IOC would read their
reports on the candidate cities to the
assembly.
The day before, Wednesday 15, the
president of the Generalitat of Catalonia,
Jordi Pujol, had arrived in Lausanne. On
the morning of Thursday 16, the
president of the Spanish government,
Felipe Gonzalez, joined the official
delegation. The presence of the two
presidents in Lausanne ratified the
support of their administrations and of
the people of Catalonia and the rest of
Spain for the Candidature.
4 311
5 6
 The presentation
The presentation of the Candidature
followed the schedule established. First,
Carles Ferrer Salat, as a member of the
IOC, presented the Barcelona
Candidature and then followed the
speech by the president of the Managing
Council, Pasqual Maragall. Here are
some extracts:
"It is a fact that my city, Barcelona, has
always been linked with this idea: it had
already presented its Candidature for the
Games in 1924 and 1931 and again for
1972 ..."
"Barcelona has not only waited;
Barcelona has built; more than that:
Barcelona has learned! It has learned the
lesson of Olympism ..."

"I would like to convey the excitement,
the enthusiasm and the care with which
Barcelona and the whole country are
preparing for this possibility ..."
"It is a fact that Spain is the only
country of the twelve represented here by
the candidate cities to host the Summer
or Winter Games in 1992 which has
never had the honour of organising an
Olympic Games ..."
"It is a fact that Spain has applied for
this honour on more than one occasion."
"Our decalogue is complete: merit,
unanimity, sporting tradition,
concentration, organisation, climate,
accommodation, culture, security and a
head of state who is not only honorary
president of our candidature, but was a
competitor in the Munich Games in
1972 ..."
"The Barcelona Games will be the
Games of plucky little Catalonia, of the
great Spain which is awakening, of the
America which is so close to us, of our
sister country Portugal and, why not, of
the first step towards our neighbour
Africa ..."

312 The official delegation in Lausanne

Official delegates Pasqual Maragall President of the Managing Council and mayor of Barcelona
Felipe Gonzalez President of the Spanish Government
Jordi Pujol President of the Generalitat of Catalonia
Alfonso de Borbon President of the Spanish Olympic Committee
Josep Miguel Abad Chief executive officer of the Candidature
Leopold Rodes Vice-president of the Barcelona Olimpica'92 Business
Association
Experts Roma Cuyas Secretary of State for Sport
Josep Llui's Vilaseca Director General of Sport at the Generalitat of Catalonia
Jordi Serra Director of the Olympic Office
Felix Arias Director of the Candidature Dossier
Llui's Millet Director of the Department of Architecture and Town
Planning at the Olympic Office
Jordi Carbonell Technician in the Department of Architecture and Town
Planning at the Olympic Office
Observers Narcis Serra Minister of Defence in the Spanish Government
Javier Solana Minister of Culture in the Spanish Government
Manuel Fonseca Secretary of the COE
Luis Yanez Secretary of State for Iberoamerican Cooperation
Antoni Dalmau President of the Barcelona Provincial Council
Joan Mas Canti Commissioner of the Candidature
Higini Clotas Spokesman for the Socialist Group in the Parliament of
Catalonia
Jose Manuel de Hoz Vice-president of the COE
Jordi Parpal Deputy mayor for Town Planning and Public Works in the
Barcelona City Council
Merce Sala Vice-president of the Barcelona Metropolitan Corporation
Enric Truno Councillor for Youth and Sport in the Barcelona City
Council
Jordi Vallverdu Vice-president of the Barcelona Provincial Council
Ramon Trias Fargas Leader of the opposition and spokesman for the CIU
Group in the Barcelona City Council
Enric Lacalle Representative of the Grup Popular in the Barcelona City
Council
Victoria Ybarra Representative of the COE
Julio Feo Secretary to the Presidency of the Spanish Government
Ferran Perpinya Under-Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Juan Luis Pan de Soraluce Spanish ambassador in Switzerland
Ignasi Masferrer Secretary of the Committee of International Relations
Llui's Prenafeta Secretary general of the Presidency of the Generalitat of
Catalonia
Conrado Durantez President of the Spanish Olympic Academy
Technicians Josep Roca Head of international exhibitions at the Olympic office
Miquel Company Relations with the international federations and the NOCs
Enriqueta Bosch Member of the Committee for International Relations
Salvador Blanch Project manager Source: Olympic Office: Official Report, 1986.
 "Trust us." "Spanish people and Barcelona want to
make their contribution to strengthening
"In 1992 we will be able to provide you this movement, the largest peaceful
with an unforgettable Games." movement in the world."

At one point in his speech, Pasqual
Maragall handed over for a few minutes
to the president of the COE, Alfonso de
Borbón. Here are some excerpts from his
speech:
"Barcelona is the ideal place to hold the
Olympic Games. Baron Pierre de
Coubertin spoke words of praise for a
city which aspired to become a meeting
point for sportsmen and women and
sports enthusiasts from all over the
world ..."
"We shall know how to make this
leading sports event into a universal
occasion, open, brotherly, memorable.
We shall know how to respond to
tradition and the desire for renewal of
the Olympic Movement in its finest
hour ..."
After Maragall had finished, it was the
turn of the president of the Generalitat,
Jordi Pujol, who, in a brief speech,
stressed the unity of the economic,
social, cultural and sporting worlds which
were solidly behind the Candidature.
Next, the Candidature film was shown; it
had been made by Leopold Pomes in 35
mm Panavision. It showed Barcelona,
where the inhabitants awoke and
gradually joined in a great race, a symbol
of their support for a common project. It
stressed the two final arguments of the
Candidature, which had already been
advanced on the stand: unanimous
popular support and the fact that Spain
had never organised the Olympic Games.
After the film had been shown, various
members of the IOC put questions to the

Route of the Olympic Bus around Spain 313

1 Barcelona 26/2/86 to 3/3
2 Valencia 4/3 to 11/3
3 Murcia 14/3 to 21/3
4 Sevilla 1/4 to 7/4
5 Cáceres 9/4 to 15/4
6 Toledo 16/4 to 22/4
7 Madrid 24/4 to 3/5 and 14/7 to 21/7
8 Valladolid 6/5 to 12/5
9 Santiago de Compostela 13/5 to 20/5
10 Oviedo 22/5 to 30/5
11 Santander 31/5 to 9/6
12 Bilbao 10/6 to 16/6
13 Pamplona 17/6 to 24/6
14 Logroño 25/6 to 1/7
15 Zaragoza 4/7 to 10/7
16 Las Palmas 3/9 to 5/9
17 Santa Cruz de Tenerife 8/9 to 12/9

512,000 visitors
15,732 volunteres registered
15,000 kilometres covered
 delegation, asking for more details of the
explanations they had given. The
questions were also intended to clarify or
broaden the information contained in the
Candidature Dossier, such as the official
competition programme, the
characteristics of the Olympic Village,
the transport, the cultural programme,
the hospitals and the financial guarantees
for the Games. Pasqual Maragall
answered the questions posed by the IOC
and Felipe Gonzalez closed the
presentation with a few words.
"A la ville de ... Barcelona!"
At nearly half past one on Wednesday 17
October, the members of the IOC, who
had been assembled and deliberating at
the Palais de Beaulieu since eight o'clock
in the morning, went into the hall of the
building where the delegations of the
Candidatures and the international press
were awaiting the final decision of the
Olympic organisation.
314
Besides the public specially invited by 1
At half-past one in the
the IOC, there were thirty members of afternoon, the president of
each Candidature in the room. At half the IOC, Juan Antonio
Samaranch, gets ready to
past one on the dot, the president of the announce the decision of
IOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch, prepared the Olympic governing
body. More than a
to open the sealed envelope which thousand journalists were
contained the final verdict. accredited and everybody
waited with bated breath.
Samaranch's words were: "As president 2
of the International Olympic Committee, A photograph for the
history books: the president
I have the honour to announce that the of the IOC is on the point
Committee has decided to award the of opening the envelope
organisation of the Games of the XXV containing the name of the
city which is to organise
Olympiad to the city of... " A pause and the 1992 Olympic Games.
the words "Attendez un moment ..." had First, however, there was a
pause: "Attendez un
the hearts of the members of all the moment...".
delegations in their mouths, until the
president finally added: " a la ville de ...
Barcelona", making the name of the city
echo around the world, with a
pronounced Catalan accent.
The emotions and nerves which had been
suppressed burst out in unison in
Lausanne and Barcelona, Catalonia and
the whole of Spain. At last the efforts
1 2
3 and the tenacity of a large team, with the
Those in charge of the
Candidature did not support of the people and of a country,
attempt to hide their had made a long-cherished dream come
enthusiasm: Barcelona had
been selected on the third true. Over a thousand journalists from
vote. the five continents and forty-two
television networks were covering an IOC
Session which had aroused the highest
expectation. Barcelona had won!
Three rounds of voting
The way in which the choice of the
future Olympic city had been made was
not revealed until after the official
announcement of the verdict. The city
which is to host the Olympic Games is
chosen by secret ballot, in as many
rounds as necessary for one of the
candidate cities to win an outright
majority. In the first round Barcelona
obtained 29 votes; Paris, 19; Belgrade, 13;
Brisbane, 11; Birmingham, 8; and
Amsterdam, 5. The last city was
eliminated and Barcelona, in spite of
being in first place, was still far from the
43 votes it needed for an outright
majority. In the second round, Barcelona
obtained 37 votes and Paris, 20; Belgrade
and Brisbane, with 11 and 9 votes, lost
ground; and Birmingham, with 8 votes,
was eliminated.
It was in the third round that Barcelona
was chosen. Judge Kéba Mbaye,
spokesman for the members of the IOC
who did the recount of the votes, advised
the electors that one of the candidates
already had an outright majority.
Immediately, everyone in the room
turned and showered congratulations on
one of the members of the International
Olympic Committee: the vice-president
of the Managing Council of the
Barcelona Candidature, Carles Ferrer
Salat. Samaranch had to intervene to
remind the everyone that the result of
the vote had not yet been officially
announced. The recount awarded victory
to Barcelona, which had won 47 votes;
Paris had obtained 23, Brisbane 10 and
Belgrade, 8.
3 315
 The Barcelona Olympic outburst
The possibility, more real than ever, that
Barcelona would finally succeed in being
nominated site of the Olympic Games,
had aroused great expectation. The final
stage of the 91st Session of the IOC,
broadcast to the whole world by
Eurovision, had been followed by most
of the radio and television stations in the
country. For several days before, they
had warmed up the atmosphere with
detailed information about everything
that was happening in Lausanne and
demonstrated their support for the
Barcelona Candidature with unusual
insistence. The Catalan circuit of
Television Española had erected a stage
in the Plaça de Catalunya in the city
centre from where it broadcast a special
programme with live coverage of the
event that was taking place at the Palais
de Beaulieu. People thronged around the
giant screens set up in the square.
316
When Samaranch spoke the name of 1
The crowds gathered in the
Barcelona, which the announcers Plaça de Catalunya to
covering the session chorused with barely follow the result of the vote
live on television. On
disguised glee, the city exploded with hearing the word
delight. The sky above the Plaça de "Barcelona", they burst in
unison into a chorus of "Ja
Catalunya was filled with balloons and som olímpics!" (Now we
fire-crackers, while people shouted for are Olympic!).
joy, hugged each other, wept and raised 2
their arms in triumph. Everyone had "... the IOC has decided to
awoken from a wonderful dream to find award the Games of the
XXV Olympiad to the city
that it had come true. The shouting in of..."
the main square of the city found an
echo in homes, offices and cars; for a 3
"... Barcelona!"
moment, everyone had stopped to watch
the television or listen to the radio to
hear the verdict of the IOC. The festive
spirit and the need to share a success
which everyone felt as his or her own
brought people out onto the streets with
flags and placards and sounded the horns
of cars in a huge chorus chanting the
name of the city. The Ramblas were the
point where most people flocked. The
party lasted all day.
1 2
3
4
Immediately after the
announcement of the IOC's
decision, the contract
between the Olympic
organisation and the city of
Barcelona was signed at the
Palais de Beaulieu.
5 happiness for the whole of Spain." The
The former mayor of
Barcelona, Narcís Serra,
with the staff of the
Olympic Office, moments
after having heard of the
designation of Barcelona.
The continuous tension of
the previous days gave way
to a great wave of joy.
4 5
The Spanish government, which was at a
meeting of the Council of Ministers,
toasted the nomination of Barcelona with
cava and the president, Felipe Gonzalez,
appeared on television to tell the
country: "This is a moment of great
president of the Generalitat, Jordi Pujol,
also expressed his satisfaction in front of
the cameras and said that the Games
would make "Barcelona and Catalonia
bigger and better." The Barcelona City
Council published a proclamation saying
that "the Games are the great
opportunity to show Catalonia to the
world, and we Catalans have to seize this
opportunity with seriousness and
efficiency."
In Lausanne the Barcelona delegation,
seated in the first row of the chamber at
the Palais de Beaulieu, had jumped for
joy when they heard the verdict
pronounced. The last to rise from his
seat, in a thoughtful attitude, was
Pasqual Maragall. Then everyone was
hugging and shaking hands; one of the
warmest embraces was between Maragall
and his predecessor, the minister of
Defence, Narcís Serra, as the Barcelona
Olympic Candidature had first seen the
light when he was mayor of the city.
Then Maragall, as president of the
Managing Council of the Candidature,
and Alfonso de Borbón, as president of
the COE, signed the agreement between
the IOC and the Organising Committee
of the Barcelona'92 Olympic Games.
Jean-Claude Killy and the other
representatives of the French city of
Albertville, which had been proclaimed
host city for the 1992 Winter Olympics
on the same day, also received the
congratulations of the International
Olympic Committee.
The mayor of Barcelona telephoned the
king of Spain to give him the good news.
"We have won, sir," were his opening
words. At the other end of the line, Juan
Carlos, overcome by enthusiasm, began
to sing the name of Barcelona.
317
 Montjuïc, chock-a-block: "Now we are
Olympic!"
That same evening the IOC had
organised a party in Lausanne to
celebrate the nominations. After putting
in an appearance, most of the Barcelona
delegation flew back home, where an
emotional scene awaited them. At ten
o'clock in the evening an Iberia DC-10,
on which a huge Barcelona'92 logotype
had been opportunely pasted, took off
from Geneva for the city.
About two hundred thousand people,
most of them young, had gathered in the
Avinguda de la Reina Maria Cristina at
the foot of Montjuïc to welcome the
Barcelona "embassy" returning from
Lausanne with the nomination. The city
had not seen such a massive turnout
since the days of the transition, when
thousands of citizens took to the streets
to demand their democratic freedoms.
318
A platform had been erected by the 1
Barcelona's reaction was
Montjuïc fountains for the delegation. As immediate. The festive
a background, the Olympic rings, spirit of the people of the
city and the desire to share
illuminated, covered the facade of the in a success which belonged
Palau Nacional. At half past midnight, to everyone brought the
people out on the streets to
Pasqual Maragall mounted the podium express their joy. Barcelona
between Jordi Pujol and Narcís Serra. had won!
The mayor, dressed in a black raincoat - 2
the temperature was mild (18° C), but he On the night of 17 October,
was still suffering from the aftermath of fireworks lit up Montjuïc,
the new Olympic venue.
a cold -and bursting with joy, raised Nearly two hundred people
arms in the victory sign. The crowd crowded into the Avinguda
de la Reina Maria Cristina
shouted as one person: "Now we are to celebrate the city's
Olympic!" triumph.
3
Then Maragall addressed the audience Most of the Barcelona
-those present and those watching on delegation returned from
Lausanne that night to take
television- with a few short, but telling, part in the festivities
phrases: "The Olympic Games are good organised at Montjuïc. The
chief members of the
for Barcelona. What is good for Candidature were
Barcelona is good for Catalonia. And applauded by the thousands
what is good for Catalonia is good for who had gathered there.
Spain."
1 2
3
4
On 12 March 1987 the
Barcelona'92 Olympic
Organising Committee
(COOB'92) was constituted,
with representatives of the
same public bodies which
had made up the Managing
Council of the Candidature.
Then there was a firework display to the
strains of the Olympic anthem, sounding
in the host city of the XXV Olympiad.
At a welcome-back party at the Palau de
Victòria Eugenia in the Montjuïc Trade
Fair precinct, leading citizens and
politicians of all colours continued to
exchange congratulations and make good
resolutions to prepare and stage the
Barcelona'92 Olympic Games with the
same unanimity and consensus with
which the city had been nominated. The
street party went on for several hours
more.
On Saturday 18 October, the front pages
of all the newspapers -some of them had
brought out special editions on Friday
17- announced the triumph of Barcelona.
At midday King Juan Carlos received
Pasqual Maragall and the delegation
which had accompanied him to Lausanne.
COOB'92 is born
When the first outburst of joy had died
down, the time came to start work on
the organisation, for such was the aim of
all concerned, of the finest Olympic
Games in history. In December the
Managing Council of the Candidature
was dissolved. In January 1987, the Joint
Liaison Committee was founded and this
in turn led, in March, to the constitution
of a consortium made up of the
Barcelona City Council, the Generalitat
of Catalonia, the Spanish government
and the Spanish Olympic Committee. It
was called the Barcelona'92 Olympic
Organising Committee and became the
organising committee of the Games.
COOB'92 had been born.
4 319
 From 10 April to 17 May 1987, the 1
The exhibition How we
University of Barcelona mounted an won the Olympic Games
exhibition explaining the history of the was held at Barcelona
University from 10 April to
Candidature. It was called "How we won 17 May 1987. It showed
the Olympic Games" and was an account the history of the
Candidature and the
of the road from the beginnings to the various promotional stands
nomination. that had been built at each
stage. It was the brilliant
conclusion of six years of
hard work and shared
enthusiasm.
2
On 17 October, Barcelona
finally landed the Olympic
prize, having sought the
Olympic nomination three
times. What had been
"everyone's goal" had been
achieved. In summer 1992,
millions of people would
have their eyes on the
Catalan capital. The
countdown had begun.

320 1
2
4.1. The structure of the Candidature
 The Managing Council of the Candidature of Barcelona
for the 1992 Olympic Games

President H.E. Mr Pasqual Maragall i Mira Mayor of Barcelona

Vice-presidents H.E. Mr Romà Cuyàs i Sol Secretary of State for Sport

H.E. Mr Josep Lluís Vilaseca Director general of Sport

i Guasch at the Generalitat of Catalonia

Councillors with the rank H.R.H. Alfonso de Borbón President of the COE
of vice-president

H.E. Mr Antoni Dalmau i Ribalta President of the Barcelona

Provincial Council
H.E. Mr Carles Ferrer Salat President of Barcelona Olímpica'92
Member of the IOC

326 Councillors H.E. Mr Josep Miquel Abad Chief executive officer

i Silvestre of the Barcelona Candidature
H.E. Mr Higini Clotas i Cierco Member of the Parliament of
Catalonia

H.E. Mr Josep Maria Figueras President of the Official Chamber

i Bassols of Commerce, Industry and
Navigation of Barcelona

Mr Sebastià Gallego i Rovira Coordinator of Sports at the

Barcelona
Provincial Council

Mr Juan Manuel de Hoz Bravo Vice-president of the Executive

Board of the COE
H.E. Mr Enric Lacalle i Coll Councillor at the Barcelona
City Council

H.E. Mr Josep Margalef i Meler Technical secretary general

of the Department of Education
of the Generalitat of Catalonia

H.E. Mr Francesc Marti i Jusmet Government delegate in Catalonia

H.E. Mr Raimon Martínez i Fraile Deputy mayor in charge of Public
Relations at the Barcelona City
Council

H.E. Mr Joan Mas i Cantí Commissioner for the Barcelona

Candidature
Source: Olympic Office: Candidature Report (1986) and Consejo de Apoyo a la Candidatura de Barcelona para los Juegos Olímpicos de
1992 (1986).
Councillors H.E. Mr Àngel Miquel Sanz
i Arnalot
H.E. Mr Miguel Muñiz
de las Cuevas
H.E. Mr Joaquim de Nadal
i Caparà
H.E. Mr Jordi Parpal i Marfà
H.E. Mr Pedro Pérez Fernández
Mr Leopoldo Rodés i Castañé
H.E. Mrs Mercè Sala
i Schnorkowski
H.E. Mr Fidel Sust i Mitjans
H.E. Mr Joaquim Tosas i Mir
H.E. Mr Ramon Trias Fargas
H.E. Mr Enric Truñó i Lagares
H.E. Mr Jordi Vallverdú i Gimeno
H.E. Mrs Victoria Ybarra
de Oriol
Councillor-advisers H.E. Mr Baltasar Aymerich
i Corominas
H.E. Mr Julián García Vargas
- H.E. Mr Joan Majó i Cruzate
H.E. Mr Fernando Perpiñá-Robert
Peyra
H.E. Mr Narcís Serra i Serra
H.E. Mr Pedro Ybarra
Macmahon, Barón de Güell
Director general of Tourism
at the Generalitat of Catalonia
President of the Institute of
Official Credit
Deputy mayor in charge of Finance
at the Barcelona City Council
Deputy mayor in charge of
Town-planning and Public Works
at the Barcelona City Council
Secretary general of Economy
and Planning
Vice-president of Barcelona
Olímpica'92
Vice-president of the Barcelona
Metropolitan Corporation
Assistant director general of Sport
at the Generalitat of Catalonia
Technical secretary general of the
Department of Territorial Policy
and Public Works at the
Generalitat of Catalonia 327
Leader of the opposition with the
rank of deputy mayor at the
Barcelona City Council
Councillor for Youth and Sport at
the Barcelona City Council
Vice-president of the Barcelona
Provincial Council
Vice-president of the Spanish
Volleyball Federation Member of
the COE
Under-secretary at the Ministry of
Public Works and Town-planning
Minister of Health and Consumer
Affairs
Minister of Industry and Energy
Under-secretary at the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Minister of Defence
Honorary member of the IOC
 Secretary H.E. Mr Jordi Baulies i Cortal Secretary general of the Barcelona
City Council

Olympic Office coordinator H.E. Mr Jordi Serra i Villalbí

Executive Board of the Managing Council

President H.E. Mr Pasqual Maragall i Mira Mayor of Barcelona

Chief executive officer H.E. Mr Josep Miquel Abad

i Silvestre

328

Members H.E. Mr Josep Lluís Vilaseca Director general of Sport

i Guasch at the Generalitat of Catalonia

H.E. Mr Jordi Parpal i Marfà Deputy mayor in charge of

Town-planning and Public Works
at the Barcelona City Council

H.E. Mr Francesc Martí i Jusmet Government delegate in Catalonia

H.E. Mr Jordi Vallverdú i Gimeno Vice-president of the Barcelona

Provincial Council

H.E. Ms Mercè Sala Vice-president of the Barcelona

i Schnorkowski Metropolitan Corporation

H.E. Ms Victoria Ybarra Vice-president of the Spanish

de Oriol Volleyball Federation
Member of the COE

Mr Leopoldo Rodés i Castañé Vice-president of Barcelona

Olímpica'92

H.E. Mr Joan Mas i Cantí Commissioner for the Candidature

Secretary H.E. Mr Jordi Serra i Villalbí Olympic Office coordinator

International Relations Committee

President H.E. Mr Pasqual Maragall i Mira Mayor of Barcelona

Executive president H.E. Mr Carles Ferrer Salat President of Barcelona

Olímpica'92 Member of the IOC

Members H.E. Mr Romà Cuyàs i Sol Secretary of State for Sport

H.E. Mr Josep Lluís Vilaseca Director general of Sport

i Guasch at the Generalitat of Catalonia

H.E. Mr Josep Miquel Abad Chief executive officer

i Silvestre of the Executive Board

H.E. Ms Victoria Ybarra Vice-president of the Spanish

de Oriol Volleyball Federation
Member of COE

Mr Leopold Rodés i Castañé Vice-president of Barcelona

Olímpica'92

H.E. Mr Joan Mas i Cantí Commissioner for the Candidature 329

Secretary H.E. Mr Ignasi Masferrer i Sala

Olympic Office

Coordination Jordi Serra Coordinator of the Olympic Office

Maria Josep Alemany Secretary

Mireia Sitges Secretary

Candidature Dossier Felix Àrias Director

Alfred Bosch Assistant director
Núria Pompeia Coordinator of photography
Míriam Buxeda Secretary
 Architecture and town Lluís Millet Director
planning projects
Gemma Biosca Assistant director
Jordi Carbonell Assistant director
Carles Llop Architect
Enric Noëlle Architect
Paca Buades Secretary
Elvira Queralt Secretary
Sylvia Uhrlep Secretary
Anna Bellera Draughtsman
Néstor Cznchowicky Draughtsman
Gemma Goday Draughtsman
Montse Sanfeliu Draughtsman
Carme Sedó Draughtsman
Ferran Solé Draughtsman
330
Margarita Torrente Draughtsman

Organisation projects Francesc Segura Director

Assumpta Mas Assistant director
Isabel Crespo Secretary
Yvonne Barral Olympic Bus
Toni Català Secretary

Financial projects Ramon Romaguera Economist

Ferran Sicart Economist

Data-processing and Jordi López Telecommunications

telecommunications projects
Relations with federations Miquel Company Ex-president of the Spanish
and clubs Yachting Federation
Rafael Torras Ex-president of the Catalan Skiing
Federation
Rosa Comanges Secretary

International relations Ignasi Masferrer Ambassador

Andreu Mercé Varela Adviser
Úrsula de Bähr Assistant
Anna Puigdollers Secretary
Sergi Zaragoza Auxiliary

Press Pedro Palacios Coordinator

331
Miguel Ángel Buil Journalist
Margarita Roncero Secretary

Promotion Roberto Marcos Álvarez Coordinator

Julio Rocha Assistant to the coordinator
Josep Roca Exhibitions
Albert Sagrera Audiovisual media
Alexandra Heeroms Secretary
Xavier Muñoz Auxiliary

Administration Antònia Bisbal Coordinator

Anna Forcadell Administrator
Carme Villella Secretary
Teodoro López Auxiliary
 Documentation Clara Plasència Archivist

Ferran Villalbí Computer systems

Anillo Olímpico de Montjuïc, S. A.

Manager Ernest Serra

Technical Department Lluís Millet Director

Gaietà Granell Engineer

Pere Sariola Engineer
Lola Queralt Architect
Antoni Nadal Draughtsman

332

Administration Judith Avinyó Lawyer

Dolors Ricart Secretary

Special Body for the Administration of the Poblenou Seafront (Olympic Village)

Chief executive officer Ramon Boixadós

Technical Department Manuel Herce Director

Alfons Rodríguez Engineer

Juli Laviña Architect

Miguel Ángel Andújar Engineer

Perfecto Zayuelas Topographer

Manuel Hernández Surveyor
Administration Margarita Ruiz Management secretary
Carme Simó Recepcionist
Rosa Maria Farràs Secretary

333
4.2. The Council of Support
 The Council of Support for the Candidature of Barcelona
for the 1992 Olympic Games

Council of Honour His Majesty King Juan Carlos I King of Spain

H.E. Mr Felipe González President of the Spanish
Márquez Government

The Rt. Hon. Mr Jordi Pujol President of the Generalitat

i Soley of Catalonia
H.E. Mr Javier Solana Madariaga Minister of Culture
H.E. Mr Pasqual Maragall i Mira Mayor of Barcelona

Institutions, organisations, H.E. Mr Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Ex-president of the Spanish

associations and VIPs Bustelo Government
H.E. Adolfo Suárez González Ex-president of the Spanish
Duque de Suárez Government

Molt Hble. Sr. Josep Tarradellas Ex-president of the Generalitat

i Joan of Catalonia
Marqués de Tarradellas
336

H.E. Mr Enric Masó i Vázquez Ex-mayor of Barcelona

H.E. Mr Josep Maria de Porcioles Ex-mayor of Barcelona
i Colomer

H.E. Mr Narcís Serra i Serra Minister of Defence

Ex-mayor of Barcelona
H.E. Mr Josep Maria Socias Ex-mayor of Barcelona
i Humbert

The Rt. Hon. Mr Heribert Barrera Secretary general of ERC

i Costa
The Rt. Hon. Mr Miquel Coll President of UDC
i Alentorn
H.E. Mr Gregorio López Ex-president of the PSUC
Raimundo
H.E. Mr Joan Raventós i Carner President of the PSC
Ilmo. Sr. Ramon Trias Fargas President of CDC

Sr. Josep Azuara i Gonzalez President of the Catalan

Association of Municipalities

* Source: Olympic Office: The Council of Support for the Candidature of Barcelona for the 1992 Olympic Games (1986).
Institutions, organisations, H.E. Mr Joaquim Nadal i Farreras
associations and VIPs
H.E. Mr Tomás Rodríguez
Bolaños
Mr José María Cuevas Salvador
H.E. Mr Josep Maria Figueras
i Bassols
H.E. Mr Pere Llorens i Lorente
Mr Alfred Molinas i Bellido
H.E. Mr Adrian Piera Jiménez
Mr Josep Lluís Rovira i Escubos
H.E. Mr Marcelino Camacho Abad
H.E. Mr Justo Domínguez
de la Fuente
H.E. Mr Josep Lluís López Bulla
H.E. Mr Nicolás Redondo Urbieta
H.E. Dr. Josep Maria Bricall
i Masip
H.E. Dr. Gabriel Ferrate
i Pascual
H.E. Mr Emilio Lamo
de Espinosa
H.E. Dr. Ramon Pascual
i de Sans
H.E. Mr Enric Trillas i Ruiz
President of the Federation of
Municipalities of Catalonia
President of the Spanish
Federation of Municipalities
President of the Spanish
Confederation of Business
Organisations
President of the Chamber of
Commerce, Industry and
Navigation of Barcelona and of
the Higher Council of Chambers
of Commerce of Catalonia
President of the Executive Board
of the Official International
Barcelona Trade Fair
President of the Barcelona
Council of Trade Guilds
President of the Department for
the Creation of Employment
President of the Higher Council of
337
Chambers of Commerce, Industry
and Navigation of Spain
President of the Small Business
Association of Catalonia
Secretary general of CC.OO.
Secretary general of the UGT
of Catalonia
Secretary general of the CC.OO.
of Catalonia
Secretary general of the UGT
Rector of the University of
Barcelona
Rector of the Polytechnic
University of Catalonia
Secretary general of the Council of
Universities
Rector of the Autonomous
University of Barcelona
President of the Higher Council
for Scientific Research
 Institutions, organisations, H.E. Mr Luis Blanco-Soler
associations and VIPs
Mr Enric Casassas i Simó
H.E. Mr Domingo García Sabell
H.E. Mr Pedro Laín Entralgo
H.E. Mr Frederic Marés
i Deulovol
H.E. Mr Ángel Martín Municio
Mr José María Satrústegui Zubeldia
Sr. Ignasi Bañares i Sanz
Mr Modest Batlle i Girona
338
Mr Agustí Borrell i Calonge
Mr Francesc Caballero i Ortiz
Mr Esteban Camarasa Rovira
Mr Pere Camprubí i Garcia
Mr Antonio de las Heras i
Redondo
Mr Delfín Fernández de Sevilla
Torrijos
Mr Vicente Font Boix
Mr Marià Ganduxer i Relats
Mr Josep Maria Gras i Isern
Mrs Mercè Izquierdo i Aymerich
Director of the San Fernando
Academy of Fine Arts
President of the Institute of
Catalan Studies
President of the Royal Galician
Academy of the Language
President of the Royal Spanish
Academy of the Language
President of the Sant Jordi
Academy of Fine Arts
President of the Royal Academy
of Exact, Physical and Natural
Sciences
Secretary general of Euskalzandia
Syndic-president of the Official
Institute of Stockbrokers
Dean of the Official Institute of
Road, Canal and Port Engineers
of Catalonia
Dean of the Official Institute of
Architects of Catalonia
President of the Official Institute
of Qualified Nurses and Medical
Technical Auxiliaries
President of the Official Institute
of Insurance Brokers
President of the Official Institute
of Biologists
Territorial President of the
Official Institute of Technical
Topographic Engineers
Dean of the Official Institute of
Technical and Public Works
Engineers
Dean of the Official Institute of
Notaries of Barcelona
President of the Official Institute
of Mercantile Officials of Barcelona
President of the Barcelona Official
Institute of Pharmacologists
Dean of the Official Institute of
Arts and Sciences Doctors and
Graduates of Catalonia
Institutions, organisations, Mr Florentí Manyà i Turbí
associations and VIPs
Mr Francesc Monné i Orga
Mrs Anna Morató i Sáenz
Mr Gaspar Núñez i Simón
Mr Antoni Plasència i Monleón
Mr Carles Ponsa i Ballart
Mr Carles Puiggrós i Lluelles
Mr Francesc Santacana i Martorell
H.E. Mr Carles Sentís i Anfruns
Mr Ramon Trias i Rubies
Mr Pablo Vidal Francesc
Mr Antonio Alcoba López
Mr Luis Apostua Palos
Mr José María Lorente Toribio
Mr Joaquín Pérez Díaz-Palacios
Mr Horaci Seguí i López
Mr Antoni Trapé i Pi
Mr Miguel Vidal Tociño
Dean of the Official Institute of
Industrial Technical Engineers of
Catalonia
President of the Official Institute
of Veterinary Surgenons of
Barcelona
President of the Official Institute
of Qualified Social Workers of
Catalonia
President of the Official Institute
of Customs Brokers and Agents
Dean of Illustrious Institute of
Lawyers of Barcelona
Dean of the Official Institute of
Industrial Engineers of Catalonia
President of the Official Institute
of Surveyors of Barcelona
Dean of the Official Institute of
Economists of Catalonia
Dean of the Official Institute of 339
Journalists of Catalonia
President of the Official Institute
of Doctors of Barcelona
President of the Official Institute
of Property Registrars
President of the National
Association of Graphic Reporters
President of the Federation of
Spanish Press Associations
President of the Spanish
Association of Sports Journalists
President of the Spanish
Association of Radio and
Television Sports Reporters
President of the National
Association of Graphic Reporters
of Catalonia
President of the Provincial
Association of Sports Journalists
President of the Spanish Union of
Sports Journalists
 Institutions, organisations, Mr Enric Coromines i Vila
associations and VIPs
Mr Miquel Esquirol i Clavero
H.E. Mr Ricard Gutiérrez i Marti
H.E. Mr Jordi Maragall i Noble
H.E. Mr Leocadio Marín
Rodríguez
Mrs Marga Rodríguez i Piquer
Mr Rafael Alberti
Mr Andreu Alfaro
Mr Néstor Almendros
340
Mr Jordi Alumà
H.E. Mr Dr. Joaquim Barraquer
Mr Miguel Berrocal
Mr Conrad Blanch
Mr Ricard Bofill
Mr Oriol Bohigas
H.E. Mr Antonio Buero Vallejo
H.E. Ms Montserrat Caballé
H.E. Mr Julio Caro Baroja
Mr Josep Carreras
Mr Josep Maria Castellet
Mr Francesc Català i Roca
President of the Economists' Circle
President of the Friends of the
City
President of the Spanish Red
Cross in Barcelona
President of the Spanish Red
Cross Catalan Assembly
President of the Ateneu Barcelonès
President of the Spanish Red
Cross Assembly
President of the Federation of
Neighbourhood Associations
Writer. Cervantes Prize
Sculptor. National Prize for the
Plastic Arts
Photographer. Oscar from the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts
and Sciences, Hollywood
Painter
Professor of Ocular Surgery
Sculptor
Leader of the 1986 Everest
expedition
Architect and town-planner
Architect and town-planner. Gold
medal of the Barcelona City
Council
Writer. National Prize for the
Theatre
Opera singer. Gold medal of the
Generalitat of Catalonia
Writer and anthropologist.
National Prize for Spanish Letters
Opera singer
Writer
Photographer. National Prize for
the Plastic Arts
Institutions, organisations, Mr Camilo José Cela
associations and VIPs
Mr Xavier Corberó
Mr Xavier Cugat
H.E. Mr Eduardo Chillida
H.E. Mr Salvador Dalí
Marqués de Púbol
H.E. Mr Enrique de la Mata
Gorostizaga
H.E. Ms Alícia de Larrocha
H.E. Mr Miguel Delibes
H.E. Ms Victoria de los Angeles
H.E. Mr Gerardo Diego
Mr Plácido Domingo
H.E. Mr Pere Duran i Farell
Mr Apeles Fenosa
Mr Josep Maria Flotats
H.E. Mr Carles Güell
de Sentmenat
H.E. Mr Cristobal Halffter
Mr Joan Hernández Pijuan
Mr Joaquim Homs
Mr Julio Iglesias
Mr Josep Maria Llompart
H.E. Mr Julián Marías
H.E. Mr Adolfo Marsillach
H.E. Lieutenant-General
Federico Michavilla
Writer
Sculptor
Musician. Gold medal of the
Barcelona City Council
Sculptor
Painter. Gold medal of the
Generalitat of Catalonia
President of the League of Red
Cross and Crescent Moon Societies
Pianist. Gold medal of the
Generalitat of Catalonia and the
Barcelona City Council
Writer. Principe de Asturias Prize
Singer. National Prize for Music
Writer. Cervantes Prize
Opera singer
341
Businessman
Sculptor. Gold medal of the
Generalitat of Catalonia and the
Barcelona City Council
Actor. Nacional Prize for the
Theatre of the Generalitat of
Catalonia
Businessman
Compositor. National Prize for
Music
Painter. National Prize for the
Plastic Arts
Musician. Gold medal of the
Barcelona City Council
Singer
President of the Association of
Writers in Catalan
Writer. Fastenrah Prize
Actor and director of the National
Classical Theatre
Representative of the Ministry of
Defence on the Higher Sports
Council
 Institutions, organisations H.E. Mr Fèlix Millet
associations and VIPs
H.E. Mr Frederic Mompou
Mr Tete Montoliu
Mr Xavier Montsalvatge
H.E. Mr Severo Ochoa
H.E. Mr Manuel Olivencia
H.E. Mr Marcelino Oreja
Mr Lluís Pasqual
Mr Albert Puig
H.E. Mr Antoni Puigvert
342
Mr Albert Ràfols i Casamada
Mr André Ricard
H.E. Mr Joaquín Rodrigo
Mr Manuel Romero
Mr Luis Rosales
H.E. Mr Xavier Rubert de Ventós
Mr Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza
Mr Joan Manuel Serrat
H.E. Mr Miguel Siguan i Soler
Mr Josep Maria Subirachs
Mr Antoni Tàpies
H.E. Mr Gonzalo Torrente
Ballester
Mr Antoni Vila i Arrufat
Mr Narciso Yepes
President of the Orfeó Català
Composer. Gold medal of the
Generalitat of Catalonia and the
Barcelona City Council
Musician. Gold medal of the
Barcelona City Council
Composer. National Prize for
Music
Biologist. Nobel Prize
Comissioner general of the Sevilla
1992 Universal Exhibition
Secretary general of the Council of
Europe
Theatre director. National Prize
for the Theatre
Gold medal of the Barcelona City
Council
Professor of Urology
Painter. National Prize for the
Plastic Arts
Critic and industrial designer
National Prize for Music
Director of Sports operations of
the UER
Writer. Cervantes Prize
Philosopher
Architect
Singer and composer
Gold medal of the Barcelona City
Council
Sculptor
Painter. Gold medal of the
Generalitat of Catalonia
Writer. Cervantes Prize
Painter and engraver. Gold medal
of the Barcelona City Council
Musician
Sports H.E. Mr Luis M. Bandrés Unanue Councillor for Culture and Sport
Basque Country

H.E. Mr José María Barreda Councillor for Education and

Fontes Culture
Castille-La Mancha
H.E. Mr Justino Burgos González Councillor for Education and
Culture
Castille-León
H.E. Mr Cebrià Ciscar i Casaban Councillor for Culture, Education
and Science
Community of Valencia
H.E. Mr Andrés Cuartero Moreno Councillor for the Presidency and
Institutional Relations
Aragón
H.E. Mr Esteban Egea Fernández Councillor for Culture and
Education
Murcia

H.E. Mr Francisco C. España Councillor for Education, Culture,

Fuentes Sport and the Artistic Heritage
Extremadura
H.E. Mr Román Felones Morras Councillor for Education and 343
Culture
Navarra
H.E. Mr Alejandrino Fernández Councillor for Culture and Social
Barreiro Welfare
Galicia
H.E. Mr Manuel Fernández Councillor for Education, culture
de la Cera and Sport
Asturias
H.E. Mr José Luis García Alonso Councillor for Culture, Sport and
Tourism
Madrid
H.E. Mr Francisco Gilet Girart Councillor for Education and
Culture
Balearic Islands
H.E. Mr Felipe Pérez Moreno Councillor for Culture and Sport
Canary Islands
H.E. Mr José Ignacio Pérez Sáenz Councillor for Education, Culture
and Sport
La Rioja
H.E. Mr Luis Alberto Rodríguez Councillor for Culture, Education
González and Sport
Cantabria
H.E. Mr Javier Torres Vela Councillor for Culture
Andalusia
 Sports Mr Manuel Fonseca de la Llave Secretary general of the Spanish
Olympic Committee
H.E. Mr Daniel Romero Álvarez Director general of Sport at the
Higher Sports Council

Mr Miguel Ángel Delgado Noguera Director of the INEF Granada

Mr José Luis Hernández Vázquez Director of the INEF Madrid
Mr Pere Miró i Sellarés Director of the INEF Cataluña

Mr Jesús Agüero i Cayon President of the Catalan Rowing

Federation

Ms Carmen Algora Sanjuán President of the Spanish

Gymnastics Federation
Mr Joan Amigó i Freixa President of the Catalan Aerial
Sports Federation

344 Mr Miquel Arbós i Abadal President of the Catalan Cycling

Federation

Mr Domènec Argemí i Madurell President of the Catalan Hockey

Federation

Mr Marià Arisó i Espinal President of the Catalan

Motorcycling Federation

Mr Antoni Asensio Forcà President of the Catalan Wrestling

Federation

Mr Luis Báguena Salvador President of the Spanish Judo

Federation

Mr Enric Ballesteros i Figueres President of the Catalan

Underwater Sports Federation

Mr Jordi Batalla i Escoda President of the Catalan Shooting

Federation

Mr Sebastià Benasco i Martínez President of the Catalan

Volleyball Federation

Mr Basilio Blanco Piqueras President of the Spanish

Pigeon-Fanciers Federation

Mr Agustí Brugués i Puig President of the Catalan Pelota

Federation
Mr Guillermo Cabeza President of the Spanish
Federation of Sports for the
Disabled
Sports Mr Joan Casellas i Xirgú
Mr Pere Cuatrecasas i Sabata
Mr Francesc Josep d'Abadal
i Lacambra
Mr Arturo Delgado de Almeida
Mr Francisco de Asís Geli Simon
Mr Juan Manuel de Hoz
Mr Joan de la Llera i Trens
Mr Angel de Lamo Alonso
Mr Lluís Fernández de Retama
i Illa
Mr Josep Julià del Valle i González
Mr Joaquín Díez Díez
Mr Manuel Domènech i Miró
Mr Segundo Eguía Herrera
Mr Josep Maria Emerich i Ribas
Mr Antonio Espinós Ortueta
Mr Josep Ferrer i Peris
Mr Luis Figueras-Dotti
Mr Alfredo Flórez Plaza
Mr Ángel Font i González
Mr Ernest Font i Pou
President of the Catalan Handball
Federation
President of the Catalan Golf
Federation
President of the Catalan Polo
Federation
President of the Royal Spanish
Yatching Federation
President of the Spanish
Motorboat Federation
President of the Spanish Athletics
Federation
President of the Catalan
Gymnastics Federation
President of the Union of Catalan
Sports Federations
President of the Spanish Pelota
Federation
President of the Catalan Carrier
Pigeon Federation
345
President of the Catalan Boxing
Federation
President of the Spanish Fishing
Federation
President of the Spanish Skating
Federation
President of the Spanish Skittles
Federation
President of the Catalan Fishing
Federation
President of the Spanish Karate
Federation
President of the Catalan Tennis
Federation
President of the Spanish Golf
Federation
President of the Spanish
Swimming Federation
President of the Catalan
Motorboat Federation
President of the Catalan
Automobile Federation
 Sports Mr Segismundo Fraile
Mr Eduardo Gallart Baldo
Mr Josep García i Mateos
Mr José Antonio García Muñoz
Mr Francesc Garcia i Suárez
Mr Joan Garrigós i Toro
Mr Santiago Gil de Biedma
Mr Antonio Gil Pérez
Mr Eduardo Góngora Benítez
de Lugo
346
Mr Alfredo Goyeneche Moreno
Marqués de Artasona
Mr Carlos Gracia Fuertes
Mr Antoni Guasch i Carrete
Mr José Antonio Hermida
Mr José Luis Ibáñez Arana
Mr Francesc Izard i Gavarró
Mr Juan Andrés Larrazábal
Mr Miquel Llompart i Triaou
Mr Antonio López López
Mr Ángel Manso i Ortega
Mr Josep Maria March i Pàmpols
Mr Carlos Marqués Prats
President of the Spanish Winter
Sports Federation
President of the Spanish Boxing
Federation
President of the Catalan
Pigeon-Fanciers Federation
President of the Spanish Wrestling
Federation
President of the Catalan Baseball
and Softball Federation
President of the Federation of
Excursionist Oganisations of
Catalonia
President of the Spanish Polo
Federation
President of the Spanish Aerial
Sports Federation
President of the Spanish Squash
Federation
President of the Spanish
Equestrian Federation
President of the Spanish
Automobile Federation
President of the Catalan Football
Federation
President of the Spanish Petanque
Federation
President of the Spanish Cycling
Federation
President of the Catalan Winter
Sports Federation
President of the Spanish
Greyhound Federation
President of the Catalan Billards
Federation
President of the Spanish
Motorcycling Federation
President of the Catalan Squash
Federation
President of the Catalan Canoeing
Federation
President of the Spanish
Pigeon-Fanciers Federation
Sports Mr Josep Maria Martí i Font
Mr Joan Martin i Barrat
Mr Juan Martínez Valero
Mr Feliciano Mayoral Barba
Mr Joan Mercadé i Brullés
Mr Francesc Miró-Sans
i Casacuberta
Mr David Moner i Codina
Mr Fernando Muñoz Guerra
Mr Leandro Negre Carrió
Ms Mercè Olivera i Capellades
Mr Joan Olivier i Genovès
Mr Francesc Ordeig i Terricabras
Mr Miquel Ortín i Rull
Mr Joan Palau i Francas
Mr Lesmes Peña Hurtado
Mr Joan Peña i Morera
Mr Pau Pérez i de Pedro
Mr Antonio Pérez Francés
Mr José Perurena López
Mr Alberto Pico Marín
Mr Enric Piquet i Miquel
President of the Catalan Petanque
Federation
President of the Catalan Archery
Federation
President of the Spanish
Water-Skiing Federation
President of the Spanish
Volleyball Federation
President of the Catalan
Water-skiing Federation
President of the Catalan
Greyhound Federation
President of the Catalan
Swimming Federation
President of the Spanish
Mountaineering Federation
President of the Spanish Hockey
Federation
President of the Catalan 347
Life-Saving Federation
President of the Catalan
Equestrian Federation
President of the Catalan Hunting
Federation
President of the Spanish Baseball
and Softball Federation
President of the Catalan
Federation of Sports for the
Disabled
President of the Spanish Hunting
Federation
President of the Catalan
Weigthlifting Federation
President of the Spanish Potholing
Federation
President of the Spanish Archery
Federation
President of the Spanish Canoeing
Federation
President of the Spanish Rugby
Federation
President of the Catalan
Basketball Federation
 Sports Mr Jordi Prat i Puigdengolas
Mr Agustí Pujol i Niubó
Mr Javier Quintano Muñoz
Mr Manuel Recoder
Mr Enric Redondo i Fabregat
Mr Xavier Ribalta i Balcells
Mr Joan Ricart i Aguilà
Mr Manuel Rivas Ferviño
Mr José Luis Roca Millán
348 Mr Joan Maria Roig i Claret
Mr Guillem Ros i Massot
Mr Juan Ruiz Pérez
Mr Josep Antoni Sancha i de Prada
Mr Ricardo Sánchez Lozano
Mr Joan Segura i Vila
Mr Emilio Serna Díez
Mr Alexandre Soler-Cabot i Serra
Mr Pere Sust i Sagau
Mr Roberto Tendero Llofriu
Mr Román Torán Albero
President of the Catalan Table
Tennis Federation
President of the Royal Spanish
Tennis Federation
President of the Spanish Table
Tennis Federation
President of the Catalan Karate
Federation
President of the Spanish
Underwater Sports Federation
President of the Catalan Fencing
Federation
President of the Catalan Skittles
Federation
President of the Royal Spanish
Shooting Federation
President of the Royal Spanish
Football Federation
President of the Catalan Yatching
Federation
President of the Catalan Athletics
Federation
President of the Royal Spanish
Fencing Federation
President of the Catalan Rugby
Federation
President of the Spanish Modern
Pentathlon Federation
President of the Spanish Chess
Federation
President of the Catalan Judo
Federation
President of the Catalan Modern
Pentathlon Federation
President of the Spanish
Basketball Federation
President of the Catalan
Association of Sports Managers
President of the Spanish Handball
Federation
President of the Spanish Chess
Federation
Sports Mr Pere Torras i Escudé
Mr Francesc Valls i Luque
Mr Pedro Várez Delgado
Mr José Luis Vila Piñeiro
Mr Jesús Villamor y Villachica
Mr Salvador Vives i Jorba
Mr Pedro Walch den Tuinder
Mr Francisco Zuriarrain Altuna
Mr Alejandro Abascal
Mr José Manuel Abascal
Mr Francesc Alguersuari
Mr José Alvarez Bohorques
Mr Joan Amat
H.E. Mr Luis Azemar
Mr Jacinto Ballester
Mr Severiano Ballesteros
Mr Benito Castejón
Mr Juan José Castillo
Mr Fernando Climent
Mr Juan Antonio Corbalán
H.E. Carlos de Godó
Conde de Godó
Mr Guillermo del Riego
Mr José Ramón Díaz Flor
Mr Luis Doreste
Mr Eduardo Dualde
Mr Conrado Durántez
President of the Catalan Skating
Federation
President of the Catalan
Badminton Federation
President of the Spanish
Weightlifting Federation
President of the Spanish
Badminton Federation
President of the Spanish Billiards
Federation
President of the Catalan Potholing
Federation
President of the Spanish
Life-Saving Federation
President of the Spanish Rowing
Federation
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
349
Olympic Order
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic Order
Olympic Order
Golfer
Olympic Order
Olympic Order
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic Order
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
President of the Olympic Academy
 Sports Mr José María Esteban Celorrio
Mr Francisco Fernández Ochoa
Mr Antonio Gorostegui
Mr Luis María Lasúrtegui
Mr Jordi Llopart
Mr David López Zubero
Mr Herminio Menéndez
Mr Andreu Mercé i Varela
Mr Enrique Míguez
Mr Pere Lluís Millet
Mr Roberto Molina
Mr Ángel Nieto
Mr Miquel Noguer
Mr Luis Gregorio Ramos Misioné
350
Mr José Enrique Rodríguez Cal
Mr Manuel Santana
Mr Raimundo Saporta
Mr Narciso Suárez
Barcelona Olímpica'92 H.E. Mr José M. Aguirre González
Business Association
Mr Roberto Alcalde Castillo
H.E. Mr Joan Alegre i Marcet
H.E. Mr Narcís Andreu i Musté
H.E. Mr Ramón Areces Rodríguez
Mr Antonio Asensio Pizarro
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic Order
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Motorcyclist
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Olympic medal-winner
Tennis player
Olympic Order
Olympic medal-winner
President
SIEMENS, S. A.
President
CONTROL Y APLICACIONES,
S. A.
President
FECSA
President and director general
IBERIA, S. A.
President of the Board of
Administration
EL CORTE INGLÉS, S. A.
President
GRUPO Z
Barcelona Olímpica'92 Mr Joan Lluís Asmarats i Pujol President
Business Association CAMUNSA
Mr Fernando de Asúa Álvarez President
IBM
H.E. Mr Baltasar Aymerich President
i Coromines SINTEL, S. A.
Mr Xavier Aznárez i Hermosa President
SANYO
Mr Josep Maria Ballbé i Armengol Manager
MESTRE I BALLBÉ, S. A.
Mr Javier Bañón Seijas President
ISOLUX, S. A.
Mr José Basi Sabi Manager
BASI HERMANOS, S. A.
Mr Alfredo Basté Schwartz President
BARNICES VALENTINE, S. A.
Mr Romà Jesús Belloc i Escuté President
BELLOC ESCUTÉ
Mr Manuel Bellsolell i Coma Managing director 351
FICHET, S.A.E.
H.E. Mr Javier Benjumea President
Puigcerver ABENGOA, S. A.
Mr Alfredo Bernad Herrando Chief Executive
FORET, S. A.
H.E. Mr Joaquín Bertrán de Caralt President
CEMENTOS ASLAND, S. A.
H.E. Mr Claudio Boada Villalonga President of the Board of
Administration
BANCO HISPANOAMERICANO
Mr Joaquim Boixareu i Gimó President
ACEROS BOIXAREU, S. A.
H.E. Mr Emilio Botín López President
BANCO DE SANTANDER
H.E. Mr Miguel Boyer Salvador President
BANCO EXTERIOR DE ESPAÑA
H.E. Mr Carlos Bustelo García President
del Real ACESA
Mr José Ramón Castelló Bueso Director general
OBRAS Y CONSTRUCCIONES,
S. A.
Mr Narcís Codina i Surós Chief executive
MED PLAYA HOTELS
 Barcelona Olímpica'92 Mr Carles Colomer i Casellas President
Business Association HENRY COLOMER

H.E. Mr Fernando Coll Picar President of the Board of

Administration
DAMM, S. A.

Mr Joan Corominas i Vila President

BANC DE SABADELL

Mr Francesc Daurella Chief executive

COBEGA, S. A.
H.E. Mr Iñigo de Oriol e Ybarra President
HECSA

Mr Jesús de Polanco Gutiérrez President

EL PAÍS
H.E. Mr Rafael del Pino President
FERROVIAL, S. A.
Mr Enric Domènech i Jaime Manager
MAQUIMPRÉS, S. A.
H.E. Mr Antonio Durán Tovar President
DRAGADOS
352 Y CONSTRUCCIONES, S. A.
H.E. Mr Joan Echevarría i Puig Executive president
MOTOR IBÉRICA, S. A.

Mr José María Entrecanales Director general

de Azcárate ENTRECANALES Y TAVORA,
S. A.
H.E. Mr Alfonso Escámez López President
BANCO CENTRAL
CEPSA

Dr. Josep Esteve i Soler President

LABORATORIOS
DR. ESTEVE, S. A.
Mr Josep Ferrer i Sala Managing director
FREIXENET, S. A.

Mr Carles Ferrer Salat President

FERRER INTERNACIONAL,
S. A.
Mr Ignasi Ferrero i Jordi Director general
NUTREXPA, S. A.
Mr Santiago Fradera i Butsems Administrator
CEMENTOS UNILAND
Mr Ricardo Fuster Fuster President
DANONE, S. A.
Mr Salvador Gabarró i Serra Manager
ROCA RADIADORES, S. A.
Barcelona Olímpica'92 Dr. Romano Gabriele Director general
Business Association HISPANO OLIVETTI, S. A.
H.E. Mr Angel Galíndez Celayeta President
BANCO DE VIZCAYA

H.E. Mr Joan Gaspart i Bonet President

HUSA

Mr Javier Godó Muntañola Editor

LA VANGUARDIA
Mr José Acacio Gómez Vigo Chief executive
BANCO DE EUROPA

Mr Humberto González Espinosa Chief executive

GALERÍAS PRECIADOS
Mr Pere Grau i Hoyos President
CATALANA DE GAS
I ELECTRICITAT

Mr Emilio Haase Barasoain Director general

RANK XEROX ESPAÑOLA,
S. A.
Mr Josep Maria Juncadella i Burés INDUSTRIAS BURÉS
Mr Hans-Wolfgang Langner Chief executive 353
HISPANO ALEMANA
DE CONSTRUCCIÓN, S. A.

Mr Juan March Delgado President

BANCO DE PROGRESO

Mr Manuel Martínez Fernández President

GRUPO RAMEL, S. A.

Mr Francesc Mas-Sardà i Casanelles President

FOCSA

H.E. Mr Enric Masó i Vázquez President

ENRIQUE MASÓ, E.D.S.

Mr Enrique M. Meijer President

PHILIPS IBÉRICA, S.A.E.

Mr Antonio Messa Buxareu Chief executive

CUBIERTAS Y MZOV, S. A.

Mr Josep Miarnau i Banús Manager

COMSA

H.E. Mr Salvador Millet i Bel President

Mr José Montes Heredia
H.E. Mr Vicente Mortes Alfonso
CAIXA DE PENSIONS PER
A LA VELLESA I D'ESTALVIS
Chief Executive
BBC BROWN BOVERI, S. A.
President
NESTLE, A.E.P.A.
 Barcelona Olímpica'92 Mr Juan Ignacio Muñiz Entrialgo Chief Executive
Business Association MATERIAL
Y CONSTRUCCIÓN, S. A.

Mr Josep Lluís Núñez i Clemente President

CONSTRUCCIONES NÚÑEZ
Y NAVARRO, S. A.

Mr Jorge Núñez y Lasso de la Vega President

TORRAS HOSTENCH
H.E. Mr Tomás Pascual Sanz President
LECHE PASCUAL

Mr Alfredo Pastor Bodmer Chief executive

ENHER

Mr Josep Joan Pintó i Ruiz President

CAIXA DE BARCELONA

Mr Gabriel Pretús i Becerra President

TORRAS HERRERÍA
Y CONSTRUCCIONES, S. A.

Mr Mariano Puig i Planas Manager

ANTONIO PUIG, S. A.

354 Mr Francesc Quintana i Cascante Manager

FRANCISCO QUINTANA
YLZARBE, S. A.

Mr Jaume Rosell i Sanuy Director general

EMTE

Mr Alfredo Sáenz Abad President

BANCA CATALANA

Mr Miguel Sáenz de Viguera President

y Aizpurúa LA MAQUINISTA TERRESTRE
Y MARITIMA, S. A.

Ilma. Sra. Mercè Sala President

i Schnorkowski FERROCARRIL
METROPOLITANO
DE BARCELONA, S. A.

Mr Romà Sanahuja i Bosch President of the Board of

Administration
INDICESA

H.E. Mr José Ángel Sánchez President

Asiaín BANCO DE BILBAO

Mr Abdulla A. Saudi President

BANCO ATLÁNTICO

Mr Jordi Serra i Bayona Managing director

ASEPEYO

H.E. Mr Antoni Serra President

i Ramoneda CAIX-A D'ESTALVIS
DE CATALUNYA
Barcelona Olímpica'92 Mr Jesús Serra i Santamans Chief executive
Business Association GRUPO ASEGURADOR
CATALANA OCCIDENTE
H.E. Mr Luis Solana Madariaga President
COMPAÑÍA TELEFÓNICA
NACIONAL DE ESPAÑA
Mr Manuel Soto Serrano President
ARTHUR ANDERSEN & CÍA.
Mr Federico Sotomayor Gippini President
ENASA
Mr Chiaki Sugishima Chief executive
FUJITSU-ESPAÑA, S. A.
Mr Artur Suqué i Puig President
CASINOS DE CATALUNYA,
S. A.
Mr Miquel Torres i Carbó President
BODEGAS TORRES
Dr. Joan Uriach i Marsal President and Managing director
J. URIACH & CÍA., S. A.

355
4.3. Chronology of the Candidature
 Chronology of the Candidature
1980
17 July 1980
The plans of the mayor of Barcelona,
Narcís Serra, to hold the Olympic
Games in the city, are mentioned in the
press for the first time.
5 October 1980
Juan Antonio Samaranch, recently
elected president of the IOC, makes a
statement to the press that "Barcelona
is capable of organising the Olympic
Games."
1981
31 January 1981
At the dinner for the sportsman and
woman of the year for 1980, the mayor
of Barcelona, Narcís Serra, announces
in the presence of the president of the
IOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch, that he
wishes Barcelona to organise the 1992
Summer Olympic Games.
358 7 April 1981
Narcís Serra briefs senior management
of the Catalan Association of Sports
Managers on the first steps taken and
asks them for their support.
30 May 1981
Narcís Serra requests the patronage of
HM King Juan Carlos I for the
Barcelona Candidature project.
30 June 1981
The Barcelona City Council, in a
plenary session, unanimously supports
the initiative.
30 September 1981
Narcís Serra delivers the municipal
agreement to the president of the COE,
Jesús Hermida.
1982
4 January 1982
The workshop of the painter Antoni
Tàpies produces the first Candidature
poster, which is used for the covers of
the publications about the Barcelona
Olympic project.
14 January 1982
A municipal decree is passed appointing
Romà Cuyàs commissioner for the
Candidature and entrusting him with a
study of the viability of organising the
Games in the city of Barcelona.
6 April 1982
The book Guia de l'esport is published
by the City Council. It contains a
complete list of the sports facilities,
complexes and organisations in
Barcelona.
27 April 1982
Publication of the book Barcelona
pretén els Jocs de 1992, the first
account of the Barcelona Candidature
project.
12 June 1982
The World Cup opens in Barcelona.
The international sports press is
informed of the aspirations of the city
to host the Olympic Games.
6 October 1982
The international competition for
architectural projects for the Montjuïc
Olympic Ring is convened.
11 November 1982
The Barcelona City Council receives the
report on the viability of holding the
1992 Games in Barcelona, Projecte de
Jocs Olímpics Barcelona 1992. Primeres
aproximacions, drafted by Romà Cuyàs.
12 November 1982
The mayor of Barcelona, Narcís Serra;
the director general of Sport at the
Generalitat, Josep Lluís Vilaseca; the
councillor for Sport at the Barcelona
City Council, Enric Truñó; and the
director of the report Projecte de Jocs
Olímpics Barcelona 1992. Primeres
aproximacions, Romà Cuyàs, present
the viability study to the president of
the IOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch.
15 November 1982
The Executive Board of the COE
decides to give initial support to the
Barcelona Candidature.
26 November 1982
The Municipal Standing Committee
approves the opening of the Olympic
Office.
2 December 1982
Pasqual Maragall succeeds Narcís Serra
as mayor of Barcelona, the latter having
been named minister of defence in the
Spanish government.
10 December 1982
The new mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, presents the king with the
book Barcelona pretén els Jocs de 1992.
14 December 1982
The new president of the Spanish
government, Felipe González,
announces to the mayor of Barcelona,
Pasqual Maragall, the unconditional
support of his cabinet for the Barcelona
Candidature.
16 December 1982
At a plenary session, the COE pledges
its support for the Candidature.
1983
7 January 1983
Brisbane informs the IOC of its
intention to present its Candidature for
the 1992 Olympic Games.
The president of the Generalitat, Jordi
Pujol, and the mayor of Barcelona,
Pasqual Maragall, sign the agreement
constituting the Managing Council of
the Barcelona Candidature.
them to participate in the
administration and financing of the
Candidature.
13 December 1983
The Managing Council approves the
Barcelona '92 Candidature Preliminary
Project.
21 December 1983
The COE decides to support the
Barcelona Candidature for the 1992
Summer Olympic Games and discards
the Candidatures of Jaca and Granada
for the Winter Games in the same year.
14 May 1984
The Managing Council approves the
logotype, based on the project presented
by Juan Carlos Pérez Sánchez (America
Sanchez).
The Barcelona City Council calls for
applications for the study and the
drafting of the computer and
telecommunications requirements
project for the 1992 Olympic Games
(BIT'92).

February 1983
The Barcelona Metropolitan
Corporation and its component
municipalities offer their support for
the Candidature project.
4 February 1983
Armand Carabén is appointed Olympic
commissioner, replacing Romà Cuyàs,
who has been appointed secretary of
State for Sport.
16 March 1983
Launching of the Candidature bulletin
Barcelona Olympic News, edited by
Andreu Mercè Varela.
16 June 1983
The First Barcelona Olympic Day is
held at the Saló del Tinell, with the
inauguration of the exhibition of official
posters for the Summer and Winter
Olympic Games.
Joan Mas Cantí is appointed
comissioner of the Candidature,
replacing Armand Carabén.
20 June 1983
Jordi Serra is appointed director of the
Olympic Office.
19 July 1983
The Managing Council approves the
Master Plan for the Montjuïc Olympic
Ring.
24 November 1983
The mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, holds a meeting with a group
of businessmen at the headquarters of
the Barcelona Chamber of Commerce,
Industry and Navigation and invites
22 December 1983
The mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, presents the president of the
Spanish government, Felipe González,
with a copy of the Barcelona'92
Candidature Preliminary Project.
6 June 1984
The Second Barcelona Olympic Day is
held, with the inauguration of an
exhibition of Summer Olympic torches
from 1936 to 1984, at the Palau de la
Virreina.
1984
17 July 1984
16 January 1984 Alfonso de Borbón is elected president 359
The winner of the international of the COE, replacing Romà Cuyàs.
competition for architectural projects
for the Montjuïc Olympic Ring is chosen.
28 July 1984
Opening of the Los Angeles Olympic
24 January 1984 Games.
Amsterdam announces that it will be
presenting its Candidature for the 1992
Summer Olympic Games.
8-19 February 1984
A Candidature delegation travels to
Sarajevo (Yugoslavia) to attend the
1988 Winter Games and to present a
progress report on the Barcelona project.
28 February 1984
The COE ratifies its support for
Barcelona'92. 31 July 1984
The Candidature Preliminary Project is
presented to the Olympic Family at the
28 March 1984 Hotel Biltmore during the Los Angeles
The Spanish government, at a meeting Olympic Games.
of the Council of Ministers, approves
the Preliminary Project and pledges its
support for the Candidature. 27 August 1984
Inauguration of the Vall d'Hebron
velodrome on the occasion of the
April 1984 World Cycling Championship.
The guidelines for the competition for
the Candidature logotype are made
public.
5 April 1984
The "Montjuïc Olímpic" exhibition
opens at the College of Architects of
Catalonia, with a presentation of the
Olympic Ring architectural projects. A
catalogue is published with the same
title.
 12-14 September 1984
A seminar is held at the Menéndez
Pelayo International University (UIMP)
on the subject "Analysis and prospects
for the impact of the Olympic Games
on the city."
7 November 1984
The Barcelona Candidature is presented
to the ACNO, at a meeting in Mexico.
22 November 1984
The mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, presents the Barcelona
Candidature to the Culture and Sports
Committee of the Parliament of
Catalonia.
28 November 1984
The mayor of Paris, Jacques Chirac,
announces the presentation of the
Candidature of the city for the 1992
Olympic Games.
1985
360
February 1985
The phrase "Everyone's goal" is
adopted as the slogan for the
Candidature.
5 February 1985
The president of the IOC, Juan Antonio
Samaranch, meets the president of the
Spanish government, Felipe González.
Conversion work begins on the
Montjuïc Olympic Stadium.
6 February 1985
The president of the IOC meets the
president of the Generalitat of
Catalonia, Jordi Pujol.
20-25 February 1985
Presentation of the Candidature at the
Tourist Fair in the Palazzo di Brera in
Milan.
9 March 1985
An agreement is signed between the
Barcelona City Council, the Generalitat
of Catalonia and the Spanish
government making the Spanish
government a member of the Managing
Council of the Candidature.
10-16 March 1985
Presentation of the Candidature in
Stockholm at the Barcelona Week
organised by the Municipal Tourist
Board of the Catalan capital.
25 March 1985
Constitution of the Barcelona Olímpica
1992 Association, with Carles Ferrer
Salat as president, bringing together
ninety-two companies to work
disinterestedly on the financing of the
Candidature.
2 April 1985
At a plenary session, the Barcelona City
Council sets up the private municipal
company Anella Olímpica de Montjuïc,
S.A. (AOMSA), to implement the
projects in the area and other building
works on the Olympic programme.
17-24 April 1985
Promotion of the Barcelona
Candidature in Buenos Aires, during
the session of the Argentine Olympic
Committee.
26 April 1985
The planning of the Parc de Mar Area
and the Olympic Village is awarded to
the team of architects formed by Oriol
Bohigas, Josep Maria Martorell, David
Mackay and Albert Puigdomènech.
13 May 1985
The president of the COE, Alfonso de
Borbón, and the comissioner of the
Candidature, Joan Mas Cantí, deliver a
letter in Lausanne from the city of
Barcelona applying to be a candidate
for the organisation of the 1992
Olympic Games.
16 May 1985
The king and queen of Spain visit the
Olympic Office and are presented with
the Barcelona Olympic project. The
king accepts the presidency of the
Committee of Honour of the
Candidature.
21 May 1985
The mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, appears before the Education
and Sports Committee of the Congress
of Deputies.
1-5 June 1985
Carles Ferrer Salat is elected a member
of the IOC at the 90th Session in West
Berlin.
At the 90th Session of the IOC, the
Barcelona Candidature presents the
Progress Report: from Los Angeles to
Berlin, 1984-1985,
13 June 1985
The COE joins the organisation
structure of the Managing Council.
17 June 1985
Jordi Pujol confers the gold medal of
the Generalitat -the Sant Jordi medal-
on Juan Antonio Samaranch.
18 June 1985
The Third Olympic Day is held in the
Saló del Tinell in Barcelona, with the
opening of an exhibition of designs for
medals awarded at the Summer
Olympic Games of the modern era.
12 July 1985
The Olympic Committee of Great
Britain approves the presentation of the
Candidature of Birmingham for the
1992 Olympic Games.
15 July 1985
Josep Miquel Abad is appointed chief
executive officer of the Candidature and
Carles Ferrer Salat executive president
of the International Relations
Committee.
5 August 1985
Work begins on the new sports hall,
now the Palau Sant Jordi, in the
Montjuïc Olympic Ring.
28 August 1985
A climbing expedition led by Conrad
Blanch plants the flag of the
Candidature on the summit of Everest.

10 September 1985
A seminar is held at the Menéndez
Pelayo International University (UIMP)
on the subject "Past, present and future
of the Olympic Games."
October 1985
Spanish football teams taking part in
international competitions give their
backing to the Barcelona promotion and
sport the Candidature emblem on their
shirts.
10-15 October 1985
Promotional activities are carried out at
the World Rhythmic Gymnastics
Championship in Valladolid.
14-19 October 1985
The Barcelona Candidature is presented
to the Executive Boards of the IOC and
the ACNO in Lisbon.
22 October 1985
The Congress of Deputies unanimously
approves an institutional motion of
support for the Candidature and asks
for the support of Spanish public and
private institutions.
24 October 1985
The Metropolitan Council gives initial
support for the project for the
replanning of the coastal zone in the
city (Coastal Plan).
31 October 1985
The city of Belgrade approves the
presentation of the Candidature of the
city to organise the 1992 Olympic Games.
4 November 1985
The new headquarters of the Olympic
Office opens in Montjuïc, in the old
INI building in the Trade Fair precinct.
14 November 1985
The laboratory of the Barcelona
Municipal Institute of Medical Research
is officially accredited by the IOC to
carry out drug tests at international
competitions.
16 November 1985
Consitution of the Barcelona'92 Hotels
Committee, formed by representatives
of the Hotel Business Association of
Catalonia and the Barcelona Hotels
Association.
December 1985
The "Olympic countdown" campaign is
launched in Barcelona newspapers and
magazines.
4 December 1985
The Council of Ministers approves a
royal decree by which the Barcelona
Olímpica 1992 Association is declared
an organisation of "public utility".
4-5 December 1985
The Candidature is presented at the 4th
Session of the OCA in Bahrain.
5 December 1985
At a plenary session, the City Council
approves the constitution of the Special
Organisation for the Conversion of the
Poblenou Seafront, where the Olympic
Village is to be built.
6 December 1985
Presentation of the children's drawing
competition "Operation mascot",
promoted by the Olympic Office.
7 December 1985
A delegation from the Olympic Office,
led by the mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, attends the meeting in
Lausanne of candidate cities for the
organisation of the 1992 Olympic Games.
17-19 December 1985
Presentation of the Candidature at the
5th Assembly of the ACNOA in Addis
Ababa.
19 December 1985
The president of the IOC, Juan Antonio
Samaranch, confers the Olympic Order
on King Juan Carlos.
23 December 1985
A group of 150 young people launch
the campaign "Operation Petrol
Station", which consists of distributing
stickers with the Candidature logotype.
27 December 1985
At a plenary session, the Barcelona City
Council agrees to apply officially for the
organisation of the 1992 Summer
Olympic Games and formally
undertakes to accept the commitments
which are set out in the Olympic Charter.
361
1986
21 January 1986
Work begins on the redevelopment of
the Parc de Mar Area with the laying of
the foundation stone of the
infrastructure of what is to be the
Olympic Village.
23-25 January 1986
The ASOIF fact-finding committee
visits Barcelona.
24 January 1986
The Spanish government, at a meeting
of the Council of Ministers, agrees to
give its official support to the
Candidature and to respect the
principles of the Olympic Charter. It
also approves various measures to assist
with the staging of the Games.
3 February 1986
The mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, presents a 9 metre pennant
bearing the logotype of the Candidature
to the captain of the Juan Sebastian
Elcano, the Spanish naval training vessel.
10 February 1986
The Managing Council approves the
Candidature Dossier.
Olympic sportsmen and women launch
the campaign entitled "I'm already
taking part", designed to enlist the help
of Olympic volunteers in the
 preparation and organisation of the
Games.
13 February 1986
The sports directors of the autonomous
communities meet in Barcelona for a
briefing on the Olympic project and the
presentation of the Olympic Bus.
The official agreement for the rerouting
of the Poblenou railway is signed
between the Generalitat of Catalonia,
the Barcelona City Council, the
Barcelona Metropolitan Corporation,
the Ministry of Transport and the state
railway company RENFE.
20 February 1986
At a meeting in Madrid, the Managing
Council of the International Amateur
Athletics Federation (IAAF) chooses
Barcelona to organise the Fifth World
362 Athletics Cup in 1989, which is to
coincide with the inauguration of the
Olympic Stadium.
21 February 1986
The mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual
Maragall, inaugurates the exhibition
"Barcelona'92" at the Llotja in Palma
de Mallorca.
24 February 1986
The COE and the Barcelona City
Council sign before the IOC the
agreement for the formal presentation
of the Candidature.
27 February 1986
The Olympic Bus begins its journey
around the seventeen autonomous
communities of Spain in the Plaça de
Sant Jaume in Barcelona.
1 March 1986
The mayor of Barcelona and other
members of the Managing Council
present the Candidature Dossier to the
IOC in Lausanne.
4-6 March 1986
The mayor of Barcelona reports on the
progress of the Candidature to the
Assembly of the ASOIF at the Hilton
Hotel in Rome.
6 March 1986
The president of the Spanish
government, Felipe González, visits the
Olympic Office.
14 March 1986
Presentation of the Candidature Dossier
to the media.
19-24 March 1986
The ACNO fact-finding committee
visits Barcelona.
1-4 April 1986
The IOC fact-finding committee visits
Barcelona.
5 April 1986
The president of the Spanish
government receives the IOC
fact-finding committee and assures the
members of the IOC of the support of
the government for the Candidature.
9 April 1986
The president of the Spanish Federation
of Municipalities and Provinces pledges
the support of the organisation for the
Barcelona project.
21-26 April 1986
The Candidature attends the 5th
Session of the ACNO in Seoul.
30 April 1986
Presentation of the volunteers campaign
at the headquarters of the Madrid
Assembly, attended by distinguished
sportsmen and women.
2 May 1986
Inauguration of the 49th Congress of
the International Sports Journalism
Association (AIPS) at the Palau de
Congresses in Montjuïc, attended by
representatives from 58 countries. The
mayor of Barcelona and the president
of the IOC preside.
3 May 1986
The president of the IOC, Juan Antonio
Samaranch, opens the Catalan Sports
Museum and the Melcior Colet Sport
Study Centre in Barcelona.
5 May 1986
Beginning of the "Olympic Week" at
the National Physical Education
Institute (INEF) in Madrid, organised
by the COE.
6 May 1986
The king receives Pasqual Maragall,
mayor of Barcelona; Alfonso de Borbón,
president of the COE; Carles Ferrer
Salat, member of the IOC; and Josep
Lluís Vilaseca, director general of Sport
at the Generalitat in audience.
An exhibition about the Candidature is
put on at the campus of the
Autonomous University of Barcelona.
6,000 volunteers join the campaign.
7 May 1986
A huge Candidature flag is hoisted at
the Sanchez Pizjuán Stadium in Seville,
at the European Cup final between FC
Barcelona and Steaua.
9 May 1986
Signing of the agreement for
cooperation between the Ministry of
Works and Town Planning and the
Barcelona Metropolitan Corporation for
the renovation of the seafront in the
Poblenou district.
21 May 1986
The Barcelona City Council approves
the projects for the Olympic Stadium
and the new sports hall.
22 May 1986
The president of the IOC, Juan Antonio
Samaranch, closes the cycle of lectures
on "Barcelona and the Olympic Games"
at the Ateneu Barcelonès.
Xavier Martí, a 15 year old schoolboy,
wins the schools' competition for the
Candidature mascot with his drawing of
St George's dragon.
25 May 1986
As a gesture of solidarity with the
organisation Sport Aid, and as part of
the campaign against hunger in Africa,
53,145 people take part in the
Barcelona People's Race.
27 May 1986
The Managing Council holds a meeting
to present the definitive project for the
budget and reports on the result of the
BIT'92 competition.
30 May 1986
Players and officials of the Spanish
basketball team visit the Olympic Office
and register as volunteers.
5 June 1986
The new board of the Higher Sports
Council expresses its support for the
Candidature.
7 June 1986
The season of Olympic cinema opens as
part of the 54th Barcelona International
Trade Fair and the International
Cinema Week.
11 June 1986
The president of the Generalitat of
Catalonia, Jordi Pujol, pays an official
visit to the Olympic Office and signs on
as a volunteer.
Barcelona City Council approves the
Special Plan for Montjuïc.
13 June 1986
With over 40,000 registered, the
number of volunteers breaks the Los
Angeles record.
19 June 1986
The minister of Defence, Narcís Serra,
visits the Olympic Office.
20 June 1986
Presentation of the magazine
Barcelona'92, published by the Olympic
Office and edited by Pedro Palacios.
25 June 1986
Presentation of the Candidature at the
World Football Championships in
Mexico.
26 June 1986
The Barcelona City Council approves
the Special Plan for the layout of the
seafront.
July 1986
Presentation of the Guia Barcelona'92,
published by the Olympic Office.
2 July 1986
The minister of Industry presides at the
presentation of the Study for the
planning of computer and
telecommunications requirements for the
1992 Olympic Games, BIT'92.
14 July 1986
The Barcelona Provincial Council
presents Joaquim Molas' book Passió i
mite de l'esport.
25 July 1986
The Catalan Association of Small
Businesses pledges support for the
Candidature.
The Barcelona City Council and the
Barcelona Provincial Council sign an
agreement to build a new sports hall,
which will be called the Palau Sant
Jordi.
31 July 1986
The international art magazine L'Oeil,
published in Lausanne, brings out a
special number on art in Barcelona.
August 1986
The SEAT company places Candidature
stickers on the vehicles produced at its
factories.
8-12 August 1986
Alfonso de Borbón, president of the
COE, accompanied by Romà Cuyàs,
secretary of state for sport, visits
Panama, Venezuela and Colombia to
present the Barcelona Candidature
project.
13 August 1986
Opening at L'Escala of the exhibition
"For a flame'92 at Empúries".
22 August 1986
The Candidature is presented to the 363
international accredited press in Madrid
on the occasion of the Fifth World
Swimming Championships.
25 August 1986
The IAAF Executive Board agrees to
hold the 1989 Congress of the
Federation in Barcelona.
6 September 1986
The figure for the number of volunteers
registered reaches 61,547.
15 September 1986
The president of the Generalitat of
Catalonia and the mayor of Barcelona
inaugurate the Catalan pavilion at the
67th Fair of the Comptoir Suisse in
Lausanne.
18 September 1986
The mayor of Barcelona and the
president of RENFE sign the contract
 for the works on the Barcelona railway
network.
Laying of the foundation stone of the
Palau Sant Jordi.
19 September 1986
At the Fourth Barcelona Olympic Day
at the Saló de Cent in the Barcelona
Town Hall, the Council of Support for
the Candidature is constituted. It brings
together over three hundred leading
figures from the worlds of politics,
culture and sport.
6 October 1986
A first team from the Olympic Office
installs itself in Lausanne to prepare the
364 presentation of the Barcelona
Candidature at the 91st Session of the
IOC, where the host city of the 1992
Olympic Games will be chosen.
The "Peace Torch", organised by
UNICEF, arrives in Barcelona.
7 October 1986
Work begins on assembling the
Barcelona Candidature stand in
Lausanne.
9 October 1986
Opening of the exhibition "Treasures of
Barcelona" at the Hermitage Foundation.
10 October 1986
At the Chateau de Vidy, the draw is
held for the order in which the
candidate cities will present their cases
to the 91st Session of the IOC.
12 October 1986
Inauguration of the 91st Session of the
IOC at the Palais de Beaulieu in
Lausanne.
13 October 1986
Montserrat Caballé gives a concert in
Lausanne cathedral.
16 October 1986
Presentation of the Barcelona
Candidature to the 91st Session of the
IOC.
17 October 1986
Barcelona is chosen as the host city for
the 1992 Olympic Games in the third
round of voting at the IOC plenary
session. Over 100,000 people celebrate
the nomination in the streets of
Barcelona. The same day, the French
city of Albertville is designated host city
for the Winter Olympic Games of the
same year.
18 October 1986
The king receives the mayor of
Barcelona, Pasqual Maragall.
10 November 1986
The volunteer recruitment campaign
closes with 102,000 people registered.
4 December 1986
The Ministry of Transport, Tourism
and Communications approves the
conversion of Barcelona airport.
5 December 1986
The Council of Ministers, at a meeting
presided by Felipe González, decides to
confer the Royal Order of Sporting
Merit on Juan Antonio Samaranch,
president of the IOC, and Pasqual
Maragall, mayor of Barcelona.
Establishment of the company Vila
Olímpica, S.A. (VOSA), to administer
the urban development works on the
Poblenou sector of the seafront.
10 December 1986
The king receives the Managing Council
of the Candidature shortly before its
dissolution.
1987
January 1987
Work begins on the underground
reservoir in the Montjuïc Olympic Ring.
14 January 1987
The Executive Committee of Barcelona
City Council approves the basic criteria
for the layout of the Vall d'Hebron
Area.
16 January 1987
The sports clubs in the city pay tribute
to everyone who made the nomination
of Barcelona for the 1992 Olympic
Games possible.
17 January 1987
The Barcelona City Council and the
COE set up the Joint Liaison
Committee between the Candidature
and the future Organising Committe of
the 1992 Games.
9 February 1987
The Barcelona City Council approves
the basic project for the National
Institute of Physical Education of
Catalonia (INEFC), which is to be built
in the Montjuïc Olympic Ring.
13-February 1987
The Barcelona City Council and the
COE approve the statutes of the
Organising Committee.
26 February 1987
Definitive approval of the Special Plan
for the layout of Montjuïc Hill.
12 March 1987
Constitution of the Barcelona'92
Olympic Organising Committee
(COOB'92). Pasqual Maragall, mayor of
Barcelona; Jordi Pujol, president of the
Generalitat of Catalonia; Javier Solana,
minister of Culture; and Alfonso de
Borbón, president of the COE, sign the
statutes, the economic protocol and the
sports protocol.
13 March 1987
The first COOB'92 General Assembly is
held, under the presidency of the mayor
of Barcelona, Pasqual Maragall, with
the president of the COE, Carles Ferrer
Salat, acting as first vice-president; as
second vice-president the secretary of
State for Sport, Javier Gómez Navarro;
and as third vice-president, the director
general of Sport at the Generalitat of
Catalonia, Josep Lluís Vilaseca. The
Assembly unanimously appoints Josep
Miquel Abad as chief executive officer
of the Barcelona'92 Olympic Organising
Committee.
365
4.4. Olympic glossary
 Glossary
A accreditation: document which
identifies the people involved
in the organisation of the
Olympic Games and specifies
the group to which they
belong. It allows access to and
around the facilities and
confers the right to the use of
certain services during the
Games.
ACNO: Association of
National Olympic Committees.
It includes all the National
Olympic Committees
recognised by the IOC. As of
1992, the president is Mario
Vázquez Raña of Mexico.
ACNOA: Association of
African National Olympic
Committees. As of 1992, the
president is Jean-Claude
Ganga of the Congo.
ACNOE: Association of
European National Olympic
Committees. As of 1992, the
president is Jacques Rogge of
Belgium.
AGFIS: General Association of
International Sports
Federations. As of 1992, the
368 president is Un Yong Kim of
Korea.
agon: Greek word meaning
'tournament' or 'competition'.
In ancient Greece, the sports
agons (gymnastic -or athletic-
and equestrian) and the artistic
agons (poetic and musical)
were events of great social
importance. The agonistic
spirit (the spirit of competition
and trials of strength among
peers) permeated every sphere
of everyday life (cf competition).
AIORMS: International
Olympic Association for
Sports-Medical Research. A
body whose purpose is to work
with the IOC Medical
Commission in the struggle
against drug abuse and in
research in the fields of
biomechanics, physiology and
sports medicine in general. It
is also the institution which is
responsible for the
accreditation of the doping
control laboratories and the
regulation of certain specific
aspects of the biomechanical
tests during the Games. As of
1992, the president is Juan
Antonio Samaranch.
AIWF: Association of the
International Winter Sports
Federations. As of 1992, the
president is Marc Hodler of
Switzerland.
appeals jury: the highest court
of appeal, appointed by the
international federations for
each sport to deal with
protests and appeals against
the decisions taken during the
Olympic Games. The verdicts
of the jury are final. At the
Olympic Games in antiquity
the Olympic Senate was the
highest court of appeal and
saw that the Olympic laws
which governed the
organisation and management
of the competitions were
upheld and applied.
ARISF: Association of the IOC
Recognised International
Sports Federations. The sports
may or may not be included
on the Olympic programme.
As of 1992, the president is
Un Yong Kim of Korea.
ASOIF: Association of
Summer Olympic International
Federations. As of 1992, the
president is Primo Nebiolo of
Italy.
Association of African National
Olympic Committees: (cf
ACNOA)
Association of European
National Olympic Committees:
(cf ACNOE)
Association of National
Olympic Committees: (cf ACNO)
Association of Summer
Olympic International
Federations: (cf ASOIF)
Association of the International
Winter Sports Federations: (cf
AIWF)
Association of the IOC
Recognised International Sports
Federations: (cf ARISF)
athlete: primarily, a man or
woman who practises one of
the disciplines of athletics,
though it is often used for a
competitor in any of the sports
on the Olympic programme. In
classical Greece, the word
athlete was also used for a
person who took part in any
competition, though
particularly in gymnastics.
attaché: person appointed by
each National Olympic
Committee, who is in
permanent contact with the
Olympic Games Organising
Committee and acts as liaison
between the two organisations.
B Baillet-Latour, Henri de:
(Brussels, Belgium, 1876-1942).
Third president of the IOC
(1925-1942). He became a
member in 1903 and organised
the Third Olympic Congress in
Brussels in 1905. Member of
the Higher Council for
Physical Education in Belgium,
he promoted the candidature
of the city of Antwerp for the
1920 Games, which were
eventually held in the city.
Brundage, Avery: (Detroit,
USA, 1887 - Garmisch
Partenkirchen, FRG, 1975).
C candidature dossier: report
which each candidate city for
the organisation of the
Olympic Games has to present
to the IOC a few months
before the date of the election
of the Olympic site so that the
Committee can assess the
candidature. The dossier
contains the answers to a
questionnaire drafted by the
IOC and the international
federations and expounds the
arguments which the candidate
city advances in support of its
project and the reasons which
led it to apply for the
designation. The dossier must
contain an expression of
support for the candidature by
the government of the country
and the NOC.
cauldron: bowl-shaped
receptacle where the Olympic
flame burns during the Games.
It must be at the Olympic
Stadium and visible from the
grandstand.
chef de mission: person
responsible for an NOC
delegation attending the
Olympic Games and liaison
between the IOC, the
international federations and
the organising committee.
citius, altius, fortius: Olympic
motto. In Latin, it means
'faster, higher, stronger'. It
expresses the message which
the IOC sends to all the
members of the Olympic
Movement inviting them to
excel in the Olympic spirit.
The author of the motto was a
friend of Baron de Coubertin,
Father Henri Didon, prior of
the College d'Arcueil near
Paris, who played a vital role
Fifth president of the IOC
(1952-1972). He competed in
the Games of the V Olympiad
in Stockholm. He was
president of the American
Athletic Union from 1928 to
1938 and of the American
Olympic Committee from then
until 1954. He was a member
of the IOC from 1936 and
became a staunch defender of
amateurism in sport. He
resigned his post before the
Munich Games in 1972.
bye-law: (cf Olympic Charter)
in the Olympic Congress in Le
Havre in 1897.
closing ceremony: final
ceremony of the Olympic
Games. It is a farewell in a
festive spirit for everyone who
has taken part in the Games.
It begins with a parade of all
the national flags and some
members of each delegation in 369
the Olympic Stadium after the
last event on the competition
programme. The ceremony
ends with the lowering of the
flag and the quenching of the
flame. During the ceremony,
in the presence of the
president of the IOC, the
mayor of the host city hands
over the official Olympic flag
to the mayor of the city which
will be organising the next
Olympic Games.
COE: Spanish Olympic
Committee. The COE was
founded in Barcelona in 1921.
The first president was
Santiago Güell, Barón de
Güell. Today the headquarters
of the COE is in Madrid. As
of 1992, the president is
Carles Ferrer Salat.
commemorative medal: medal
awarded, with a diploma, to
all the competitors, officials
and members of the IOC, the
international federations,
NOCs, judges, referees,
time-keepers, inspectors, etc.,
who have taken part in the
Olympic Games.
competition: in ancient Greece
an encounter based on the
rivalry between opponents and
the struggle for victory.
Competitions were usually
organised on the occasion of a
 religious festival. To refer to
the traditional competitions
which were held in ancient
Hellas, the Greeks used the
word "competition" and not
"games". The events were
divided into equestrian (horse
races and chariot races),
gymnastics (foot races,
wrestling, boxing and
pentathlon) and artistic
(theatrical or poetical and
musical) competitions.
competitor: sportsman or
woman entered for the
Olympic Games. Each
competitor must observe and
obey the rules of the IOC and
the international federation for
the sport. Age limits for
competing in an Olympic
Games are the ones included,
for health reasons, in the
regulations of the international
federations.
D delegation: group of members
of an NOC who take part in
an Olympic Games.
370
demonstration sport: sport
approved by the IOC, at the
request of an OCOG, to be
played at the Olympic Games
off the official programme.
Demonstration sports must be
widely practised or have a long
tradition in the country where
the Games are being held.
They are sometimes adopted
as official sports at later Games.
doping: use by a sportsman or
woman of unauthorized
substances for the purpose of
artificially and temporarily
E Edström, J. Sigfrid: (Göteborg,
Sweden 1870-1964). Fourth
president of the IOC
(1946-1952). He was an
outstanding sportsman and
excellent manager. He took
part in the organisation of the
Stockholm Olympic Games in
1912 and was the leader of the
delegation of his country at
the Los Angeles Games in
1932. He founded the
International Amateur
Athletics Federation (IAAF), of
which he was president until
1946. He was a member of the
Coubertin, Pierre de (Baron):
(Paris, 1863 - Geneva 1937).
Second president of the IOC
(1896-1925). French thinker
and educationalist, born into a
well-to-do family, he was the
main promoter of the
restoration of the Olympic
Movement in the modern era.
He was convinced of the need
to incorporate sport into
education. On 23 June 1894 in
Paris, before two thousand
authorities and delegates of
twelve countries, he
proclaimed his intention to
restore the Olympic Games.
He worked tirelessly to spread
his beliefs, laid down the
foundations of the Olympic
Movement and created the
ideology of Olympism, which
he explained and developed in
his copious writings.
boosting performance during a
competition.
doping control: set of tests
which reveal whether
competitors have taken
unauthorized substances. Since
doping is strictly prohibited at
the Olympic Games, all
competitors have to submit to
the medical controls and
examinations required by the
IOC Medical Commission
according to IOC rules. The
Commission has established a
list of banned products and
unauthorized procedures.
Doping controls are carried
out during the Olympic Games.
IOC from 1920 and was
elected vice-president in 1931
and president in 1946 in
Lausanne. In 1952, before
Helsinki was awarded the
Olympic Games, he resigned
from his post at the age of 82.
exhibition sport: sport chosen
by the Olympic Organising
Committee for exhibition
competitions simultaneous to
the Games. As these sports are
not part of the official
programme, their number is
strictly limited.
F final: last phase of an event, at
which the winner is decided.
The sportsmen and women or
G Games: in ancient Greece,
where they were called agons
(competitions), encounters
which were mostly sporting in
nature. The games were many
and varied. After they were
established as periodic festivals
in honour of a divinity (in the
sixth century BC), a
distinction was made between
great games and local games.
The four great games
(Olympic, Pythian, Nemean
and Isthmian) were organised
at a sanctuary, which
conferred a sacred character
on them, and the prizes
awarded were purely symbolic.
But the local games were
organised in a city with money
prizes. Because of their
Pan-Hellenic character, the
great games forged and made
H honorary member of the IOC:
member of the IOC who has
served the organisation for at
least ten years and retires due
to age, health or other reasons.
I International Federation of
Olympic Philately: organisation
founded in 1982 on the
initiative of Juan Antonio
Samaranch, president of the
IOC, for the purpose of
publishing and distributing
studies and articles about
philately connected with
Olympic subjects. This
federation organises
exhibitions and meetings of
collectors. Since 1984 the host
city has always mounted an
international Olympic stamp
exhibition on the occasion of
the Games.
International Olympic
Academy: institution founded
in 1961, devoted to research
and cultural and educational
activities connected with
teams who have classified in
the semi-finals take part.
manifest the links between the
members of an ethnic group
scattered around the shores of
the Mediterranean.
gender verification test: set of
tests established by the IOC
Medical Commission to
determine the gender of the
women competitors in the
Olympic Games.
General Association of
International Sports
Federations: (cf AGFIS)
gymnasium: place where the
athletes trained in ancient
Greece. If originally they were
just places for the practice of
physical exercise, with time
they became cultural centres.
371
Honorary members may
continue their activities on
behalf of the IOC and attend
the sessions and congresses as
guests without voting rights.
Olympism. The Academy has
its permanent headquarters in
Olympia, on the hill of
Cronus, which overlooks the
ancient sacred precinct of
Attis. The original idea for the
foundation of the institution
came from Baron Pierre de
Coubertin. As of 1992, the
president is Nikos Filaretos of
Greece.
International Olympic
Association for Sports-Medical
Research: (cf AIORMS)
International Olympic
Committee: (cf IOC)
International Youth Camp:
camp for young people from
the countries taking part in the
Olympics set up by the
 Organising Committee and
held to coincide with the
Games. The first International
Youth Camp was organised in
Munich in 1972.
international federation:
international organisation
which brings together the
national federations for a
particular sport. As of 1992
the IOC recognises 48
international summer and
winter sports federations, 30
officially. The sports of the
officially recognised
international federations are
on the official Games
programme. Those not
officially recognised may only
be included as demonstration
or exhibition sports. The
international federations in
turn are grouped in different
associations: AGFIS, AIWF,
ARISF and ASOIF.
IOC: International Olympic
Committee. The IOC is an
international association with
independent legal status,
founded in 1894. The
headquarters is in Lausanne,
where it was installed by
Baron Pierre de Coubertin in
1915. The purpose of the IOC
372 is to direct the Olympic
Movement according to the
terms of the Olympic Charter.
Its main objectives are: to
promote the development of
sport and sporting
competitions in general; to
guide and keep sport within
the Olympic ideal; to foster
and strengthen friendship
among sportsmen and women
around the world; and to
ensure that the Olympic
Games are held regularly
according to the ideals which
revived them. The IOC
Session is the general assembly
of its members and the
supreme decision making
organ. Members of the IOC
must be citizens of a country
with a recognised NOC and
speak one of the two official
languages of the Committee,
French or English. The
members of the IOC are
representatives of the
organisation in their country
of residence and not delegates
of their countries within the
IOC. The IOC is composed of
a presidency, four
vice-presidencies, an executive
board, a directorate general, a
secretariat general and various
special commissions which
formulate proposals which
have to be approved by the
Executive Board. The IOC is
financed basically by the
commercialisation of rights to
the use of its symbols.
IOC commissions: working
parties set up directly by the
president of the IOC to deal
with specific aspects of the
Olympic Movement. Some of
the commissions are mixed, i.e.,
they include members of the
IOC and representatives of the
IFs and the NOCs, besides
technicians and specialists
advisers. In 1992 the IOC had
the following commissions:
The Commission for the
International Olympic
Academy, the Eligibility
Commission, the Apartheid
and Olympism Commission,
the Athletes Commission, the
Coordination Commission for
the Olympic Games, the
Cultural Commission, the
Finance Commission, the
Medical Commission, the
Commission for the Olympic
Movement, the Press
Commission, the Commission
of Preparation for the Olympic
Congress of the Centenary, the
Radio and Television
Commission, the Commission
of New Sources of Financing,
the Commission for the
Olympic Programme, the
Olympic Solidarity
Commission, the Sport for All
Commission and the Council
of the Olympic Order.
IOC Executive Board: an IOC
committee elected at a Session
and composed of a president,
four vice-presidents and six
other members. The Executive
Board sees that the rules of
the IOC are strictly observed,
decides the agenda for the
Sessions, proposes new
members of the Committee,
administers the finances,
performs managerial tasks and
keeps the records. It usually
meets three or four times a
year.
IOC session: plenary meeting
or general assembly of the
members of the IOC which is
held at least once a year.
There the most important
decisions are taken, such as
elections to posts or the
designation of the cities to be
the sites of the Summer and
Winter Olympic Games. The
session assesses the reports
which are presented by the
Organising Committees of the
coming Games, examines the
Olympic programme and
agrees on modifications to the
rules. It also approves the
reports of the different
commissions of the IOC,
 proposals for the recognition
of new NOCs, the election of
new members and the
suggestions of the international
federations. A session is
usually held in the host city
during the Olympic Games.
K Kìllanin, Lord: (London 1914).
Sixth president of the IOC
(1972-1980). He was a sports
reporter, businessman and
cinema producer in his youth.
He was president of the Irish
Olympic Committee from
1950 to 1972. Elected a
member of the IOC in 1952,
L Lausanne: city in Switzerland
on the shores of Lake Geneva
and capital of the canton of
M mascot: figure, usually an
animal, chosen to be a symbol
of the Olympic Games. The
first official Olympic mascot
appeared at the Munich
Games in 1972. The Winter
Games also have their own
mascot.
medals ceremony: (cf victory
ceremony)
member of the IOC: person
who belongs to the
N National Olympic Committee:
(cf NOC)
national federation:
organisation in a country
which brings together the clubs
and associations for a
particular sport.
Nemean Games: in ancient
Greece, sports competitions
which had their origins in
funeral rites and were held in
honour of Zeus in a sacred
wood in the valley of Nemea
in Argolis every other year
from 573 BC.
Isthmian Games: in ancient
Greece, athletics, equestrian,
nautical and musical games
which were held in honour of
Poseidon at the Isthmus of
Corinth every other year in
spring from 582 BC.
he occupied the
vice-presidency of the
organisation from 1958. He
succeeded Avery Brundage and
his term of office was
characterised by a spirit of
openness to dialogue. He has
been honorary president of the
IOC since 1980.
Vaud. Since 10 April 1915, the
IOC has had its official
headquarters there.
373
International Olympic
Committee and represents the
organisation in his or her
country. Members are eminent
people co-opted by the other
members of the IOC. They
must speak French or English
and be citizens and residents
of a country with a recognised
NOC. Members of the IOC are
obliged to attend the sessions
and the congresses of the
organisation.
NOC: National Olympic
Committee. An organisation
composed of the
representatives of all the
national federations of a
country which are affiliated to
the international federations
recognised by the IOC and of
the members of the IOC in
that country. They are
responsible for the progress
and protection of the Olympic
Movement and sport in
general. For an NOC to obtain
recognition, at least five
national federations for sports
on the Olympic programme
 affiliated to their respective
international federations must
make an official application.
The NOCs are official
representatives of the
sportsmen and women of their
country or territory according
to IOC regulations for
admission. Each NOC is
responsible for organising and
supervising the participation of
the delegation of its country in
the Olympic Games (luggage,
O OCA: Olympic Council of
Asia. This is the association of
National Olympic Committees
of Asia. As of 1992, the
president is Ahmad Fahad
Al-Jaber Al-Sabah of Kuwait.
Oceania National Olympic
Committees: (cf ONOC)
OCOG: Organising Committee
of the Olympic Games. The
generic term used by the
Olympic Charter for the
executive body responsible for
the organisation of the
Olympic Games, which has
374
independent legal status. It
acts by delegation, within the
limits set, and may not
supplant the IOC, whose rules
it must observe. The OCOG is
usually dissolved six months
after the closing ceremony, the
absolute maximum being
twelve months.
ODEPA: Pan-American Sports
Organisation. This is the
association of National
Olympic Committees of
America. As of 1992, the
president is Mario
Vázquez-Raña of Mexico.
official film of the Olympic
Games: film of the highlights
of the Olympic Games. It
shows images of all the sports
and the opening and closing
ceremonies.
official languages: the official
languages of the IOC are
French and English. At the
IOC Sessions, however, there
is a simultaneous
interpretation service in
Arabic, German, Russian and
Spanish. During the Olympic
Games the official language or
languages of the host country
may also be used.
official publications:
publications which, according
transport, accommodation,
insurance and medical services
for all members of the
delegation). All the NOCs are
represented on the Association
of National Olympic
Committees (ACNO). There
are five continental
associations which make up
the collective of NOCs. (çf
ACNOA, ACNOE, ODEPA,
OCA and ONOC).
to the Olympic Charter, have
to be produced by the
Organising Committee for the
Olympic Family before, during
and after the Games. They
include an explanatory booklet
for each sport, with the
regulations and the
arrangements for the special
programme of the Games, a
medical booklet and the
official report. They have to
be published in English and
French and the language or
languages of the host country.
They may not contain
advertising.
official report: report which the
Organising Committee of the
Olympic Games must present
to the IOC -one copy to each
member-, to the international
federations and the NOCs
within a maximum of two
years after the closing of the
Games. The official report is a
exhaustive document which
explains the organisation and
staging of the Games, with a
detailed list of all the
disciplines, the names of the
competitors and the results.
The report must be published
in English and French and
may also be produced in the
language or languages of the
country where the Games have
been held.
OIC: Olympic identity card. A
document issued by the
OCOG to each of its members,
the competitors, the guests and
the technical and auxiliary
staff, which establishes the
identity of the holder and
authorizes entry into the
country in which the host city
of the Olympic Games is
located.
Olympia: shrine and religious
centre in ancient Greece, near
the city of Elis, at the
confluence of the rivers
Alpheus and Cladeus. There
was a shrine dedicated to Zeus
at Olympia and the Olympic
Games of antiquity were
organised in his honour. In
1961 an historical museum of
the Olympic Games was
founded there.
Olympiad: period of four years
following an Olympic Games.
The most ancient Olympiad of
which records survive was the
one that began in 776 BC and
the last one before the
Olympic Games disappeared,
to be revived in the modern
era, began in 393 AD. In 1896
the first Olympiad of the
modern era began in Athens.
The Olympiads and the
Olympic Games are counted
from that date, even if the
Games of a particular
Olympiad are not held.
Olympic anthem: anthem
specially commissioned by the
Organising Committee for the
inauguration of the first
Olympic Games of the modern
era in Athens in 1896, where
it was performed by a choir.
The author of the words is the
Greek poet Costis Palamas
and the music is by the Greek
composer Spyridon Samaras.
Between 1900 and 1956, at the
instigation of the Organising
Committees, other pieces were
specially composed for the
Games. In Rome in 1960, the
IOC revived the first anthem
by Palamas and Samaras,
which was arranged by the
Italian composer Domenico
Fantini for a band. Since then
it has been the official
Olympic anthem and is played
at the opening and closing
ceremonies of the Summer and
Winter Olympic Games.
Olympic arts festival: artistic
events (architecture, painting,
sculpture, photography, music,
literature and sports philately)
which, on the initiative of the
Organising Committee, take
place in the host city at the
same time as the Games.
Olympic Charter: document
containing the rules and
bye-laws of the Olympic
Movement and all instructions
concerning the organisation of
the Olympic Games. It also
establishes the attributions of
the various Olympic
organisations, the NOCs and
the International Federations.
Olympic city: city elected by
the IOC to be the site of the
Olympic Games. If so
authorized by the IOC, the
city designated may share the
status of Olympic site with
other cities or towns in the
same country, except for the
opening and closing ceremonies.
Olympic congress: meeting
convened by the IOC at which
the members of the
Committee, members and
delegates of the international
federations and the NOCs,
representatives of other
organisations and guests of the
IOC take part. All matters
concerning the Olympic
Games are discussed. The first
Olympic congress was held in
Paris in 1894 and was
convened by the Union des
Sociétés Françaises de Sports
Athlétiques with the aim of
examining the question of
amateurism and the
unification of sports
regulations. The decision to
revive the Olympic Games was
taken at the congress. Since
then there have been Olympic
Congresses in 1897 (Le
Havre), 1905 (Brussels), 1906
(Paris), 1913 (Lausanne), 1914
(Paris), 1921 (Lausanne), 1925
(Prague), 1930 (Berlin), 1973 375
(Varna), 1981 (Baden-Baden)
and 1989 (Tokyo). The
centenary congress is planned
to take place in Paris in 1994.
Olympic Council of Asia: (cf
OCA)
Olympic Cup: distinction
conferred by the IOC on any
institution or association noted
for its merits and whose
disinterested action has
rendered a valuable service to
sport or the Olympic
Movement.
Olympic diploma: distinction
granted to the people classified
in the first eight positions in
each Olympic event. The
participants in the Olympic
Games and the official staff
who have worked on them also
receive a commemorative
diploma and medal.
Olympic discipline: branch of
an Olympic sport comprising
one or more events. The
criteria for admission of a
discipline to the Olympic
programme are the same as for
sports.
Olympic emblem: emblem
formed by the inseparable
combination of the five
Olympic rings and another
distinctive sign, usually a
symbol or image which each
 Olympic host city chooses to
identify its own Games. The
rings must be at least half the
width and height of the
distinctive sign.
Olympic entry: form with
which a sportsman and woman
is entered for the Olympic
Games by the NOC of his or
her country. The sportsman or
woman must accept the
provisions of IOC rules and be
vouched for by the relevant
international federation. The
number of entries for an
Olympic sport is determined
by the international federation
in question in agreement with
the IOC.
Olympic event: competition in
a sporting discipline which is
part of the Olympic Games
and results in a ranking and
an award of medals. To be
included on the Olympic
programme, an event must
have a recognised international
standing, both numerically and
geographically, and have been
included at least twice in
world, continental or regional
championships.
376
Olympic Family: group of
people who take part in the
Olympic Games. It includes
the sportsmen and women, the
team officials and
accompanying persons, the
referees and judges, the
members of the international
federations, the IOC and the
NOCs, the broadcasters and
journalists and the guests.
Olympic flag: flag of the IOC,
white, without a border, with
the five Olympic rings. It was
designed by Baron de
Coubertin in 1913. The
original flag measured 3 x 2
metres and the Olympic rings
were in the centre, occupying a
rectangle 2 x 0.60 metres. It
was first shown in 1914 at the
Olympic Congress in Paris on
the occasion of the twentieth
anniversary of the restoration
of the Games. It flew for the
first time in 1920 at the
Antwerp Games.
Olympic flame: symbol of
modern Olympism,
commemorating the sacred fire
which burned at the Olympic
Games of ancient Greece. The
ritual was laid down in Athens
on 18 May 1934 at the
instigation of the IOC and its
president at the time, Henri
Baillet-Latour. The fire had
appeared for the first time as
an Olympic symbol at the
Amsterdam Games in 1928,
when a cauldron beside the
Olympic Stadium was lit with
a flame brought direct from
Olympia. At the Los Angeles
Games in 1932, fire was also
an element at the opening
ceremony. However, the ritual
which is followed today was
not laid down until the Berlin
Games in 1936, at the
suggestion of Carl Diem,
secretary general of the
Organising Committee.
Following a ritual practised in
ancient Greece and Rome, the
sacred flame is lit by a
parabolic mirror which focuses
the rays of the sun. This
ceremony takes place in front
of the Temple of Hera at
Olympia, beside the
monument where the heart of
Pierre de Coubertin is buried.
The flame lights the first of
the torches with which relays
of runners, each covering one
kilometre, carry it to the site
of the Games, where it is
placed in the cauldron at the
Olympic Stadium during the
opening ceremony. Since 1952
the Winter Games have also
had their own Olympic flame.
Olympic Games: in ancient
Greece, the Olympic Games
were sporting and cultural
competitions held every four
years at Olympia in honour of
Zeus. They were the most
famous games of antiquity.
The first Olympic Games of
which records survive were
held in 776 BC and the last in
393 AD.
Olympic Games of the modern
era: a set of sports
competitions held every four
years in the style of the Games
held at Olympia in ancient
Greece. They are also called
Games of the Olympiad.
Sportsmen and women from
all over the world take part
without discrimination on
grounds of race, religion or
politics. They are entered by
their National Olympic
Committees. The Olympic
Games are competitions
between individuals and
teams, not between countries,
and they may not last longer
than sixteen days, including
the day of the opening
ceremony. The organisation of
the Olympic Games is
awarded to a city which is
designated by the IOC and has
the approval of the NOC of its
country. On the initiative of
Baron de Coubertin, the first
Games of the modern era were
held in Athens in 1896, an
event which marked the
restoration of a tradition
which had lasted for over ten
centuries.
Olympic identity card: ( cf
OIC)
Olympic medal: prize awarded
to the first three individual
competitors or teams in the
final of each Olympic event.
The medal has the name of
the sport and the event
engraved on the obverse and is
attached to a ribbon which is
placed around the necks of the
winners at the victory
ceremony. In individual and
team events the first prize is a
silver gilt medal and a
diploma, the second a silver
medal and a diploma and the
third a bronze medal and a
diploma. In team events only
the members of the winning
teams who have taken part in
a competition during the
Games are entitled to a medal.
Olympic medals table: list of
the competitors who have won
medals at the Olympic Games,
distributed by sports.
Olympic Message: magazine
published by the IOC every
four months about Olympic
subjects. Each number is
usually devoted to a single
topic. Apart from the Spanish
edition, there is a bilingual
version in French and English.
Olympic motto: motto of the
Olympic Games, the Latin
phrase citius, altius, fortius
('faster, higher, stronger'),
which expresses the aspirations
of the Olympic Movement.
Olympic Movement: group of
organisations whose aim is to
promote all aspects of
Olympism. Its main tasks are
to support and foster sport,
the sporting spirit, the
Olympic principles and the
Games. The IOC is the
supreme authority of the
Olympic Movement and the
other pillars are the NOCs and
the international sports
federations.
Olympic Museum: IOC
institution where works of art,
posters and other objects
related to the Olympic Games
and sport in general are
exhibited. Inaugurated in 1934
in the villa Mon Repos in
Lausanne, since 1982 it has
been installed at a temporary
site. The definitive site, also in
Lausanne, will be opened in
June 1993. It is a building of
11,000 m2, the work of the
architects Pedro Ramírez
Vázquez and Jean Pierre
Cahen. The museum will have
a library, a video library and a
photographic archive.
Olympic oath: the words
spoken at the opening
ceremony of each Olympic
Games by a sportsman or
woman chosen by the
Organising Committee. The
text of the oath is: "In the
name of all the competitors I
promise that we shall take part
in these Olympic Games,
respecting and abiding by the
rules which govern them, in
the true spirit of
sportsmanship, for the glory of
sport and the honour of our
teams." The oath was first
sworn at the Antwerp Games
in 1920. The sportsman
chosen on that occasion was
the Belgian fencer and polo
player Victor Boin. Though
the original words were "the
honour of our country", they
were changed later to "the
honour of our teams."
Olympic Order: distinction 377
awarded by the IOC to anyone
whose activities have earned
outstanding merit in sport or
have served the cause of
Olympism.
Olympic principles: ideals
which appear in the Olympic
Charter and are: to promote
the development of the
physical and moral qualities
which are the bases of sport;
to inculcate in young people,
through sport, a spirit of
greater mutual understanding
and friendship to contribute to
the building of a better, more
peaceful world; to divulge the
Olympic principles throughout
the world and in this way to
arouse international good will;
and to bring together the
athletes of the world at the
great four-yearly sport festival
of the Olympic Games.
Olympic programme: set of
sports, disciplines and events
in which the sportsmen and
women entering for the
Olympic Games may take part.
There must be a minimum of
fifteen sports and the
programme is reviewed after
each Games. A sport may only
appear on the official
programme when its
international federation has
been recognised as Olympic.
Olympic radio and television:
body responsible for
 broadcasting the radio and
television signals during the
Games.
Olympic record: official score
by a sportsman or woman or a
team which excels all results
obtained under the same
conditions at an Olympic
Games.
Olympic Review: magazine
published by the IOC in
Lausanne. It is the official
organ of the Olympic
Movement and deals with
subjects related to the IOC
and the practice of sport in
general. There are ten numbers
a year (two of them double
issues) in three languages:
French, English and Spanish.
Olympic rings: symbol of the
IOC. They are five interlinked
rings -blue, black, red, yellow
and green- on a white
background which represent
the union of the five
continents and symbolize the
coming together of nations and
athletes from all over the
world in the Olympic spirit.
Olympic site: (cf Olympic city)
378 Olympic Solidarity: programme
organised by the IOC to help
NOCs carry out their task of
promoting and protecting sport
and the Olympic Movement.
Olympic sport: sport included
on the Olympic programme at
the decision of the IOC. The
only sports eligible for
inclusion on the Olympic
programme are ones which, in
the men's category, are
practised in at least 75
countries and on 4 continents
and, in the women's, in 40
countries and on 3 continents.
A sport is understood to be
widely practised when national
championships or cup
competitions are regularly
organised by the national
federation or when
competitions with participants
from different countries and
regional and/or world
championships are held.
Olympic sportsman/woman:
person who practises a sport
which is registered on the
official programme for an
Olympic Games.
Olympic Stadium: main
competition venue for the
Olympic Games and the site
of the opening and closing
ceremonies.
Olympic subsite: town other
than the host city where some
of the competitions on the
Olympic programme may be
organised with the
authorization of the IOC.
Olympic symbol: (cf Olympic
rings)
Olympic torch: object in which
the Olympic flame is brought
from Olympia to the host city
of the Olympic Games. Since
1936, when it was used for the
first time in the modern era,
each the Games has had its
own torch. The first bearer of
the Olympic torch was
Constantine Condylis of
Greece. It is usually carried by
runners, but it has also been
borne by horse riders, skiers,
motorcyclists, cyclists and car
drivers. It has always been
designed according to the
characteristics of the host city
and the time at which the
Games have been held. (cf
Olympic flame)
Olympic torch relay: each of
the stretches into which the
route of the Olympic flame is
divided, from the time the
first runner takes up the torch
in Olympia. In each relay, the
torch is carried by a different
runner; the bearer who makes
the last relay is the one who
lights the flame in the
cauldron in the Olympic
Stadium. The relays are
normally one kilometre. (cf
Olympic flame, Olympic torch)
Olympic Village: place set
aside by the Organising
Committee for the
accommodation of the
competitors and the technical
and auxiliary staff at the
Olympic Games. The site must
be near the Stadium and the
other venues and be available
to the competitors and team
officials at least two weeks
before the official opening
ceremony until three days after
the closing ceremony.
According to the distribution
of the venues, there may be
one or more Olympic Villages.
Olympic volunteer: person who
undertakes, individually and
altruistically, to work
according to his or her
capacity on the organisation of
the Olympic Games,
performing the tasks to which
he or she is assigned without
any kind of economic or other
payment.
 Olympism: doctrine which
contains the fundamental
precepts of the Olympic
Movement. It seeks the
physical and spiritual
improvement of mankind and
today it is trying to strengthen
understanding and friendship
among peoples with the aim of
contributing to a better, more
peaceful world.
Olympus: a mountain in
Greece between Macedonia
and Thessaly, 2,911 metres
high, now a national park. The
ancient Greeks believed that it
was the home of the gods.
ONOC: (Association of)
Oceania National Olympic
Committees. As of 1992, the
P palaestra: in ancient Greece,
the place where the athletes
practised gymnastic exercises,
boxing and wrestling.
Pan-American Sports
Organisation: (cf ODEPA)
Pan-Hellenic Games: the four
great sports events of ancient
Greece: the Olympic, Pythian,
Isthmian and Nemean Games.
parade of participants: part of
the ritual of the opening and
closing ceremonies, at which
each delegation parades with
its uniform, flag and
name-board.
pentathlon: group of five
events to be entered by a
single competitor. The events
in the modern pentathlon are
riding, fencing, shooting,
swimming and cross country
running, but in the ancient
world the five elements were a
footrace, a long jump, the
pankration (wrestling and
boxing), javelin and discus
throwing.
photofinish: photograph of the
competitors in a race taken as
they cross the line which
R roll of honour: list of the
competitors classified in the
first eight places in each event
of the Games, established by
the Organising Committee and
president is Kevan Gosper of
Australia.
opening ceremony: inaugural
ceremony of the Olympic
Games. It is an event
combining Olympic ritual and
a taste of the cultural
personality of the organising
city. The Olympic ritual
consists of a parade of
participants at the Stadium,
the entry of the Olympic flag,
which is hoisted in a place of
honour, the lighting of the
flame in the cauldron, the
protocol speeches and the
swearing of the Olympic oaths
by the sportsmen and women,
referees and judges.
Organising Committee of the
Olympic Games: (cf OCOG)
makes it possible to identify
the winner in the event of a
close contest. It was
introduced at the Stockholm
Games in 1912.
379
pre-Olympic event: event
organised before the Olympic
Games under the control of
the OCOG and governed by
the technical regulations of the
international federation. It is
held at an Olympic venue and
serves as a preparation for
both the competitors and the
organisation.
president of the IOC: member
of the IOC elected by the
members in a secret ballot and
by outright majority to be at
the head of the organisation
for a mandate of eight years.
He may be re-elected for
successive four year terms.
Since the foundation of the
IOC in 1894 there have been
seven presidents.
Pythian Games: in ancient
Greece, games and drama and
music contests which were
held in honour of Pythian
Apollo at the shrine in Delphi
in the third year of every
Olympiad.
sent to the IOC. Classifications
by countries are not valid, as
the Olympic Games are not a
competition between nations.
 S Samaranch, Juan Antonio:
seventh president of the IOC,
elected in 1980, shortly before
the Moscow Games. He was
born in Barcelona on 17 July
1920. A sports administrator
from 1946, he worked as an
editor on several journals; he
took part in the organisation
of sporting competitions, such
as the World Roller Hockey
Championships and the
Second Mediterranean Games;
he was chef de mission at the
Games in Cortina dÁmpezzo,
Rome and Tokyo and held
various posts, notably
president of the Spanish Roller
Hockey Federation, national
delegate for Physical Education
and Sport, president of the
COE, member of parliament,
president of the Barcelona
Provincial Council and
Spanish ambassador to the
USSR. He has been a member
of the IOC since 1966; he was
head of protocol (1968-70),
member of the Executive
Board (1970-80) and
380
T technical delegate: one of the
two representatives chosen by
an international federation to
take charge of the technical
management of the sport and
the control of the facilities for
the Olympic Games. He or she
also makes sure that the
federation rules are observed
when the facilities are being
prepared and supervises
accommodation, catering and
transport arrangements for the
technical staff and the judges.
"The important thing in the
Olympic Games is not winning
but taking part": words spoken
by the archbishop of
Pennsylvania at the ceremony
in Saint Paul's cathedral in
honour of the sportsmen and
women taking part in the
V vice-president of the IOC:
member of the IOC who
assists the president. He is
elected by the members of the
organisation in a secret ballot.
The IOC has four
vice-presidents elected for a
term of four years. They may
be re-elected after a minimum
interval of four years.
vice-president of the IOC
(1974-80). During his term of
office, the IOC has won
worldwide recognition and
revised many of its procedures.
Spanish Olympic Committee:
(cf COE)
sports federation: organisation
which brings together the
sportsmen and women or clubs
from the same territory who
practise a particular sport for
the purpose of establishing
regulations and organising
competitions.
sportsman/woman: person who
regularly practises a sport for
pleasure to keep in good
physical condition or because
it is his or her primary activity.
stadium: place where the
gymnastics competitions were
held in ancient Greece.
Summer Olympic Games: (cf
Olympic Games)
London Games in 1908. A few
days later, at a dinner hosted
by the British government,
Coubertin quoted and glossed
the phrase, which is why the
words are often erroneously
attributed to him.
TOP: The Olympic
Programme. A worldwide
sporting sponsorship
programme set up by the IOC
before the Seoul Games in
1988. It is negotiated jointly
for the Summer and Winter
Games. Twelve companies
took part in the programme
for Barcelona and Albertville,
called TOP-2. As sponsors,
they have worldwide exclusive
rights to the use of the
Olympic symbols for certain
product categories.
victory ceremony: ceremony at
which the president of the IOC
(or a member selected by
him), accompanied by the
president of the International
Federation for the sport (or his
deputy), presents the medals to
the competitors classified first,
second and third in an
Olympic event after the
 competition is over. During
the ceremony the flags of the
NOCs of the winners are
hoisted and the (abbreviated)
anthem of the winner's
delegation is played.
Vikelas, Demetrius: (Syra,
Greece, 1835 - Athens, 1908).
First president- of the IOC
(1894 - 1896). He was a
W Winter Olympic Games:
competitions in winter sports
such as skiing and skating,
governed by the Olympic
Charter. The first Winter
Olympic Games were held in
Chamonix in 1924. Since then
they have been held in St
Moritz (1928), Lake Placid
(1932), Garmisch
Partenkirchen (1936), St
Moritz (1948), Oslo (1952),
Cortina dÁmpezzo (1956),
Squaw Valley (1960),
member of the Pan-Hellenic
Club in Athens and
represented his country at the
First Olympic Congress in
Paris in 1894, the year he was
appointed president of the
organisation. He also managed
to secure the first Olympic
Games of the modern era for
Athens.
Innsbruck (1964), Grenoble
(1968), Sapporo (1972),
Innsbruck (1976), Lake Placid
(1980), Sarajevo (1984),
Calgary (1988) and Albertville
(1992). Until 1992, the
Summer and Winter Games
were held in the same year,
but from 1994, although the
Winter Games will still be
held every four years, they will
be two years away from the
Summer Games.
381
4.5. Olympic medals
 Olympic medals Results tables for the
sports events held at the Summer
Olympic Games*
The tables on the following pages are a
compilation of the results in the events
held at all the Olympic Games of the
modern era which have been included on
the programme of the 1992 Games. It
also contains results of events which
have been discontinued, but which have
had an influence on the evolution of
others which are still held today. If a
table does not include the year of an
Olympic Games it means that the event
in question was not held on that
occasion. Demonstration and exhibition
sports have not been taken into account.
The names of the Olympic medal
winners for each event are given.
However, it must be borne in mind that
at the first Olympic Games the medals
were not awarded according to any
well-established rules and the times,
distances etc were not always recorded.
In general, the maiden names of
384 sportswomen who later adopted their
husbands' names are in brackets. So, for
example, Irena Kirszenstein, silver
medallist in the 200 metres and the long
jump in the 1964 Games, appears under
the name Szewinska (Kirszenstein) at the
Olympic Games in 1968, 1972 and 1976.
The notes at the foot of some of the
tables explain vital elements of the event
in question or important changes in its
historical development or simply draw
attention to a significant feature.
The following sports have special
characteristics:
- Boxing: since the 1952 Games, a
bronze medal has also been awarded to
the losers of the semi-finals.
- Equestrian sports: the name of the
rider is followed by the name of the
horse in brackets.
- Fencing: since the 1984 Games, the
final part of the Olympic tournament has
been contested by an elimination system;
previously the fencers fought a round
robin.
- Gymnastics: since the 1936 Games,
scores have been out of 10, except in
1948, when they were out of 20.
- Weightlifting: the rules of the sport
were not formulated until 1928. Since
1976, the competition has been decided
by the sum of the weights lifted in two
movements: snatch and clean and jerk.
- Judo: at the 1980 Games all the
categories were changed, except the open,
which continued until 1984.
- Rowing: the distance for the men's
competitions is 2000 metres in all events.
In 1904, however, it was 3,218.7 metres
(2 miles); in 1908, 2,444 metres (1.5
miles); and in 1948, 1,880 metres (1 mile
296 yards). Until the 1984 Games, the
women's events were contested over a
distance of 1000 metres; since then it has
been 2,000.
- Shooting: at the 1988 Games, the
scoring system was modified and a final
phase was introduced in which the top
classified shooters from the preliminary
phase compete at the same time. From
1968 to 1984, women competed in the
same events as men. Since 1984,
however, the events have been divided
into three kinds: men only, women only
and mixed.
- Yachting: in 1968 the scoring system
was changed with the introduction of Source:
minus points. The events in each class Kamper, Erich.
Lexicon der 14.000 Olympioniken.
are contested in seven regattas. Graz: Leykam Verlag, 1983.
Wallechinsky, David.
The Complete Book of the Olympics.
Londres: Aurum Press, 1992.
Initials of National Olympic
Committees used in the tables
AFG Afghanistan IVB British Virgin Islands TUR Turkey
AHO Netherlands Antilles JAM Jamaica UAE United Arab Emirates
ALB Albania JOR Jordan UGA Uganda
ALG Algeria JPN Japan URU Uruguay
AND Andorra KEN Kenya USA United States of America
ANG Angola KOR Korea VAN Vanuatu
ANT Antigua KSA Saudi Arabia VEN Venezuela
ARG Argentina KUW Kuwait VIE Vietnam
ARU Aruba LAO Laos VIN St Vincent and the Grenadines
ASA American Samoa LAT Latvia YEM Yemen
AUS Australia LBA Libya YUG Yugoslavia
AUT Austria LBR Liberia ZAI Zaire
BAH Bahamas LES Lesotho ZAM Zambia
BAN Bangladesh LIB Lebanon ZIM Zimbabwe
BAR Barbados LIE Liechtenstein
BEL Belgium LTU Lithuania
BEN Benin LUX Luxembourg
BER Bermuda MAD Madagascar
BHU Bhutan MAR Morocco
BIZ Belize MAS Malaysia Other initials of National
BOL Bolivia MAW Malawi
BOT Botswana MDV Maldives Olympic Commites used in the
BRA Brazil MEX Mexico tables
BRN Bahrain MGL Mongolia
BRU Brunei MLI Mali
BUL Bulgaria MLT Malta BOH Bohemia
BUR Burkina Faso MON Monaco BWI British West Indies
CAF Central African Republic MOZ Mozambique CEY Ceylon (now SRI)
CAN Canada MRI Mauritious FRG Federal Republic of Germany
CAY Cayman Islands MTN Mauritania GDR German Democratic Republic
CGO People's Republic of Congo MYA Union of Myanmar IRN Iran (now IRI)
CHA Chad NAM Namibia RUS Russia
CHI Chile NCA Nicaragua SAF South Africa or Union of South Africa
CHN People's Republic of China NED The Netherlands UAR United Arab Republic
CIV Côte d'Ivoire NEP Nepal URS Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
CMR Cameroon NGR Nigeria
COK Cook Islands NIG Niger 385
COL Colombia NOR Norway
CRC Costa Rica NZL New Zealand
CUB Cuba OMA Oman
CYP Cyprus PAK Pakistan
DEN Denmark PAN Panama Abbreviations and symbols used
DJI Djibouti PAR Paraguay in the tables
DOM Dominican Republic PER Peru
ECU Ecuador PHI Philippines
EGY Arabe Republic of Egypt PNG Papua New Guinea kg kilogram
ESA El Salvador POL Poland m metre
ESP Spain POR Portugal
EST Estonia PRK People's Democratic Republic of
ETH Ethiopia Korea
EUN Unified Team PUR Puerto Rico
FIJ Fiji QAT Qatar
FIN Finland ROM Romania
FRA France RSA South Africa
GAB Gabon RWA Rwanda
GAM Gambia SAM Western Samoa
GBR Great Britain SEN Senegal
GEQ Equatorial Guinea SEY Seychelles
GER Germany SIN Singapore
GHA Ghana SLE Sierra Leone
GRE Greece SLO Slovenia
GRN Grenada SMR San Marino
GUA Guatemala SOL Solomon Islands
GUI Guinea SOM Somalia
GUM Guam SRI Sri Lanka
GUY Guyana SUD Sudan
HAI Haiti SUI Switzerland
HKG Hong Kong SUR Surinam
HON Honduras SWE Sweden
HRV Croatia SWZ Swaziland
HUN Hungary SYR Syria
INA Indonesia TAN Tanzania
IND India TCH Czech and Slovak Federative
IRI Islamic Republic of Iran Republic
IRL Ireland TGA Tonga
IRQ Iraq THA Thailand
ISL Iceland TOG Togo
ISR Israel TPE Chinese Taipei
ISV Virgin Islands TRI Trinidad and Tobago *International Olympic Commitees
ITA Italy TUN Tunisia recognized by the IOC in may 1992.
 Archery
Men
Individual Olympic FITA round

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 J. Williams USA 2,528 G. Jervill SWE 2,481 K. Laasonen FIN 2,467
1976 D. Pace USA 2,571 H. Michinaga JPN 2,502 G. Ferrari ITA 2,495
1980 T. Poikolainen FIN 2,455 B. Isachenko URS 2,452 G. Ferrari ITA 2,449
1984 D. Pace USA 2,616 R. McKinney USA 2,564 H. Yamamoto JPN 2,563
1988 J. Barrs USA 2,605 S.-S. Park KOR 2,614 V. Esheyev URS 2,600

Archery
Men
Team Olympic FITA round

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 KOR 986 USA 972 GBR 968

Archery
Women
Individual Olympic FITA round

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 D. Wilber USA 2,424 I. Szydlowska POL 2,407 E. Gaptxenko URS 2,403
1976 L. Ryon USA 2,499 V. Kovpan URS 2,460 Z. Rustamova URS 2,407
1980 K. Losaberidze URS 2,491 N. Butuszova URS 2,477 P. Meriluoto FIN 2,449
1984 H.-S. Seo KOR 2,568 Li Lingjuan CHN 2,559 J.-H. Kim KOR 2,555
1988 S.-N. Kim KOR 2,683 H.-K. Wang KOR 2,612 Y.-S. Yun KOR 2,593

Archery
Women
Team Olympic FITA round

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 KOR 982 INA 952 USA 952

386 Athletics
Men
100m

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 T. Burke USA 12.0 F. Hofmann GER 12.2 A. Szokolyi HUN 12.6
1900 F. Jarvis USA 11.0 J. W. Tewksbury USA 11.1 S. Rowley AUS 11.2
1904 A. Hahn USA 11.0 N. Cartmell USA 11.2 W. Hogenson USA 11.2
1908 R. Walker SAF 10.8 J. Rector USA 10.9 R. Kerr CAN 11.0
1912 R. Craig USA 10.8 A. Meyer USA 10.9 D. Lippincott USA 10.9
1920 C. Paddock USA 10.8 M. Kirksey USA 10.8 H. Edward GBR 11.0
1924 H. Abrahams GBR 10.6 J. Scholz USA 10.7 A. Porritt NZL 10.8
1928 P. Williams CAN 10.8 J. London GBR 10.9 G. Lammers GER 10.9
1932 E. Tolan USA 10.3 R. Metcalfe USA 10.3 A. Jonath GER 10.4
1936 J. Owens USA 10.3 R. Metcalfe USA 10.4 M. Osendarp NED 10.5
1948 H. Dillard USA 10.3 H. N. Ewell USA 10.4 L. LaBeach PAN 10.4
1952 L. Remigino USA 10.4 H. McKenley JAM 10.4 E. M. Bailey GBR 10.4
1956 B. Morrow USA 10.5 W. T. Baker USA 10.5 H. Hogan AUS 10.6
1960 A. Hary GER 10.2 D. Sime USA 10.2 P. Radford GBR 10.3
1964 R. Hayes USA 10.0 E. Figuerola CUB 10.2 H. Jerome CAN 10.2
1968 J. Hines USA 9.9 L. Miller JAM 10.0 C. Greene USA 10.0
1972 V. Borzov URS 10.14 R. Taylor USA 10.24 L. Miller JAM 10.33
1976 H. Crawford TRI 10.06 D. Quarrie JAM 10.08 V. Borzov URS 10.14
1980 A. Wells GBR 10.25 S. Leonard CUB 10.25 P. Petrov BUL 10.39
1984 C. Lewis USA 9.99 S. Graddy USA 10.19 B. Johnson CAN 10.22
1988 C. Lewis USA 9.92 L. Christie GBR 9.97 C. Smith USA 9.99

Athletics
Men
200 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 J. W. Tewksbury USA 22.2 N. Pritchard IND 22.8 S. Rowley AUS 22.9
1904 A. Hahn USA 21.6 N. Cartmell USA 21.9 W. Hogenson USA
1908 R. Ken CAN 22.6 R. Cloughen USA 22.6 N. Cartmell USA 22.7
 Gold Silver Bronze
1912 R. Craig USA 21.7 D. Lippincott USA 21.8 W. Applegarth GBR 22.0
1920 A. Woodring USA 22.0 C. Paddock USA 22.1 H. Edward GBR 22.2
1924 J. Scholz USA 21.6 C. Paddock USA 21.7 E. Liddell GBR 21.9
1928 P. Williams CAN 21.8 E. Rangeley GBR 21.9 H. Körnig GER 21.9
1932 E. Tolan USA 21.2 G. Simpson USA 21.4 R. Metcalfe USA 21.5
1936 J. Owens USA 20.7 M. Robinson USA 21.1 M. Osendarp NED 21.3
1948 M. Patton USA 21.1 H. N. Ewell USA 21.1 L. LaBeach PAN 21.2
1952 A. Stanfield USA 20.7 W. T. Baker USA 20.8 J. Gathers USA 20.8
1956 B. Morrow USA 20.6 A. Stanfield USA 20.7 W. T. Baker USA 20.9
1960 L. Berruti ITA 20.5 L. Carney USA 20.6 A. Seye FRA 20.7
1964 H. Carr USA 20.3 O. Drayton USA 20.5 E. Roberts TRI 20.6
1968 T. Smith USA 19.8 P. Norman AUS 20.0 J. Carlos USA 20.0
1972 V. Borzov URS L. Black USA 20.19 P. Mennea ITA 20.30
1976 D. Quarrie JAM 20.23 M. Hampton USA 20.29 D. Evans USA 20.43
1980 P. Mennea ITA 20.19 A. Wells GBR 20.21 D. Quarrie JAM 20.29
1984 C. Lewis USA 19.80 K. Baptiste USA 19.96 T. Jefferson USA 20.26
1988 J. DeLoach USA 19.75 C. Lewis USA 19.79 R. Silva BRA 20.04

Athletics
Men
400 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 T. Burke USA 54.2 H. Jamison USA 55.2 C. H. Gmelin GBR
1900 M. Long USA 49.4 W. Holland USA 49.6 E. Schultz DEN
1904 H. Hillman USA 49.2 F. Waller USA 49.9 H. Groman USA 50.0
1908 W. Halswelle GBR 50.0
1912 C. Reidpath USA 48.2 H. Braun GER 48.3 E. Lindberg USA 48.4
1920 B. Rudd SAF 49.6 G. Butler GBR 49.9 N. Engdahl SWE 50.0
1924 E. Liddell GBR 47.6 H. Fitch USA 48.4 G. Butler GBR 48.6
R. Barbuti USA 47.8 J. Ball CAN 48.0 J. Büchner GER 48.2
387
1928
1932 W. Carr USA 46.2 B. Eastman USA 46.4 A. Wilson CAN 47.4
1936 A. Williams USA 46.5 A. G. Brown GBR 46.7 J. LuValle USA 46.8
1948 A. Wint JAM 45.2 H. McKenley JAM 46.4 M. Whitfield USA 46.9
1952 G. Rhoden JAM 45.9 H. McKenley JAM 45.9 O. Matson USA 46.8
1956 C. Jenkins USA 46.7 K.-F. Hass GER 46.8 V. Hellstén FIN 47.0
A. Ignatiev URS 47.0
1960 O. Davis USA 44.9 C. Kaufmann GER 44.9 M. Spence SAF 45.5
1964 M. Larrabee USA 45.1 W. Mottley TRI 45.2 A. Badenski POL 45.6
1968 L. Evans USA 43.8 L. James USA 43.9 R. Freeman USA 44.4
1972 V. Matthews USA 44.66 W. Collett USA 44.80 J. Sang KEN 44.92
1976 A. Juantorena CUB 44.26 F. Newhouse USA 44.40 H. Frazier USA 44.95
1980 V. Markin URS 44.60 R. Mitchell AUS 44.84 F. Schaffer GDR 44.87
1984 A. Babers USA 44.27 G. Tiacoh CIV 44.54 A. McKay USA 44.71
1988 S. Lewis USA 43.87 H. B. Reynolds USA 43.93 D. Everett USA 44.09

The 1908 final was repeated due to the disqualification of J.C. Carpenter (USA). Only W. Halswelle of Great Britain reported for the re-run, as Robbins and Taylor of
the USA withdrew.

Athletics
Men
800 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 E. Flack AUS 2:11.0 N. Dáni HUN 2:11.8 D. Golemis GRE
1900 A. Tysoe GBR 2:01.2 J. Cregan USA 2:03.0 D. Hall USA
1904 J. Lightbody USA 1:56.0 H. Valentine USA 1:56.3 E. Breitkreutz USA 1:56.4
1908 M. Sheppard USA 1:52.8 E. Lunghi ITA 1:54.2 H. Braum GER 1:55.2
1912 J. Meredith USA 1:51.9 M. Sheppard USA 1:52.0 I. Davenport USA 1:52.0
1920 A. Hill GBR 1:53.4 E. Eby USA 1:53.6 B. Rudd SAF 1:54.0
1924 D. Lowe GBR 1:52.4 P. Martin SUI 1:52.6 S. Enck USA 1:53.0
1928 D. Lowe GBR 1:51.8 E. Byléhn SWE 1:52.8 H. Engelhard GER 1:53.2
1932 T. Hampson GRB 1:49.7 A. Wilson CAN 1:49.9 P. Edwards CAN 1:51.5
1936 J. Woodruff USA 1:52.9 M. Lanzi ITA 1:53.3 P. Edwards CAN 1:53.6
1948 M. Whittfield USA 1:49.2 A. Wint JAM 1:49.5 M. Hansenne FRA 1:49.8
1952 M. Whittfield USA 1:49.2 A. Wint JAM 1:49.4 H. Ultzheimer GER 1:49.7
1956 T. Courtney USA 1:47.7 D. Johnson GBR 1:47.8 A. Boysen NOR 1:48.1
 Gold Silver Bronze
1960 P. Snell NZL 1:46.3 R. Moens BEL 1:46.5 G. Kerr BWI 1:47.1
1964 P. Snell NZL 1:45.1 W. Crothers CAN 1:45.6 W. Kiprugut KEN 1:45.9
1968 R. Doubell AUS 1:44.3 W. Kiprugut KEN 1:44.5 T. Farrell USA 1:45.4
1972 D. Wottle USA 1:45.9 E. Arzhanov URS 1:45.9 M. Boit KEN 1:46.0
1976 A. Juantorena CUB 1:43.50 I. van Damme BEL 1:43.86 R. Wohlhuter USA 1:44.12
1980 S. Ovett GBR 1:45.40 S. Coe GBR 1:45.85 N. Kirov URS 1:45.94
1984 J. Cruz BRA 1:43.00 S. Coe GBR 1:43.64 E. Jones USA 1:43.83
1988 P. Ereng KEN 1:43.45 J. Cruz BRA 1:43.90 S. Aouita MAR 1:44.06

Athletics
Men
1,500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 E. Flack AUS 4:33.2 A. Blake USA 4:35.4 A. Lemusiaux FRA 4:36.0
1900 C. Bennet GBR 4:06.2 H. Deloge FRA 4:06.6 J. Bray USA 4:07.2
1904 J. Lightbody USA 4:05.4 W. F. Verner USA 4:06.8 L. Hearn USA
1908 M. Sheppard USA 4:03.4 H. Wilson GBR 4:03.6 N. Hallows GBR 4:04.0
1912 A. Jackson GBR 3:56.8 A. Kiviat USA 3:56.9 N. Taber USA 3:56.9
1920 A. Hill GBR 4:01.8 P. Noel-Baker GBR 4:02.4 L. Shields USA 4:03.1
1924 P. Numi FIN 3:53.6 W. Schärer SUI 3:55.0 H. Stallard GBR 3:55.6
1928 H. Larva FIN 3:53.2 J. Ladoumègue FRA 3:53.8 E. Purje FIN 3:56.4
1932 L. Beccali ITA 3:51.2 J. Cornes GBR 3:52.6 P. Edwards CAN 3:52.8
1936 J. Lovelock NZL 3:47.8 G. Cunningham USA 3:48.4 L. Beccali ITA 3:49.2
1948 H. Eriksson SWE 3:49.8 L. Strand SWE 3:50.4 W. Slijkhuis NED 3:50.4
1952 J. Barthel LUX 3:45.1 R. McMillen USA 3:45.2 W. Lueg GER 3:45.4
1956 R. Delany IRL 3:41.2 K. Richtzenhain GER 3:42.0 J. Landy AUS 3:42.0
1960 H. Elliot AUS 3:35.6 M. Jazy FRA 3:38.4 I. Rózsavölgyi HUN 3:39.2
1964 P. Snell NZL 3:38.1 J. Odložil TCH 3:39.6 J. Davies NZL 3:39.6
1968 K. Keino KEN 3:34.9 J. Ryun USA 3:37.8 B. Tümmler FRG 3:39.0
388 1972 P. Vasala FIN 3:36.3 K. Keino KEN 3:36.8 R. Dixon NZL 3:37.5
1976 J. Walker NZL 3:39.17 I. van Damme BEL 3:39.27 P. H. Wellmann FRG 3:39.33
1980 S. Coe GBR 3:38.40 J. Straub GDR 3:38.80 S. Ovett GRB 3:38.99
1984 S. Coe GBR 3:32.53 S. Cram GBR 3:33.40 J. M. Abascal ESP 3:34.30
1988 P. Rono KEN 3:35.96 P. Elliott GBR 3:36.15 J. P. Herold GDR 3:36.21

Athletics
Men
5,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 J. Kolehmainen FIN 14:36.6 J. Bouin FRA 14:36.7 G. Hutson GBR 15:07.6
1920 J. Guillemot FRA 14:55.6 P. Nurmi FIN 15:00.0 E. Backman SWE 15:13.0
1924 P. Nurmi FIN 14:31.2 V. Ritola FIN 14:31.4 E. Wide SWE 15:01.8
1928 V. Ritola FIN 14:38.0 P. Nurmi FIN 14:40.0 E. Wide SWE 14:41.2
1932 L. Lehtinen FIN 14:30.0 R. Hill USA 14:30.0 L. Virtanen FIN 14:44.0
1936 G. Höckert FIN 14:22.2 L. Lehtinen FIN 14:25.8 H. Jonsson SWE 14:29.0
1948 G. Reilf BEL 14:17.6 E. Zátopek TCH 14:17.8 W. Slijkhuis NED 14:26.8
1952 E. Zátopek TCH 14:06.6 A. Minoun FRA 14:07.4 H. Schade GER 14:08.6
1956 V. Kuts URS 13:39.6 G. Pine GBR 13:50.6 D. Ibbotson GBR 13:54.4
1960 M. Halberg NZL 13:43.4 H. Grodotzki GER 13:44.6 K. Zimny POL 13:44.8
1964 R. Schul USA 13:48.8 H. Norporth GER 13:49.6 W. Dellinger USA 13:49.8
1968 M. Gammoudi TUN 14:05.0 K. Keino KEN 14:05.2 N. Temu KEN 14:06.4
1972 L. Viren FIN 13:26.4 M. Gammoudi TUN 13:27.4 I. Stewart GBR 13:27.6
1976 L. Viren FIN 13:24.76 D. Quax NZL 13:25.16 K. P. Hildenbrand FRG 13:25.38
1980 M. Yifter ETH 13:20.91 S. Nyambui TAN 13:21.60 K. Maaninka FIN 13:22.00
1984 S. Aouita MAR 13:05.59 M. Ryffel SUI 13:07.54 A. Leitão POR 13:09.20
1988 J. Ngugi KEN 13:11.70 D. Baumann FRG 13:15.52 H. Kunze GDR 13:15.73

Athletics
Men
10,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 J. Kolehmainen FIN 31:20.8 L. Tewanima USA 32:06.6 A. Stenroos FIN 32:21.8
1920 P. Nurmi FIN 31:45.8 J. Guillemot FRA 31:47.2 J. Wilson GBR 31:50.8
 Gold Silver Bronze
1924 V. Ritola FIN 30:23.2 E. Wide SWE 30:55.2 E. Berg FIN 31:43.0
1928 P. Nurmi FIN 30:18.8 V. Ritola FIN 30:19.4 E. Wide SWE 31:00.8
1932 J. Kusocinski POL 30:11.4 V. Iso-Hollo FIN 30:12.6 L. Virtanen FIN 30:35.0
1936 I. Salminen FIN 30:15.4 A. Askola FIN 30:15.6 V. Iso-Hollo FIN 30:30.2
1948 E. Zátopek TCH 29:59.6 A. Mimoun FRA 30:47.4 B. Albertsson SWE 30:53.6
1952 E. Zátopek TCH 29:17.0 A. Mimoun FRA 29:32.8 A. Anufriev URS 29:48.2
1956 V. Kuts URS 28:45.6 J. Kovács HUN 28:52.4 A. Lawrence AUS 28:53.6
1960 P. Bolotnikov URS 28:32.2 H. Grodotzki GER 28:37.0 D. Power AUS 28:38.2
1964 B. Mills USA 28:24.4 M. Gammoudi TUN 28:24.8 R. Clarke AUS 28:25.8
1968 N. Temu KEN 29:27.4 M. Wolde ETH 29:28.0 M. Gammoudi TUN 29:34.2
1972 L. Viren FIN 27:38.4 E. Puttemans BEL 27:39.6 M. Yifter ETH 27:41.0
1976 L. Viren FIN 27:40.38 C. Lopes POR 27:45.17 B. Foster GBR 27:54.92
1980 M. Yifter ETH 27:42.69 K. Maaninka FIN 27:44.28 M. Kedir ETH 27:44.64
1984 A. Cova ITA 27:47.54 M. McLeod GBR 28:06.22 M. Musyoki KEN 28:06.46
1988 M. B. Boutaib MAR 27:21.46 S. Antibo ITA 27:23.55 K. Kimeli KEN 27:25.16

Athletics
Men
Marathon

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 S. Louis GRE 2:58:50.0 C. Vasilakos GRE 3:06:03.0 G. Kellner HUN 3:06:35.0
1900 M. Théato FRA 2:59:45.0 É. Champion FRA 3:04:17.0 E. Fast SWE 3:37:14.0
1904 T. Hicks USA 3:28:53.0 A. Corey USA 3:34:52.0 A. Newton USA 3:47:33.0
1908 J. Hayes USA 2:55:18.4 C. Hefferon SAF 2:56:06.0 J. Forshaw USA 2:57:10.4
1912 K. McArthur SAF 2:36:54.8 C. Gitsham SAF 2:37:52.0 G. Strobino USA 2:38:42.4
1920 J. Kolehmainen FIN 2:32:35.8 J. Lossmann EST 2:32:48.6 V. Arri ITA 2:36:32.8
1924 A. Stenroos FIN 2:41:22.6 R. Bertini ITA 2:47:19.6 C. DeMar USA 2:48:14.0
1928 B. El Quafi FRA 2:32:57.0 M. Plaza CHI 2:33:23.0 M. Marttelin FIN 2:35:02.0
1932 J. Zabala ARG 2:31:36.0 S. Ferris GBR 2:31:55.0 A. Toivonen FIN 2:32:12.0
389
1936 K. Sohn JPN 2:29:19.2 E. Harper GBR 2:31:23.3 S. Nam JPN 2:31:42.0
1948 D. Cabrera ARG 2:34:51.6 T. Richards GBR 2:35:07.6 E. Gailly BEL 2:35:33.6
1952 E. Zátopek TCH 2:23:03.2 R. Gorno ARG 2:25:35.0 G. Jansson SWE 2:26:07.0
1956 A. Mimoun FRA 2:25:00.0 F. Mihalic YUG 2:26:32.0 V. Karvonen FIN 2:27:47.0
1960 A. Bikila ETH 2:15:16.2 R. Ben Abdesselem MAR 2:15:41.6 B. Magee NZL 2:17:18.2
1964 A. Bikila ETH 2:12:11.2 B. Heatley GBR 2:16:19.2 K. Tsuburaya JPN 2:16:22.8
1968 M. Wolde ETH 2:20:26.4 K, Kimihara JPN 2:23:31.0 M. Ryan NZL 2:23:45.0
1972 F. Shorter USA 2:12:19.8 K. Lismont BEL 2:14:31.8 M. Wolde ETH 2:15:08.4
1976 M. Cierpinski GDR 2:09:55.0 F. Shorter USA 2:10:45.8 K. Lismont BEL 2:11:12.6
1980 W. Cierpinski GDR 2:11:03.0 G. Nijboer NED 2:11:20.0 S. Dzhumanazarov URS 2:11:35.0
1984 C. Lopes POR 2:09:21.0 J. Treacy IRL 2:09:56.0 C. Spedding GBR 2:09:58.0
1988 G. Bordin ITA 2:10:32.0 D. Wakiihuri KEN 2:10:47.0 H. Ahmed Saleh DJI 2:10:50.0

Since 1924, the distance has been 42.195 km, fixed in 1908. In previous years, the distance varied. In 1908, the Marathon was won by the Italian D. Pietri, who was
later disqualified.

Athletics
Men
110 m hurdles

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 T. Curtis USA 17.6 G. Goulding GBR 17.7
1900 A. Kraenzlein USA 15.4 J. Mac Lean USA 15.5 F. Moloney USA
1904 F. Schule USA 16.0 T. Shideler USA 16.3 L. Ashburner USA 16.4
1908 F. Smithson USA 15.0 J. Garrels USA 15.7 A. Shaw USA
1912 F. Kelly USA 15.1 J. Wendell USA 15.2 M. Hawkins USA 15.3
1920 E. Thomson CAN 14.8 H. Barron USA 15.1 F. Murray USA 15.2
1924 D. Kinsey USA 15.0 S. Atkinson SAF 15.0 S. Pettersson SWE 15.4
1928 S. Atkinson SAF 14.8 S. Anderson USA 14.8 J. Collier USA 14.9
1932 G. Saling USA 14.6 P. Beard USA 14.7 D. Finlay GBR 14.8
1936 F. Towns USA 14.2 D. Finlay GBR 14.4 F. Pollard USA 14.4
1948 W. Porter USA 13.9 C. Scott USA 14.1 C. Dixon USA 14.1
1952 H. Dillard USA 13.7 J. Davis USA 13.7 A. Barnard USA 14.1
1956 L. Calhoun USA 13.5 J. Davis USA 13.5 J. Shankle USA 14.1
1960 L. Calhoun USA 13.8 W. May USA 13.8 H. Jones USA 14.0
1964 H. Jones USA 13.6 H. B. Lindgren USA 13.7 A. Mikhailov URS 13.7
 Gold Silver Bronze
1968 W. Davenport USA 13.3 E. Hall USA 13.4 E. Ottoz ITA 13.4
1972 R. Milbum USA 13.24 G. Drut FRA 13.34 T. Hill USA 13.48
1976 G. Drut FRA 13.30 A. Casañas CUB 13.33 W. Davenport USA 13.38
1980 T. Munkelt GDR 13.39 A. Casañas CUB 13.40 A. Puchkov URS 13.44
1984 R. Kingdom USA 13.20 G. Foster USA 13.23 A. Bryggare FIN 13.40
1988 R. Kingdom USA 12.98 C. Jackson GBR 13.28 A. Cambell USA 13.38

In 1896, the distance was 100 m and there were only two finalists.

Athletics
Men
400 m hurdles

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 J. W. Tewksbury USA 57.6 H. Tauzin FRA 58.3 G. Orton CAN
1904 H. Hillman USA 53.0 F. Waller USA 53.2 G. Poage USA
1908 C. Bacon USA 55.0 H. Hillman USA 55.3 L. Tremeer GBR 57.0
1920 F. Loomis USA 54.0 J. Norton USA 54.3 A. Desch USA 54.5
1924 F. M. Taylor USA 52.6 E. Vilén FIN 53.8 I. Riley USA 54.2
1928 D. Burghley GBR 53.4 F. Cuhel USA 53.6 F. M. Taylor USA 53.6
1932 R. Tisdall IRL 51.7 G. Hardin USA 51.9 F. M. Taylor USA 52.0
1936 G. Hardin USA 52.4 J. Loaring CAN 52.7 M. White PHI 52.8
1948 R. Cochran USA 51.1 D. White CEY 51.8 R. Larsson SWE 52.2
1952 C. Moore USA 50.8 Y. Lituyev URS 51.3 J. Holland NZL 52.2
1956 G. Davis USA 50.1 E. Southen USA 50.8 J. Culbreath USA 51.6
1960 G. Davis USA 49.3 C. Cushman USA 49.6 R. Howard USA 49.7
1964 W. Cawley USA 49.6 J. Cooper GBR 50.1 S. Morale ITA 50.1
1968 D. Hemery GBR 48.1 G. Hennige FRG 49.0 J. Sherwood GBR 49.0
1972 J. Akii-Bua UGA 47.82 R. Mann USA 48.51 D. Hemery GBR 48.52
1976 E. Moses USA 47.64 M. Shine USA 48.69 E. Gavrilenko URS 49.45
1980 V. Beck GDR 48.70 V. Arjipenko URS 48.86 G. Oakes GBR 49.11
390
1984 E. Moses USA 47.75 D. Harris USA 48.13 H. Schmid FRG 48.19
1988 A. Philips USA 47.19 E. H. D. Ba SEN 47.23 E. Moses USA 47.56

Athletics
Men
3,000 m Steeplechase

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 G. Orton CAN 7:34.4 S. Robinson GBR 7:38.0 J. Chastanié FRA
1904 J. Lightbody USA 7:39.6 J. Daly GBR 7:40.6 A. Newton USA
1908 A. Russell GBR 10:47.8 A. Robertson GBR 10:48.4 J. Eisele USA 11:00.8
1920 P. Hodge GBR 10:00.4 P. Flynn USA E. Ambrosini ITA
1924 V. Ritola FIN 9:33.6 E. Katz FIN 9:44.0 P. Bontemps FRA 9:45.2
1928 L. Loukola FIN 9:21.8 P. Nurmi FIN 9:31.2 O. Andersen FIN 9:35.6
1932 V. Iso-Hollo FIN 10:33.4 T. Evenson GBR 10:46.0 J. McCluskey USA 10:46.2
1936 V. Iso-Hollo FIN 9:03.8 K. Tuominen FIN 9:06.8 A. Dompert GER 9:07.2
1948 T. Sjöstrans SWE 9:04.6 E. Elmsäter SWE 9:08.2 G. Hagström SWE 9:11.8
1952 H. Ashenfelter USA 8:45.4 V. Kazantsev URS 8:51.6 J. Disley GBR 8:51.8
1956 C. Brasher GBR 8:41.2 S. Rozsnyói HUN 8:43.6 E. Larsen NOR 8:44.0
1960 Z. Krzyszkowiak POL 8:34.2 N. Sokolov URS 8:36.4 S. Rjixtxin URS 8:42.2
1964 G. Roelants BEL 8:30.8 M. Herriott GBR 8:32.4 I. Beliaiev URS 8:33.8
1968 A. Biwott KEN 8:51.0 B. Kogo KEN 8:51.6 G. Young USA 8:51.8
1972 K. Keino KEN 8:23.6 B. Jipcho KEN 8:24.6 T. Kantanen FIN 8:24.8
1976 A. Gärderud SWE 8:08.02 B. Malinowski POL 8:09.11 F. Baumgarti GDR 8:10.36
1980 B. Malinowski POL 8:09.70 F. Bayi TAN 8:12.48 E. Tura ETH 8:13.57
1984 J. Korir KEN 8:11.80 J. Mahmoud FRA 8:13.31 Ð. Diemer USA 8:14.06
1988 J. Kariuski KEN 8:05.51 P. Koech KEN 8:06.79 M. Rowland GBR 8:07.96

In 1900, the distance was 2,500 m. In 1904, it was 2,590 m, and in 1908, it was 3,200 m. In 1932, the distance in the final was 3,460 m, due to a mistake by the judge
who was counting the laps.
 Athletics
Men
20 km walk

Gold Silver Bronze

1956 L. Spirin URS 1:31:27.4 A. Mikenas URS 1:32:03.0 B. Yunk URS 1:32:12.0
1960 V. Golubnichi URS 1:34:07.2 N. Freeman AUS 1:34:16.4 S. Vickers GBR 1:34:56.4
1964 K. Matthews GBR 1:29:34.0 D. Under FRG 1:31:13.2 V. Golubnichi URS 1:31:59.4
1968 V. Golubnichi URS 1:33:58.4 J. Pedraza MEX 1:34:00.0 N. Smaga URS 1:34:03.4
1972 P. Frenkel GDR 1:26:42.4 V. Golubnichi URS 1:26:55.2 H. Reiman GDR 1:27:16.6
1976 D. B. Rocha MEX 1:24:40.6 H. Reiman GDR 1:25:13.8 P. Frenkel GDR 1:25:29.4
1980 M. Damilano ITA 1:23:35.5 P. Pochinchuk URS 1:24:45.4 R. Wieser GDR 1:25:58.2
1984 E. Canto MEX 1:23:13.0 R. González MEX 1:23:20.0 M. Damilano ITA 1:23:26.0
1988 J. Pribilinec TCH 1:19:57.0 R. Weigel GDR 1:20:00.0 M. Damilano ITA 1:20:14.0

Athletics
Men
50 km walk

Gold Silver Bronze

1932 T. Green GBR 4:50:10.0 J. Dalinš LAT 4:57:20.0 U. Frigerio ITA 4:59:06.0
1936 H. Whitlock GBR 4:30:41.1 A. Schwab SUI 4:32:09.2 A. Bubenko LAT 4:32:42.2
1948 J. Ljunggren SWE 4:41:52.0 G. Godel SUI 4:48:17.0 T. Lloyd-Johnson GBR 4:48:31.0
1952 G. Dordoni ITA 4:28:07.8 J. Doležal TCH 4:30:17.8 A. Róka HUN 4:31:27.2
1956 N. Read NZL 4:30:42.8 E. Maskinskov URS 4:32:57.0 J. Ljunggren SWE 4:35:02.0
1960 D. Thompson GBR 4:25:30.0 J. Ljunggren SWE 4:25:47.0 A. Pamich ITA 4:27:55.4
1964 A. Pamich ITA 4:11:12.4 P. Nihill GBR 4:11:31.2 I. Pettersson SWE 4:14:17.4
1968 C. Höme GDR 4:20:13.6 A. Kiss HUN 4:30:17.0 L. Young USA 4:31:55.4
1972 B. Kannenberg FRG 3:56:11.6 V. Soldatenko URS 3:58:24.0 L. Young USA 4:00:46.0
1980 H. Gauder GDR 3:49:24.0 J. Llopart ESP 3:51:25.0 E. Ivchenko URS 3:56:32.0
1984 R. González MEX 3:47:26.0 B. Gustafsson SWE 3:53:19.0 A. Bellucci ITA 3:53:45.0
1988 V. Ivanenko URS 3:38:29.0 R. Weigel GDR 3:38:56.0 H. Gauder GDR 3:39:45.0

Athletics
Men
391
4 x 100 m relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 GBR 42.4 SWE 42.6
1920 USA 42.2 FRA 42.6 SWE 42.9
1924 USA 41.0 GBR 41.2 NED 41.8
1928 USA 41.0 GER 41.2 GBR 41.8
1932 USA 40.0 GER 40.9 ITA 41.2
1936 USA 39.8 ITA 41.1 GER 41.2
1948 USA 40.6 GBR 41.3 ITA 41.5
1952 USA 40.1 URS 40.3 HUN 40.5
1956 USA 39.5 URS 39.8 GER 40.3
1960 GER 39.5 URS 40.1 GBR 40.2
1964 USA 39.0 POL 39.3 FRA 39.3
1968 USA 38.2 CUB 38.3 FRA 38.4
1972 USA 38.19 URS 38.50 FRG 38.79
1976 USA 38.33 GDR 38.66 URS 38.78
1980 URS 38.26 POL 38.33 FRA 38.53
1984 USA 37.83 JAM 38.62 CAN 38.70
1988 URS 38.19 GBR 38.28 FRA 38.40

Athletics
Men
4 x 400 m relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 USA 3:16.6 FRA 3:20.7 GBR 3:23.2
1920 GBR 3:22.2 SAF 3:24.2 FRA 3:24.8
1924 USA 3:16.0 SWE 3:17.0 GBR 3:17.4
1928 USA 3:14.2 GER 3:14.8 CAN 3:15.4
1932 USA 3:08.2 GBR 3:11.2 CAN 3:12.8
1936 GBR 3:09.0 USA 3:11.0 GER 3:11.8
1948 USA 3:10.4 FRA 3:14.8 SWE 3:16.0
1952 JAM 3:03.9 USA 3:04.0 GER 3:06.6
1956 USA 3:04.8 AUS 3:06.2 GBR 3:07.2
 Gold Silver Bronze
1960 USA 3:02.2 GER 3:02.7 BWI 3:04.0
1964 USA 3:00.7 GBR 3:01.6 TRI 3:01.7
1968 USA 2:56.1 KEN 2:59.6 FRG 3:00.5
1972 KEN 2:59.8 GBR 3:00.5 FRA 3:00.7
1976 USA 2:58.65 POL 3:01.43 FRG 3:01.98
1980 URS 3:01.1 GDR 3:01.3 ITA 3:04.3
1984 USA 2:57.91 GBR 2:59.13 NGR 2:59.32
1988 USA 2:56.16 JAM 3:00.30 FRG 3:00.56

Athletics
Men
High jump

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 E. Clark USA 1.81 J. Connolly USA 1.65 R. Garret USA 1.65
1900 I. Baxter USA 1.90 P. Leahy GBR/IRL 1.78 L. Gönczy HUN 1.75
1904 S. Jones USA 1.80 G. Serviss USA 1.78 P. Weinstein GER 1.78
1908 H. Porter USA 1.90 C. Leahy GBR/IRL 1.88
I. Somodi HUN 1.88
G. André FRA 1.88
1912 A. Richards USA 1.93 H. Leische GER 1.91 G. Horine USA 1.89
1920 R. Landon USA 1.94 H. Muller USA 1.90 B. Ekelund SWE 1.90
1924 H. Osbom USA 1.98 L. Brown USA 1.95 P. Lewden FRA 1.92
1928 R. King USA 1.94 B. Hedges USA 1.91 C. Ménard FRA 1.91
1932 D. McNaughton CAN 1.97 R. van Osdel USA 1.97 S. Toribio PHI 1.97
1936 C. Johnson USA 2.03 D. Albritton USA 2.00 D. Thurber USA 2.00
1948 J. Winter AUS 1.98 B. Paulsen NOR 1.95 G. Stanich USA 1.95
1952 W. Davis USA 2.04 K. Wiesner USA 2.01 J. Telles da Conceiçäo BRA 1.98
1956 C. Dumas USA 2.12 C. Porter AUS 2.10 I. Kashkarov USA 2.08
1960 R. Shavlakadze URS 2.16 V. Brumel URS 2.16 J. Thomas USA 2.14
392 1964 V. Brumel URS 2.18 J. Thomas USA 2.18 J. Rambo USA 2.16
1968 R. Fosbury USA 2.24 E. Caruthers USA 2.22 V. Gavrilov URS 2.20
1972 Y. Tarmak URS 2.23 S. Junge GDR 2.21 D. Stones USA 2.21
1976 J. Wszola POL 2.25 G. Joy CAN 2.23 D. Stones USA 2.21
1980 G. Wessig GDR 2.36 J. Wszola POL 2.31 J. Freimuth GDR 2.31
1984 D. Mögenburg FRG 2.35 P. Sjöberg SWE 2.33 Zhu Jianhua CHN 2.31
1988 G. Avdeyenko URS 2.38 H. Conway USA 2.36 R. Povarnitsin URS 2.36
P. Sjöberg SWE 2.36

Athletics
Men
Pole vault

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 W. Hoyt USA 3.30 A. Tyler USA 3.25 E. Damaskos GRE 2.85
1900 I. Baxter USA 3.30 M. B. Colkett USA 3.25 C. A. Andersen NOR 3.20
1904 C. Dvorak USA 3.50 L. Samse USA 3.43 L. Wilkins USA 3.43
1908 E. Cooke USA 3.71 E. Archibald CAN 3.58
A. Gilbert USA 3.71 C. Jacobs USA 3.58
B. Söderström SWE 3.58
1912 H. Babcock USA 3.95 F. Nelson USA 3.85
M. Wright USA 3.85
1920 F. Foss USA 4.09 H. Petersen DEN 3.70 E. Myers USA 3.60
1924 L. Barnes USA 3.95 G. Graham USA 3.95 J. Brooker USA 3.90
1928 S. Carr USA 4.20 W. Droegemuller USA 4.10 C. McGinnis USA 3.95
1932 W. Miller USA 4.32 S. Nishida JPN 4.30 G. Jefferson USA 4.20
1936 E. Meadows USA 4.35 S. Nishida JPN 4.25 S. Oe JPN 4.25
1948 O. G. Smith USA 4.30 E. Kataja FIN 4.20 R. Richards USA 4.20
1952 R. Richards USA 4.55 D. Laz USA 4.50 R. Lundberg SWE 4.40
1956 R. Richards USA 4.56 R. Gutowski USA 4.53 G. Roubanis GRE 4.50
1960 D. Bragg USA 4.70 R. Morris USA 4.60 E. Landström FIN 4.55
1964 F. Hansen USA 5.10 W. Reinhardt GER 5.05 K. Lehnertz GER 5.00
1968 R. Seagren USA 5.40 C. Schiprowski FRG 5.40 W. Nordwig GDR 5.40
1972 W. Nordwig GDR 5.50 R. Seagren USA 5.40 J. Johnson USA 5.35
1976 T. Šlusarski POL 5.50 A Kalliomäki FIN 5.50 D. Roberts USA 5.50
1980 W. Kozakiewicz POL 5.78 K. Volkov URS 5.65 T. Šlusarski POL 5.65
 Gold Silver Bronze

1984 P. Quinon FRA 5.75 M. Tully USA 5.65 E. Bell USA 5.60
T. Vigneron FRA 5.60
1988 S. Bubka URS 5.90 R. Gataullin URS 5.85 G. Egorov URS 5.80

Athletics
Men
Long jump

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 E. Clark USA 6.35 R. Garrett USA 6.18 J. Connolly USA 6.11
1900 A. Kraenzlein USA 7.18 M. Prinstein USA 7.17 P. Leahy GBR/IRL 6.95
1904 M. Prinstein USA 7.34 D. Frank USA 6.89 R. Stangland USA 6.88
1908 F. Irons USA 7.48 D. Kelly USA 7.09 C. Bricker CAN 7.08
1912 A. Gutterson USA 7.60 C. Bricker CAN 7.21 G. Aberg SWE 7.18
1920 W. Petersson-Björneman SWE 7.15 C. Johnson USA 7.09 E. Abrahamsson SWE 7.08
1924 W. D. H. Hubbard USA 7.44 E. Gourdin USA 7.28 S. Hansen NOR 7.26
1928 E. Hamm USA 7.73 S. Cator HAI 7.58 A. Bates USA 7.40
1932 E. Gordon USA 7.64 C. L. Redd USA 7.60 C. Nambu JPN 7.45
1936 J. Owens USA 8.06 L. Long GER 7.87 N. Tajima JPN 7.74
1948 W. Steele USA 7.82 T. Bruce AUS 7.55 H. Douglas USA 7.54
1952 J. Biffle USA 7.57 M. Gourdine USA 7.53 O. Földessy HUN 7.30
1956 G. Bell USA 7.83 J. Bennett USA 7.68 J. Valkama FIN 7.48
1960 R. Boston USA 8.12 I. Roberson USA 8.11 I. Ter-Ovanesian URS 8.04
1964 L. Davies GBR 8.07 R. Boston USA 8.03 I. Ter-Ovanesian URS 7.99
1968 R. Beamon USA 8.90 K. Beer GDR 8.19 R. Boston USA 8.16
1972 R. Williams USA 8.24 H. Baumgartner FRG 8.18 A. Robinson USA 8.03
1976 A. Robinson USA 8.35 R. Williams USA 8.11 F. Wartenberg GDR 8.02
1980 L. Dombrowski GDR 8.54 F. Paschek GDR 8.21 V. Podluzhni URS 8.18
1984 C. Lewis USA 8.54 G. Honey AUS 8.24 G. Evangelisti ITA 8.24
1988 C. Lewis USA 8.72 M. Powell USA 8.49 L. Myricks USA 8.27
393

Athletics
Men
Triple jump

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 J. Connolly USA 13.71 A. Tuffère FRA 12.70 I. Persakis GRE 12.52
1900 M. Prinstein USA 14.47 J. Connolly USA 13.97 L. P. Sheldon USA 13.64
1904 M. Prinstein USA 14.35 F. Englehardt USA 13.90 R. Stangland USA 13.36
1908 T. Aheame GBR/IRL 14.92 J. G. MacDonald CAN 14.76 E. Larsen NOR 14.39
1912 G. Lindblom SWE 14.76 G. Åberg SWE 14.51 E. Almlöf SWE 14.17
1920 V. Tuulos FIN 14.50 F. Jansson SWE 14.48 E. Almlöf SWE 14.27
1924 A. Winter AUS 15.52 L. Brunette ARG 15.42 V. Tuulos FIN 15.37
1928 M. Oda JPN 15.21 L. Casey USA 15.17 V. Tuulos FIN 15.11
1932 C. Nambu JPN 15.72 E. Svensson SWE 15.32 K. Oshima JPN 15.12
1936 N. Tajima JPN 16.00 M. Harada JPN 15.66 J. P. Metcalfe AUS 15.50
1948 A. Åhman SWE 15.40 G. Avery AUS 15.37 R. Sarialp TUR 15.02
1952 A. Ferreira da Silva BRA 16.22 L. Shcherbakov URS 15.98 A. Devonish VEN 15.52
1956 A. Ferreira da Silva BRA 16.35 V. Einarsson ISL 16.26 V. Kreyer URS 16.02
1960 J. Schmidt POL 16.81 V. Goriayev URS 16.63 V. Kreyer URS 16.43
1964 J. Schmidt POL 16.85 O. Fedoseyev URS 16.58 V. Kravchenko URS 16.57
1968 V. Saneyev URS 17.39 N. Prudencio BRA 17.27 G. Gentile ITA 17.22
1972 V. Saneyev URS 17.35 J. Drehmel GDR 17.31 N. Prudencio BRA 17.05
1976 V. Saneyev URS 17.29 J. Butts USA 17.18 J. C. de Oliveira BRA 16.90
1980 J. Uudmäe URS 17.35 V. Saneyev URS 17.24 J. C. de Oliveira BRA 17.22
1984 A. Joyner USA 17.26 M. Conley USA 17.18 K. Connor GBR 16.87
1988 K. Markov BUL 17.61 I. Lapchin URS 17.52 A. Kovalenko URS 17.42

Athletics
Men
Shot put

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 R. Garrett USA 11.22 M. Gouskos GRE 11.20 G. Papasideris GRE 10.36
1900 R. Sheldon USA 14.10 J. McCracken USA 12.85 R. Garrett USA 12.37
1904 R. Rose USA 14.81 W. Coe USA 14.40 L. Feuerbach USA 13.37
 Gold Silver Bronze
1908 R. Rose USA 14.21 D. Morgan GBR 13.62 J. Garrels USA 13.18
1912 P. Mc Donald USA 15.34 R. Rose USA 15.25 L. Whitney USA 13.93
1920 F. Pörhölä FIN 14.81 E. Niklander FIN 14.15 H. Liversedge USA 14.15
1924 C. Houser USA 14.99 G. Hartranft USA 14.90 R. Hills USA 14.64
1928 J. Kuck USA 15.87 H. Brix USA 15.75 E. Hirchfeld GER 15.72
1932 L. Sexton USA 16.01 H. Rothert USA 15.67 F. Douda TCH 15.61
1936 H. Wõllke GER 16.20 S. Bärlund FIN 16.12 G. Stock GER 15.66
1948 W. Thompson USA 17.12 F. J. Delaney USA 16.68 J. Fuchs USA 16.42
1952 P. O'Brien USA 17.41 D. Hooper USA 17.39 J. Fuchs USA 17.06
1956 P. O'Brien USA 18.57 W. Nieder USA 18.18 J. Skobla TCH 17.65
1960 W. Nieder USA 19.68 P. O'Brien USA 19.11 D. Long USA 19.01
1964 D. Long USA 20.33 R. Matson USA 20.20 V. Varju HUN 19.39
1968 R. Matson USA 20.54 G. Woods USA 20.12 E. Guishchin URS 20.09
1972 W. Komar POL 21.18 G. Woods USA 21.17 H. Briesenick GDR 21.14
1976 U. Beyer GDR 21.05 E. Mironov URS 21.03 A. Barishnikov URS 21.00
1980 V. Kisseliov URS 21.35 A. Barishnikov URS 21.08 U. Beyer GDR 21.06
1984 A. Andrei ITA 21.26 M. Carter USA 21.09 D. Laut USA 20.97
1988 U. Timmermann GDR 22.47 R. Barnes USA 22.39 W. Günthör SUI 21.99

Athletics
Men
Discus

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 R. Garret USA 29.15 P. Paraskevopoulos GRE 28.96 S. Versis GRE 28.78
1900 R. Bauer HUN 36.04 F. Janda-Suk BOH 35.25 R. Sheldon USA 34.60
1904 M. Sheridan USA 39.28 R. Rose USA 39.28 N. Georgantas GRE 37.68
1908 M. Sheridan USA 40.89 M. Griffin USA 40.70 M. Horr USA 39.45
1912 A. Taipale FIN 45.21 R. Byrd USA 42.32 J. Duncan USA 42.28
1920 E. Niklander FIN 44.69 A. Tajpale FIN 44.19 A. Pope USA 42.13
394 1924 C. Houser USA 46.16 V. Nittymaa FIN 44.95 T. Lieb USA 44.83
1928 C. Houser USA 47.32 A. Kivi FIN 47.23 J. Corson USA 47.10
1932 J. Anderson USA 49.49 H. Laborde FRA 48.47 P. Winter FRA 47.85
1936 K. Carpenter USA 50.48 G. Dunn USA 49.36 G. Oberweger ITA 49.23
1948 A. Consolini ITA 52.78 G. Tosi ITA 51.78 F. Gordien USA 50.77
1952 S. Iness USA 55.03 A. Consolini ITA 53.78 J. Dillion USA 53.28
1956 A. Oerter USA 56.36 F. Gordien USA 54.81 D. Koch USA 54.40
1960 A. Oerter USA 59.18 R. Babka USA 58.02 R. Cochran USA 57.16
1964 A. Oerter USA 61.00 L. Danek TCH 60.52 D. Weill USA 59.49
1968 A. Oerter USA 64.78 L. Milde GDR 63.08 L. Danek TCH 62.92
1972 L. Danek TCH 64.40 J. Silvester USA 63.50 R. Bruch SWE 63.40
1976 M. Wilkins USA 67.50 W. Schmidt GDR 66.22 J. Powell USA 65.70
1980 V. Rashchupkin URS 66.64 I. Bugár TCH 66.38 L. Delis Fournier CUB 66.32
1984 R. Danneberg FRG 66.60 M. Wilkins USA 66.30 J. Powell USA 65.46
1988 J. Schult GDR 68.82 R. Ubartas URS 67.48 R. Danneberg FRG 67.38

Athletics
Men
Hammer

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 J. Flanagan USA 49.73 T. Hare USA 49.13 J. McCraken USA 42.46
1904 J. Flanagan USA 51.23 J. De Witt USA 50.26 R. Rose USA 45.73
1908 J. Flanagan USA 51.92 M. McGrath USA 51.18 C. Walsh USA 48.50
1912 M. McGrath USA 54.74 D. Gillis CAN 48.39 C. Childs USA 48.17
1920 P. Ryan USA 52.88 C. H. Lind SWE 48.43 B. Bennett USA 48.25
1924 F. Tootell USA 53.30 M. McGrath USA 50.84 M. Nokes GBR 48.88
1928 P. O'Callagham IRL 51.39 O. Skiöld SWE 51.29 E. Black USA 49.03
1932 P. O'Callaghan IRL 53.92 F. Pörhölä FIN 52.27 P. Zaremba USA 50.33
1936 K. Hein GER 56.49 E. Blask GER 55.04 F. Wamgård SWE 54.83
1948 I. Németh HUN 56.07 I. Gubijan YUG 54.27 R. Bennett USA 53.73
1952 J. Csermák HUN 60.34 K. Storch GER 58.86 I. Németh HUN 57.74
1956 H. Connolly USA 63.19 M. Krivonosov URS 63.03 A. Samotsvyetov URS 62.56
1960 V. Rudenkov URS 67.10 G. Zsivótzky HUN 65.79 T. Rut POL 65.64
1964 R. Klim URS 69.74 G. Zsivótzky HUN 69.09 U. Beyer GER 68.09
 Gold Silver Bronze
1968 G. Zsivótzky HUN 73.36 R. Klim URS 73.28 L. Lovász HUN 69.78
1972 A. Bondarchuck URS 75.50 J. Sachse GDR 74.96 V. Jmelevski URS 74.04
1976 Y. Sedyj URS 77.52 A. Spiridonov URS 76.08 A. Bondarchuck URS 75.48
1980 Y. Sedyj URS 81.80 S. Litvinov URS 80.64 Y. Tamm URS 78.96
1984 J. Tiainen FIN 78.08 K.-H. Riehm FRG 77.98 K. Ploghaus FRG 76.68
1988 S. Litvinov URS 84.80 Y. Sedyj URS 83.76 Y. Tamm URS 81.16

Athletics
Men
Javelin

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 E. Lemming SWE 54.83 A. Halse NOR 50.57 O. Nilsson SWE 47.10
1912 E. Lemming SWE 60.64 J. J. Saaristo FIN 58.66 M. Kóczán HUN 55.50
1920 J. Myyrä FIN 65.78 U. Peltonen FIN 63.50 P. Jaale-Johansson FIN 63.10
1924 J. Myyrä FIN 62.96 G. Lindström SWE 60.92 E. Oberst USA 58.35
1928 E. Lundkvist SWE 66.60 B. Szepes HUN 65.26 O. Sunde NOR 63.97
1932 M. Järvinen FIN 72.71 M. Sippala FIN 69.80 E. Penttilä FIN 68.70
1936 G. Stock GER 71.84 Y. Nikkanen FIN 70.77 K. Toivonen FIN 70.72
1948 T. Rautavaara FIN 69.77 S. Seymour USA 67.56 J. Várszegi HUN 67.03
1952 C. Young USA 73.78 W. Miller USA 72.46 T. Hyytäinen FIN 71.89
1956 E. Danielsen NOR 85.71 J. Sidlo POL 79.98 V. Tsibulenko URS 79.50
1960 V. Tsibulenko URS 84.64 W. Krüger GER 79.36 G. Kulcsár HUN 78.57
1964 P. Nevala FIN 82.66 G. Kulsár HUN 82.32 J. Lusis URS 80.57
1968 J. Lusis URS 90.10 J. Kinnunen FIN 88.58 G. Kulcsár HUN 87.06
1972 K. Wolfermann FRG 90.48 J. Lusis URS 90.46 W. Schmidt USA 84.42
1976 M. Németh HUN 94.58 H. Siitonen FIN 87.92 G. Megelea ROM 87.16
1980 D. Kula URS 91.20 A. Makarov URS 89.64 W. Hanish GDR 86.72
1984 A. Härkönen FIN 86.76 D. Ottley GBR 85.74 K. Eldebrink SWE 83.72
1988 T. Korjus FIN 84.82 J. Železný TCH 84.12 S. Räty FIN 83.26 395

Athletics
Men
Decathlon

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 J. Thorpe USA 6,756 C. Lomberg SWE 5,943 G. Holme SWE 5,956
H. Wieslander SWE 6,161
1920 H. Lövland NOR 5,970 B. Hamilton USA 5,940 B. Ohlson SWE 5,825
1924 H. Osbom USA 6,668 E. Norton USA 6,340 A. Klumberg EST 6,260
1928 P. Yrjöïä FIN 6,774 A. Järvinen FIN 6,815 J. K. Doherty USA 6,593
1932 J. Ðausch USA 6,896 A. Järvinen FIN 7,038 W. Eberle GER 6,830
1936 G. Morris USA 7,421 R. Clark USA 7,226 J. Parker USA 6,918
1948 R. Mathias USA 6,826 I. Heinrich FRA 6,740 F. Simmons USA 6,711
1952 R. Mathias USA 7,731 M. Campbell USA 7,132 F. Simmons USA 7,069
1956 M. Campbell USA 7,708 R. Johnson USA 7,568 V. Kuznetsov URS 7,461
1960 R. Johnson USA 8,001 Chuan-Kwang Yuan TPE 7,930 V. Kuznetsov URS 7,624
1964 W. Holdorf GER 7,887 R. Aun URS 7,842 H.-J. Walde GER 7,809
1968 B. Toomey USA 8,193 H.-J. Walde FRG 8,111 K. Ðendlin FRG 8,064
1972 N. Avilov URS 8,454 L. Litvinenko URS 8,035 R. Katus POL 7,984
1976 B. Jenner USA 8,618 G. Kratschmer FRG 8,411 N. Avilov URS 8,369
1980 D. Thompson GBR 8,495 Y. Kutsenko URS 8,331 S. Zhelanov URS 8,135
1984 D. Thompson GBR 8,797 J. Hingsen FRG 8,673 S. Wentz FRG 8,412
1988 C. Schenk GDR 8,488 T. Voss GDR 8,399 D. Steen CAN 8,328

The points shown in this table have been calculated in accordance with those established in 1962. J. Thorpe, winner of the 1912 event was disqualified the following
year for having been a professional baseball player. In 1982 the IOC posthumously restored his position.

Athletics
Women
100m

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 E. Robinson USA 12.2 F. Rosenfeld CAN 12.3 E. Smith CAN 12.3
1932 S. Walasiewicz POL 11.9 H. Strike CAN 11.9 W. von Bremen USA 12.0
1936 H. Stephens USA 11.5 S. Walasiewicz POL 11.7 K. Krauss GER 11.9
1948 F. Blankers-Koen NED 11.9 D. Manley GBR 12.2 S. Strickland AUS 12.2
 Gold Silver Bronze
1952 M. Jackson AUS 11.5 D. Hasenjager (Robb) SAF 11.8 S. Strickland AUS 11.9
1956 B. Cuthbert AUS 11.5 C. Stubrick GER 11.7 M. Matthews AUS 11.7
1960 W. Rudolph USA 11.0 D. Hyman GBR 11.3 G. Leone ITA 11.3
1964 W. Tyus USA 11.4 E. McGuire USA 11.6 E. Klobukowska POL 11.6
1968 W. Tyus USA 11.0 B. Ferrell USA 11.1 I. Szewiñska POL 11.1
(Kirszenstein)
1972 R. Stecher GDR 11.07 R. Boyle AUS 11.23 S. Chibás CUB 11.24
1976 A. Richter GDR 11.08 R. Stecher GDR 11.13 I. Helten FRG 11.17
1980 L. Kondratieva URS 11.06 M. Göhr (Oelsner) GDR 11.07 I. Auerswald GDR 11.14
1984 E. Ashford USA 10.97 A. Brown USA 11.13 M. Ottey-Page JAM 11.16
1988 F. Griffith Joyner USA 10.54 E. Ashford USA 10.83 H. Drechsler GDR 10.85

Athletics
Women
200 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1948 F. Blankers-Koen NED 24.4 A. Williamson GBR 25.1 A. Patterson USA 25.2
1952 M. Jackson AUS 23.7 B. Brouwer NED 24.2 N. Jnykina URS 24.2
1956 B. Cuthbert AUS 23.4 C. Stubnick GER 23.7 M. Matthews AUS 23.8
1960 W. Rudolph USA 24.0 J. Heine GER 24.4 D. Hyman GBR 24.7
1964 E. McGuire USA 23.0 I. Kirszenstein POL 23.1 M. Black AUS 23.1
1968 I. Szewiñska POL 22.5 R. Boyle AUS 22.7 J. Lamy AUS 22.8
(Kirszenstein)
1972 R. Stecher GDR 22.40 R. Boyle AUS 22.45 I. Szewiñska POL 22.74
(Kirszenstein)
1976 B. Eckert GDR 22.37 A. Richter FRG 22.39 R. Stecher GDR 22.47
1980 B. Wöckel (Eckert) GDR 22.03 N. Botxina URS 22.19 M. Ottey JAM 22.20
1984 V. Brisco-Hooks USA 21.81 F. Griffith USA 22.04 M. Ottey-Page JAM 22.09
1988 F. Griffith Joyner USA 21.34 G. Jackson JAM 21.72 H. Drechsler GDR 21.95

396
Athletics
Women
400 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 B. Cuthbert AUS 52.0 A. Packer GBR 52.2 J. Amoore AUS 53.4
1968 C. Besson FRA 52.0 L. Board GBR 52.1 N. Petxenkina URS 52.2
1972 M. Zehrt GDR 51.08 R. Wilden FRG 51.21 K. Hammond USA 51.64
1976 I. Szewiñska POL 49.29 C. Brehmer GDR 50.51 E. Streidt GDR 50.55
(Kirszenstein)
1980 M. Koch GDR 48.88 J. Kratochvilová TCH 49.46 C. Lathan (Brehmer) GDR 49.66
1984 V. Brisco-Hooks USA 48.83 C. Cheeseborough USA 49.05 K. Cook GBR 49.42
1988 O. Brizguina URS 48.65 P. Müller GDR 49.45 O. Nazarova URS 49.90

Athletics
Women
800 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 L. Radke GER 2:16.8 K. Hitomi JPN 2:17.6 I. Gentzel SWE 2:17.8
1960 L. Shevtsova URS 2:04.3 B. Jones AUS 2:04.4 U. Donath GER 2:05.6
1964 A. Packer GBR 2:01.1 M. Dupureur FRA 2:01.9 A. Chamberlain NZL 2:02.8
1968 M. Manning USA 2:00.9 I. Silai ROM 2:02.5 M. Gommers NED 2:02.6
1972 H. Falck GDR 1:58.6 N. Sabaite URS 1:58.7 G. Hoffmeister GDR 1:59.2
1976 T. Kazankina URS 1:54.94 N. Xtereva BUL 1:55.42 E. Zinn GDR 1:55.60
1980 N. Olizarenko URS 1:53.43 O. Mineyeva URS 1:54.81 T. Providojina URS 1:55.46
1984 D. Melinte ROM 1:57.60 K. Gallagher USA 1:58.63 F. Lovin ROM 1:58.83
1988 S. Wodars GDR 1:56.10 C. Wachtel GDR 1:56.64 K. Gallagher USA 1:56.91

Athletics
Women
1,500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 L. Braguina URS 4:01.4 G. Hoffmeister GDR 4:02.8 P. Cacchi ITA 4:02.9
1976 T. Kazankina URS 4:05.48 G. Hoffmeister GDR 4:06.02 H. Klapezynski GDR 4:06.09
1980 T. Kazankina URS 3:56.56 C. Wartenberg GDR 3:57.71 N. Olizarenko URS 3:59.52
 Gold Silver Bronze
1984 G. Dorio ITA 4:03.25 D. Melinte ROM 4:03.76 M. Puicã ROM 4:04.15
1988 P. Ivan ROM 3:53.96 L. Baikauskaite URS 4:00.24 T. Samolenko URS 4:00.30

Athletics
Women
3,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 M. Puicä ROM 8:35.96 W. Sly GBR 8:39.47 L. Williams CAN 8:42.14
1988 T. Samolenko URS 8:26.53 P. Ivan ROM 8:27.15 Y. Murray GBR 8:29.02

Athletics
Women
10,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 O. Bondarenko URS 31:05.21 E. McColgan GBR 31:08.44 E. Zhupiyeva URS 31:19.82

Athletics
Women
4 x 100 m relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 CAN 48.4 USA 48.8 GER 49.0
1932 USA 47.0 CAN 47.0 GBR 47.6
1936 USA 46.9 GBR 47.6 CAN 47.8
1948 NED 47.5 AUS 47.6 CAN 47.8
1952 USA 45.9 GER 45.9 GBR 46.2
1956 AUS 44.5 GBR 44.7 USA 44.9
1960 USA 44.5 GER 44.8 POL 45.0
1964 POL 43.6 USA 43.9 GBR 44.0
1968 USA 42.8 CUB 43.3 URS 43.4 397
1972 FRG 42.81 GDR 42.95 CUB 43.36
1976 FRG 42.55 FRG 42.59 URS 43.09
1980 FRG 41.60 URS 42.10 GBR 42.43
1984 USA 41.65 CAN 42.77 GBR 43.11
1988 USA 41.98 GDR 42.09 URS 42.75

Athletics
Women
4 x 400 m relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 GDR 3:23.0 USA 3:25.2 FRG 3:26.5
1976 GDR 3:19.23 USA 3:22.81 URS 3:24.24
1980 URS 3:20.2 GDR 3:20.4 GBR 3:27.5
1984 USA 3:18.29 CAN 3:21.21 FRG 3:22.98
1988 URS 3:15.18 USA 3:15.51 GDR 3:18.29

Athletics
Women
Marathon

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 J. Benoit USA 2:24:52 G. Waitz NOR 2:26:18 R. Mota POR 2:26:57
1988 R. Mota POR 2:25:40 L. Martin AUS 2:25:53 K. Dörre GDR 2:26:21

Athletics
Women
80 m hurdles

Gold Silver Bronze

1932 M. Didrikson USA 11.7 E. Hall USA 11.7 M. Clark SAF 11.8
1936 T. Valla ITA 11.7 A. Steuer GER 11.7 E. Taylor CAN 11.7
1948 F. Blankers-Koen NED 11.2 M. Gardner GBR 11.2 S. Strckland AUS 11.4
1952 S. Strickland AUS 10.9 M. Golubnichaya URS 11.1 M. Sander GER 11.1
1956 S. Strickland AUS 10.7 G. Kòhler GER 10.9 N. Thrower AUS 11.0
1960 I. Press URS 10.8 C. Quinton GBR 10.9 G. Birkemeyer (Köhler) GER 11.0
 Gold Silver Bronze
1964 K. Balzer GER 10.5 T. Ciepla POL 10.5 P. Kilborn AUS 10.5
1968 M. Caird AUS 10.3 P. Kilborn AUS 10.4 Chi Cheng TPE 10.4

This event was replaced by the 100 m hurdles as from the Games held in 1972.

Athletics
Women
100 m hurdles

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 A. Ehrhardt GDR 12.59 V. Bufanu ROM 12.84 K. Balzer GDR 12.90
1976 J. Schaller GDR 12.77 T. Anissmova URS 12.78 N. Lebedeva URS 12.80
1980 V. Komissova URS 12.56 J. Klier (Schaller) GDR 12.63 L. Langer POL 12.65
1984 B. Fitzgerad-Brown USA 12.84 S. Strong GBR 12.88 K. Turner USA 13.06
M. Chardonnet FRA 13.06
1988 J. Donkova BUL 12.38 G. Siebert GDR 12.61 C. Zackiewicz FRG 12.75

Athletics
Women
400 m hurdles

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 N. El Moutawakel MAR 54.61 J. Brown USA 55.20 C. Cojocaru ROM 55.41
1988 D. Flintoff-King AUS 53.17 T. Ledovskaya URS 53.18 E. Fiedler GDR 53.63

Athletics
Women
High jump

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 E. Catherwood CAN 1.59 C. Gisolf NED 1.56 M. Wiley USA 1.56
1932 J. Shiley USA 1.65 M. Didrikson USA 1.65 E. Dawes CAN 1.60
1936 I. Csák HUN 1.60 D. Odam GBR 1.60 E. Kaun GER 1.60
398
1948 A. Coachman USA 1.68 D. Tyler (Odam) GBR 1.68 M. Ostermeyer FRA 1.61
1952 E. Brand SAF 1.67 S. Lerwill GBR 1.65 A. Chudina URS 1.63
1956 M. McDaniel USA 1.76 T. Hopkins GBR 1.67
M. Pissarieva URS 1.67
1960 I. Balas ROM 1.85 J. Józwiakowska POL 1.71
D. Shirley GBR 1.71
1964 I. Balas ROM 1.90 M. Brown (Mason) AUS 1.80 T. Chenchik URS 1.78
1968 M. Rezková TCH 1.82 A. Okorokova URS 1.80 V. Kozir URS 1.80
1972 U. Meyfarth FRG 1.92 Y. Blagoeva BUL 1.88 I. Gusenbauer AUT 1.88
1976 R. Ackermann GDR 1.93 S. Simeoni ITA 1.91 Y. Blagoeva BUL 1.91
1980 S. Simeoni ITA 1.97 U. Kielan POL 1.94 J. Kirst GDR 1.94
1984 U. Meyfarth FRG 2.02 S. Simeoni ITA 2.00 J. Huntley USA 1.97
1988 L. Ritter USA 2.03 S. Kostadinova BUL 2.01 T. Bikova URS 1.99

Athletics
Women
Long jump

Gold Silver Bronze

1948 O. Gyamati HUN 5.69 N. Simonetto ARG 5.60 A. B. Leyman SWE 5.57
de Portela
1952 Y. Williams NZL 6.24 A. Chudina URS 6.14 S. Cawley GBR 5.97
1956 E. Krzesinska POL 6.35 W. White USA 6.09 N. Dvalishvili (Jngkina) URS 6.07
1960 V. Krepkina URS 6.37 E. Krzesinska POL 6.27 H. Claus GER 6.21
1964 M. Rand GBR 6.76 I. Kirszenstein POL 6.60 T. Shchelkanova URS 6.42
1968 V. Viscopoleanu ROM 6.82 S. Sherwood GBR 6.68 T. Talisheva URS 6.66
1972 H. Rosendahl FRG 6.78 D. Yorgova BUL 6.77 E. Šuranova TCH 6.67
1976 A. Voigt GDR 6.72 K. McMillan USA 6.66 L. Alfeyeva URS 6.60
1980 T. Kolpakova URS 7.06 B. Wujak GDR 7.04 T. Skachko URS 7.01
1984 A. Cusmir-Stanciu ROM 6.96 V. lonescu ROM 6.81 S. Hearnshaw GBR 6.80
1988 J. Joyner-Kersee USA 7.40 H. Drechsler GDR 7.22 G. Chistiakova URS 7.11
 Athletics
Women
Shot put

Gold Silver Bronze

1948 M. Ostermeyer FRA 13.75 A. Piccinini ITA 13.09 I. Schäffer AUT 13.08
1952 G. Zibina URS 15.28 M. Werner GER 14.57 K. Totxenova URS 14.50
1956 T. Tishkevich URS 16.59 G. Zibina URS 16.53 M. Werner GER 15.61
1960 T. Press URS 17.32 J. Lüttge GER 16.61 E. Brown USA 16.42
1964 T. Press URS 18.14 R. Garisch GER 17.61 G. Zibina URS 17.45
1968 M. Gummel GDR 19.61 M. Lange GDR 18.78 N. Chizhova URS 18.19
(Helmboldt)
1972 N. Chizhova URS 21.03 M. Gummel GDR 20.22 I. Christova BUL 19.35
(Helmboldt)
1976 I. Christova BUL 21.16 N. Chizhova URS 20.96 H. Fibingerová TCH 20.67
1980 I. Slupianek GDR 22.41 S. Krachevskaya URS 21.42 M. Pufe GDR 21.20
1984 C. Losch FRG 20.48 M. Loghin ROM 20.47 G. Martin AUS 19.19
1988 N. Lisovskaya URS 22.24 K. Neimke GDR 21.07 Li Meisu CHN 21.06

Athletics
Women
Discus

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 H. Konopacka POL 39.62 L. Copeland URS 37.08 R. Svedberg SWE 35.92
1932 L. Copeland URS 40.58 R. Osburn URS 40.12 J. Wajsówna POL 38.74
1936 G. Mauermayer GER 47.63 J. Wajsówna POL 46.22 P. Mollenhauer GER 39.80
1948 M. Ostermeyer FRA 41.92 E. Cordiale Gentile ITA 41.17 J. Mazéas FRA 40.47
1952 N. Romashkova URS 51.42 E. Bagriantseva URS 47.08 N. Dumbadze URS 46.29
1956 O. Fikotova TCH 53.69 I. Begliakova URS 52.54 N. Ponomareva URS 52.02
(Romashkova)
1960 N. Ponomareva URS 55.10 T. Press URS 52.59 L. Manoliu ROM 52.36
(Romashkova)
1964 T. Press URS 57.27 I. Lotz GER 57.21 L. Manoliu ROM 56.97
1968 L. Manoliu ROM 58.28 L. Westermann FRG 57.76 J. Kleiber HUN 54.90
1972 F. Melnik 66.62 A. Menis ROM
399
URS 65.06 V. Stoeva BUL 64.34
1976 E. Schlaak GDR 69.00 M. Vergova BUL 67.30 G. Hinzmann GDR 66.84
1980 E. Jahl (Schlaak) GDR 69.96 M. Petkova (Vergova) BUL 67.90 T. Lessovaya URS 67.40
1984 R. Stalman NED 65.36 L. Deniz USA 64.86 F. Craciunescu ROM 63.64
1988 M. Hellmann GDR 72.30 D. Gansky GDR 71.88 T. Jhristova BUL 69.74

Athletics
Women
Javelin

Gold Silver Bronze

1932 M. Didrikson USA 43.68 E. Braumüller GER 43.49 T. Fleischer GER 43.00
1936 T. Fleischer GER 45.18 L. Krüger GER 43.29 M. Kwasniewska POL 41.80
1948 H. Bauma AUT 45.57 K. Parviainen FIN 43.79 L. Carlstedt DEN 42.08
1952 D. Zátopková TCH 50.47 A. Chudina URS 50.01 E. Gorchakova URS 49.76
1956 I. Yaunzeme URS 53.86 M. Ahrens CHI 50.38 N. Koniayeva URS 50.28
1960 E. Ozolina URS 55.98 D. Zátopková TCH 53.78 B. Kalediene URS 53.45
1964 M. Penes ROM 60.54 M. Rudas HUN 58.27 E. Gorchakova URS 57.06
1968 A. Németh HUN 60.36 M. Penes ROM 59.92 E. Janko AUT 58.04
1972 R. Fuchs GDR 63.88 J. Todten GDR 62.54 K. Schmidt USA 59.94
1976 R. Fuchs GDR 65.94 M. Becker FRG 64.70 K. Schmidt USA 63.96
1980 M. Colón Rueñes CUB 68.40 S. Gunba URS 67.76 U. Hommola GDR 66.56
1984 T. Sanderson GBR 69.56 T. Lillak FIN 69.00 F. Whitbread GBR 67.14
1988 P. Felke GDR 74.68 F. Whitbread GBR 70.32 B. Koch GDR 67.30

Athletics
Women
Pentathlon

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 I. Press URS 5,246 M. Rand GBR 5,035 G. Bistrova URS 4,956
1968 I. Becker FRG 5,098 E. Prokop AUT 4,966 A. Tóth HUN 4,959
1972 M. Peters GBR 4,801 H. Rosendahl FRG 4,791 B. Pollak GDR 4,768
1976 S. Siegl GDR 4,745 C. Laser GDR 4,745 B. Pollak GDR 4,740
1980 N. Tkachenko URS 5,083 O. Rukavishnikova URS 4,937 O. Kuraguina URS 4,875

This event was replaced by the heptathlon as from the 1984 Games. The scoring system was changed in 1972.
 Athletics
Women
Heptathlon

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 G. Nunn AUS 6,390 J. Joyner USA 6,385 S. Everts FRG 6,363
1988 J. Joyner-Kersee USA 7,291 S. John GDR 6,897 A. Behmer GDR 6,858

Basketball
Men

Gold Silver Bronze

1936 USA CAN MEX
1948 USA FRA BRA
1952 USA URS URU
1956 USA URS URU
1960 USA URS BRA
1964 USA URS BRA
1968 USA YUG URS
1972 URS USA CUB
1976 USA YUG URS
1980 YUG ITA URS
1984 USA ESP YUG
1988 URS YUG USA

Basketball
Women

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 URS USA BUL
1980 URS BUL YUG
1984 USA KOR CHN
400 1988 USA YUG URS

Boxing
Light flyweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 F. Rodríguez VEN Y.-J. Jee KOR H. Marbley USA
H. Skrzypczak POL
1972 G. Gedo HUN U.-G. Kim PRK R. Evans GBR
E. Rodriguez Cal ESP
1976 J. Hernández CUB B.-U. Li PRK P. Pooltarat THA
O. Maldonado PUR
1980 S. Sabirov URS H. Ramos CUB I. Jiuseinov BUL
B.-U. Li PRK
1984 P. Gonzales USA S. Todisco ITA K. Mwila ZAM
J.M. Bolivar VEN
1988 I. Jristov (Jiuseihov) BUL M. Carbajal USA L. Serantes PHI
R. Isaszegi HUN

Weight limit: 48 kg.

Boxing
Flyweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 G. Finnegan USA M. Burke USA
1920 F. Di Gennara USA A. Petersen DEN W. Cuthbertson GBR
1924 F. Labarba USA J. MacKenzie GBR R. Fee USA
1928 A. Kocsis HUN A. Appell FRA C. Cavagnoli ITA
1932 I. Énekes HUN F. Cabanas MEX L. Salica USA
1936 W. Kaiser GER G. Matta ITA L. D. Laurie USA
1948 P. Perez ARG S. Bandinelli ITA S. A. Han KOR
1952 N. Brooks USA E. Basel GER A. Bulakov URS
W. Toweel SAF
1956 T. Spinks GBR M. Dobrescu ROM J. Caldwell IRL
R. Libeer FRA
1960 G. Török HUN S. Sivko URS K. Tanabe JPN
A. Elguindi UAR
 Gold Silver Bronze
1964 F. Atzori ITA A. Olech POL S. Sorokin URS
R. Carmody USA
1968 R. Delgado MEX A. Olech POL S. Oliveira BRA
L. Rwabwogo UGA
1972 G. Kostadinov BUL L. Rwabwogo UGA I. Blazynsky POL
D. Rodríguez CUB
1976 L. Randolph USA R. Duvalón CUB D. Torosian URS
L. Blazynsky POL
1980 P. Lessov BUL V. Miroshnichenko URS J. Váradi HUN
H. Russell IRL
1984 S. McCrory USA R. Redzepovski YUG E. Can TUR
I. Bilali KEN
1988 K.-S. Kim KOR A Tews GDR M. González MEX
T. Skriabin URS

Weight limit. 51 kg from 1948. 47.63 kg in 1904. 50.80 kg from 1920 to 1936.

Boxing
Bantamweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 O. Kirk USA G. Finnegan USA
1908 A. H. Thomas GBR J. Condon GBR W. Webb GBR
1920 C. Walker SAF C. J. Graham CAN G. McKenzie GBR
1924 W. Smith SAF S. Tripoli USA J. Ces FRA
1928 V. Tamagrini ITA J. Daley USA H. Isaacs SAF
1932 H. Gwynne CAN H. Ziglarski GER J. Villanueva PHI
1936 U. Sergo ITA J. Wilson USA F. Ortiz MEX
1948 T. Csik HUN G. B. Zuddas ITA J. Venegas PUR
1952 P. Hämäläinen FIN J. McNally IRL G. Garbuzov URS
J.-H. Kang KOR
1956 W. Behrendt GER S.-C. Song KOR F. Gilroy IRL
C. Barrientos CHI 401
1960 O. Grigoriev URS P. Zamparini ITA O. Taylor AUS
B. Bendig POL
1964 T. Sakurai JPN S.-C. Chung KOR J. Fabila Mendoza MEX
W. Rodríguez URU
1968 W. Sokolov URS E. Mukwanga UGA E. Morioka JPN
K.-C. Chang KOR
1972 O. Martinez CUB A. Zamora MEX G. Turpin GBR
R. Carreras USA
1976 Y.-J. Gu PRK C. Mooney USA P. Cowdell GBR
V. Ribakov URS
1980 J. Hernandez CUB B. J. Pinango VEN M. Anthony GUY
D. Cipere ROM
1984 M. Stecca ITA H. López MEX D. Walters CAN
P. I. Nolasco DOM
1988 K. McKinney USA A. Jhristov BUL J. E. Rocha COL
P. Moolsan THA

Weight limit: 54 kg from 1948. 52.16 kg in 1904. 52.62 kg in 1908. 53.52 kg from 1920 to 1936.

Boxing
Featherweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 O. Kirk USA F. Haller USA F. Gilmore USA
1908 R. Gunn GBR C. W. Morris GBR R. Roddin GBR
1920 P. Fritsch FRA J. Gachet FRA E. Garzena ITA
1924 J. Fields USA J. Salas USA P. Quartucci ARG
1928 L. van Klaveren NED V. Peralta ARG H. Divine USA
1932 C. Robledo ARG J. Schleinkofer GER C. Carlsson SWE
1936 O. Casanovas ARG C. Catterall SAF J. Miner GER
1948 E. Formenti ITA D. Shepherd SAF A. Antkiewicz POL
1952 J. Zachara TCH S. Caprari ITA J. Leisching SAF
J. Ventaja FRA
1956 V. Safronov URS T. Nicholls GBR H. Niedžwiedzki POL
P. Hämäläinen FIN
1960 F. Musso ITA J. Adamski POL W. Meyers SAF
J. Limmonen FIN
1964 S. Stepashkin URS A. Villanueva PHI C. Brown USA
H. Schulz GER
 Gold Silver Bronze
1968 A. Roldán MEX A. Robinson USA P. Waruinge KEN
I. Mijailov BUL
1972 B. Kuznetsov URS P. Waruinge KEN C. Rojas COL
A. Botos HUN
1976 A. Herrera CUB R. Nowakowski GDR J. Paredes MEX
K. Kosedowski POL
1980 R. Fink GDR A. Horta CUB V. Ribakov URS
K. Kosedowski POL
1984 M. Taylor USA P. Konyegwachie NGR O. Catari Peraza VEN
T. Aykac TUR
1988 G. Parisi ITA D. Dumitrescu ROM J.-H. Lee KOR
A. Achik MAR

Weight limit: 57 kg from 1952. 56.70 kg in 1904. 57.15 kg from 1908 to 1936. 58 kg in 1948.

Boxing
Lightweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 H. Spanger USA J. Eagan USA R. Van Horn USA
1908 F. Grace GBR F. Spiller GBR H. H. Johnson GBR
1920 S. Mosberg USA G. Johanssen DEN C. Newton CAN
1924 H. Nielsen DEN A. Copello ARG F. Boylstein USA
1928 C. Orlandi ITA S. Halaiko USA G. Berggren SWE
1932 L. Stevens SAF T. Ahlqvist SWE N. Bor USA
1936 I. Harangi HUN N. Stepulov EST E. Ågren SWE
1948 G. Dreyer SAF J. Vissers BEL S. Wad DEN
1952 A. Bolognesi ITA A. Antkiewicz POL G. Fiat ROM
E. Pakkanen FIN
1956 R. McTaggart GBR H. Kurschat GER A. Byrne IRL
A. Laguetko URS
1960 K. Pazdzior POL S. Lopopolo ITA R. McTaggart GBR
402 A. Laudonio ARG
1964 J. Grudzien POL V. Barannikov URS R. A. Harris USA
J. McCourt IRL
1968 R. W. Harris USA J. Grudzien POL C. Cutov ROM
Z. Vujin YUG
1972 J. Szczepanski POL L. Orbán HUN S. Mbugua KEN
A. Pérez COL
1976 H. Davis USA S. Cutov ROM A. Rusevski YUG
V. Solomin URS
1980 A. Herrera CUB V. Demianenko URS R. Nowakowski GDR
K. Adach POL
1984 P. Whitaker USA L. Ortiz PUR M. Ndongo Ebanga CMR
C.-S. Chun KOR
1988 A. Zuelow GDR G. Cramne SWE N. Enkhbat MGL
R. Ellis USA

Weight limit: 60 kg from 1952. 61.24 kg in 1904 and from 1920 to 1936. 63.50 kg in 1908. 62 kg in 1948.

Boxing
Light welterweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 C. Adkins USA V. Mednov URS E. Mallenius FIN
B. Visintin ITA
1956 V. Yenguibarian URS F. Nenci ITA H. Loubscher SAF
C. Dumitrescu ROM
1960 B. Nemecek TCH C. Quartey GHA Q. Daniels USA
M. Kasprzyk POL
1964 J. Kulej POL E. Frolov URS E. Blay GHA
H. Galhia TUN
1968 J. Kulej POL E. Regüeiferos CUB A. Nilsson FIN
J. Wallington USA
1972 R. Seales USA A. Anguelov BUL Z. Vujin YUG
I. Dabord NIG
1976 R. Leonard USA A. Aldama CUB V. Kolev BUL
K. Szczerba POL
1980 P. Oliva ITA S. Konakbayev URS A. Willis GBR
J. Aguilar CUB
 Gold Silver Bronze
1984 J. Page USA D. Umponmaha THA M. Puzovic YUG
M. Fulger ROM
1988 V. Yanovski URS G. Cheney AUS R. Gies GDR
L. Myrberg SWE

Weight limit: 63.5 kg.

Boxing
Welterweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 A. Young USA H. Spanger USA J. Lydon USA
J. Eagan USA
1920 A. Schneider CAN A. Ireland GBR F. Colberg USA
1924 J. Delarge BEL H. Méndez ARG D. Lewis CAN
1928 E. Morgan NZL R. Landini ARG R. Smillie CAN
1932 E. Flynn USA E. Campe GER B. Ahlberg FIN
1936 S. Suvio FIN M. Murach GER G. Petersen DEN
1948 J. Torma TCH H. Herring USA A. d'Ottavio ITA
1952 Z. Chychla POL S. Shcherbakov URS J. Jörgensen DEN
G. Heidemann GER
1956 N. Linca ROM F. Tiedt IRL K. Hogarth AUS
N. Gargano GBR
1960 G. Benvenuti ITA Y. Radoniak URS L. Drogosz POL
J. Lloyd GBR
1964 M. Kasprzyk POL R. Tamulis URS P. Purhonen FIN
S. Bertini ITA
1968 M. Volke GDR J. Bessala CMR V. Mussalimov URS
M. Guilloti ARG
1972 E. Correa CUB J. Kajdi HUN D. Tiger Murunga KEN
J. Valdez USA
1976 J. Bachfeld GDR P. Gamarro VEN R. Skricek FRG
V. Zilberman ROM
403
1980 A. Aldama CUB J. Mugabi UGA K.-H. Krüger GDR
K. Szczerba POL
1984 M. Breland USA Y.-S. An KOR J. Nyman FIN
L. Bruno ITA
1988 R. Wangila KEN L. Boudouani FRA K. Gould USA
J. Dydak POL

Weight limit: 67 kg from 1948. 65.27 kg in 1904. 66.68 kg from 1920 to 1936.

Boxing
Light middleweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 L. Papp HUN T. van Schalkwyk SAF B. Tishin URS
E. Herrera ARG
1956 L. Papp HUN J. Torres USA J. McCormack GBR
Z. Pietrzykowski POL
1960 W. McClure USA C. Bossi ITA B. Lagutin URS
W. Fisher GBR
1964 B. Lagutin URS J. Gonzales FRA N. Maiyegun NGR
J. Grzesiak POL
1968 B. Lagutin URS R. Garbey CUB J. Baldwin USA
G. Meier FRG
1972 D. Kottysch FRG W. Rudkowski POL A. Minter GBR
P. Tiepold GDR
1976 J. Rybicki POL T. Kacar YUG R. Garbey CUB
V. Savchenko URS
1980 A. Martínez CUB A. Koshkin URS F. Franek TCH
D. Kästner GDR
1984 F. Tate USA S. O'Sullivan CAN M. Zielonka FRG
C. Tiozzo FRA
1988 S.-H. Park KOR R. Jones USA R. Woodhall GBR
R. Downey CAN

Weight limit: 71 kg.

 Boxing
Middleweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 C. Mayer USA B. Spradley USA
1908 J. Douglas GBR R. Baker AUS W. Philo GBR
1920 H. Mallin GBR G. A. Prud'homme CAN M. H. Herscovith CAN
1924 H. Mallin GBR J. Elliott GBR J. Beecken BEL
1928 P. Toscani ITA J. Hermánek TCH L. Steyaert BEL
1932 C. Barth USA A. Azar ARG E. Pierce SAF
1936 J. Despeaux FRA H. Tiller NOR R. Villareal ARG
1948 L. Papp HUN J. Wright GBR I. Fontana ITA
1952 F. Patterson USA V. Tita ROM B. Nikolov BUL
S. Sjölin SWE
1956 G. Shatkov URS R. Tapia CHI G. Chapron FRA
V. Zalazar ARG
1960 E. Crook USA T. Walasek POL I. Monea ROM
E. Feofanov URS
1964 V. Popenchenko URS E. Schulz GER F. Valla ITA
T. Walasek POL
1968 C. Finnegan GBR A. Kisseliov URS A. Zaragoza MEX
A. Jones USA
1972 V. Lemeshev URS R. Virtanen FIN P. Amartey GHA
M. Johnson USA
1976 M. Spinks USA R. Riskiev URS A. Nastac ROM
L. Martínez CUB
1980 J. Gomez CUB V. Savchenko URS V. Silaghi ROM
J. Rybicki POL
1984 J.-S. Shin KOR V. Hill USA M. Zaoui ALG
A. González PUR
1988 H. Maske GDR E. Marcus CAN C. Sande KEN
H. S. Syed PAK

Weight limit: 75 kg from 1952. 71.68 kg in 1904 and 1908. 72.57 kg from 1920 to 1936. 73 kg in 1948.

Boxing
404 Light heavyweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 E. Eagan USA S. Sörsdal NOR H. Franks GBR
1924 H. Mitchell GBR T. Peterson DEN S. Sörsdal NOR
1928 V. Avendaño ARG E. Pistulla GER K. L. Miljon NED
1932 D. Carstens SAF G. Rossi ITA P. Jörgensen DEN
1936 R. Michelot FRA R. Vogt GER F. Risiglione ARG
1948 G. Hunter SAF D. Scott GBR M. Cia ARG
1952 N. Lee USA A. Pacenza ARG A. Perov URS
H. Siljander FIN
1956 J. Boyd USA G. Negrea ROM C. Lucas CHI
R. Murauskas URS
1960 C. Clay USA Z. Pietrzykowski POL A. Madigan AUS
G. Saraudi ITA
1964 C. Pinto ITA A. Kisseliov URS A. Nikolov BUL
Z. Pietrzykowski POL
1968 D. Pozniak URS I. Monea ROM G. Stankov BUL
S. Dragan POL
1972 M. Parlow YUG G. Carrillo CUB I. Ikhouria NGR
J. Gortat POL
1976 L. Spinks USA S. Soria CUB C. Dafinoiu ROM
J. Gortat POL
1980 S. Kacar YUG P. Skrzecz POL H. Bauch GDR
R. Rojas CUB
1984 A. Josipovic YUG K. Barry NZL M. Moussa ALG
E. Holyfield USA
1988 A. Maynard USA N. Shannivazov URS D. Škaro YUG
H. Petrich POL

Weight limit: 81 kg from 1952. 79.38 kg from 1920 to 1936. 80 kg in 1948.

Boxing
Heavyweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 S. Berger USA C. Mayer USA W. Michaels USA
1908 A. Oldham GBR S. C. H. Evans GBR F. Parks GBR
 Gold Silver Bronze
1920 R. Rawson GBR S. Petersen DEN X. Eluère FRA
1924 O. von Porat NOR S. Petersen DEN A. Porzio ARG
1928 A. Rodríguez Jurado ARG N. Ramm SWE M. J. Michaelsen DEN
1932 S. Lovell ARG L. Rovati ITA F. Feary USA
1936 H. Runge GER G. Lovell ARG E. Nilsen NOR
1948 R. Iglesias ARG G. Nilsson SWE J. Arthur SAF
1952 H. E. Sanders USA I. Johansson SWE A. Nieman SAF
I. Koski FIN
1956 T. P. Rademacher USA L. Mujin URS D. Bekker SAF
G. Bozzano ITA
1960 F. de Piccoli ITA D. Bekker SAF J. Nemec TCH
G. Siegmund GER
1964 J. Frazier USA H. Huber GER G. Ros ITA
V. Yemelianov URS
1968 G. Foreman USA I. Chepulis URS G. Bambini ITA
J. Rocha MEX
1972 T. Stevenson CUB I. Alexe ROM P. Hussing FRG
H. Thomsén SWE
1976 T. Stevenson CUB M. Simon ROM J. Tate USA
C. Hill BER
1980 T. Stevenson CUB P. Zayev URS I. Levai HUN
J. Fanghänel GDR
1984 H. Tillman USA W. deWit CAN A. Vanderlijde NED
A. Musone ITA
1988 R. Mercer USA H.-M. Baik KOR A. Vanderlijde NED
A. Golota POL

Weight limit: 91 kg from 1984. In 1904 and 1908, this category was reserved for boxers weighing 71.67 kg. Over 79.38 kg from 1920 to 1936. Over 80 kg in 1948.
Over 81 kg from 1952 to 1980. I. Johansson was disqualified from the 1952 final for "not giving of his best" but was reinstated and awarded the silver medal by IOC in
1981.

Boxing
Super heavyweight

405
Gold Silver Bronze
1984 T. Biggs USA F. Damiani ITA R. Wells GBR
S. Azis YUG
1988 L. Lewis CAN R. Bo we USA A. Miroshnichenko URS
J. Zarenkiewicz POL

Over 91 kg.

Canoeing
Men
Flat water
k1 500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 V. Diba ROM 1:46.41 Z. Sztanity HUN 1:46.95 R. Helm GDR 1:48.30
1980 V. Parfenovich URS 1:43.43 J. Sumegi AUS 1:44.12 V. Diba ROM 1:44.90
1984 I. Ferguson NZL 1:47.84 L.-E. Moberg SWE 1:48.18 B. Brégeon FRA 1:48.41
1988 Z. Gyulay HUN 1:44.82 A. Stähle GDR 1:46.38 P. MacDonald NZL 1:46.46

Canoeing
Men
Flat water
k2 500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 GDR 1:35.87 URS 1:36.81 ROM 1:37.43
1980 URS 1:32.38 ESP 1:33.65 GDR 1:34.00
1984 NZL 1:34.21 SWE 1:35.26 CAN 1:35.41
1988 NZL 1:33.98 URS 1:34.15 HUN 1:34.32

Canoeing
Men
Flat water
k2 1,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1936 G. Hradetzky AUT 4:22.9 H. Cämmerer GER 4:25.6 J. Kraaier NED 4:35.1
1948 G. Fredriksson SWE 4:33.2 J. F. Kobberup DEN 4:39.9 H. Eberhardt FRA 4:41.4
 Gold Silver Bronze
1952 G. Fredriksson SWE 4:07.9 T. Strömberg FIN 4:09.7 L. Gantois FRA 4:20.1
1956 G. Fredriksson SWE 4:12.8 I. Pisarev URS 4:15.3 L. Kiss HUN 4:16.2
1960 E. Hansen DEN 3:53.00 I. Szöllösi HUN 3:54.02 G. Fredriksson SWE 3:55.89
1964 R. Peterson SWE 3:57.13 M. Hesz HUN 3:57.28 A. Vernescu ROM 4:00.77
1968 M. Hesz HUN 4:02.63 A. Chaparenko URS 4:03.58 E. Hansen DEN 4:04.39
1972 A. Chaparenko URS 3:48.06 R. Peterson SWE 3:48.35 G. Csapó HUN 3:49.38
1976 R. Helm GDR 3:48.20 G. Csapó HUN 3:48.84 V. Diba ROM 3:49.65
1980 R. Helm GDR 3:48.77 A. Lebas FRA 3:50.20 I. Birladeanu ROM 3:50.49
1984 A. Thompson NZL 3:45.73 M. Janic YUG 3:46.88 G. Barton USA 3:47.38
1988 G. Barton USA 3:55.27 G. Davies AUS 3:55.28 A. Wohllebe GDR 3:55.55

Canoeing
Men
Flat water
k2 1,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1936 AUT 4:03.8 GER 4:08.9 NED 4:12.2
1948 SWE 4:07.3 DEN 4:07.5 FIN 4:08.7
1952 FIN 3:51.1 SWE 3:51.1 AUT 3:51.4
1956 GER 3:49.6 URS 3:51.4 AUT 3:55.8
1960 SWE 3:34.73 HUN 3:34.91 POL 3:37.34
1964 SWE 3:38.54 NED 3:39.30 GER 3:40.69
1968 URS 3:37.54 HUN 3:38.44 AUT 3:40.71
1972 URS 3:31.23 HUN 3:32.00 POL 3:33.83
1976 URS 3:29.01 GDR 3:29.33 HUN 3:30.36
1980 URS 3:26.72 HUN 3:28.49 ESP 3:28.66
1984 CAN 3:24.22 FRA 3:25.97 AUS 3:26.80
1988 USA 3:32.42 NZL 3:32.71 AUS 3:33.76

406
Canoeing
Men
Flat water
k4 1,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 URS 3:14.67 GER 3:15.39 ROM 3:15.51
1968 NOR 3:14.38 ROM 3:14.81 HUN 3:15.10
1972 URS 3:14.02 ROM 3:15.07 NOR 3:15.27
1976 URS 3:08.69 ESP 3:08.95 GDR 3:10.76
1980 GDR 3:13.76 ROM 3:15.35 BUL 3:15.46
1984 NZL 3:02.28 SWE 3:02.81 FRA 3:03.94
1988 HUN 3:00.20 URS 3:01.40 GDR 3:02.37

Canoeing
Men
Flat water
c1 500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 A. Rogov URS 1:59.23 J. Wood CAN 1:59.58 M. Ljubek YUG 1:59.60
1980 S. Postrejin URS 1:53.37 L. Liubenov BUL 1:53.49 O. Heukrodt GDR 1:54.38
1984 L. Cain CAN 1:57.01 H. Jakobsen DEN 1:58.45 C. Olaru ROM 1:59.86
1988 O. Heukrodt GDR 1:56.42 M. Slivinski URS 1:57.26 M. Marinov BUL 1:57.27

Canoeing
Men
Flat water
c2 500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 URS 1:45.81 POL 1:47.77 HUN 1:48.35
1980 HUN 1:43.39 ROM 1:44.12 BUL 1:44.83
1984 YUG 1:43.67 ROM 1:45.68 ESP 1:47.71
1988 URS 1:41.77 POL 1:43.61 FRA 1:43.81
 Canoeing
Men
Flat water
c1 1,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1936 F. Amyot CAN 5:32.1 B. Karlik TCH 5:36.9 E. Koschik GER 5:39.0
1948 J. Holecek TCH 5:42.0 D. Bennett CAN 5:53.3 R. Boutigny FRA 5:55.9
1952 J. Holecek TCH 4:56.3 J. Parti HUN 5:03.6 O. Ojanperä FIN 5:08.5
1956 L. Rotman ROM 5:05.3 I. Hemek HUN 5:06.2 G. Bujarin URS 5:12.7
1960 J. Parti HUN 4:33.93 A. Silayev URS 4:34.41 L. Rotmann ROM 4:35.87
1964 J. Eschert GER 4:35.14 A. Igorov ROM 4:37.89 E. Peniajen URS 4:38.31
1968 T. Tatai HUN 4:36.14 D. Lewe FRG 4:38.31 V. Galkov URS 4:40.42
1972 I. Patzaichin ROM 4:08.94 T. Wichmann HUN 4:12.42 D. Lewe FRG 4:13.63
1976 M. Ljubek YUG 4:09.51 V. Urchenko URS 4:12.57 T. Wichmann HUN 4:14.11
1980 L. Liubenov BUL 4:12.38 S. Postrejin URS 4:13.53 E. Leue GDR 4:15.02
1984 U. Eicke FRG 4:06.32 L. Cain CAN 4:08.67 H. Jakobsen DEN 4:09.51
1988 I. Klementiev URS 4:12.78 J. Schmidt GDR 4:15.83 N. Bujalov BUL 4:18.94

Canoeing
Men
Flat water
c2 1,000 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1936 TCH 4:50.1 AUT 4:53.8 CAN 4:56.7
1948 TCH 5:07.1 USA 5:08.2 FRA 5:15.2
1952 DEN 4:38.3 TCH 4:42.9 GER 4:48.3
1956 ROM 4:47.4 URS 4:48.6 HUN 4:54.3
1960 URS 4:17.94 ITA 4:20.77 HUN 4:20.89
1964 URS 4:04.64 FRA 4:06.52 DEN 4:07.48
1968 ROM 4:07.18 HUN 4:08.77 URS 4:11.30
1972 URS 3:52.60 ROM 3:52.63 BUL 3:58.10
1976 URS 3:52.76 ROM 3:54.28 HUN 3:55.66
1980 ROM 3:47.65 GDR 3:49.93 URS 3:51.28
1984 ROM 3:40.60 YUG 3:41.56 FRA 3:48.01
407
1988 URS 3:48.36 GDR 3:51.44 POL 3:54.33

Canoeing
Men
Slalom k 1

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 S. Horn GDR 268.56 N. Sattler AUT 270.76 H. Gimpel GDR 277.95

Canoeing
Men
Slalom c1

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 R. Eiben GDR 315. 84 R. Kauder FRG 327.89 J. McEwan USA 335.95

Canoeing
Men
Slalom c2

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 GDR 310.68 FRG 311.90 FRA 315.10

Canoeing
Women
Flat water
k1 500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1948 K. Hoff DEN 2:31.9 A. van der NED 2:32.8 F. Schwingl AUT 2:32.9
Anker-Doedens
1952 S. Saimo FIN 2:18.4 G. Liebbhart AUT 2:18.8 N. Savina URS 2:21.6
1956 E. Dementieva URS 2:18.9 T. Zenz GER 2:19.6 T. Söby DEN 2:22.3
1960 A. Seredina URS 2:08.08 T. Zenz GER 2:08.22 D. Walkowiak POL 2:10.46
1964 L. Jvedosiuk URS 2:12.87 H. Lauer ROM 2:15.35 M. Jones USA 2:15.68
 Gold Silver Bronze
1968 L. Pinayeva URS 2:11.09 R. Breuer FRG 2:12.71 V. Dumitru ROM 2:13.22
(Jvedosiuk)
1972 I. Riabchinskaya URS 2:03.17 M. Jaapies NED 2:04.03 A. Pfeffer HUN 2:05.50
1976 C. Zirzow GDR 2:01.05 T. Korshunova URS 2:03.07 K. Rajnai HUN 2:05.01
1980 B. Fischer GDR 1:57.96 V. Guesheva BUL 1:59.48 A. Melnikova URS 1:59.66
1984 A. Andersson SWE 1:58.72 B. Schüttpelz FRG 1:59.93 A. Derckx NED 2:00.11
1988 V. Guesheva URS 1:55.19 B. Schmidt GDR 1:55.31 I. Dylewska POL 1:57.38

Canoeing
Women
Flat water
k2 500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1960 URS 1:54.76 GER 1:56.66 HUN 1:58.22
1964 GER 1:56.95 USA 1:59.16 ROM 2:00.25
1968 FRG 1:56.44 HUN 1:58.60 URS 1:58.61
1972 URS 1:53.50 GDR 1:54.30 ROM 1:55.01
1976 URS 1:51.15 HUN 1:51.69 GDR 1:51.81
1980 GDR 1:43.88 URS 1:46.91 HUN 1:47.95
1984 SWE 1:45.25 CAN 1:47.13 FRG 1:47.32
1988 GDR 1 :43.46 BUL 1:44.06 NED 1:46.00

Canoeing
Women
Flat water
k4 500 m

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 ROM 1:38.34 SWE 1:38.87 CAN 1:39.40
1988 GDR 1:40.78 HUN 1:41.88 BUL 1:42.63
408
Canoeing
Women
Slalom k1

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 A. Bahmann GDR 364.50 G. Grothaus FRG 398.15 M. Wunderlich FRG 400.50

Cycling
Men
Kilometre time trial

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 W. Falck-Hansen DE 1:14.4 G. Bosch E. Gray AUS 1:15.6
van Drakestein NED 1:15.2
1932 E. Gray AUS 1:13.0 J. van Egmond NED 1:13.3 G. Rampelbergt FRA 1:13.4
1936 A. van Vliet NED 1:12.0 P. Georget FRA 1:12.8 R. Karsch GER 1:13.2
1948 J. Dupont FRA 1:13.5 P. Nihant BEL 1:14.5 T. Godwin GBR 1:15.0
1952 R. Mockridge AUS 1:11.1 M. Morettini ITA 1:12.7 R. Robinson SAF 1:13.0
1956 L. Faggin ITA 1:09.8 L. Foucek TCH 1:11.4 A. Swift SAF 1:11.6
1960 S. Gaiardoni ITA 1:07.27 D. Gieseler GER 1:08.75 R. Vargashkin URS 1:08.86
1964 P. Sercu BEL 1:09.59 G. Pettenella ITA 1:10.09 P. Trentin FRA 1:10.42
1968 P. Trentin FRA 1:03.91 N. Fredborg DEN 1:04.61 J. Kierzkowski POL 1:04.63
1972 N. Fredborg DEN 1:06.44 D. Clark AUS 1:06.87 J. Schütze GDR 1:07.02
1976 K. Grünke GDR 1:05.927 M. Vaarten BEL 1:07.516 N. Fredborg DEN 1:07.617
1980 L. Thorns GDR 1:02.955 A. Panfilov URS 1:04.845 D. Weller JAM 1:05.241
1984 F. Schmidtke FRG 1:06.10 C. Harnett CAN 1:06.44 F. Colas FRA 1:06.65
1988 A. Kiritxenko URS 1:04.499 M. Vinnicombe AUS 1:04.784 R. Lechner GDR 1:05.114

Cycling
Men
Sprint

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 P. Masson FRA S. Nikolopoulos GRE L. Flameng FRA
1900 G. Taillandier FRA F. Sanz FRA J.H. Lake USA
1920 M. Peeters NED H. T. Johnson GBR H. Ryan GBR
 Gold Silver Bronze
1924 L. Michard FRA J. Meijer NED J. Cugnot FRA
1928 R. Beaufrand FRA A. Mazairac NED W. Falck-Hansen DEN
1932 J. van Egmond NED L. Chailtot FRA B. Pellizzari ITA
1936 T. Merkens GER A. van Vliet NED L. Chaillot FRA
1948 M. Ghella ITA R. Harris GBR A. Schandorff DEN
1952 E. Sacchi ITA L. Cox AUS W. Potzemheim GER
1956 M. Rousseau FRA G. Pesenti ITA R. Ploog AUS
1960 S. Gaiardoni ITA L Sterckx BEL V. Gasparella ITA
1964 G. Pettenella ITA S. Bianchetto ITA D. Morelon FRA
1968 D. Morelon FRA G. Turrini ITA P. Trenitn FRA
1972 D. Morelon FRA J. M. Nicholson AUS O. Pjakadze URS
1976 A. Tkác TCH D. Morelon FRA H. J. Geschke GDR
1980 L. Hesslich GDR Y. Cahard FRA S. Kopilov URS
1984 M. Gorski USA N. Vails USA T. Sakamoto JPN
1988 L. Hesslich GDR N. Kovshe URS G. Neiwand AUS

Cycling
Men
Individual pursuit

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 J. Daler TCH 5:04.75 G. Ursi ITA 5:05.96 P. Isaksson DEN 5:01.90
1968 D. Rebillard FRA 4:41.71 M. F. Jensen DEN 4:42.43 X. Kurmann SUI 4:39.42
1972 K. Knudsen NOR 4:45.74 X. Kumann SUI 4:51.96 H. Lutz FRG 4:50.80
1976 G. Braun FRG 4:47.61 H. Ponsteen NED 4:49.72 T. Huschke GDR 4:52.71
1980 R. Dill-Bundi SUI 4:35.66 A. Bondue FRA 4:42.96 H.-H. Örsted DEN 4:36.54
1984 S. Hegg USA 4:39.35 R. Golz FRG 4:43.82 L. H. Nitz USA 4:44.03
1988 G. Umaras URS 4:32.00 D. Woods AUS 4:35.00 B. Dittert GDR 4:34.17

Bronze medal times are set in a separate race for third place and as such can be faster than those recorded for first or second place.
409
Cycling
Men
Team pursuit

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 ITA 5:20.0 GBR SAF
1924 ITA 5:15.0 POL BEL
1928 ITA 5:01.8 NED 5:06.2 GBR 5:02.4
1932 ITA 4:53.0 FRA 4:55.7 GBR 4:56.0
1936 FRA 4:45.0 ITA 4:51.0 GBR 4:53.6
1948 FRA 4:57.8 ITA 5:36.7 GBR 4:55.8
1952 ITA 4:46.1 SAF 4:53.6 GBR 4:51.5
1956 ITA 4:37.4 FRA 4:39.4 GBR 4:42.2
1960 ITA 4:30.90 GER 4:35.78 URS 4:34.05
1964 GER 4:35.67 ITA 4:35.74 NED 4:38.99
1968 DEN 4:22.44 FRG 4:18.94 ITA 4:18.35
1972 FRG 4:22.14 GDR 4:25.25 GBR 4:23.78
1976 FRG 4:21.06 URS 4:27.15 GBR 4:22.41
1980 URS 4:15.70 GDR 4:19.67 TCH
1984 AUS 4:25.99 USA 4:29.85 FRG 4:25.60
1988 URS 4:13.31 GDR 4:14.09 AUS 4:16.02

Bronze medal times are set in a separate race for third place and as such can be faster than those recorded for first or second place. The Federal Republic of Germany
won the final of the 1968 Games but were disqualified. In 1980 Italy were disqualified from the third place race.

Cycling
Men
Individual points race

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 R. llegems BEL U. Messerschmidt FRG J. M. Youshimatz MEX
1988 D. Frost DEN L. Peelen NED M. Ganeyev URS
 Cycling
Men
Individual road race

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 A. Konstantinidis GRE 3:22:31.0 A. Goedrich GER 3:42:18.0 F. Battel GBR
1912 H. Lewis SAF 10:42:39.0 F. Grubb GBR 10:51:24.2 C. Schutte USA 10:52:38.8
1920 H. Stenqvist SWE 4:40:01.8 H. J. Kaltenbrun SAF 4:41:26.6 F. Canteloube FRA 4:42:54.4
1924 A. Blanchonnet FRA 6:20:48.0 H. Hoevenaers BEL 6:30:27.0 R. Hamel FRA 6:30:51.6
1928 H. Hansen DEN 4:47:18.0 F. W. Southall GBR 4:55:06.0 G. Carlsson SWE 5:00:17.0
1932 A. Pavesi ITA 2:28:05.6 G. Segato ITA 2:29:21.4 B. Britz SWE 2:29:45.2
1936 R. Charpentier FRA 2:33:05.0 G. Lapébie FRA 2:33:05.2 E. Nievergelt SUI 2:33:05.8
1948 J. Beyaert FRA 5:18:12.6 G. P. Voorting NED 5:18:16.2 L. Wouters BEL 5:18:16.2
1952 A. Noyelle BEL 5:06:03.4 R. Grondelaers BEL 5:06:51.2 E. Ziegler GER 5:07:47.5
1956 E. Baldini ITA 5:21:17.0 A. Geyre FRA 5:23:16.0 A. Jackson GBR 5:23:16.0
1960 V. Kapitonov URS 4:20:37.0 L. Trapè ITA 4:20:37.0 W. van den Berghen BEL 4:20:57.0
1964 M. Zanin ITA 4:39:51.63 K. A. Rodian DEN 4:39:51.65 W. Godefroot BEL 4:39:51.74
1968 P. Vianelli ITA 4:41:25.24 L. Mortensen DEN 4:42:49.71 G. Pettersson SWE 4:43:15.24
1972 H. Kuiper NED 4:14:37.0 K. C. Sefton AUS 4:15:04.0 B. Diddle NZE 4:15:04.0
1976 B. Johansson SWE 4:46:52.0 G. Martinelli ITA 4:47:23.0 M. Nowicki POL 4:47:23.0
1980 S. Sujoruchenkov URS 4:48:28.9 C. Lang POL 4:51:26.9 Y. Barinov URS 4:51:26.9
1984 A. Grewal USA 4:59:57 S. Bauer CAN 4:59:57 D. O. Lauritzen NOR 5:00:18
1988 O. Ludwig GDR 4:32:22 B. Gröne FRG 4:32:46 C. Henn FRG 4:32:46

This event has taken place over the following distances: 1896: 87 km. 1912: 320 km. 1920:175 km. 1924:188 km. 1928:168 km. 1932:100 km. 1936:100 km 1948:
194.63 km. 1952: 190.4 km. 1956: 187.73 km. 1960: 175.38 km. 1964: 194.83 km. 1968: 162.2 km. 1972: 200 km. 1976: 175 km. 1980: 189 km. 1984: 190.2 km.
1988: 196.80. In 1972 the Spanish team member J. Huélamo, who obtained third place, was disqualified for doping and the bronze medal was awarded to the New
Zealander B. Biddle.

Cycling
Men
Team road race

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 SWE 44:35:33.6 GBR 44:44:39.2 USA 44:47:55.5
1920 FRA 19:16:43.2 SWE 19:23:10.0 BEL 19:28:44.4
410
1924 FRA 19:30:14.0 BEL 19:46:55.4 SWE 19:59:41.6
1928 DEN 15:09:14.0 GBR 15:14:49.0 SWE 15:27:49.0
1932 ITA 7:27:15.2 DEN 7:38:50.2 SWE 7:39:12.6
1936 FRA 7:39:16.2 SUI 7:39:20.4 BEL 7:39:21.0
1948 BEL 15:58:17.4 GBR 16:03:31.6 FRA 16:08:19.4
1952 BEL 15:20:46.6 ITA 15:33:27.3 FRA 15:38:58.1
1956 FRA 22 GBR 23 GER 27

This event was substituted by the 100 km team trial from the 1960 Games onward. It was held together with the individual road race.

Cycling
Men
100 km team time trial

Gold Silver Bronze

1960 ITA 2:14:33.53 GER 2:16:56.31 URS 2:18:41.67
1964 NED 2:26:31.19 ITA 2:26:55.39 SWE 2:27:11.52
1968 NED 2:07:49.06 SWE 2:09:26.60 ITA 2:10:18.74
1972 URS 2:11:17.8 POL 2:11:47.5 BEL 2:12:36.7
1976 URS 2:08:53 POL 2:09:13 DEN 2:12:20
1980 URS 2:01:21.7 GDR 2:02:53.2 TCH 2:02:53.9
1984 ITA 1:58:28 SUI 2:02:38 USA 2:02:46
1988 GDR 1:57:47.7 POL 1:57:54.2 SWE 1:59:47.3

The distance was 109.89 km in 1964 and 104 km in 1968. The Netherlands team finished in third place in 1972 but were disqualified for doping. The bronze medal was
subsequently awarded to the Belgian team.

Cycling
Women
Sprint

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 E. Salumäe URS C. Rothenburguer GDR C. Paraskevin-Young USA
 Cycling
Women
Individual road race

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 C. Carpenter-Phinney USA 2:11:14 R. Twigg USA 2:11:14 S. Schumacher FRG 2:11:14
1988 M. Knol NED 2:00:52 J. Niehaus FRG 2:00:52 L. Zilporitee URS 2:00:52

This event has been held over the following distances: 1984: 79.2 km. 1988: 82 km.

Equestrian Sports
Individual dressage

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 C. Bonde (Emperor) SWE 15 G. A. Boltenstem (Neptun) SWE 21 H. von Blixen-Finecke (Maggie) SWE 32
1920 J. Lundblad (Uno) SWE 27.937 B. Sandström (Sabel) SWE 26.312 H. von Rosen (Running Sister) SWE 25.125
1924 E. Linder (Piccolomini) SWE 276.4 B. Sandström (Sabel) SWE 275.8 X. Lesage (Plumarol) FRA 265.8
1928 C. F. von Langen- GER 237.42 C. Marion (Linon) FRA 231.00 R. Olson (Günstling) SWE 229.78
Parow (Draufgänger)
1932 X. Lesage (Taine) FRA 343.75 C. Marion (Linon) FRA 305.42 H. Tuttle (Olympic) USA 300.50
1936 H. Pollay (Kronos) GER 1.760 F. Gerhard (Absinth) GER 1,745.5 A. Podhajsky (Nero) AUT 1,721.5
1948 H. Moser (Hummer) SUI 492.5 A. Jousseaume (Harpagon) FRA 480.0 G. A. Boltenstem Jr. (Trumf) SWE 447.5
1952 H. Saint Cyr (Master Rufus) SWE 561.0 L. Hartel (Jubilee) DEN 541.5 A. Jousseaume (Harpagon) FRA 541.0
1956 H. Saint Cyr (Juli) SWE 860.0 L. Hartel (Jubilee) DEN 850.0 L. Linsenhoff (Adular) GER 832.0
1960 S. Filatov (Absent) URS 2,144 G. Fischer (Wald) SUI 2,087 J. Neckermann (Asbach) GER 2,082
1964 H. Chammartin (Woermann) SUI 1,504 H. Boldt (Remus) GER 1,503 S. Filatov (Absent) URS 1,486
1968 I. Kizimov (Ijor) URS 1,572 J. Neckermann (Mariano) FRG 1,546 R. Klimke (Dux) FRG 1,537
1972 L. Linsenhoff (Piaff) FRG 1,299 E. Petushkova (Pepel) URS 1,185 J. Neckermann (Venetia) FRG 1,177
1976 C. Stückelberger (Granat) SUI 1,486 H. Boldt (Woycek) FRG 1,435 R. Klimke (Mehmed) FRG 1,395
1980 E. Theurer (Mon Chéri) AUT 1,370 I. Kovshov (Igrok) URS 1,300 V. Ugriumov (Shjval) URS 1,234
1984 R. Klimke (Ahlerich) FRG 1,504 A. G. Jensen (Marzog) DEN 1,442 O. Hofer (Limandus) SUI 1,364
1988 N. Uphoff (Rembrandt) FRG 1,521 M. Otto-Crépin (Coriandus) FRA 1,462 C. Stückelberger SUI 1,417
(Gauguin de Lully)

Equestrian Sports 411

Team dressage

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 GER 669.72 SWE 650.86 NED 642.96
1932 FRA 2,818.75 SWE 2,678.00 USA 2,576.75
1936 GER 5,074.0 FRA 4,856.0 SWE 4,660.5
1948 FRA 1,269.0 USA 1,256.0 POR 1,182.0
1952 SWE 1,593.0 SUI 1,575.0 GER 1,501.0
1956 SWE 2,475 GER 2,346 SUI 2,346
1964 GER 2,558 SUI 2,526 URS 2,311
1968 FRG 2,699 URS 2,657 SUI 2,547
1972 URS 5,095 FRG 5,083 SWE 4,849
1976 FRG 5,155 SUI 4,684 USA 4,647
1980 URS 4,383 BUL 3,580 ROM 3,346
1984 FRG 4,955 SUI 4,673 SWE 4,630
1988 FRG 4,302 SUI 4,164 CAN 3,969

The Swiss team won the 1948 event with 1,366 points but were disqualified the following year.

Equestrian Sports
Individual three-day event

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 A. Nordlander (Lady Artist) SWE 46.59 F. von Rochow (Idealist) GER 46.42 J. Cariou (Cocotte) FRA 46.32
1920 H. Mörner (Germania) SWE 1,775.00 A. Lundström (Yrsa) SWE 1,738.75 E. Caffaratti (Caniche) ITA 1,733.75
1924 A. v. d. Voort van Zijp NED 1,976.00 F. Kirkebjerg (Meteor) DEN 1,873.50 S. Doak (Pathfinder) USA 1,845.50
(Silver Piece)
1928 C. Pahud de Mortange NED 1,969.82 G. de Kruyff (Va-t-en) NED 1,967.26 B. Neuman (llja) GER 1,944.42
(Marcroix)
1932 C. Pahud de Mortange NED 1,813.83 E. Thompson (Jenny Camp) USA 1,811.00 C. von Rosen SWE 1,809.42
(Marcroix) (Sunnyside Maid)
1936 L. Stubbendorff (Nurmi) GER -37.70 E. Thomson (Jenny Camp) USA -99.90 H. Mathiesen-Lunding (Jason) DEN -102.20
1948 B. Chevalier (Aiglonne) FRA +4 F. Henry (Swing Low) USA -21 R. Selfelt (Claque) SWE -25
1952 H. von Blixen-Finecke Jr. (Jubal) SWE -28.33 G. Lefrant (Verdun) FRA -54.50 W. Büsing (Hubertus) RFA -55.50
1956 P. Kastenman (Iluster) SWE -66.53 A. Lütke-Westhues GER -84.87 F. Weldon (Kibarry) GBR -85.48
(Trux von Kamax)
 Gold Silver Bronze
1960 L. Morgan (Salad Days) AUS +7.15 N. Lavis (Mirrabooka) AUS -16.50 A. Bühler (Gay Spark) SUI -51.21
1964 M. Checcoli (Surbean) ITA +64.40 C. Moratorio (Chalan) ARG +56.40 F. Ligges (Donkosak) GER +49.20
1968 J.-J. Guyon (Pitou) FRA -38.86 D. Allhusen (Lochinvar) GBR -41.61 M. Page (Foster) USA -52.31
1972 R. Meade (Laurieston) GBR -57.73 A. Argenton (Woodland) ITA -43.33 J. Jönsson (Sarajevo) SWE -39.67
1976 E. Coffin (Bally-Cor) USA -114.99 J. M. Plumb (Better & Better) USA -125.85 K. Schultz (Madrigal) FRG -129.45
1980 F. E. Roman (Rossinan) ITA -108.60 A. Blinov (Galzun) URS -120.80 Y. Salnikov (Pintset) URS -151.60
1984 M. Todd (Charisma) NZL -51.60 K. Stives (Ben Arthur) USA -54.20 V. Holgate (Priceless) GBR -56.80
1988 M. Todd (Charisma) NZL -42.60 I. Stark (Sir Wattie) GBR -52.80 V. Leng (Master Craftsman) GBR -62.00

Equestrian Sports
Team three-day event

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 SWE 139.06 GER 138.48 USA 137.33
1920 SWE 5,057.50 ITA 4,735.00 BEL 4,560.00
1924 NED 5,297.50 SWE 4,743.50 ITA 4,515.00
1928 NED 5,865.68 NOR 5,395.68 POL 5,067.92
1932 USA 5,038.08 NED 4,689.08
1936 GER -676.65 POL -991.70 GBR -9,195.50
1948 USA -161.50 SWE -165.00 MEX -305.25
1952 SWE -221.94 GER -235.49 USA -587.16
1956 GBR -355.48 GER -475.91 CAN -572.72
1960 AUT -128.18 SUI -386.02 FRA -515.71
1964 ITA +85.80 USA +65.86 GER +56.73
1968 GBR -175.93 USA -245.87 AUT -331.26
1972 GBR +95.53 USA +10.81 FRG -18.00
1976 USA -441.00 FRG -584.60 AUT -599.54
1980 URS -457.00 ITA -656.20 MEX -1,172.85
1984 USA -186.00 GBR -189.20 FRG -234.00
412
1988 FRG -225.95 GBR -256.80 NZL -271.20

The other two teams which participated in the 1932 event withdrew from the competition.

Equestrian Sports
Individual jumping

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 A. Haegeman (Benton II) BEL 2:16.0 G. van de Poele BEL 2:17.6. M. Champsavin FRA 2:26.0
(Windsor Squire) (Terpsichore)
1912 J. Cariou (Mignon) FRA 4 R. W. von Kröcher (Donna) GER 4 E. Blommaert de Soye BEL 5
(Ctonmore)
1920 T. Lequio (Trebecco) ITA 2 faults A. Valerio (Cento) ITA 3 faults C. G. Lewenhaupt SWE 4 faults
(Mon Coeur)
1924 A. Gemuseus (Lucette) SUI 6 faults T. Lequio (Trebecco) ITA 8.75 faults A. Królikiewicz (Picador) POL 10 faults
1928 F. Ventura (Eliot) TCH 0 faults P. Bertran de Balanda FRA 2 faults C. Kuhn (Pepita) SUI 4 faults
(Papillon)
1932 T. Nishi (Uranus) JPN 8 faults H. Chamberlin (Show Girl) USA 12 faults C. von Rosen (Empire) SWE 16 faults
1936 K. Hasse (Tora) GER 4 faults H. Rang (Delfis) ROM 4 faults J. Platthy (Sellö) HUN 8 faults
1948 H. Mariles (Arete) MEX 6.25 faults R. Uriza (Harvey) MEX 8 faults J. F. d'Orgeix FRA 8 faults
(Sucre Pomme)
1952 P. Jonquères d'Oriola (Ali Baba) FRA 8 faults O. Crìsti (Bambi) CHI 8 faults F. Thìedermann (Meteor) GER 8 faults
1956 H.-G. Winkler (Halla) GER 4 faults R. d'lnzeo (Merano) ITA 8 faults P. d'lnzeo (Uruguay) ITA 11 faults
1960 R. d'lnzeo (Posillipo) ITA 12 faults P. d'lnzeo (The Rock) ITA 16 faults D. Broome (Sunsalve) GBR 23 faults
1964 P. Jonquères d'Oriola (Lutteur B) FRA 9 faults H. Schridde (Dozent II) GER 13.75 faults P. Robeson (Firecrest) GBR 16 faults
1968 W. Steinkraus (Snowbound) USA 4 faults M. Coakes (Stroller) GBR 8 faults D. Broome (Mister Softee) GBR 12 faults
1972 G. Mancinelli (Ambassador) ITA 8 faults A. Moore (Psalm) GBR 8 faults N. Shapiro (Sloopy) USA 8 faults
1976 A. Schockemöhle (Warwick Rex) FRG 0 faults M. Vaillancourt CAN 12 faults F. Mathy (Gai Luron) BEL 12 faults
(Branch County)
1980 J. Kowalczyk (Artemor) POL 8 faults N. Korolkov (Espadron) URS 9 faults J. Pérez Heras (Alymony) MEX 12 faults
1984 J. Fargis (Touch of Class) USA 4 faults C. Homfeld (Abdullah) USA 4 faults H. Robbiani (Jessica V) SUI 8 faults
1988 P. Durand (Jappeloup) FRA 1 faults G. Best (Gem Twist) USA 4 faults K. Huck (Nepomuk 8) FRG 4 faults
 Equestrian Sports
Team jumping

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 SWE 25 FRA 32 GER 40
1920 SWE 14 faults BEL 16.25 faults ITA 18.75 faults
1924 SWE 42.25 faults SUI 80 faults POR 53 faults
1928 ESP 4 faults POL 8 faults SWE 10 faults
1936 GER 44 faults NED 51.5 faults POR 56 faults
1948 MEX 34.25 faults ESP 56.5 faults GBR 67 faults
1952 GBR 40.75 faults CHI 45.75 faults USA 52.25 faults
1956 GER 40 faults ITA 66 faults GBR 69 faults
1960 GER 46.5 faults USA 66 faults ITA 80.5 faults
1964 GER 68.50 faults FRA 77.75 faults ITA 88.50 faults
1968 CAN 102.75 faults FRA 110.50 faults FRG 117.25 faults
1972 FRG 32.00 faults USA 32.25 faults ITA 48.00 faults
1976 FRA 40 faults FRG 44 faults BEL 63 faults
1980 URS 20.25 faults POL 56.00 faults MEX 59.75 faults
1984 USA 12.00 faults GBR 36.75 faults FRG 39.25 faults
1988 FRG 17.25 faults USA 20.50 faults FRA 27.50 faults

None of the teams participating in the 1932 event were able to complete the course with three riders.

Fencing
Men
Individual foil

Gold Wins Silver Wins Bronze Wins

1896 E.-H. Gravetotte FRA 4 H. Callot FRA 3 L. Pierrakos GRE 2
1900 E. Coste FRA 6 H. Masson FRA 5 J. Boulenger FRA 4
1904 R. Fonst CUB 3 A. Van Zo Post USA 2 C. Tatham USA 1
1912 N. Nadi ITA 7 P. Speciale ITA 5 R. Verderber AUT 4
1920 N. Nadi ITA 10 P. Cattiau FRA 9 R. Ducret FRA 9
1924 R. Ducret FRA 6 P. Cattiau FRA 5 M. van Damme BEL 4 413
1928 L. Gaudin FRA 9 E. Casmir GER 9 G. Gaudini ITA 9
1932 G. Marzi ITA 9 J. Levis USA 6 G. Gaudini ITA 5
1936 G. Gaudini ITA 7 E. Gardère FRA 6 G. Bocchino ITA 4
1948 J. Buhan FRA 7 C. d'Oriola FRA 5 L. Maszlay HUN 4
1952 C. d'Oriola FRA 8 E. Mangiarotti ITA 6 M. di Rosa ITA 5
1956 C. d'Oriola FRA 6 G. Bergamini ITA 5 A. Spallino ITA 5
1960 V. Zhdanovich URS 7 Y. Sissikin URS 4 A. Axelrod USA 3
1964 E. Franke POL 3 J.-C. Magnan FRA 2 D. Revenu FRA 1
1968 I. Drimba ROM 4 J. Kamuti HUN 3 D. Revenu FRA 3
1972 W. Woyda POL 5 J. Kamuti HUN 4 C. Noel FRA 2
1976 F. dal Zotto ITA 4 A. Romankov URS 4 B. Talvard FRA 3
1980 V. Smimov URS 4 P. Jolyot FRA 4 A. Romankov URS 4
1984 M. Numa ITA M. Behr FRG S. Cerioni ITA
1988 S. Cerioni ITA U. Wagner GDR A. Romankov URS

Fencing
Men
Individual sabre

Gold Wins Silver Wins Bronze Wins

1896 I. Giorgìadis GRE 4 T. Karakalos GRE 3 H. Nielsen DEN 2
1900 G. de la Falaise FRA L. Thiébaut FRA S. Flesch AUT
1904 M. Díaz CUB 3 W. Grebe USA 2 A. Van Zo Post USA 2
1908 J. Fuchs HUN 6 B. Zulasvsky HUN 6 V. Goppold von Lobsdorf BOH 4
1912 J. Fuchs HUN 6 B. Békéssey HUN 5 E. Mészáros HUN 5
1920 N. Nadi ITA 11 A. Nadi ITA 9 A. de Jong NED 7
1924 S. Posta HUN 5 R. Ducret FRA 5 J. Garay HUN 5
1928 Ö. Tersztyánszky HUN 9 A. Petschauer HUN 9 B. Bini ITA 8
1932 G. Piller HUN 8 G. Gaudini ITA 7 E. Kabos HUN 5
1936 E. Kabos HUN 7 G. Marzi ITA 6 A. Gerevich HUN 6
1948 A. Gerevich HUN 7 V. Pinton ITA 5 P. Kovács HUN 5
1952 P. Kovács HUN 8 A. Gerevich HUN 7 T. Berczelly HUN 5
1956 R. Kárpáti HUN 6 J. Pawlowski POL 5 L. Kuznetsov URS 4
1960 R. Kárpáti HUN 5 Z. Horváth HUN 4 W. Calarese ITA 4
1964 T. Pesza HUN 2 C. Arabo FRA 2 U. Mavlijanov URS 1
 Gold Silver Bronze
1968 J. Pawlowski POL 4 M. Rakita URS 4 T. Pésza HUN 3
1972 V. Sidiak URS 4 P. Maroth HUN 3 V. Nazimov URS 3
1976 V. Krovopuskov URS 5 V. Nazlimov URS 4 V. Sidiak URS 3
1980 V. Krovopuskov URS 4 M. Burtsev URS 4 I. Gedövári HUN 3
1984 J. F. Lamour FRA M. Marín ITA P. Westbrook USA
1988 J. F. Lamour FRA J. Olech POL G. Scalzo ITA

Fencing
Men
Individual epee

Gold Wins Silver Wins Bronze Wins

1900 R. Fonst CUB L. Perrée FRA L. Sée FRA
1904 R. Fonst CUB C. Tatham USA A. Van Zo Post USA
1908 G. Alibert FRA 5 A. Lippmann FRA 4 E. Olivier FRA 4
1912 P. Anspach BEL 6 I. Osiier DEN 5 P. Le Hardy de Beaulieu BEL 4
1920 A. Massard FRA 9 A. Lippmann FRA 7 G. Buchard FRA 6
1924 C. Delporte BEL 8 R. Ducret FRA 7 N. Hellsten SWE 7
1928 L. Gaudin FRA 8 G. Buchard FRA 7 G. Calnan USA 6
1932 G. Cornaggia-Medici ITA 8 G. Buchard FRA 8 C. Agostoni ITA 7
1936 F. Riccardi ITA 5 S. Ragno ITA 6 G. Cornaggia-Medici ITA 6
1948 L. Cantone ITA 7 O. Zappelli SUI 5 E. Mangiarotti ITA 5
1952 E. Mangiarotti ITA 7 D. Mangiarotti ITA 6 O. Zappelli SUI 6
1956 C. Pavesi ITA 5 G. Delfino ITA 5 E. Mangiarotti ITA 5
1960 G. Delfino ITA 5 A. Jay GBR 5 B. Jabarov URS 4
1964 G. Kriss URS 2 W. Hoskyns GBR 2 G. Kostava URS 1
1968 G. Kulcsár HUN 4 G. Kriss URS 4 G. Saccaro ITA 4
1972 C. Fenyvesi HUN 4 J. La Degaillerie FRA 3 G. Kulcsár HUN 3
1976 A. Pusch FRG 3 J. Hehn FRG 3 G. Kulcsár HUN 3
1980 J. Harmenberg SWE 4 E. Kolczonay HUN 3 P. Riboud FRA 3
414
1984 P. Boisse FRA B. Väggö SWE P. Riboud FRA
1988 A. Schmitt FRG P. Riboud FRA A. Shuvalov URS

Fencing
Men
Team Foil

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 ITA FRA USA
1924 FRA BEL HUN
1928 ITA FRA ARG
1932 FRA ITA USA
1936 ITA FRA GER
1948 FRA ITA BEL
1952 FRA ITA HUN
1956 ITA FRA HUN
1960 URS ITA GER
1964 URS POL FRA
1968 FRA URS POL
1972 POL URS FRA
1976 FRG ITA FRA
1980 FRA URS POL
1984 ITA FRG FRA
1988 URS FRG HUN

Only one competion was held at the 1904 Games. It was won by a mixed team (Cuba and the United States of America) which fenced against a team from the United
States of America.

Fencing
Men
Team sabre

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 HUN ITA BOH
1912 HUN AUT NED
1920 ITA FRA NED
1924 ITA HUN NED
 Gold Silver Bronze
1928 HUN ITA POL
1932 HUN ITA POL
1936 HUN ITA GER
1948 HUN ITA USA
1952 HUN ITA FRA
1956 HUN POL URS
1960 HUN POL ITA
1964 URS ITA POL
1968 URS ITA HUN
1972 ITA URS HUN
1976 URS ITA ROM
1980 URS ITA HUN
1984 ITA FRA ROM
1988 HUN URS ITA

Fencing
Men
Team epee

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 FRA GBR BEL
1912 BEL GBR NED
1920 ITA BEL FRA
1924 FRA BEL ITA
1928 ITA FRA POR
1932 FRA ITA USA
1936 ITA SWE FRA
1948 FRA ITA SWE
1952 ITA SWE SUI
1956 ITA HUN FRA
415
1960 ITA GBR URS
1964 HUN ITA FRA
1968 HUN URS POL
1972 HUN SUI URS
1976 SWE FRG SUI
1980 FRA POL URS
1984 FRG FRA ITA
1988 FRA FRG URS

Fencing
Women
Individual foil

Gold Wins Silver Wins Bronze

1924 E. Osiier DEN 5 G. Davis GBR 4 G. Heckscher DEN 3
1928 H. Mayer GER 7 M. Freeman GBR 6 O. Oelkers GER 4
1932 E. Preis AUT 8 J. H. Guiness GBR 8 E. Bogáthy Bogen HUN 7
1936 I. Schacherer-EIek HUN 6 H. Mayer GER 5 E. Preis AUT 5
1948 I. Elek HUN 6 K. Lachmann DEN 5 E. Müller-Preis AUT 5
1952 I. Camber ITA 5 I. Elek HUN 5 K. Lachmann DEN 4
1956 G. Sheen GBR 6 O. Orban ROM 6 R. Garilhe FRA 5
1960 H. Schmid GER 6 V. Rastvorova URS 5 M. Vicol ROM 4
1964 I. Ujlaki-Rejtö HUN 2 H. Mees GER 2 A. Ragno ITA 2
1968 E. Novikova URS 4 M. P. Roldán MEX 3 I. Ujlaki-Rejtö HUN 3
1972 A. Ragno-Lonzi ITA 4 I. Bóbis HUN 3 G. Gorojova URS 3
1976 I. Schwarczenberger HUN 4 M. C. Collino ITA 4 E. Belova (Novikova) URS 3
1980 P. Trinquet FRA 4 M. Maros HUN 3 B. Wysocsañska POL 3
1984 Luan Jujie CHN C. Hanish FRG D. Vaccaroni ITA
1988 A. Fichtel FRG S. Bau FRG Z. Funkenhauser FRG
 Fencing
Women
Team foil

Gold Silver Bronze

1960 URS HUN ITA
1964 HUN URS GER
1968 URS HUN ROM
1972 URS HUN ROM
1976 URS FRA HUN
1980 FRA URS HUN
1984 FRG ROM FRA
1988 FRG ITA HUN

Football

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 GBR FRA BEL
1904 CAN USA USA
1908 GBR DEN NED
1912 GBR DEN NED
1920 BEL ESP NED
1924 URU SUI SWE
1928 URU ARG ITA
1936 ITA AUT NOR
1948 SWE YUG DEN
1952 HUN YUG SWE
1956 URS YUG BUL
1960 YUG DEN HUN
1964 HUN TCH GER
1968 HUN BUL JAP

416 1972 POL HUN GDR

URS
1976 GDR POL URS
1980 TCH GDR URS
1984 FRA BRA YUG
1988 URS BRA FRG

At the Games held in 1900 and 1904 the majority of medals were awarded to club teams rather than teams representing their country.

Gymnastics
Men
Artistic Gymnastics
Team competition

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 USA 374.43 USA 356.37 USA 349.69
1908 SWE 438.000 NOR 425.000 FIN 405.000
1912 ITA 265.75 HUN 227.25 GBR 184.50
1920 ITA 359.855 BEL 346.785 FRA 340.100
1924 ITA 839.058 FRA 820.528 SUI 816.661
1928 SUI 1,718.625 TCH 1,712.250 YUG 1,648.750
1932 ITA 541.850 USA 522.275 FIN 509.995
1936 GER 657.430 SUI 654.802 FIN 638.468
1948 FIN 1,358.30 SUI 1,356.70 HUN 1,330.85
1952 URS 574.40 SUI 567.50 FIN 564.20
1956 URS 568.25 JAP 566.40 FIN 555.95
1960 JAP 575.20 URS 572.70 ITA 559.05
1964 JAP 577.95 URS 575.45 GER 565.10
1968 JAP 575.90 URS 571.10 GDR 557.15
1972 JAP 571.25 URS 564.05 GDR 559.70
1976 JAP 576.85 URS 576.45 GDR 564.65
1980 URS 598.60 GDR 581.15 HUN 575.00
1984 USA 591.40 CHN 590.80 JAP 586.70
1988 URS 593.35 GDR 588.45 JAP 585.60

Up until the 1932 Games this event was often very different from the modem day format.
 Gymnastics
Men
Artistic gymnastics
Individual all-round competition

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 G. Sandras FRA 302 N. Bas FRA 295 L. Démanet FRA 293
1904 J. Lenhart AUT 69.80 W. Weber GER 69.10 A. Spinnler SUI 67.99
1908 A. Braglia ITA 317 S. W. Tysal GBR 312 L. Ségura FRA 297
1912 A. Braglia ITA 135.0 L. Ségura FRA 132.5 A. Tunesi ITA 131.5
1920 G. Zampori ITA 88.35 M. Torres FRA 87.62 J. Gounot FRA 87.45
1924 L. Štukelj YUG 110.340 R. Pražák TCH 110.323 B. Šupcik TCH 106.930
1928 G. Miez SUI 247.500 H Hänggi SUI 246.625 L. Štukelj YUG 244.875
1932 R. Neri ITA 140.625 I. Pelle HUN 134.925 H. Savolainen FIN 134.575
1936 A. Schwarzmann GER 113.100 E. Mack SUI 112.334 K. Frey GER 111.532
1948 V. Huhtanen FIN 229.70 W. Lehmann SUI 229.00 P. Aaltonen FIN 228.80
1952 V. Chukarin URS 115.70 G. Shaguinian URS 114.95 J. Stalder SUI 114.75
1956 V. Chukarin URS 114.25 T. Ono JPN 114.20 Y. Titov URS 113.80
1960 B. Shajlin URS 115.95 T. Ono JPN 115.90 Y. Titov URS 115.60
1964 Y. Endo JPN 115.95 S. Tsurumi JPN 115.40
V. Lisitski URS 115.40
B. Shajlin URS 115.40
1968 S. Kato JPN 115.90 M. Voronin URS 115.85 A. Nakayama JPN 115.65
1972 S. Kato JPN 114.650 E. Kenmotsu JPN 114.575 A. Nakayama JPN 114.325
1976 N. Andrianov URS 116.650 S. Kato JPN 115.650 M. Tsukahara JPN 115.575
1980 A. Ditiatin URS 118.650 N. Andrianov URS 118.225 S. Deltchev BUL 118.000
1984 K. Gushiken JPN 118.700 P. Vidmar USA 118.675 Li Ning CHN 118.575
1988 V. Artemov URS 119.125 V. Liukin URS 119.025 D. Bilozerchev URS 118.975
Up until the 1932 Games this event was often very different from the modern day format.

Gymnastics
Men
Artistic gymnastics
Floor exercices

Gold Silver Bronze 417

1932 I. Pelle HUN 9.60 G. Miez SUI 9.47 M. Lertora ITA 9.23
1936 G. Miez SUI 18.666 J. Walter SUI 18.500 K. Frey GER 18.466
E. Mack SUI 18.466
1948 F. Pataki HUN 38.70 J. Mogyorósi-Klencs HUN 38.40 Z. Ružicka TCH 38.10
1952 K. W. Thoresson SWE 19.25 T. Uesako JPN 19.15
J. Jokiel POL 19.15
1956 V. Muratov URS 19.20 N. Aihara JPN 19.10
K. W. Thoresson SWE 19.10
V. Chukarin URS 19.10
1960 N. Aihara JPN 19.450 Y. Titov URS 19.325 F. Menichelli ITA 19.275

1964 F. Menichelli ITA 19.450 V. Lisitski URS 19.350

Y. Endo JPN 19.350
1968 S. Kato JPN 19.475 A. Nakayama JPN 19.400 T. Kato JPN 19.275

1972 N. Andrianov URS 19.175 A. Nakayama JPN 19.125 S. Kasamatsu JPN 19.025

1976 N. Andrianov URS 19.450 V. Marchenko URS 19.425 P. Kormann USA 19.300

1980 R. Bruckner GDR 19.750 N. Andrianov URS 19.725 A. Ditiatin URS 19.700

1984 Li Ning CHN 19.925 Lou Yun CHN 19.775 K. Sotomura JPN 19.700
P. Vatuone FRA 19.700

1988 S. Jarimov URS 19.925 V. Artemov URS 19.900 Lou Yun CHN 19.850
Y. Iketani JPN 19.850

Gymnastics
Men
Artistic Gymnastic
Pommel Horse

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 J. Zutter SUI H. Weingärtner GER
1904 A. Heida USA 42 G. Eyser USA 33 W. Merz USA 29
1924 J. Wihelm SUI 21.23 J. Gutweniger SUI 21.13 A. Rebetez SUI 20.73
1928 H. Hänggi SUI 19.75 G. Miez SUI 19.25 H. Savolainen FIN 18.83
1932 I. Pelle HUN 19.07 O. Bonoli ITA 18.87 F. Haubold USA 18.57
1936 K. Frey GER 19.333 E. Mack SUI 19.167 A. Bachmann SUI 19.067

1948 P. Aaltonen FIN 38.70

V. Huhtanen FIN 38.70
H. Savolainen FIN 38.70
1952 V. Chukarin URS 19.50 E. Korolkov URS 19.40
G. Shaguinian URS 19.40
 Gold Silver Bronze
1956 B. Shajlin URS 19.25 T. Ono JPN 19.20 V. Chukarin URS 19.10
1960 E. Ekman FIN 19.375 S. Tsurumi JPN 19.150
B. Shajlin URS 19.375
1964 M. Cerar YUG 19.525 S. Tsurumi JPN 19.325 Y. Tsapenko URS . 19.200
1968 M. Cerar YUG 19.325 O. E. Laiho FIN 19.225 M. Voronin URS 19.200
1972 V. Klimenko URS 19.125 S. Kato JPN 19.000 E. Kenmotsu JPN 18.950
1976 Z. Magyar HUN 19.700 E. Kenmotsu JPN 19.575 N. Andrianov URS 19.525
1980 Z. Magyar HUN 19.925 A. Ditiatin URS 19.800 M. Nikolay GDR 19.775
1984 Li Ning CHN 19.950 T. Daggett USA 19.825
P. Vidmar USA 19.950
1988 L. Gueraskov BUL 19.950
Z. Borkai HUN 19.950
D. Bilozerchev URS 19.950
In 1948, despite three gold medals being awarded, L. Zanetti and G. Figore received their respective silver and bronze medals in accordance with the rules current at
that time.

Gymnastics
Men
Artistic gymnastics
Rings

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 I. Mitropoulos GRE H. Weingärtner GER P. Persakis GRE
1904 H. Glass USA 45 W. Merz USA 39 E. Voigt USA 32
1924 F. Martino ITA 21.553 R. Pražák TCH 21.483 L. Vácha TCH 21.430
1928 L. Štukelj YUG 19.25 L. Vácha TCH 19.17 E. Loffler TCH 18.83
1932 G. Gulack USA 18.97 W. Denton USA 18.60 G. Lattuada ITA 18.50
1936 A. Hudec TCH 19.43 L. Štukelj YUG 18.867 M. Volz GER 18.667
1948 K. Frei SUI 39.60 M. Reusch SUI 39.10 Z. Ružicka TCH 38.50
1952 G. Shaguinian URS 19.75 V. Chukarin URS 19.55 H. Eugster SUI 19.40
D. Leonkin URS 19.40
1956 A. Azarian URS 19.35 V. Muratov URS 19.15 M. Takemoto JPN 19.10
418 M. Kubota JPN 19.10
1960 A. Azarian URS 19.725 B. Shajlin URS 19.500 V. Kapsazov BUL 19.425
T. Ono JPN 19.425
1964 T. Hayata JPN 19.475 F. Menichelli ITA 19.425 B. Shajlin URS 19.400
1968 A. Nakayama JPN 19.450 M. Voronin URS 19.325 S. Kato JPN 19.225
1972 A. Nakayama JPN 19.350 M. Voronin URS 19.275 M. Tsukahara JPN 19.225
1976 N. Andrianov URS 19.650 A. Ditiatin URS 19.550 D. Grecu ROM 19.500
1980 A. Ditiatin URS 19.875 A. Tkachiov URS 19.725 J. Tabák TCH 19.600
1984 K. Gushiken JPN 19.850 M. Gaylord USA 19.825
Li Ning CHN 19.850
1988 H. Behrendt GDR 19.995 S. Tippelt GDR 19.875
D. Bilozerchev URS 19.925

Gymnastics
Men
Artistic gymnastics
Horse vault

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 C. Schumann GER J. A. Zutter SUI H. Weingärtner GER
1904 A. Heida USA 36 W. Merz USA 31
G. Eyser USA 36
1924 F. Kriz USA 9.98 J. Koutny TCH 9.97 B. Morkovsky TCH 9.93
1928 E. Mack SUI 9.98 E. Loffler TCH 9.50 S. Derganc YUG 9.46
1932 S. Guglielmetti ITA 18.03 A. Jochim GER 17.77 E. Carmichael USA 17.53
1936 A. Schwarzmann GER 19.20 E. Mack SUI 18.96 M. Volz GER 18.46
1948 P. Aaltonen FIN 19.55 O. Rove FIN 19.50 J. Mogyorósi-Klencs HUN 19.25
F. Pataki HUN 19.25
L. Sotomik TCH 19.25
1952 V. Chukarin URS 19.20 M. Takemoto JPN 19.15 T. Uesako JPN 19.10
T. Ono JPN 19.10
1956 H. Banz GER 18.85 Y. Titov URS 18.75
V. Muratov URS 18.85
1960 T. Ono JPN 19.350 V. Portnoi URS 19.225
B. Shajlin URS 19.350
1964 H. Yamashita JPN 19.600 V. Lisitski URS 19.325 H. Rantakari FIN 19.300
1968 M. Voronin URS 19.000 Y. Endo JPN 18.950 S. Diomidov URS 18.925
1972 K. Köste GDR 18.850 V. Kimenko URS 18.825 N. Andrianov URS 18.800
 Gold Silver Bronze
1976 N. Andrianov URS 19.450 M. Tsukahara JPN 19.375 H. Kajiyama JPN 19.275
1980 N. Andrianov URS 19.825 A. Ditiatin URS 19.800 R. Bruckner GDR 19.775
1984 Lou Yun CHN 19.950 Li Ning CHN 19.825
K. Gushiken JPN 19.825
M. Gaylord USA 19.825
S. Morisue JPN 19.825
1988 Lou Yun CHN 19.875 S. Kroll GDR 19.862 J.-H. Park KOR 19.775

Gymnastics
Men
Artistic gymnastics
Parallel bars

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 A. Flatow GER J. Zutter SUI H. Weingärtner GER
1904 G. Eyser USA 44 A. Heida USA 43 J. Duha USA 40
1924 A. Güttinger SUI 21.63 R. Praža TCH 26.61 G. Zampori ITA 21.45
1928 L. Vácha TCH 18.83 J. Primožic YUG 18.50 H. Hänggi SUI 18.08
1932 R. Neri ITA 18.97 I. Pelle HUN 18.60 H. Savolainen FIN 18.27
1936 K. Frey GER 19.067 M. Reusch SUI 19.034 A. Schwarzmann GER 18.967
1948 M. Reusch SUI 19.75 V. Huhtanen FIN 19.65 C. Kipfer SUI 19.55
J. Stalder SUI 19.55
1952 H. Eugster SUI 19.65 V. Chukarin URS 19.60 J. Stalder SUI 19.50
1956 V. Chukarin URS 19.20 M. Kubota JPN 19.15 T. Ono JPN 19.10
M. Takemoto JPN 19.10
1960 B. Shajlin URS 19.400 G. Carminucci ITA 19.375 T. Ono JPN 19.350
1964 Y. Endo JPN 19.675 S. Tsurumi JPN 19.450 F. Menichelli ITA 19.350
1968 A. Nakayama JPN 19.475 M. Voronin URS 19.425 V. Klimenko URS 19.225
1972 S. Kato JPN 19.475 S. Kasamatsu JPN 19.375 E. Kenmotsu JPN 19.250
1976 S. Kato JPN 19.675 N. Andrianov URS 19.500 M. Tsukahara JPN 19.475
1980 A. Tkachiov URS 19.775 A. Dtiatin URS 19.750 R. Bruckner GDR 19.650
1984 B. Conner USA 19.950 N. Kajitani JPN 19.925 M. Gaylord USA 19.850 419
1988 V. Artemov URS 19.925 V. Liukin URS 19.900 S. Tippelt GDR 19.750

Gymnastics
Men
Artistic Gymnastics
Horizontal bar

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 H. Weingärtner GER A. Flatow GER
1904 A. Heida USA 40 G. Eyser USA 39
E. Hennig USA 40
1924 L. Štukelj YUG 19.730 J. Gutweniger SUI 19.236 A. Higelin FRA 19.163
1928 G. Miez SUI 19.17 R. Neri ITA 19.00 E. Mack SUI 18.92
1932 D. Bixler USA 18.33 H. Savolainen FIN 18.07 E. Teräsvirta FIN 18.07
1936 A. Saarvala FIN 19.367 K. Frey GER 19.267 A. Schwarzmann GER 19.23
1948 J. Stalder SUI 19.85 W. Lehmann SUI 19.70 V. Huhtanen FIN 19.60
1952 J. Güthard SUI 19.55 J. Stalder SUI 19.50
A. Schwarzmann GER 19.50
1956 T. Ono JPN 19.60 Y. Titov URS 19.40 M. Takemoto JPN 19.30
1960 T. Ono JPN 19.600 M. Takemoto JPN 19.550 B. Shajlin URS 19.475
1964 B. Shajlin URS 19.625 Y. Titov URS 19.550 M. Cerar YUG 19.500
1968 M. Voronin URS 19.550 E. Kenmotsu JPN 19.375
A. Nakayama JPN 19.550
1972 M. Tsukahara JPN 19.725 S. Kato JPN 19.525 S. Kasamatsu JPN 19.450
1976 N. Tsukahara JPN 19.675 E. Kenmotsu JPN 19.500 E. Gienger FRG 19.475
H. Boërio FRA 19.475
1980 S. Deltchev BUL 19.825 A. Ditiatin URS 19.750 N. Andrianov URS 19.675
1984 S. Morisme JPN 20.000 Tong Fei CHN 19.975 K. Gushiken JPN 19.950
V. Artemov URS 19.900 H. Behrendt GDR 19.800
1988 V. Uukin URS 19.900 M. Gherman ROM 19.800

At the 1932 Games E. Teräsvirta ceded second place to H. Savolainen.

 Gymnastics
Women
Artistic gymnastics
Team competition

Gold Silver Bronze

1928 NED 316.75 ITA 289.00 GBR 258.25
1936 GER 506.50 TCH 503.60 HUN 499.00
1948 TCH 445.45 HUN 440.55 USA 422.63
1952 URS 527.03 HUN 520.96 TCH 503.32
1956 URS 444.80 HUN 443.50 ROM 438.20
1960 URS 382.320 TCH 373.323 ROM 372.053
1964 URS 380.890 TCH 379.989 JAP 377.889
1968 URS 382.85 TCH 382.20 GDR 379.10
1972 URS 380.50 GDR 376.55 HUN 368.25
1976 URS 390.35 ROM 387.15 GDR 385.10
1980 URS 394.90 ROM 393.50 GDR 392.55
1984 ROM 392.20 USA 391.20 CHN 388.60
1988 URS 395.475 ROM 394.125 GDR 390.875

Before the 1960 Games this event was very different from the modern day format.

Gymnastics
Women
Artistic gymnastics
Individual all-round competition

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 M. Gorojovskaya URS 76.78 N. Botxarova URS 75.94 M. Korondi HUN 75.82
1956 L. Latinina URS 74.933 A. Keleti HUN 74.633 S. Muratova URS 74.466
1960 L. Latinina URS 77.031 S. Muratova URS 76.696 P. Astajova URS 76.164
1964 V. Cáslavská TCH 77.564 L. Latinina URS 76.998 P. Astajova URS 76.965
1968 V. Cáslavská TCH 78.25 Z. Voronina URS 76.85 N. Kuchinskaya URS 76.75
1972 L. Turishcheva URS 77.025 K. Janz GDR 76.875 T. Lazakovich URS 76.850
1976 N. Comãneci ROM 79.275 N. Kim URS 78.675 L. Turishcheva URS 78.625
1980 E. Davidova URS 79.150 N. Comãneci ROM 79.075
420 M. Gnauck GDR 79.075
1984 M. L. Retton USA 79.715 E. Szabó ROM 79.125 S. Pauca ROM 78.675
1988 E. Shushunova URS 79.662 D. Silivas ROM 79.637 S. Boguinskaya URS 79.400

Gymnastics
Women
Artistic gymnastics
Horse vault

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 E. Kalinchuk URS 19.20 M. Gorjovskaya URS 19.19 G. Minaicheva URS 19.16
1956 L. Latinina URS 18.833 T. Manina URS 18.800 A.-S. Colling SWE 18.733
O. Tass HUN 18.733
1960 M. Nikolayeva URS 19.316 S. Muratova URS 19.049 L. Latinina URS 19.016
1964 V. Cáslavská TCH 19.483 L. Latinina URS 19.283
B. Radochla GER 19.283
1968 V. Cáslavská TCH 19.775 E. Zuchold GDR 19.625 Z. Voronina URS 19.500
1972 K. Janz GDR 19.525 E. Zuchold GDR 19.275 L. Turishcheva URS 19.250
1976 N. Kim URS 19.800 L. Turishcheva URS 19.650
C. Dombeck GDR 19.650
1980 N. Shaposhnikova URS 19.725 S. Kräker GDR 19.675 M. Rühn ROM 19.650
1984 E. Szabó ROM 19.875 M. L. Retton USA 19.850 L. Agache ROM 19.750
1988 S. Boguinskaya URS 19.905 G. Potorac ROM 19.830 D. Silivas ROM 19.818

Gymnastics
Women
Artistic gymnastics
Asymmetric bars

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 M. Korondi HUN 19.40 M. Gorojovskaya URS 19.26 A. Keleti HUN 19.16
1956 A. Keleti HUN 18.966 L. Latinina URS 18.833 S. Muratova URS 18.800
1960 P. Astajova URS 19.616 L. Latinina URS 19.416 T. Liujina URS 19.399
1964 P. Astajova URS 19.332 K. Makray HUN 19.216 L. Latinina URS 19.199
1968 V. Cáslavská TCH 19.650 K. Janz GDR 19.500 Z. Voronina URS 19.425
1972 K. Janz GDR 19.675 O. Korbut URS 19.450
E. Zuchold GDR 19.450
1976 N Comãneci ROM 20.000 T. Ungureanu ROM 19.800 M. Egervári HUN 19.775
 Gold Silver Bronze
1980 M. Gnauck GDR 19.875 E. Eberle ROM 19.850 S. Kräker GDR 19.775
M. Rühn ROM 19.775
M. Filatova URS 19.775
1984 Ma Yanhong CHN 19.950 M. L. Retton USA 19.800
J. McNamara USA 19.950
1988 D. Silivas ROM 20.000 D. Kersten GDR 19.987 E. Chuichunova URS 19.962

Gymnastics
Women
Artistic gymnastics
Balance beam

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 N. Bocharova URS 19.22 M. Gorojovskaya URS 19.13 M. Korondi HUN 19.02
1956 Á. Keleti HUN 18.800 T. Manina URS 18.633
E. Bosáková TCH 18.633
1960 E. Bosáková TCH 19.283 L. Latinina URS 19.233 S. Muratova URS 19.232
1964 V. Cáslavská TCH 19.449 T. Manina URS 19.399 L. Latinina URS 19.382
1968 N. Kuchinskaya URS 19.650 V. Cáslavská TCH 19.575 L. Petrik URS 19.250
1972 O. Korbut URS 19.400 T. Lazakovich URS 19.375 K. Janz GDR 18.975
1976 N. Comäneci ROM 19.950 O. Korbut URS 19.725 T. Ungureanu ROM 19.700
1980 N. Comäneci ROM 19.800 E. Davidova URS 19.750 N. Chapoichnikova URS 19.725
1984 E. Szabó ROM 19.800 K. Johnson USA 19.650
S. Pauca ROM 19.800
1988 D. Silivas ROM 19.924 E. Chuichunova URS 19.875 G. Potorac ROM 19.837
P. Mills USA 19.837

Gymnastics
Women
Artistic gymnastics
Floor exercices

Gold Silver Bronze 421

1952 Á. Keleti HUN 19.36 M. Gorojovskaya URS 19.20 M. Korondi HUN 19.00
1956 Á. Keleti HUN 18.733 E. Leusteanu ROM 18.700
L. Latinina URS 18.733
1960 L. Latinina URS 19.583 P. Astajova URS 19.532 T. Liujina URS 19.449
1964 L. Latinina URS 19.599 P. Astajova URS 19.500 A. Jánosi HUN 19.300
1968 L. Petrik URS 19.675 N. Kuchinskaya URS 19.650
V. Cáslavská TCH 19.675
1972 O. Korbut URS 19.575 L. Turishcheva URS 19.550 T. Lazakovich URS 19.450
1976 N. Kim URS 19.850 L. Turishcheva URS 19.825 N. Comäneci ROM 19.750
1980 N. Kim URS 19.875 N. Chapoixnikova URS 19.825
N. Comäneci ROM 19.875 M. Gnauk GDR 19.825
1984 E. Szabó ROM 19.975 J. McNamara USA 19.950 M. L. Retton USA 19.775
1988 D. Silivas ROM 19.937 S. Boguinskaya URS 19.887 D. Dudeva BUL 19.850

Gymnastics
Women
Rhythmic gymnastics
Individual all-round competition

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 L. Fung CAN 57.950 D. Staiculescu ROM 57.900 R. Weber FRG 57.700
1988 M. Lobach URS 60.000 A. Dunavska BUL 59.950 A. Timoshenko URS 59.875

Handball
Men

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 YUG TCH ROM
1976 URS ROM POL
1980 GDR URS ROM
1984 YUG FRG ROM
1988 URS KOR YUG

At the 1936 Games there was an open air tournament between teams of eleven players, with Germany winning the gold medal, Austria the silver and Switzerland the
bronze.
 Handball
Women

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 URS GDR HUN
1980 URS YUG GDR
1984 YUG KOR CHN
1988 KOR NOR URS

Hockey
Men

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 GBR IRL GBR
GBR
1920 GBR DEN BEL
1928 IND NED GER
1932 IND JAP USA
1936 IND GER NED
1948 IND GBR NED
1952 IND NED GBR
1956 IND PAK GER
1960 PAK IND ESP
1964 IND PAK AUS
1968 PAK AUS IND
1972 FRG PAK IND
1976 NZL AUS PAK
1980 IND ESP URS
1984 PAK FRG GBR
1988 GBR FRG NED

Hockey
422 Women

Gold Silver Bronze

1980 ZIM TCH URS
1984 NED FRG USA
1988 AUS KOR NED

Judo
Men
Extra lightweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1980 T. Rey FRA J. Rodriguez CUB T. Kineses HUN
A. Emizh URS
1984 S. Hosakawa JPN J.-Y. Kim KOR E. Liddie USA
N. Eckersley GBR
1988 J.-Y. Kim KOR K. Asano USA S. Hosokawa JPN
A. Totikaixvili URS

Weight limit: 60 kg.

Judo
Men
Half-lightweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1980 N. Solodujin URS T. Damdin MGL I. Nedkov BUL
J. Pawlowski POL
1984 Y. Matsuoka JPN J.-O. Hwang KOR J. Reiter AUT
M. Alexandre FRA
1988 K.-K. Lee KOR J. Pawlowski POL B. Carabetta FRA
Y. Yamamoto JPN

Weight limit: 65 kg.

 Judo
Men
Lightweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 T. Nakalani JPN E. Hänni SUI O. Stepanov URS
A. Bogoliubov URS
1972 T. Kawaguchi JPN Y.-l. Kim PRK
J.-J. Mounier FRA
1976 H. Rodríguez CUB E.-Y.Chang KOR J. Tuncsik HUN
F. Mariani ITA
1980 E. Gamba ITA N. Adams GBR K.-H. Lehmann GDR
R. Davaadalai MGL
1984 B.-K. Ahn KOR E. Gamba ITA L. Onmura BRA
K. Brown GBR
1988 M. Alexandra FRA S. Loll GDR M. Swain USA
G. Tenadze URS

Weight limit: 69 kg in 1964; 63 kg in 1972 and 1976; since 1980: 71 kg. At the 1972 Games the Mongolion B. Buidas, who took second place, was later disqualified for
failing doping control.

Judo
Men
Half-middleweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 T. Normura JPN A. Zajkowski POL D. Hötger GDR
A. Novikov URS
1976 V. Nerzorov URS K. Kuramoto JPN P. Vial FRA
R. Davaadalai MGL
1980 S. Jabareli URS J. Ferrer CUB B. Tchoullouyan FRA
H. Heinke GDR
1984 F. Wieneke FRG N. Adams GBR M. Nowak FRA
M. Fratiçä ROM
1988 W. Legien POL F. Wieneke FRG T. Brechot GDR
B. Varayev URS

Weight limit: 70 kg in 1972 and 1976; since 1980: 79 kg.

Judo 423
Men
Middleweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 I. Okamo JPN W. Hofmann GER J. Bregman USA
U.-T. Kim KOR
1972 S. Sekine JPN S.-L. Oh KOR B. Jacks GBR
J.-P. Coche FRA
1976 I. Sonoda JPN V. Dvonikov URS Y.-C. Park KOR
S. Obadov YUG
1980 J. Röthlisberger SUI I. Azcuy CUB A. Yatskevich URS
D. Ultsch GDR
1984 P. Seisenbacher AUT R. Berland USA S. Nose JPN
W. Carmona BRA
1988 P. Seisenbacher AUT V. Chestakov URS B. Spijkers NED
A. Osako JPN

Weight limit: 80 kg from 1964 to 1976; since then: 86 kg.

Judo
Men
Half-heavyweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 S. Chochishvili URS D. C. Starbrook GBR P. Barth FRG
C. Ishii BRA
1976 K. Ninomiya JPN R. Jarshiladze URS D. C. Starbrook GBR
J. Röthlisberger SUI
1980 R. van de Walle BEL T. Jubuluri URS D. Lorenz GDR
H. Numan NED
1984 H.-Z. Ha KOR D. Vieira BRA B. Fridriksson ISL
G. Neureuther FRG
1988 A. Miguel BRA M. Meiling FRA R. van de Walle BEL
D. Stewart GBR

Weight limit: up to and including 1976, 93 kg; since then, 95 kg.

 Judo
Men
Heavyweight

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 I. Inokuma JPN A. H. Rogers CAN A. Kiknadze URS
P. Chikviladze URS
1972 W. Ruska HOL K. Glahn FRG G. Onashvili URS
M. Nishimura JPN
1976 S. Novikov URS G. Neureuther FRG S. Endo JPN
A. Coage USA
1980 A. Parisi FRA D. Zaprianov BUL V. Kocman TCH
R. Kovalcevic YUG
1984 H. Saito JPN A. Parisi FRA Y.-C. Cho KOR
M. Berger CAN
1988 H. Saito JPN H. Stöhr GDR Y.-C. Cho KOR
G. Verichev URS

Weight limit: over 80 kg in 1964; over 93 kg in 1972 and 1976; since then,over 95 kg.

Judo
Men
Open Category

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 A. Geesink NED A. Kaminaga JPN K. Glahn GER
T. Boronovskis AUT
1972 W. Ruska NED V. Kuznetsov URS J.-C. Brodani FRA
A. Parisi FRA
1976 H. Uemura JPN K. Remfry GBR S. Chochishvili URS
J. Cho KOR
1980 D. Lorenz GDR A. Parisí FRA A. Mapp GBR
A. Ozsvár HUN
1984 Y. Yamashita JPN M. Rashwan EGY M. Cioc ROM
A. Schnabél GDR

Modern Pentathlon
424 Individual competition

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 G. Lilliehöök SWE 27 G. Åsbrink SWE 28 G. de Laval SWE 30
1920 G. Dyrssen SWE 18 E. de Laval SWE 23 G. Runö SWE 27
1924 B. Lindman SWE 18 G. Dyrssen SWE 39.5 B. Uggla SWE 45
1928 S. Thofelt SWE 47 B. Lindman SWE 50 H. Kahl GER 52
1932 J. Oxenstiema SWE 32 B. Lindman SWE 35.5 R. Mayo USA 38.5
1936 G. Handrick GER 31.5 C. Leonard USA 39.5 S. Abba ITA 45.5
1948 W. Grut SWE 16 G. Moore USA 47 G. Gärdin SWE 49
1952 L. Hall SWE 32 G. Benedek HUN 39 I. Szondy HUN 41
1956 L. Hall SWE 4,833 O. Mannonen FIN 4,774 V. Korhonen FIN 4,750
1960 F. Németh HUN 5,024 I. Nagy HUN 4,988 R. Beck USA 4,981
1964 F. Török HUN 5,116 I. Novikov URS 5,067 A. Mokeyev URS 5,039
1968 B. Ferm SWE 4,964 A. Balczó HUN 4,953 P. Lednev URS 4,795
1972 A. Balczó HUN 5,412 B. Onishchenko URS 5,335 P. Lednev URS 5,328
1976 J. Pyciak-Peciak POL 5,520 P. Lednev URS 5,485 J. Bárti TCH 5,466
1980 A. Starostin URS 5,568 T. Szombathelyi HUN 5,502 P. Lednev URS 5,382
1984 D. Masala ITA 5,469 S. Rasmuson SWE 5,456 C. Massullo ITA 5,406
1988 J. Martinek HUN 5,404 C. Massullo ITA 5,379 V. Yagorashvili URS 5,367

The scoring system was changed in 1956.

Modern Pentathlon
Team competition

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 HUN 166 SWE 182 FIN 213
1956 URS 13,690 USA 13,482 FIN 13,185
1960 HUN 14,836 URS 14,309 USA 14,192
1964 URS 14,961 USA 14,189 HUN 14,173
1968 HUN 14,325 URS 14,248 FRA 13,289
1972 URS 15,968 HUN 15,348 FIN 14,812
1976 GBR 15,559 TCH 15,451 HUN 15,395
1980 URS 16,126 HUN 15,912 SWE 15,845
 Gold Silver Bronze
1984 ITA 16,066 USA 15,568 FRA 15,565
1988 HUN 15,886 ITA 15,571 GBR 15,276

The scoring system was changed in 1956.

Rowing
Men
Single sculls

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 H. Barrelet FRA 7:35.6 A. Gaudin FRA 7:41.6 G. Saint Ashe GBR 8:15.6
1904 F. Greer USA 10:08.5 J. Juvenal USA C. Titus USA
1908 H. Blackstaffe GBR 9:26.0 A. McCulloch GBR B. von Gaza GER
K. Levitzky HUN
1912 W. Kinnear GBR 7:47.6 P. Veirman BEL 7:56.0 E. Butler CAN
M. Kusik RUS
1920 J. Kelly USA 7:35.0 J. Beresford GBR 7:36.0 C. Hadfield d'Arcy NZL 7:48.0
1924 J. Beresford GBR 7:49.2 W. Garrett Gilmore USA 7:54.0 J. Scheider SUI 8:01.1
1928 H. Pearce AUS 7:11.0 K. Myers USA 7:20.8 T. Collet GBR 7:29.8
1932 H. Pearce AUS 7:44.4 W. Miller USA 7:45.2 G. Douglas URU 8:13.6
1936 G. Schäfer GER 8:21.5 J. Hasenöhrl AUT 8:25.8 D. Barrow USA 8:28.0
1948 M. Wood AUS 7:24.4 E. Risso URU 7:38.2 R. Catasta ITA 7:51.4
1952 Y. Tiukalov URS 8:12.8 M. Wood AUS 8:14.5 T. Kocerka POL 8:19.4
1956 V. Ivanov URS 8:02.5 S. Mackenzie AUS 8:07.7 J. Kelly Jr. USA 8:11.8
1960 V. Ivanov URS 7:13.96 A. Hill GER 7:20.21 T. Kocerka POL 7:21.26
1964 V. Ivanov URS 8:22.51 A. Hill GER 8:26.24 G. Kottmann SUI 8:29.68
1968 H. J. Wienese NED 7:47.80 J. Meissner FRG 7:52.00 A. Demiddi ARG 7:57.19
1972 I. Malishev URS 7:10.12 A. Demiddi ARG 7:11.53 W. Güldenpfenning GDR 7:14.45
1976 P. Karppinen FIN 7:29.03 P.-M. Kolbe FRG 7:31.67 J. Dreifke GDR 7:38.03
1980 P. Karppinen FIN 7:09.61 V. Yakusha URS 7:11.66 P. Kersten GDR 7:14.88
1984 P. Karppinen FIN 7:00.24 P.-M. Kolbe FRG 7:02.19 R. Mills NZL 7:10.38
1988 T. Lange GDR 6:49.86 P.-M. Kolbe FRG 6:54.77 E. Verdonk NZL 6:58.66 425

Rowing
Men
Double sculls

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 USA 10:03.2 USA USA
1920 USA 7:09.0 ITA 7:19.0 FRA 7:21.0
1924 USA 6:34.0 FRA 6:38.0 SUI
1928 USA 6:41.4 CAN 6:51.0 AUT
1932 USA 7:17.4 GER 7:22.8 CAN 7:27.6
1936 GBR 7:20.8 GER 7:26.2 POL 7:36.2
1948 GBR 6:51.3 DEN 6:55.3 URU 7:12.4
1952 ARG 7:32.2 URS 7:38.3 URU 7:43.7
1956 URS 7:24.0 USA 7:32.2 AUT 7:37.4
1960 TCH 6:47.50 URS 6:50.49 SUI 7:50.59
1964 URS 7:10.66 USA 7:13.16 TCH 7:14.23
1968 URS 6:51.82 NED 6:52.80 USA 6:54.21
1972 URS 7:01.77 NOR 7:02.58 GDR 7:05.55
1976 NOR 7:13.20 GBR 7:15.26 GDR 7:17.45
1980 GDR 6:24.33 YUG 6:26.34 TCH 6:29.07
1984 USA 6:36.87 BEL 6:38.19 YUG 6:39.59
1988 NED 6:21.13 SUI 6:22.59 URS 6:22.87

The participating crews were clubs rather than teams representing their country in 1904.

Rowing
Men
Coxswainless pair oars

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 USA 10:57.0 USA USA
1908 GBR 9:41.0 GBR
1924 NED 8:19.4 FRA 8:21.6
1928 GER 7:06.4 GER 7:08.8 USA 7:20.4
1932 GER 8:00.0 NZL 8:02.4 POL 8:08.2
 Gold Silver Bronze
1936 GER 8:16.1 DEN 8:19.2 ARG 8:23.0
1948 GBR 7:21.1 SUI 7:23.9 ITA 7:31.5
1952 USA 8:20.7 BEL 8:23.5 SUI 8:32.7
1956 USA 7:55.4 URS 8:03.9 AUT 8:11.8
1960 URS 7:02.01 AUT 7:03.69 FIN 7:03.80
1964 CAN 7:32.94 NED 7:33.40 GER 7:38.63
1968 GDR 7:26.56 USA 7:26.71 DEN 7:31.84
1972 GDR 6:53.16 SUI 6:57.06 NED 6:58.70
1976 GDR 7:23.31 USA 7:26.73 FRG 7:30.03
1980 GDR 6:48.01 URS 6:50.50 GBR 6:51.47
1984 ROM 6:45.39 ESP 6:48.47 NOR 6:51.81
1988 GBR 6:36.84 ROM 6:38.06 YUG 6:41.01

The participating crews were clubs rather than teams representing their country in 1904 and 1908.

Rowing
Men
Pair oars with coxswain

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 NED 7:34.2 FRA 7:34.4 FRA 7:57.2
1920 ITA 7:56.0 FRA 7:57.0 SUI
1924 SUI 8:39.0 ITA 8:39.1 USA
1928 SUI 7:42.6 FRA 7:48.4 BEL 7:59.4
1932 USA 8:25.8 POL 8:31.2 FRA 8:41.2
1936 GER 8:36.9 ITA 8:49.7 FRA 8:54.0
1948 DEN 8:00.5 ITA 8:12.2 HUN 8:25.2
1952 FRA 8:28.6 GER 8:32.1 DEN 8:34.9
1956 USA 8:26.1 GER 8:29.2 URS 8:31.0
1960 GER 7:29.14 URS 7:30.17 USA 7:34.58
1964 USA 8:21.23 FRA 8:23.15 NED 8:23.42
426
1968 ITA 8:04.81 NED 8:06.80 DEN 8:08.07
1972 GDR 7:17.25 TCH 7:19.57 ROM 7:21.36
1976 GDR 7:58.99 URS 8:01.82 TCH 8:03.28
1980 GDR 7:02.54 URS 7:03.35 YUG 7:04.92
1984 ITA 7:05.99 ROM 7:11.21 USA 7:12.81
1988 ITA 6:58.79 GDR 7:00.63 GBR 7:01.95

The participating crews were clubs rather than teams representing their country in 1900.

Rowing
Men
Quadruple sculls

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 GDR 6:18.65 URS 6:19.89 TCH 6:21.77
1980 GDR 5:49.81 URS 5:51.47 BUL 5:52.38
1984 GDR 5:57.55 AUS 5:57.98 CAN 5:59.07
1988 ITA 5:53.37 NOR 5:55.08 GDR 5:56.13

Rowing
Men
Coxswainless four oars

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 USA 9:53.8 USA USA
1908 GBR 8:34.0 GBR
1924 GBR 7:08.6 CAN 7:18.0 SUI
1928 GBR 6:36.0 USA 6:37.0 ITA 6:37.6
1932 GBR 6:58.2 GER 7:03.0 ITA 7:04.0
1936 GER 7:01.8 GBR 7:06.5 SUI 7:10.6
1948 ITA 6:39.0 DEN 6:43.5 USA 6:47.7
1952 YUG 7:16.0 FRA 7:18.9 FIN 7:23.3
1956 CAN 7:08.8 USA 7:18.4 FRA 7:20.9
1960 USA 6:26.26 ITA 6:28.78 URS 6:29.62
1964 DEN 6:59.30 GBR 7:00.47 USA 7:01.37
1968 GDR 6:39.18 HUN 6:41.64 ITA 6:44.01
1972 GDR 6:24.27 NZL 6:25.64 FRG 6:28.41
 Gold Silver Bronze
1976 GDR 6:37.42 NOR 6:41.22 URS 6:42.52
1980 GDR 6:08.17 URS 6:11.81 GBR 6:16.58
1984 NZL 6:03.48 USA 6:06.10 DEN 6:07.72
1988 GDR 6:03.11 USA 6:05.53 FRG 6:06.22

The participating crews were clubs rather than teams representing their country in 1904 and 1908.

Rowing
Men
Four oars with coxswain

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 FRA 7:11.0 FRA 7:18.0 GER 7:18.2
1912 GER 6:59.4 GBR DEN
NOR
1920 SUI 6:54.0 USA 6:58.0 NOR 7:02.0
1924 SUI 7:18.4 FRA 7:21.6 USA 7:23.0
1928 ITA 6:47.8 SUI 7:03.4 POL 7:12.8
1932 GER 7:19.0 ITA 7:19.2 POL 7:26.8
1936 GER 7:16.2 SUI 7:24.3 FRA 7:33.3
1948 USA 6:50.3 SUI 6:53.3 DEN 6:58.6
1952 TCH 7:33.4 SUI 7:36.5 USA 7:37.0
1956 ITA 7:19.4 SWE 7:22.4 FIN 7:30.9
1960 GER 6:39.12 FRA 6:41.62 ITA 6:43.72
1964 GER 7:00.44 ITA 7:02.84 NED 7:06.46
1968 NZL 6:45.62 GDR 6:48.20 SUI 6:49.04
1972 FRG 6:31.85 GDR 6:33.30 TCH 6:35.64
1976 URS 6:40.22 GDR 6:42.70 FRG 6:46.04
1980 GDR 6:14.51 URS 6:19.05 POL 6:22.52
1984 GBR 6:18.64 USA 6:20.28 NZL 6:23.68
1988 GDR 6:10.74 ROM 6:13.58 NZL 6:15.78
427
The participating crews were clubs rather than teams representing their country in 1900 and 1912. Two separate finals were held in 1900: one (included in the table
above) for the crews which had the best times during the three qualifying heats, and another for the winning crews of the three qualifying heats.

Rowing
Men
Eight oars with coxswain

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 USA 6:09.8 BEL 6:13.8 NED 6:23.0
1904 USA 7:50.0 CAN
1908 GBR 7:52.0 BEL CAN
GBR
1912 GBR 6:15.0 GBR 6:19.0 GER
1920 USA 6:02.6 GBR 6:05.0 NOR 6:36.0
1924 USA 6:33.4 CAN 6:49.0 ITA
1928 USA 6:03.2 GBR 6:05.6 CAN
1932 USA 6:37.6 ITA 6:37.8 CAN 6:40.4
1936 USA 6:25.4 ITA 6:26.0 GER 6:26.4
1948 USA 5:56.7 GBR 6:06.9 NOR 6:10.3
1952 USA 6:25.9 URS 6:31.2 AUS 6:33.1
1956 USA 6:35.2 CAN 6:37.1 AUS 6:39.2
1960 GER 5:57.18 CAN 6:01.52 TCH 6:04.84
1964 USA 6:18.23 GER 6:23.29 TCH 6:25.11
1968 FRG 6:07.00 AUS 6:07.98 URS 6:09.11
1972 NZL 6:08.94 USA 6:11.61 GDR 6:11.67
1976 GDR 5:58.29 GBR 6:00.82 NZL 6:03.51
1980 GDR 5:49.05 GBR 5:51.92 URS 5:52.66
1984 CAN 5:41.32 USA 5:41.74 AUS 5:43.40
1988 GDR 5:46.05 URS 5:48.01 USA 5:48.26

The participating crews were clubs rather than teams representing their country prior to the 1920 Games.
 Rowing
Women
Single sculls

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 C. Scheiblinch GDR 4:05.56 J. Lind USA 4:06.21 E. Antonova URS 4:10.24
1980 S. Toma ROM 3:40.68 A. Makhina URS 3:41.65 M. Schröter GDR 3:43.54
1984 V. Räcilã ROM 3:40.68 C. Geer USA 3:43.89 A. Haesebrouck BEL 3:45.72
1988 J. Behrendt GDR 7:47.19 A. Marden USA 7:50.28 M. Gueorguieva BUL 7:53.65

Rowing
Women
Double sculls

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 BUL 3:44.36 GDR 3:47.86 URS 3:49.93
1980 URS 3:16.27 GDR 3:17.63 ROM 3:18.91
1984 ROM 3:26.75 NED 3:29.13 CAN 3:29.82
1988 GDR 7:00.48 ROM 7:04.36 BUL 7:06.03

Rowing
Women
Coxswainless pair oars

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 BUL 4:01.22 GDR 4:01.64 FRG 4:02.35
1980 GDR 3:30.49 POL 3:30.95 BUL 3:32.39
1984 ROM 3:32.60 CAN 3:36.06 FRG 3:40.50
1988 ROM 7:28.13 BUL 7:31.95 NZL 7:35.68

Rowing
Women
Quadruple sculls

428 Gold Silver Bronze

1988 GDR 6:21.06 URS 6:23.47 ROM 6:23.81

Rowing
Women
Coxswainless quadruple sculls

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 GDR 3:29.99 URS 3:32.49 ROM 3:32.76
1980 GDR 3:15.32 URS 3:15.73 BUL 3:16.10
1984 ROM 3:14.11 USA 3:15.57 DEN 3:16.02

This event was discontinued after the 1984 Games.

Rowing
Women
Four oars with coxswain

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 GDR 3:45.08 BUL 3:48.24 URS 3:49.38
1980 GDR 3:19.27 BUL 3:20.75 URS 3:20.92
1984 ROM 3:19.30 CAN 3:21.55 AUS 3:23.29
1988 GDR 6:56.00 CHN 6:58.78 ROM 7:01.13

This event was discontinued after the 1988 Games.

Rowing
Women
Eight oars with coxswain

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 GDR 3:33.32 URS 3:36.17 USA 3:38.68
1980 GDR 3:03.32 URS 3:04.29 ROM 3:05.63
1984 USA 2:59.80 ROM 3:00.87 NED 3:02.92
1988 GDR 6:15.17 ROM 6:17.44 CHN 6:21.83
 Shooting
Men
Rapid-fire pistol

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 I. Frangudis GRE 344 G. Orfanidis GRE 249 H. Nielsen DEN
1900 M. Larrouy FRA 58 L. Moreaux FRA 57 E. Balme FRA 57
1908 P. van Asbroeck BEL 490 R. Storms BEL 487 J. Gorman USA 485
1912 A. Lane USA 287 P. Palén SWE 286 J. Hübnes von Hoist SWE 283
1920 G. Paraense BRA 274 R. Bracken USA 272 F. Zulauf SUI 269
1924 H. Bailey USA 18 V. Carlberg SWE 18 L. Hannelius FIN 18
1932 R. Morigi ITA 36 H. Hax GER 36 D. Matteucci ITA 36
1936 C. van Oyen GER 36 H. Hax GER 35 T. Ullman SWE 34
1948 K. Takács HUN 580 C.E. Diaz Saenz ARG 571 S. Lundqvist SWE 569
Valiente
1952 K. Takács HUN 579 S. Kun HUN 578 G. Lichiardopol ROM 578
1956 S. Petrescu ROM 587 E. Cherkasov URS 585 G. Lichiardopol ROM 581
1960 W. McMillan USA 587 P. Linnosvuo FIN 587 A. Zabelin URS 587
1964 P. Linnosvuo FIN 592 I. Tripsa ROM 591 L. Nacovsky TCH 590
1968 J. Zapedski POL 593 M. Rosca ROM 591 R. Suleimanov URS 591
1972 J. Zapedski POL 595 L. Falta TCH 594 V. Torchin URS 593
1976 N. Klaar GDR 597 J. Wiefel GDR 596 R. Ferraris ITA 595
1980 C. Ion ROM 596 J. Wiefel GDR 596 G. Petritsch AUT 596
1984 T. Kamachi JPN 595 C. Ion ROM 593 R. Bies FIN 591
1988 A. Kuzmin URS 698 R. Schumann GDR 696 Z. Kovács HUN 693

Distance: 25 m. These rules were established in 1948.

Shooting
Men
Free pistol

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 S. Paine USA 442 H. Nielsen DEN 285 I. Frangudis GRE
1900 C.-K. Röderer SUI 503 A. Paroche FRA 466 K. Stäheli SUI 453
1912 A. Lane USA 499 P. Dolfen USA 474 C. Stewart GBR 470 429
1920 K. Frederick USA 496 A. da Costa BRA 489 A. Lane USA 481
1936 T. Ullman SWE 559 E. Krempel GER 544 C. des Jammonières FRA 540
1948 E. Vazquez Cam PER 545 R. Schnyder SUI 539 T. Ullman SWE 539
1952 H. Brenner USA 553 Á. León de Gozalo ESP 550 A. Balogh HUN 549
1956 P. Linnosvuo FIN 556 M. Umarov URS 556 O. Pinion USA 551
1960 A. Güshchin URS 560 M. Umarov URS 552 Y. Yoshikawa JPN 552
1964 V. Markkanen FIN 560 F. Green USA 557 Y. Yoshikawa JPN 554
1968 G. Kosij URS 562 H. Mertel FRG 562 H. Vollmar GDR 560
1972 R. Skanåker SWE 567 D. luga ROM 562 R. Dollinger AUT 560
1976 U. Potteck GDR 573 H. Vollmar GDR 567 R. Dollinger AUT 562
1980 A. Melentiev URS 581 H. Vollmar GDR 568 L. Diakov BUL 565
1984 Xu Haifeng CHN 566 R. Skanåker SWE 565 Wang Yifu CHN 564
1988 S. Babii ROM 660 R. Skanåker SWE 657 I. Basinski URS 657

Distance: 50 m.

Shooting
Men
Air pistol

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 T. Kiriakov BUL 687.9 E. Buljung USA 687.9 Xu Haifeng CHN 684.5

Distance: 10 m.

Shooting
Men
10 m running target

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 L. Debray FRA 20 P. Nivet FRA 20 Comte de Lambert FRA 19
1972 Y. Zhelezniak URS 569 H. Bellingrodt COL 565 K. Kynoch GBR 562
1976 A. Gazov URS 579 A. Kediarov URS 576 J. Greszkiewicz POL 571
1980 I. Sokolov URS 589 T. Pfeffer GDR 589 A. Gazov URS 587
1984 Li Yuwei CHN 587 H. Bellingrodt COL 584 Huang Shiping CHN 581
1988 T. Heiestad NOR 689 Huang Shiping CHN 687 G. Avramenko URS 686

Distance: 50 m. Beginning in 1992, the distance will be 10 m and an air rifle will be used.
 Shooting
Men
Air rifle

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 P. Heberle FRA 589 A. Kronthater AUT 587 B. Dagger GBR 587
1988 G. Maksimovic YUG 695.6 N. Berthelot FRA 694.2 J. Riederer FRG 694.0

Distance: 10 m.

Shooting
Men
SB free rifle, three positions

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 E. Kongshaug NOR 1,164 V. Ylönen FIN 1,164 B. Andreyev URS 1,163
1956 A. Bodganov URS 1,172 O. Hofinek TCH 1,172 N. J. Sundberg SWE 1,167
1960 V. Shamburkin URS 1,149 M. Niasov URS 1,145 K. Zähringer GER 1,139
1964 L. Wigger USA 1,164 V. Velichkov BUL 1,152 L. Hammerl HUN 1,151
1968 B. Kingner FRG 1,157 J. Writer USA 1,156 V. Parjimovich URS 1,154
1972 J. Writer USA 1,166 L. Bassham USA 1,157 W. Lippoldt GDR 1,153
1976 L. Bassham USA 1,162 M. Murdock USA 1,162 W. Seibold FRG 1,160
1980 V. Vlassov URS 1,173 B. Harstein GDR 1,166 S. Johansson SWE 1,165
1984 M. Cooper GBR 1,173 D. Nipkow SUI 1,163 A. Allan GBR 1,162
1988 M. Cooper GBR 1,279.3 A. Allan GBR 1,275.6 K. Ivanov URS 1,275.0

Distance: 50 m. Shooting in three positions: prone, kneeling and standing.

Shooting
Men
SB free rifle, prone

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 A. A. Carnell GBR 387 H. Humby GBR 386 G. Barnes GBR 385
1912 F. Hird USA 194 W. Milne GBR 193 H. Hurt GBR 192
1920 L. A. Nuesslein USA 391 A. Rothrock USA 386 D. Fenton USA 385
1924 P. Coquelin de Lisle FRA 398 M. Dinwiddie USA 396 J. Hartmann SUI 394
430
1932 B. Rönnmark SWE 294 G. Huet MEX 294 Z. Hradetzky-Spoós HUN 293
1936 W. Rögeberg NOR 300 R. Berzsenyi HUN 296 W. Karas POL 296
1948 A. Cook USA 599 W. Tomsen USA 599 J. Jonsson SWE 597
1952 I. Sârbu ROM 400 B. Andreyev URS 400 A. Jackson USA 399
1956 G. Ouellette CAN 600 V. Borisov URS 599 G. Boa CAN 598
1960 P. Kohnke GER 590 J. Hill USA 589 E. Forcella Pelliccioni VEN 587
1964 L. Hammerl HUN 597 L. Wigger USA 597 T. Pool USA 596
1968 J. Kurka TCH 598 L. Hammerl HUN 598 I. Ballinger NZL 597
1972 H.-J. Li PRK 599 V. Auer USA 598 N. Rotaru ROM 598
1976 K. Smieszek FRG 599 U. Lind FRG 597 G. Lushchikov URS 595
1980 K. Varga HUN 599 H. Heilfort GDR 599 P. Zaprianov BUL 598
1984 E. Etzel USA 599 M. Bury FRA 596 M. Sullivan GBR 596
1988 M. Varga TCH 703.9 K.-C. Cha KOR 702.8 A. Záhonyi HUN 701.9

Distance: 50 m. In 1908 the distances were 45.7 m (50 yards) and 91.4 m (100 yards). Positions: in 1908 and 1912, free; in 1920, standing; as of 1924,
prone.

Shooting
Women
Sport pistol

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 L. Thorn CAN 585 R. Fox USA 585 P. Dench AUS 583
1988 N. Salukvadze URS 690 T. Hasegawa JPN 686 J. Škaric YUG 686

Distance: 25 m.

Shooting
Women
Air pistol

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 J. Šekaric YUG 489.5 N. Salukvadke URS 487.9 M. Dobrancheva URS 485.2

Distance: 10 m.
 Shooting
Women
Air rifle

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 P. Spurgin USA 393 p. E. Guller ITA 391 p. Wu Xiaoxuan CHN 389 p.
1988 I. Shilova URS 498.5 p. S. Sperber FRG 497.5 p. A. Malujina URS 495.8 p.

Distance: 10 m.

Shooting
Women
SB standard rifle, three positions

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 Wu Xiaoxuan CHN 581 p. U. Holmer FRG 578 p. W. Jewell USA 578 p.
1988 S. Sperber FRG 665.6 p. V. Letxeva BUL 683.2 p. V. Txerkassova URS 681.4 p.

Distance. 50 m. Shooting in three positions: prone, kneeling and standing.

Shooting
Open
Skeet

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 E. Petrov URS 198 R. Garagnani ITA 198 K. Wimhier FRG 198
1972 K. Wimhier FRG 195 E. Petrov URS 195 M. Buchheim GDR 195
1976 J. Panácek TCH 198 E. Swinkels NED 198 W. Gawlikowski POL 196
1980 H. K. Rasmussen DEN 196 L. G. Carlsson SWE 196 R. Castrillo Garcia CUB 196
1984 M. Dryke USA 198 O. R. Rasmussen DEN 196 L. Scribani Rossi ITA 196
1988 A. Wegner GDR 222 A. de Iruarrizaga CHI 221 J. Guardiola ESP 220

Shooting
Open
Trap

Gold Silver Bronze 431

1900 R. de Barbarin FRA 17 R. Guyot FRA 17 J. de Clary FRA 17
1908 W. Ewing CAN 72 G. Beattie CAN 60 A. Maunder GBR 57
A. Metaxas GRE 57
1912 J. Graham USA 96 A. Goeldel GER 94 H. Blau RUS 91
1920 M. Arie USA 95 F. Troeh USA 93 F. Wright USA 87
1924 G. Halasy HUN 98 K. Huber FIN 98 F. Hughes USA 97
1952 G. Généreux CAN 192 K. Holmqvist SWE 191 H. Liljedahl SWE 190
1956 G. Rossini ITA 195 A. Smelczyñski POL 190 A. Ciceri ITA 188
1960 I. Dumitrescu ROM 192 G. Rossini ITA 191 S. Kalinin URS 190
1964 E. Mattarelli ITA 198 P. Senichev URS 194 W. Morris USA 194
1968 J. Braithwaite GBR 198 T. Garrigus USA 196 K. Czekalla GDR 196
1972 A. Scalzone ITA 199 M. Carrega FRA 198 S. Basagni ITA 195
1976 D. Haldeman USA 190 A. Silva Marques POR 189 U. Baldi ITA 189
1980 L. Giovannetti ITA 198 R. Yambulatov URS 196 J. Damme GDR 196
1984 L. Giovannetti ITA 192 F. Boza PER 192 D. Carlisle USA 192
1988 D. Monakov URS 222 M. Bednarik TCH 222 F. Peeters BEL 219

Swimming
Men
50 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 Z. Halmay HUN 28.0 J. S. Leary USA 28.6 C. Daniels USA
1988 M. Biondi USA 22.14 T. Jager USA 22.36 G. Prigoda URS 22.71

The distance was 45.72 m (50 yards) in 1904.

 Swimming
Men
100 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 A. Hajós HUN 1:22.2 O. Herschmann AUS 1:22.8
1904 Z. Halmay HUN 1:02.8 C. Daniels USA J. S. Leary USA
1908 C. Daniels USA 1:05.6 Z. Halmay HUN 1:06.2 H. Julin SWE 1:08.0
1912 D. P. Kahanamoku USA 1:03.4 C. Healy AUS 1:04.6 K. Huszagh USA 1:05.6
1920 D. P. Kahanamoku USA 1:01.4 P. K. Kealoha USA 1:02.2 W. Harris USA 1:03.0
1924 J. Weissmuller USA 59.0 D. P. Kahanamoku USA 1:01.4 S. Kahanamoku USA 1:01.8
1928 J. Weissmuller USA 58.6 I. Bárány HUN 59.8 K. Takaishi JPN 1:00.0
1932 Y. Miyazaki JPN 58.2 T. Kawaishi JPN 58.6 A. Schwartz USA 58.8
1936 F. Csik HUN 57.6 M. Yusa JPN 57.9 S. Arai JPN 58.0
1948 W. Ris USA 57.3 A. Ford USA 57.8 G. Kádas HUN 58.1
1952 C. Scholes USA 57.4 H. Suzuki JPN 57.4 G. Larsson SWE 58.2
1956 J. Henricks AUS 55.4 J. Devitt AUS 55.8 G. Chapman AUS 56.7
1960 J. Devitt AUS 55.2 L. Larson USA 55.2 M. dos Santos BRA 55.4
1964 D. Schollander USA 53.4 R. McGregor GBR 53.5 H.-J. Klein GER 54.0
1968 M. Wenden AUS 52.2 K. Walsh USA 52.8 M. Spitz USA 53.0
1972 M. Spitz USA 51.22 J. Heidenreich USA 51.65 V. Bure URS 51.77
1976 J. Montgomery USA 49.99 J. Babashoff USA 50.81 P. Nocke FRG 51.31
1980 J. Woithe GDR 50.40 P. Holmertz SWE 50.91 P. Johansson SWE 51.29
1984 A. Gaines USA 49.80 M. Stockwell AUS 50.24 P. Johansson SWE 50.31
1988 M. Biondi USA 48.63 C. Jacobs USA 49.08 S. Caron FRA 49.62

In 1904 the distance was 91.44 m (100 yards).

Swimming
Men
200 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 F. Lane AUS 2:25.2 Z. Halmay HUN 2:31.4 K. Ruberl AUT 2:32.0
432 1904 C. Daniels USA 2:44.2 F. Gailey USA 2:46.0 E. Rausch GER 2:56.0
1968 M. Wenden AUS 1:55.2 D. Schollander USA 1:55.8 J. Nelson USA 1:58.1
1972 M. Spitz USA 1:52.78 S. Genter USA 1:53.73 W. Lampe FRG 1:53.99
1976 B. Furniss USA 1:50.29 J. Naber USA 1:50.50 J. Montgomery USA 1:50.58
1980 S. Kopliakov URS 1:49.81 A. Krilov URS 1:50.76 G. Brewer AUS 1:51.60
1984 M. Gross FRG 1:47.44 M. Heath USA 1:49.10 T. Fahmer FRG 1:49.69
1988 D. Armstrong AUS 1:47.25 A. Holmertz SWE 1:47.89 M. Biondi USA 1:47.99

In 1904 the distance was 201.17 m (220 yards).

Swimming
Men
400 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 C. Daniels USA 6:16.2 F. Gailey USA 6:22.0 O. Wahle AUT 6:39.0
1908 H. Taylor GBR 5:36.8 F. Beaurepaire AUS 5:44.2 O. Scheff UAT 5:46.0
1912 G. Hodgson CAN 5:24.4 J. Hatfield GBR 5:25.8 H. Hardwick AUS 5:31.2
1920 N. Ross USA 5:26.8 L. Langer USA 5:29.0 G. Vernot CAN 5:29.6
1924 J. Weissmuller USA 5:04.2 A. Borg SWE 5:05.6 A. Charlton AUS 5:06.6
1928 A. Zorrilla ARG 5:01.6 A. Charlton AUS 5:03.6 A. Borg SWE 5:04.6
1932 C. Crabbe USA 4:48.4 J. Tans FRA 4:48.5 T. Oyokota JPN 4:52.3
1936 J. Medica USA 4:44.5 S. Uto JPN 4:45.6 S. Makino JPN 4:48.1
1948 W. Smith USA 4:41.0 J. McLane USA 4:43.4 J. Marshall AUS 4:47.4
1952 J. Boiteux FRA 4:30.7 F. Konno USA 4:31.3 P. O. Östrand SWE 4:35.2
1956 M. Rose AUS 4:27.3 T. Yamanaka JPN 4:30.4 G. Breen USA 4:32.5
1960 M. Rose AUS 4:18.3 T. Yamanaka JPN 4:21.4 J. Konrads AUS 4:21.8
1964 D. Schollander USA 4:12.2 F. Wiegand GER 4:14.9 A. Wood AUS 4:15.1
1968 M. Burton USA 4:09.0 R. Hutton CAN 4:11.7 A. Mosconi FRA 4:13.3
1972 B. Cooper AUS 4:00.27 S. Genter USA 4:01.94 T. McBreen USA 4:02.64
1976 B. Goodell USA 3:51.93 T. Shaw USA 3:52.54 V. Raskatov URS 3:55.76
1980 V. Salnikov URS 3:51.31 A. Krilov URS 3:53.24 I. Stukolkin URS 3:53.95
1984 G. Cicarto USA 3:51.23 J. Mykkanen USA 3:51.49 J. Lemberg AUS 3:51.79
1988 U. Dassler GDR 3:46.95 D. Armstrong AUS 3:47.15 A. Wojdat POL 3:47.34

In 1904 the distance was 402.34 m (440 yards). In 1972 the race was won by R. Demont of the United States of America but he was later disqualified after failing do-
ping control.
 Swimming
Men
1,500 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 E. Rausch GER 27:18.2 G. Kiss HUN 28:28.2 F. Gailey USA 28:54.0
1908 H. Taylor GBR 22:48.4 T. Battersby GBR 22:51.2 F. Beaurepaire AUS 22:56.2
1912 G. Hodgson CAN 22:00.0 J. Hatfield GBR 22:39.0 H. Hardwick AUS 23:15.4
1920 N. Ross USA 22:23.2 G. Vernot CAN 22:36.4 F. Beaurepaire AUS 23:04.0
1924 A. Charlton AUS 20:06.6 A. Borg SWE 22:41.4 F. Beaurepaire AUS 21:48.4
1928 A. Borg SWE 19:51.8 A. Charlton AUS 20:28.8 C. Crabbe USA 20:28.8
1932 K. Kitamura JPN 19:12.4 S. Makino JPN 19:14.1 J. Cristy USA 19:39.5
1936 N. Tereda JPN 19:13.7 J. Medica USA 19:34.0 S. Uto JPN 19:34.5
1948 J. McLane USA 19:18.5 J. Marshall AUS 19:31.3 G. Mitró HUN 19:43.2
1952 F. Konno USA 18:30.0 S. Hashizume JPN 18:41.4 T. Okamoto BRA 18:51.3
1956 M. Rose AUS 17:58.9 T. Yamanaka JPN 18:00.3 G. Breen USA 18:08.2
1960 J. Konrads AUS 17:19.6 M. Rose AUS 17:21.7 G. Breen USA 17:30.6
1964 R. Windle AUS 17:01.7 J. Nelson USA 17:03.0 A. Wood AUS 17:07.7
1968 M. Burton USA 16:38.9 J. Kinsella USA 16:57.3 G. Brough AUS 17:04.7
1972 M. Burton USA 15:52.58 G. Windeatt AUS 15:58.48 D. Northway USA 16:09.25
1976 B. Goodell USA 15:02.40 B. Hackett USA 15:03.91 S. Holland AUS 15:04.66
1980 V. Salnikov URS 14:58.27 A. Chaev URS 15:14.30 M. Metzker AUS 15:14.49
1984 M. O'Brien USA 15:05.20 G. Cicarlo USA 15:10.59 S. Pfeiffer FRG 15:12.11
1988 V. Salnikov URS 15:00.40 S. Pfeiffer FRG 15:02.69 U. Drassler GDR 15:06.15

In 1904 the distance was 1,609.34 m (1 mile).

Swimming
Men
100 m backstroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 W. Brack GER 1:16.8 G. Hoffmann GER G. Zacharias GER
1908 A. Bieberstein GER 1:24.6 L. Dam DEN 1:26.6 H. Haresnape GBR 1:27.0
1912 H. Hebner USA 1:21.2 O. Fahr GER 1:22.4 P. Kellner GER 1:24.0 433
1920 W. P. Kealoha USA 1:15.2 R. Kegeris USA 1:16.2 G. Blitz BEL 1:19.0
1924 W. P. Kealoha USA 1:13.2 P. Wyatt USA 1:15.4 K. Bartha HUN 1:17.8
1928 G. Kojac USA 1:08.2 W. Laufer USA 1:10.0 P. Wyatt USA 1:12.0
1932 M. Kiyokawa JPN 1:08.6 T. Irie JPN 1:09.8 K. Kawatsu JPN 1:10.0
1936 A. Kiefer USA 1:05.9 A. Vandeweghe USA 1:07.7 M. Kiyokawa USA 1:08.4
1948 A. Stack USA 1:06.4 R. Cowell USA 1:06.5 G. Vallerey FRA 1:07.8
1952 Y. Oyakawa USA 1:05.4 G. Bozon FRA 1:06.2 J. Taylor USA 1:06.4
1956 D. Theile AUS 1:02.2 J. Monckton AUS 1:03.2 F. McKinney USA 1:04.5
1960 D. Theile AUS 1:01.9 F. McKinney USA 1:02.1 R. Bennet USA 1:02.3
1968 R. Matthes GDR 58.7 C. Hickcox USA 1:00.2 R. Mills USA 1:00.5
1972 R. Matthes GDR 56.58 M. Stamm USA 57.70 J. Murphy USA 58.35
1976 J. Naber USA 55.49 P. Rocca USA 56.34 R. Matthes GDR 57.22
1980 B. Baron SWE 56.33 V. Kuznetsov URS 56.99 V. Dolgov URS 57.63
1984 R. Carey USA 55.79 D. Wilson USA 56.35 M. West CAN 56.49
1988 D. Suzuki JPN 55.05 D. Berkoff USA 55.18 I. Polianski URS 55.20

In 1904 the distance was 91.44 m (100 yards).

Swimming
Men
200 m backstroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 E. Hoppenberg GER 2:47.0 K. Ruberl AUT 2:56.0 J. Drost NED 3:01.0
1964 J. Graef USA 2:10.3 G. Dilley USA 2:10.5 R. Bennett USA 2:13.1
1968 R. Matthes GDR 2:09.6 M. Ivey USA 2:10.6 J. Horsley USA 2:10.9
1972 R. Matthes GDR 2:02.82 M. Stamm USA 2:04.09 M. Ivey USA 2:04.33
1976 J. Naber USA 1:59.19 P. Rocca USA 2:00.55 D. Harrigan USA 2:01.35
1980 S. Wladár HUN 2:01.93 Z. Verrasztó HUN 2:02.40 M. Kerry AUS 2:03.14
1984 R. Carey USA 2:00.23 F. Delcourt FRA 2:01.75 C. Henning CAN 2:02.37
1988 I. Polianski URS 1:59.37 F. Baltrusch GDR 1:59.60 P. Kingsman NZL 2:00.48
 Swimming
Men
100 m breaststroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 D. McKenzie USA 1:07.7 V. Kossinski URS 1:08.0 N. Pankin URS 1:08.0
1972 N. Taguchi JPN 1:04.94 T. Bruce USA 1:05.43 J. Hencken USA 1:05.61
1976 J. Hencken USA 1:03.11 D. Wilkie GBR 1:03.43 A. Juosaitis URS 1:04.23
1980 D. Goodhew GBR 1:03.44 A. Miskarov URS 1:03.82 P. Evans AUS 1:03.96
1984 S. Lundquist USA 1:01.65 V. Davis CAN 1:01.99 P. Evans AUS 1:02.97
1988 A. Moorhouse GBR 1:02.04 K. Guttler HUN 1:02.05 D. Volkov URS 1:02.20

Swimming
Men
200 m breaststroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 F. Holman GBR 3:09.2 W. Robinson GBR 3:12.8 P. Hanson SWE 3:14.6
1912 W. Bathe GER 3:01.8 W. Lützow GER 3:05.0 K. Malisch GER 3:08.0
1920 H. Malmroth SWE 3:04.4 T. Henning SWE 3:09.2 A. Aaltonen FIN 3:12.2
1924 R. Skelton USA 2:56.6 J. de Combe BEL 2:59.2 W. Kischbaum USA 3:01.0
1928 Y. Tsuruta JPN 2:48.8 E. Rademacher GER 2:50.6 Y. Yldefonzo PHI 2:56.4
1932 Y. Tsuruta JPN 2:45.4 R. Koike JPN 2:46.6 Y. Yldefonzo PHI 2:47.1
1936 T. Hamuro JPN 2:41.4 E. Sietas GER 2:42.9 R. Koike JPN 2:44.2
1948 J. Verdeur USA 2:39.3 K. Carter USA 2:40.2 R. Sohl USA 2:43.9
1952 J. Davies AUS 2:34.4 B. Stassforth USA 2:34.7 H. Klein GER 2:35.9
1956 M. Furukawa JPN 2:34.7 M. Yoshimura JPN 2:36.7 K. Yunichev USA 2:36.8
1960 W. Mulliken USA 2:37.4 Y. Osaki JPN 2:38.0 W. Mensionides NED 2:39.7
1964 I. O'Brien AUS 2:27.8 G. Prokopenko URS 2:28.2 C. Jastremski USA 2:29.6
1968 F. Muñoz MEX 2:28.7 V. Kosinski URS 2:29.2 B. Job USA 2:29.9
1972 J. Hencken USA 2:21.55 D. Wilkie GBR 2:23.67 N. Taguchi JPN 2:23.88
1976 D. Wilkie GBR 2:15.11 J. Hencken USA 2:17.26 R. Colella USA 2:19.20
1980 R. Zulpa URS 2:15.85 A. Vemes HUN 2:16.93 A. Miskarov URS 2:17.28
434 1984 V. Davis CAN 2:13.34 G. Beringen AUS 2:15.79 É. Dagon SUI 2:17.41
1988 J. Szabó HUN 2:13.52 N. Gillingham GBR 2:14.12 S. Lopez ESP 2:15.21

Swimming
Men
100 m butterfly

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 D. Russell USA 55.9 M. Spitz USA 56.4 R. Wales USA 57.2
1972 M. Spitz USA 54.27 B. Robertson CAN 55.56 J. Heidenreich USA 55.74
1976 M. Vogel USA 54.35 J. Bottom USA 54.50 G. Hall USA 54.65
1980 P. Arvidsson SWE 54.92 R. Pytell GDR 54.94 D. Lopez ESP 55.13
1984 M. Gross FRG 53.08 P. Morales USA 53.23 G. Buchanan AUS 53.85
1988 A. Nesty SUR 53.00 M. Biondi USA 53.01 A. Jameson GBR 53.30

Swimming
Men
200 m butterfly

Gold Silver Bronze

1956 W. Yorzyk USA 2:19.3 T. Ishimoto JPN 2:23.8 G. Tumpek HUN 2:23.9
1960 M. Troy USA 2:12.8 N. Hayes AUS 2:14.6 D. Gillanders USA 2:15.3
1964 K. Berry AUS 2:06.6 C. Robie USA 2:07.5 F. Schmidt USA 2:09.3
1968 C. Robie USA 2:08.7 M. Woodroffe GBR 2:09.0 J. Ferris USA 2:09.3
1972 M. Spitz USA 2:00.70 G. Hall USA 2:02.86 R. Backhaus USA 2:03.23
1976 M. Bruner USA 1:59.23 S. Gregg USA 1:59.54 B. Forrester USA 1:59.96
1980 S. Fesenko URS 1:59.76 P. Hubble GBR 2:01.20 R. Pyttel GDR 2:01.39
1984 J. Sieben AUS 1:57.04 M. Gross FRG 1:57.40 R. Vidal Castro VEN 1:57.51
1988 M. Gross FRG 1:56.94 B. Nielsen DEN 1:58.24 A. Mosse NZL 1:58.28

Swimming
Men
200 m medley

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 C. Hickcox USA 2:12.0 G. Buckingham USA 2:13.0 S. Ferris USA 2:13.3
1972 G. Larsson SWE 2:07.17 A. McKee USA 2:08.37 S. Furniss USA 2:08.45
 Gold Silver Bronze
1984 A. Baumann CAN 2:01.42 P. Morales USA 2:03.05 N. Cochran GBR 2:04.38
1988 T. Damyi HUN 2:00.17 P. Kühl GDR 2:01.61 V. Yaroshchuk URS 2:02.40

Swimming
Men
400 m medley

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 R. Roth USA 4:45.4 R. Saari USA 4:47.1 G. Hetz GER 4:51.0
1968 C. Hickcox USA 4:48.4 G. Hall USA 4:48.7 M. Holthaus FRG 4:51.4
1972 G. Larsson SWE 4:31.98 A. McKee USA 4:31.98 A. Hargitay HUN 4:32.70
1976 R. Strachan USA 4:23.68 A. McKee USA 4:24.62 A. Smimov URS 4:26.90
1980 A. Sidorenko URS 4:22.89 S. Fesenko URS 4:23.43 Z. Verrasztó HUN 4:24.24
1984 A. Baumann CAN 4:17.41 R. Prado BRA 4:18.45 R. Woodhouse AUS 4:20.50
1988 T. Darnyi HUN 4:14.75 D. Wharton USA 4:17.36 S. Battistelli ITA 4:18.01

Swimming
Men
4 x 100 m freestyle relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 USA 3:33.2 GER 3:37.2 AUS 3:39.1
1968 USA 3:31.7 URS 3:34.2 AUS 3:34.7
1972 USA 3:26.42 URS 3:29.72 GDR 3:32.42
1984 USA 3:19.03 AUS 3:19.68 SWE 3:22.69
1988 USA 3:16.53 URS 3:18.33 GDR 3:19.82

Swimming
Men
4 x 200 m freestyle relay

Gold Silver Bronze 435

1908 GBR 10:55.6 HUN 10:59.0 USA 11:02.8
1912 AUS/NZL 10:11.6 USA 10:20.2 GBR 10:28.2
1920 USA 10:04.4 AUS 10:25.4 GBR 10:37.2
1924 USA 9:53.4 AUS 10:02.0 SWE 10:06.8
1928 USA 9:36.2 JAP 9:41.4 CAN 9:47.8
1932 JAP 8:58.4 USA 9:10.5 HUN 9:31.4
1936 JAP 8:51.5 USA 9:03.0 HUN 9:12.3
1948 USA 8:46.0 HUN 8:48.4 FRA 9:08.0
1952 USA 8:31.1 JAP 8:33.5 FRA 8:45.9
1956 AUS 8:23.6 USA 8:31.5 URS 8:34.7
1960 USA 8:10.2 JAP 8:13.2 AUS 8:13.8
1964 USA 7:52.1 GER 7:59.3 JAP 8:03.8
1968 USA 7:52.3 AUS 7:53.7 URS 8:01.6
1972 USA 7:35.78 FRG 7:41.69 URS 7:45.76
1976 USA 7:23.22 URS 7:27.97 GBR 7:32.11
1980 URS 7:23.50 GDR 7:28.60 BRA 7:29.30
1984 USA 7:15.69 FRG 7:15.73 GBR 7:24.78
1988 USA 7:12.51 GDR 7:13.68 FRG 7:14.35

Swimming
Men
4 x 400 m freestyle relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 USA 3:33.2 GER 3:37.2 AUS 3:39.1
1968 USA 3:31.7 URS 3:34.2 AUS 3:34.7
1972 USA 3:26.42 URS 3:29.72 GDR 3:32.42
1984 USA 3:19.03 AUS 3:19.68 SWE 3:22.69
1988 USA 3:16.53 URS 3:18.33 GDR 3:29.82
 Swimming
Men
4 x 100 m medley relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1960 USA 4:05.4 AUS 4:12.0 JAP 4:12.2
1964 USA 3:58.4 GER 4:01.6 AUS 4:02.3
1968 USA 3:54.9 FRG 3:57.5 URS 4:00.7
1972 USA 3:48.16 FRG 3:51.1 CAN 3:52.26
1976 USA 3:42.22 CAN 3:45.94 FRG 3:47.29
1980 AUS 3:45.70 URS 3:45.92 GBR 3:47.71
1984 USA 3:39.30 CAN 3:43.23 AUS 3:43.25
1988 USA 3:36.93 CAN 3:39.28 URS 3:39.96

Swimming
Women
50 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 K. Otto GDR 25.49 Yang Wenyi CHN 25.64 K. Meissner GDR 25.71
J. Sterkel USA 25.71

Swimming
Women
100 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 F. Durack AUS 1:22.2 W. Wylie AUS 1:25.4 J. Fletcher GBR 1:27.0
1920 E. Bleibtrey USA 1:13.6 I. Guest USA 1:17.0 F. Schroth USA 1:17.2
1924 E. Lackie USA 1:12.4 M. Wehselau USA 1:12.8 G. Ederle USA 1:14.2
1928 A. Osipowich USA 1:11.0 E. Garatti USA 1:11.4 M. J. Cooper GBR 1:13.6
1932 H. Madison USA 1:06.8 W. den Ouden NED 1:07.8 E. Saville (Garatti) USA 1:08.2
1936 H. Mastenbroek NED 1:05.9 J. Campbell ARG 1:06.4 G. Arendt GER 1:06.6
1948 G. Andersen DEN 1:06.3 A. Curtis USA 1:06.5 M.-L. Vaessen NED 1:07.6
436 1952 K. Szöke HUN 1:06.8 J. Termeulen NED 1:07.0 J. Temes HUN 1:07.1
1956 D. Fraser AUS 1:02.0 L. Crapp AUS 1:02.3 F. Leech AUS 1:05.1
1960 D. Fraser AUS 1:01.2 C. von Saltza USA 1:02.8 N. Steward GBR 1:03.1
1964 D. Fraser AUS 59.5 S. Stouder USA 59.9 K. Ellis USA 1:00.8
1968 J. Henne USA 1:00.0 S. Pedersen USA 1:00.3 L. Gustavson USA 1:00.3
1972 S. Neilson USA 58.59 S. Babashoff USA 59.02 S. Gould AUS 59.06
1976 K. Ender GDR 55.65 P. Priemer GDR 56.49 E. Brigitha NED 56.65
1980 B. Krause GDR 54.79 C. Metschuck GDR 55.16 I. Diers GDR 55.65
1984 C. Steinseifer USA 55.92 A. Verstappen NED 56.08
N. Hogshead USA 55.92
1988 K. Otto GDR 54.93 Zhuang Yong CHN 55.47 C. Plewinski FRA 55.49

In 1984, Carrie Steinseifer and Nancy Hogshead were both awarded a gold medal. This is, so far, the only double gold in Olympic swimming history.

Swimming
Women
200 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 D. Meyer USA 2:10.5 J. Henne USA 2:11.10 J. Barkman USA 2:11.2
1972 S. Gould AUS 2:03.56 S. Babashoff USA 2:04.33 K. Rothammer USA 2:04.92
1976 K. Ender GDR 1:59.26 S. Babashoff USA 2:01.22 E. Brigitha NED 2:01.40
1980 B. Krause GDR 1:58.33 I. Diers GDR 1:59.64 C. Schmidt GDR 2:01.44
1984 M. Wayte USA 1:59.23 C. Woodhead USA 1:59.50 A. Verstappen NED 1:59.69
1988 H. Friedrich GDR 1:57.65 S. Poll CRC 1:58.67 M. Stellmach GDR 1:59.01

Swimming
Women
400 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1924 M. Norelius USA 6:02.2 H. Wainwright USA 6:03.8 G. Ederle USA 6:04.8
1928 M. Norelius USA 5:42.8 M. Braun NED 5:57.8 J. McKim USA 6:00.2
1932 H. Madison USA 5:28.5 L. Kight USA 5:28.6 J. Makaal SAF 5:47.3
1936 H. Mastenbroek NED 5:26.4 R. Hveger DEN 5:27.5 L. Wingard (Kìght) USA 5:29.0
1948 A. Curtis USA 5:17.8 K.-M. Harup DEN 5:21.2 C. Gibson GBR 5:22.5
1952 V. Gyenge HUN 5:12.1 E. Novák HUN 5:13.7 E. Kawamoto USA 5:14.6
1956 L. Crapp AUS 4:54.6 D. Fraser AUS 5:02.5 S. Ruuska USA 5:07.1
 Gold Silver Bronze
1960 C. Von Saltza USA 4:50.6 J. Cederqvist SWE 4:53.9 C. Lagerberg NED 4:56.9
1964 V. Duenkel USA 4:43.3 M. Ramenofsky USA 4:44.6 T. Stickles USA 4:47.2
1968 D. Meyer USA 4:31.8 L. Gustavson USA 4:35.5 K. Moras AUS 4:37.0
1972 S. Gould AUS 4:19.04 N. Calligarís ITA 4:22.44 G. Wegner GDR 4:23.11
1976 P. Thümer GDR 4:09.89 S. Babashoff USA 4:10.46 S. Smith CAN 4:14.60
1980 I. Diers GDR 4:08.76 P. Schneider GDR 4:09.16 C. Schmidt GDR 4:10.86
1984 T. Cohen USA 4:07.10 S. Hardcastle GBR 4:10.27 J. Croft GBR 4:11.49
1988 J. Evans USA 4:03.85 H. Friedrich GDR 4:05.94 A. Möhring GDR 4:06.62

Swimming
Women
800 m freestyle

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 D. Meyer USA 9:24.0 P. Kruse USA 9:35.7 M. T. Ramirez MEX 9:38.5
1972 K. Rothhammer USA 8:53.68 S. Gould AUS 8:56.39 N. Calligaris ITA 8:57.46
1976 P. Thümer GDR 8:37.14 S. Babashoff USA 8:37.59 W. Weinberg USA 8:42.60
1980 M. Ford AUS 8:28.90 I. Diers GDR 8:32.55 H. Dähne GDR 8:33.48
1984 T. Cohen USA 8:24.95 M. Richardson USA 8:30.73 S. Hardcastle GBR 8:32.60
1988 J. Evans USA 8:20.20 A. Strass GDR 8:22.09 J. McDonald AUS 8:22.93

Swimming
Women
100 m breaststroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 D. Bjedov YUG 1:15.8 G. Prozumenshchikova URS 1:15.9 S. Wichman USA 1:16.1
1972 C. Carr USA 1:13.58 G. Stepanova URS 1:14.99 B. Whitfield AUS 1:15.73
(Prozumenshchikova)
1976 H. Anke GDR 1:11.16 L. Russanova URS 1:13.04 M. Koshevaya URS 1:13.30
1980 U. Geweniger GDR 1:10.22 E. Vasilkova URS 1:10.41 S. Nielsson DEN 1:11.16
437
1984 P. van Staveren NED 1:09.88 A. Ottenbrite CAN 1:10.69 C. Poirot FRA 1:10.70
1988 T. Dangalakova BUL 1:07.95 A. Frenkeva BUL 1:08.74 S. Hörner GDR 1:08.83

Swimming
Women
200 m breaststroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1924 L. Morton GBR 3:33.2 A. Geraghty USA 3:34.0 G. Carson GBR 3:35.4
1928 H. Schrader GER 3:12.6 M. Baron NED 3:15.2 L. Mühe GER 3:17.6
1932 C. Dennis AUS 3:06.3 H. Maehata JPN 3:06.4 E. Jacobsen DEN 3:07.1
1936 H. Maehata JPN 3:03.6 M. Genenger GER 3:04.2 I. Sörensen DEN 3:07.8
1948 P. van Vliet NED 2:57.2 B. Lyons AUS 2:57.7 É. Novák HUN 3:00.2
1952 É. Székely HUN 2:51.7 É. Novak HUN 2:54.4 H. Gordon GBR 2:57.6
1956 U. Happe GER 2:53.1 É. Székely HUN 2:54.8 E.-M. Ten Elsen GER 2:55.1
1960 A. Lonsbrough GBR 2:49.5 W. Urselmann GER 2:50.0 B. Göbel GER 2:53.6
1964 G. Prozumenshchikova URS 2:46.4 C. Kolb USA 2:47.6 S. Babanina URS 2:48.6
1968 S. Wichman USA 2:44.4 D. Bjedov YUG 2:46.4 G. Prozumenshchikova URS 2:47.0
1972 B. Whitfield AUS 2:41.71 D. Schoenfield USA 2:42.05 G. Stepanova URS 2:42.36
(Prozumenshchikova)
1976 M. Koshevaya URS 2:33.35 M. Yurchenia URS 2:36.08 L. Rusanova URS 2:36.22
1980 L. Kaciušyte URS 2:29.54 S. Varganova URS 2:29.61 Y. Bogdanova URS 2:32.39
1984 A. Ottenbrite CAN 2:30.38 S. Rapp USA 2:31.15 I. Lempereur BEL 2:31.40
1988 S. Hörner GDR 2:26.71 Huang Xiaomin CH 2:27.49 A. Frenkeva BUL 2:28.34

Swimming
Women
100 m backstroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1924 S. Bauer USA 1:23.2 P. Harding GBR 1:27.4 A. Riggin USA 1:28.2
1928 M. Braun NED 1:22.0 E. King GBR 1:22.2 M. J. Cooper GBR 1:22.8
1932 E. Holm USA 1:19.4 P. Mealing AUS 1:21.3 E. V. Davies GBR 1:22.5
1936 D. Senff NED 1:18.9 H. Mastenbroek NED 1:19.2 A. Bridges USA 1:19.4
1948 K.-M. Harup DEN 1:14.4 S. Zimmerman USA 1:16.0 J. Davies AUS 1:16.7
1952 J. Harrison SAF 1:14.3 G. Wielema NED 1:14.5 J. Stewart NZL 1:15.8
 Gold Silver Bronze
1956 J. Grinham GBR 1:12.9 C. Cone USA 1:12.9 M. Edwards GBR 1:13.1
1960 L. Burke USA 1:09.3 N. Steward GBR 1:10.8 S. Tanaka JPN 1:11.4
1964 C. Ferguson USA 1:07.7 C. Caron FRA 1:07.9 V. Duenkel USA 1:08.0
1968 K. Hall USA 1:06.2 E. Tanner CAN 1:06.7 J. Swagerty USA 1:08.1
1972 M. Belote USA 1:05.78 A. Gyarmati HUN 1:06.26 S. Atwood USA 1:06.34
1976 U. Ritcher GDR 1:01.83 B. Treiber GDR 1:03.41 N. Garapick CAN 1:03.71
1980 R. Reinisch GDR 1:00.86 I. Kleber GDR 1:02.07 P. Riedel GDR 1:02.64
1984 T. Andrews USA 1:02.55 B. Mitchell USA 1:02.63 J. de Rover NED 1:02.91
1988 K. Otto GDR 1:00.89 K. Egerszegi HUN 1:01.56 C. Sirch GDR 1:01.57

Swimming
Women
200 m backstroke

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 L. Watson USA 2:24.8 E. Tanner CAN 2:27.4 K. Hall USA 2:28.9
1972 M. Belote USA 2:19.19 S. Atwood USA 2:20.38 D. Gurr CAN 2:23.22
1976 U. Richter GDR 2:13.43 B. Treiber GDR 2:14.97 N. Garapick CAN 2:15.60
1980 R. Reinisch GDR 2:11.77 C. Polit GDR 2:13.75 B. Treiber GDR 2:14.14
1984 J. de Rover NED 2:12.38 A. White USA 2:13.04 A. Patrascoiu ROM 2:13.29
1988 K. Egerszegi HUN 2:09.29 K. Zimmerman GDR 2:10.61 C. Sirch GDR 2:11.45

Swimming
Women
100 m butterfly

Gold Silver Bronze

1956 S. Mann USA 1:11.0 N. Ramey USA 1:11.9 M. Sears USA 1:14.4
1960 C. Schuler USA 1:09.5 M. Heemskerk NED 1:10.4 J. Andrew AUS 1:12.2
1964 S. Stouder USA 1:04.7 A. Kok NED 1:05.6 K. Ellis USA 1:06.0
438 1968 L. McClements AUS 1:05.5 E. Daniel USA 1:05.8 S. Shields USA 1:06.2
1972 M. Aoki JPN 1:03.34 R. Beier GDR 1:03.61 A. Gyarmati HUN 1:03.73
1976 K. Ender GDR 1:00.13 A. Pollack GDR 1:01.17 W. Boglioli GDR 1:01.17
1980 C. Metschuck GDR 1:00.42 A. Pollack GDR 1:00.90 C. Knacke GDR 1:01.44
1984 M. T. Meagher USA 59.26 J. Johnson USA 1:00.19 K. Seick FRG 1:01.36
1988 K. Otto GDR 59.00 B. Weigang GDR 59.45 Qian Hong CHN 59.52

Swimming
Women
200 m butterfly

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 A. Kok NED 2:24.7 H. Lindner GDR 2:24.8 E. Daniel USA 2:25.9
1972 K. Moe USA 2:15.57 L. Colella USA 2:16.34 E. Daniel USA 2:16.74
1976 A. Pollack GDR 2:11.41 U. Tauber GDR 2:12.50 R. Gabriel (Kothers) GDR 2:12.86
1980 I. Geissler GDR 2:10.44 S. Schönrock GDR 2:10.45 M. Ford AUS 2:11.66
1984 M. T. Meagher USA 2:06.90 K. Phillips AUS 2:10.56 I. Beyermann FRG 2:11.91
1988 K. Nord GDR 2:09.51 B. Weigang GDR 2:09.91 M. T. Meagher USA 2:10.80

Swimming
Women
200 m medley

Gold Silver Bronze

1968 C. Kolb USA 2:24.7 S. Pedersen USA 2:28.8 J. Henne USA 2:31.4
1972 S. Gould AUS 2:23.07 K. Ender GDR 2:23.59 L. Vidali USA 2:24.06
1984 T. Caulkins USA 2:12.64 N. Hogshead USA 2:15.17 M. Pearson AUS 2:15.92
1988 D. Hunger GDR 2:12.59 E. Dendeberova URS 2:13.31 N. I. Lung ROM 2:14.85

Swimming
Women
400 m medley

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 D. De Varona USA 5:18.7 S. Finneran USA 5:24.1 M. Randall USA 5:24.2
1968 C. Kolb USA 5:08.5 L. Vidali USA 5:22.2 S. Steinbach GDR 5:25.3
1972 G. Neall AUS 5:02.97 L. Cliff CAN 5:03.57 N. Calligaris ITA 5:03.99
 Gold Silver Bronze
1976 U. Tauber GDR 4:42.77 C. Gibson CAN 4:48.10 B. Smith CAN 4:50.48
1980 P. Schneider GDR 4:36.29 S. Davies GBR 4:46.83 A. Czopek POL 4:48.17
1984 T. Caulkins USA 4:39.24 S. Landells AUS 4:48.30 P. Zinder FRG 4:48.57
1988 J. Evans USA 4:37.76 N. I. Lung ROM 4:39.46 D. Hunger GDR 4:39.76

Swimming
Women
4 x 100 m freestyle relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 GBR 5:52.8 GER 6:04.6 AUS 6:17.0
1920 USA 5:11.6 GBR 5:40.8 SWE 5:43.6
1924 USA 4:58.8 GBR 5:17.0 SWE 5:35.6
1928 USA 4:47.6 GBR 5:02.8 SAF 5:13.4
1932 USA 4:38.0 NED 4:47.5 GBR 4:52.4
1936 NED 4:36.0 GER 4:36.8 USA 4:40.2
1948 USA 4:29.2 DEN 4:29.6 NED 4:31.6
1952 HUN 4:24.4 NED 4:29.0 USA 4:30.1
1956 AUS 4:17.1 USA 4:19.2 SAF 4:25.7
1960 USA 4:08.9 AUS 4:11.3 GER 4:19.7
1964 USA 4:03.8 AUS 4:06.9 NED 4:12.0
1968 USA 4:02.5 GDR 4:05.7 CAN 4:07.2
1972 USA 3:55.19 GDR 3:55.55 FRG 3:57.93
1976 USA 3:44.82 GDR 3:45.50 CAN 3:48.81
1980 GDR 3:42.71 SWE 3:48.93 NED 3:49.51
1984 USA 3:43.43 NED 3:44.40 FRG 3:45.56
1988 GDR 3:40.63 NED 3:43.39 USA 3:44.25

Swimming
Women 439
4 x 100 m medley relay

Gold Silver Bronze

1960 USA 4:41.1 AUS 4:45.9 GER 4:47.6
1964 USA 4:33.9 NED 4:37.0 URS 4:39.2
1968 USA 4:28.3 AUS 4:30.0 FRG 4:36.4
1972 USA 4:20.75 GDR 4:24.91 FRG 4:26.46
1976 GDR 4:07.95 USA 4:14.55 CAN 4:15.22
1980 GDR 4:06.67 GBR 4:12.24 URS 4:13.61
1984 USA 4:08.34 FRG 4:11.97 CAN 4:12.98
1988 GDR 4:03.74 USA 4:07.90 CAN 4:10.49

Swimming
Men
Springboard diving

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 Albert Zümer GER 85.50 K. Behrens GER 85.30 G. Gaidzik USA 80.80
1912 P. Günther GER 79.23 H. Luber GER 76.78 K. Behrens GER 73.73
1920 L. Kuehn USA 675.40 C. Pinkston USA 655.30 L. Balbach USA 649.50
1924 A. White USA 696.40 P. Desjardins USA 693.20 C. Pinkston USA 653.00
1928 P. Desjardins USA 185.04 M. Galitzen USA 174.06 F. Simaika EGY 172.46
1932 M. Galitzen USA 161.38 H. Smith USA 158.54 R. Degener USA 151.82
1936 R. Degener USA 163.57 M. Wayne USA 159.56 A. Greene USA 146.29
1948 B. Harlan USA 163.64 M. Anderson USA 157.29 S. Lee USA 145.52
1952 D. Browning USA 205.29 M. Anderson USA 199.84 R. Clotworthy USA 184.92
1956 R. Clotworthy USA 159.56 D. Harper USA 156.23 J. Capilla Pérez MEX 150.69
1960 G. Tobian USA 170.00 S. Hall USA 157.63 J. Botella MEX 162.30
1964 K. Sitzberger USA 159.90 F. Gorman USA 157.63 L. Andreasen USA 143.77
1968 B. Wrightson USA 170.15 K. Dibiasi ITA 159.74 J. Henry USA 158.09
1972 V. Vasin URS 594.09 F. G. Cagnotto ITA 591.63 C. Lincoln USA 577.29
1976 P. Boggs USA 619.05 F. G. Cagnotto ITA 570.48 A. Kosenkov URS 567.24
1980 A. Portnov URS 905.025 C. Girón MEX 892.140 F. G. Cagnotto ITA 871.500
1984 G. Louganis USA 754.41 Tan Liangde CHN 662.31 R. Merriott USA 661.32
1988 G. Louganis USA 730.80 Tan Liangde CHN 704.88 Li Deliang CHN 665.28
 Swimming
Men
Platform diving

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 G. Sheldon USA 12.66 G. Hoffmann GER 11.66 F. Kehoe USA 11.33
A. Braunschweiger GER 11.33
1908 H. Johansson SWE 83.75 K. Malström SWE 78.73 A. Spångberg SWE 74.00
1912 E. Adlerz SWE 73.94 A. Zürner GER 72.60 G. Blomgren SWE 69.56
1920 C. Pinkston USA 100.67 E. Adlerz SWE 99.08 H. Prieste USA 93.73
1924 A. White USA 97.46 D. Fall USA 97.30 C. Pinkston USA 94.60
1928 P. Desjardins USA 98.74 F. Simaika EGY 99.58 M. Galitzen USA 92.34
1932 H. Smith USA 124.80 M. Galitzen USA 124.28 F. Kurtz USA 121.98
1936 M. Wayne USA 113.58 E. Root USA 110.60 H. Stork GER 110.31
1948 S. Lee USA 130.05 B. Harlan USA 122.30 J. Capilla Pérez MEX 113.52
1952 S. Lee USA 156.28 J. Capilla Pérez MEX 145.21 G. Haase GER 141.31
1956 J. Capilla Perez MEX 152.44 G. Tobian USA 152.41 R. Connor USA 149.79
1960 R. Webster USA 165.56 G. Tobian USA 165.25 B. Phelps GBR 157.13
1964 R. Webster USA 148.58 K. Dibiasi ITA 147.54 T. Gompf USA 146.57
1968 K. Dibiasi ITA 164.18 A. Gaxiola MEX 154.49 E. Young USA 153.93
1972 K. Dibiasi ITA 504.12 R. Rydze USA 480.75 F. G. Cagnotto ITA 475.83
1976 K. Dibiasi ITA 600.51 G. Louganis USA 576.99 V. Aleinik URS 548.61
1980 F. Hoffmann GDR 835.65 V. Aleinik URS 819.70 D. Ambartsumian URS 817.44
1984 G. Louganis USA 710.91 B. Kimball USA 643.50 Li Kongzheng CHN 638.28
1988 G. Louganis USA 638.61 Xiong Ni CHN 637.47 J. Mena MEX 594.39

This was a combined springboard and platform event in the 1904 and 1908 Games. P. Desjardins won this event in 1928 owing to the classification system, although
he had scored fewer points than F. Simaika.

Swimming
Women
Springboard diving

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 A. Riggin USA 539.90 H. Wainwright USA 534.80 T. Payne USA 534.10
440 1924 E. Becker USA 474.50 A. Riggin USA 460.40 C. Fletcher USA 436.40
1928 H. Meany USA 78.62 D. Poynton USA 75.62 G. Coleman USA 73.38
1932 G. Coleman USA 87.52 K. Rawls USA 82.56 J. Fauntz USA 82.12
1936 M. Gestring USA 89.27 K. Rawls USA 88.35 D. Hill (Poynton) USA 82.36
1948 V. Draves USA 108.74 Z. A. Olsen USA 108.23 P. Elsener USA 101.30
1952 P. McCormick USA 147.30 M. Moreau FRA 139.34 Z. A. Jensen (Olsen) USA 127.57
1956 P. McCormick USA 142.36 J. Stunyo USA 125.89 I. McDonald CAN 121.40
1960 I. Kramer GER 155.81 P. J. Pope (Myers) USA 141.24 E. Ferris GBR 139.09
1964 I. Engel (Kramer) GER 145.00 J. Collier USA 138.86 M. Willard USA 138.18
1968 S. Gossick USA 150.77 T. Pogosheva URS 145.30 K. O'Sullivan USA 145.23
(Fedosova)
1972 M. King USA 450.03 U. Knape SWE 434.19 M. Janicke GDR 430.92
1976 J. Chandler USA 506.19 C. Köhler GDR 469.41 C. Potter USA 466.83
1980 I. Kalinina URS 725.91 M. Proeber GDR 698.89 K. Guthke GDR 685.24
1984 S. Bernier CAN 530.70 K. McCormick USA 527.46 C. Seufert USA 517.62
1988 Gao Min CHN 580.23 Li Qing CHN 534.33 K. McCormick USA 533.19

Swimming
Women
Platform diving

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 G. Johansson SWE 39.90 L. Regnell SWE 36.00 I. White GBR 34.00
1920 S. Fryland-Clausen DEN 34.60 E. Armstrong GBR 33.30 E. Ollivier SWE 33.30
1924 C. Smith USA 33.20 E. Becker USA 33.40 H. Töpel SWE 32.80
1928 E. Pinkston (Becker) USA 31.60 G. Coleman USA 30.60 L. Sjöquist SWE 29.20
1932 D. Poynton USA 40.26 G. Coleman USA 35.56 M. Roper USA 35.22
1936 D. Hill (Poynton) USA 33.93 V. Dunn USA 33.63 K. Köhler GER 33.43
1948 V. Draves USA 68.87 P. Elsener USA 66.28 B. Christoffersen DEN 66.04
1952 P. McCormick USA 79.37 P. J. Myers USA 71.63 J. Irwin (Stover) USA 70.49
1956 P. McCormick USA 84.85 J. Irwin (Stover) USA 81.64 P. J. Myers USA 81.58
1960 I. Kramer GER 91.28 P. J. Pope (Myers) USA 88.94 N. Krutova URS 86.99
1964 L. Bush USA 99.80 I. Engel (Kramer) GER 98.45 G. Alekseyeva URS 97.60
1968 M. Duchková TCH 109.59 N. Lobanova URS 105.14 A. Peterson USA 101.11
(Kuznetsova)
1972 U. Knape SWE 390.00 M. Duchková TCH 370.92 M. Janicke GDR 360.54
 Gold Silver Bronze
1976 E. Vaitsejouskaya URS 406.59 U. Knape SWE 402.60 D. Wilson USA 401.07
1980 M. Jäschke GDR 596.25 S. Emirzian URS 576.46 L. Tsotadze URS 575.92
1984 Zhou Jihong CHN 435.51 M. Mitchell USA 431.19 W. Wyland USA 422.07
1988 Xu Yanmei CHN 445.20 M. Mitchell USA 436.95 W. L. Williams USA 400.44

C. Smith won this event in 1924 owing to the classification system although he had scored fewer points than E. Becker.

Swimming
Women
Synchronized swimming
Solo

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 T. Ruiz USA 198.467 C. Waldo CAN 195.300 M. Motoyoshi JPN 187.050
1988 C. Waldo CAN 200.150 T. Ruiz-Conforto USA 197.633 M. Kotani JPN 191.850

Swimming
Women
Synchronized swimming
Duet

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 USA 195.584 CAN 194.234 JAP 187.992
1988 CAN 197.317 USA 197.284 JAP 190.159

Swimming
Men
Water polo

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 GBR BEL FRA
1904 USA USA USA
BEL
441
1908 GBR SWE
1912 GBR SWE BEL
1920 GBR/IRL BEL SWE
1924 FRA BEL USA
1928 GER HUN FRA
1932 HUN GER USA
1936 HUN GER BEL
1948 ITA HUN NED
1952 HUN YUG ITA
1956 HUN YUG URS
1960 ITA URS HUN
1964 HUN YUG URS
1968 YUG URS HUN
1972 URS HUN USA
1976 HUN ITA NED
1980 URS YUG HUN
1984 YUG USA FRG
1988 YUG USA URS

The participating teams were clubs rather than teams representing their country in 1900 and 1904.

Table tennis
Men
Singles

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 N.-K. Yoo KOR K.-T. Kim KOR E. Lindh SWE

Table tennis
Men
Doubles

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 CHN YUG KOR
 Table tennis
Women
Singles

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 Chen Jing CHN Li Huifen CHN Jiao Zhimin CHN

Table tennis
Women
Doubles

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 KOR CHN YUG

Tennis
Men
Singles

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 J. P. Boland GBR/IRL D. Kasdaglis EGY M. Topavicza HUN
K. Paspatis GRE
1900 H. Doherty GBR H. Mahony GBR/IRL R. Doherty GBR
A. Norris GBR
1904 B. Wright USA R. LeRoy USA A. Bell USA
E. Leonard USA
1908 J. Ritchie GBR O. Froitzheim GER W. Vaughan Eaves GBR
1912 C. Winslow SAF H. Kitson SAP O. Kreuzer GER
1920 L. Raymond SAF I. Kumagae JPN C. Winslow SAP
1924 V. Richards USA H. Cochet FRA U. L. de Morpurgo ITA
1988 M. Mecir TCH T. Mayotte USA S. Edberg SWE
B. Gilbert USA

Tennis
Men
Doubles

442 Gold Silver Bronze

1896 GBR/IRL GRE/EGY AUS/GBR
1900 GBR USA/FRA FRA
IRL/GBR
1904 USA USA USA
USA
1908 GBR GBR/IRL GBR
1912 SAF AUS FRA
1920 GBR JAP FRA
1924 USA FRA FRA
1988 USA ESP TCH
SWE

Tennis
Women
Singles

Gold Silver Bronze

1900 C. Cooper GBR H. Prévost FRA M. Jones USA
1908 D. Chambers GBR P. D. Boothby GBR J. Winch GBR
1912 M. Broquedis FRA D. Köring GER M. Bjurstedt NOR
1920 S. Lenglen FRA E. D. Holman GBR K. McKane GBR
1924 H. Wills USA J. Vlasto FRA K. McKane GBR
1988 S. Graf FRG G. Sabatini ARG Z. Garrison USA
M. Maleeva BUL

Tennis
Women
Doubles

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 GBR GBR FRA
1924 USA GBR GBR
1988 USA TCH AUS
FRG
 Volleyball
Men

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 URS TCH JAP
1968 URS JAP TCH
1972 JAP GDR URS
1976 POL URS CUB
1980 URS BUL ROM
1984 USA BRA ITA
1988 USA URS ARG

Volleyball
Women

Gold Silver Bronze

1964 JAP URS POL
1968 URS JAP POL
1972 URS JAP PRK
1976 JAP URS KOR
1980 URS GDR BUL
1984 CHN USA JAP
1988 URS PER CHN

Weightlifting
Up to 52 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 Z. Smalcerz POL 337.5 kg L. Szücs HUN 330.0 kg S. Holczreiter HUN 327.5 kg
1976 A. Voronin URS 242.5 kg G. Köszegi HUN 237.5 kg M. Nassiri IRN 235.0 kg
1980 K. Osmonaliev URS 245.0 kg B.-C. Ho PRK 245.0 kg G.-S. Han PRK 245.0 kg
1984 Zeng Guoqiang CHN 235.0 kg Zhou Peishun CHN 235.0 kg K. Manabe JPN 232.5 kg 443
1988 S. Marinov BUL 270.0 kg B.-K. Chun KOR 260.0 kg He Zhouqiang CHN 257.5 kg

Weightlifting
From 52.01 to 56 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1948 J. Di Pietro USA 307.5 kg J. Creus GBR 297.5 kg R. Tom USA 295.0 kg
1952 I. Udodov URS 315.0 kg M. Namdyou IRN 307.5 kg A. Mirzal IRN 300.0 kg
1956 C. Vinci USA 342.5 kg V. Stogov URS 337.5 kg M. Namdyou IRN 332.5 kg
1960 C. Vinci USA 345.0 kg Y. Miyake JPN 337.5 kg E. Elmjan IRN 330.0 kg
1964 A. Vajonin URS 357.5 kg I. Földi HUN 355.0 kg S. Ichinoseki JPN 347.5 kg
1968 M. Nassiri IRN 367.5 kg I. Földi HUN 367.5 kg H. Trobicki POL 357.5 kg
1972 I. Földi HUN 377.5 kg M. Nassiri IRN 370.0 kg G. Chetin URS 367.5 kg
1976 N. Nurikian BUL 262.5 kg G. Cziura POL 252.5 kg K. Ando JPN 250.0 kg
1980 D. Núñez Aguilar CUB 275.0 kg Y. Sarkisian URS 270.0 kg T. Dembonczyk POL 265.0 kg
1984 Wu Shude CHN 267.5 kg Lai Runming CHN 265.0 kg M. Kotaka JPN 252.5 kg
1988 O. Mirzoian URS 292.5 kg He Yingqiang CHN 287.5 kg Liu Shoubin CHN 267.5 kg

Weightlifting
From 56.01 to 60

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 F. de Haes BEL 220.0 kg A. Schmidt EST 212.5 kg E. Ryther SUI 210.0 kg
1924 P. Gabetti ITA 402.5 kg A. Stadler AUT 385.0 kg A. Reinmann SUI 382.5 kg
1928 F. Andrysek AUT 287.5 kg P. Gabetti ITA 282.5 kg H. Wölpert GER 282.5 kg
1932 R. Suvigny FRA 287.5 kg H. Wolper GER 282.5 kg A. Terlazzo USA 280.0 kg
1936 A. Terlazzo USA 312.5 kg S. M. Soliman EGY 305.0 kg I. Hassan Shams EGY 300.0 kg
1948 M. Fayad EGY 332.5 kg R. Wilkes TRI 317.5 kg J. Salmassi IRN 312.0 kg
1952 R. Chimishkian URS 337.5 kg N. Saksonov URS 332.5 kg R. Wilkes TRI 322.5 kg
1956 I. Berger USA 352.5 kg E. Minayev URS 342.5 kg M. Zielinski POL 335.0 kg
1960 E. Minayev URS 372.5 kg I. Berger USA 362.5 kg S. Mannironi ITA 352.5 kg
1964 Yoshinobu Miyake JPN 397.5 kg I. Berger USA 382.5 kg M. Nowak POL 377.5 kg
1968 Yoshinobu Miyake JPN 392.5 kg D. Zhanidze URS 387.5 kg Yoshiyuki Miyake JPN 385.0 kg
 Gold Silver Bronze
1972 N. Nurikian BUL 402.5 kg D. Zhanidze URS 400.0 kg J. Benedek HUN 390.0 kg
1976 N. Kolesnikov URS 285.0 kg G. Todorov BUL 280.0 kg K. Hirai JPN 275.0 kg
1980 V. Mazin URS 290.0 kg S. Dimitrov BUL 287.5 kg M. Seweryn POL 282.5 kg
1984 Chen Weiquiang CHN 282.5 kg G. Radu ROM 280.0 kg W.-Y. Tsai TPE 272.5 kg
1988 N. Suleymanoglü TUR 342.5 kg S. Topurov BUL 312.5 kg Ye Huanming CHN 287.5 kg

Weightlifting
from 60.01 to 67.5 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 A. Neuland EST 257.5 kg L. Williquet BEL 240.0 kg F. Rooms BEL 230.0 kg
1924 E. Décottignies FRA 440.0 kg A. Zwerina AUT 427.5 kg B. Durdis TCH 425.0 kg
1928 K. Helbing GER 322.5 kg F. Arnout FRA 302.5 kg
H. Haas AUT 322.5 kg
1932 R. Duverger FRA 325.0 kg H. Haas AUT 307.5 kg G. Pierini ITA 302.5 kg
1936 A. M. Mesbah EGY 342.5 kg K. Jansen GER 327.5 kg
R. Fein AUT 342.5 kg
1948 I. Hassanien Shams EGY 360.0 kg A. Hamouda EGY 360.0 kg J. Halliday GBR 340.0 kg
1952 T. Kono USA 362.5 kg E. Lopatin URS 350.0 kg V. Barberis AUS 350.0 kg
1956 I. Ribak URS 380.0 kg R. Jabutdinov URS 372.5 kg C.-H. Kim KOR 370.0 kg
1960 V. Bushuyev URS 397.5 kg H. L. Tan SIN 380.0 kg A. Wahid Aziz IRQ 380.0 kg
1964 W. Baszanowski POL 432.5 kg V. Kaplunov URS 432.5 kg M. Zielinski POL 420.0 kg
1968 W. Baszanowski POL 437.5 kg P. Jalayer IRN 422.5 kg M. Zielinski POL 420.0 kg
1972 M. Kirzhinov URS 460.0 kg M. Kuchev BUL 450.0 kg Z. Kaczmarek POL 437.5 kg
1976 P. Korol URS 305.0 kg D. Senet FRA 300.0 kg K. Czarnecki POL 295.0 kg
1980 Y. Russev BUL 342.5 kg J. Kunz GDR 335.0 kg M. Pashov BUL 325.0 kg
1984 Yao Jingyuan CHN 320.0 kg A. Socaci ROM 312.5 kg J. Grönman FIN 312.5 kg
1988 J. Kunz GDR 340.0 kg I. Militosian URS 337.5 kg Li Jinhe CHN 325.0 kg

At the 1928 Games both K. Helbing and H. Haas were declared champion since they weighted the same and lifted the same weight. At the 1976 Games the event was
444 won by the Polish team member Z. Kaczmarek who was later disqualified for having used anabolic steroids.

Weightlifting
From 67.51 to 75 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 H. Gance FRA 245.0 kg P. Bianchi ITA 237.5 kg A. Pettersson SWE 237.5 kg
1924 C. Galimberti ITA 492.5 kg A. Neuland EST 455.0 kg J. Kikkas EST 450.0 kg
1928 R. Francois FRA 335.0 kg C. Galimberti ITA 332.5 kg A. Scheffer NED 327.5 kg
1932 R. Ismayr GER 345.0 kg C. Galimberti ITA 340.0 kg K. Hipfinger AUT 337.5 kg
1936 K. S. El Touri EGY 387.5 kg R. Ismayr GER 352.5 kg A. Wagner GER 352.5 kg
1948 F. Spellman USA 390.0 kg P. George USA 382.5 kg S.-J. Kim KOR 380.0 kg
1952 P. George USA 400.0 kg G. Gratton CAN 390.0 kg S.-J. Kim KOR 382.5 kg
1956 F. Bogdanovski URS 420.0 kg P. George USA 412.5 kg E. Pignatti ITA 382.5 kg
1960 A. Kurinov URS 437.5 kg T. Kono USA 427.5 kg G. Veres HUN 405.0 kg
1964 H. Zdražila TCH 445.0 kg V. Kurentsov URS 440.0 kg M. Ouchi JPN 437.5 kg
1968 V. Kurentsov URS 475.0 kg M. Ouchi JPN 455.0 kg K. Bakos HUN 440.0 kg
1972 Y. Bikov BUL 485.0 kg M. Traboulsi LIB 472.5 kg A. Silvino ITA 470.0 kg
1976 Y. Mitkov BUL 335.0 kg V. Militosian URS 330.0 kg P. Wenzel GDR 327.5 kg
1980 A. Zlatev BUL 360.0 kg A. Pervi URS 357.5 kg N. Kolev BUL 345.0 kg
1984 K.-H. Radschinsky FRG 340.0 kg J. Demers CAN 335.0 kg D. Cioroslan ROM 332.5 kg
1988 B. Guidikov BUL 375.0 kg I. Steinhoefel GDR 360.0 kg A. Varbanov BUL 357.5 kg

Weightlifting
From 75,01 to 82,5 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 E. Cadine FRA 290,0 kg F. Hünenberger SUI 275,0 kg E. Pettersson SWE 272,5 kg
1924 C. Rigoulot FRA 502,5 kg F. Hünenberger SUI 490,0 kg L. Friedrich AUT 490,0 kg
1928 E. S. Nosseir EGY 355,0 kg L. Hostin FRA 352,5 kg J. Verheijen NED 337,5 kg
1932 L. Hostin FRA 365,0 kg S. Olsen DEN 360,0 kg H. Duey USA 330,0 kg
1936 L. Hostin FRA 372,5 kg E. Deutsch GER 365,0 kg I. Wasif EGY 360,0 kg
1948 S. Stanczyk USA 417,5 kg H. Sakata USA 380,0 kg G. Magnusson SWE 375,0 kg
1952 T. Lomakin URS 417,5 kg S. Stanczyk USA 415,0 kg A. Vorobiev URS 407,5 kg
1956 T. Kono USA 447,5 kg V. Stepanov URS 427,5 kg J. George USA 417,5 kg
 Gold Silver Bronze
1960 I. Palinski POL 442,5 kg S. George USA 430,0 kg J. Bochenek POL 420,0 kg
1964 R. Pukfelder URS 475,0 kg G. Tóth HUN 467,5 kg G. Veres HUN 467,5 kg
1968 B. Selitski URS 485,0 kg V. Beliayev URS 485,0 kg N. Ozimek POL 472,5 kg
1972 L. Jenssen NOR 507,5 kg N. Ozimek POL 497,5 kg G. Horváth HUN 495,0 kg
1976 V. Shari URS 365,0 kg T. Stoichev BUL 360,0 kg P. Baczakó HUN 345,0 kg
1980 Y. Vardanian URS 400,0 kg B. Blagoyev BUL 372,5 kg D. Poliacik TCH 367,5 kg
1984 P. Becheru ROM 355,0 kg R. Kabbas AUS 342,5 kg R. Isaoka JPN 340,0 kg
1988 I. Arsamakov URS 377,5 kg I. Messzi HUN 370,0 kg H.-K. Lee KOR 367,5 kg

At the 1976 Games the Bulgarian B. Blagoev took second place but was later disqualified for having used anabolic steroids.

Weightlifting
From 82.51 to 90 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1952 N. Schemansky USA 445.0 kg G. Novak URS 410.0 kg L. Kilgour TRI 402.5 kg
1956 A. Vorobiev URS 462.5 kg D. Sheppard USA 422.5 kg J. Debuf FRA 425.0 kg
1960 A. Vorobiev URS 472.5 kg T. Lomakin URS 457.5 kg L. Martin GBR 445.0 kg
1964 V. Golovanov URS 487.5 kg L. Martin GBR 475.0 kg I. Palinski POL 467.5 kg
1968 K. Kangasniemi FIN 517.5 kg J. Talts URS 507.5 kg M. Golab POL 495.0 kg
1972 A. Nikolov BUL 525.0 kg A. Shopov BUL 517.5 kg H. Bettembourg SWE 512.5 kg
1976 D. Riguert URS 381.5 kg L. James USA 362.5 kg A. Shopov BUL 360.0 kg
1980 P. Baczakó HUN 377.5 kg R. Aleksandrov BUL 375.0 kg F. Mantek GDR 370.0 kg
1984 N. Vlad ROM 392.5 kg D. Petre ROM 360.0 kg D. Mercer GBR 352.5 kg
1988 A. Jrapati URS 412.5 kg N. Mujamediarov URS 400.0 kg S. Zawada POL 400.0 kg

Weightlifting
From 90.01 to 100 kg

Gold Silver Bronze 445

1980 O. Zaremba TCH 395.0 kg I. Nikitin URS 392.5 kg A. Blanco CUB 385.0 kg
1984 R. Milser FRG 385.0 kg V. Groapã ROM 382.5 kg P. Niemi FIN 367.5 kg
1988 P. Kuznetsov URS 425.0 kg N. Vlad ROM 402.5 kg P. Immersberger FRG 395.0 kg

Weightlifting
From 100.01 to 110 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 L. Elliot* GBR 71.0 kg V. Jensen* DEN 57.2 kg A. Nikolopoulos* GRE 57.0 kg
V. Jensen** DEN 111.5 kg L. Elliot** GBR 111.5 kg K. Schumann** GER 90.0 kg
S. Versis** GRE 90.0 kg
1904 O. Osthoff* USA 48 F. Winters* USA 45 F. Kungler* USA 10
P. Kakousis** GRE 111.5 kg O. Osthoff** USA 84.3 kg F. Kungler** USA 79.8 kg
1920 F. Bottino ITA 270.0 kg J. Alzin LUX 255.0 kg L. Bemot FRA 250.0 kg
1924 G. Tonani ITA 517.5 kg F. Aigner AUT 515.0 kg H. Tammer EST 497.5 kg
1928 J. Strassberger GER 372.5 kg A. Luhaäär EST 360.0 kg J. Skobla TCH 357.5 kg
1932 J. Skobla TCH 380.0 kg V. Pšenicka TCH 377.5 kg J. Strassberger GER 377.5 kg
1936 J. Manger GER 410.0 kg V. Pšenicka TCH 402.5 kg A. Luhaäär EST 400.0 kg
1948 J. Davis USA 452.5 kg N. Schemansky USA 425.0 kg A. Charité NED 412.5 kg
1952 J. Davis USA 460.0 kg J. Bradford USA 437.5 kg H. Selvetti ARG 432.5 kg
1956 P. Anderson USA 500.0 kg H. Selvetti ARG 500.0 kg A. Pigaiani ITA 452.5 kg
1960 Y. Vlasov URS 537.5 kg J. Bradford USA 512.5 kg N. Schemansky USA 500.0 kg
1964 L. Jabotinski URS 572.5 kg Y. Vlasov URS 570.0 kg N. Schemansky USA 537.5 kg
1968 L. Jabotinski URS 572.5 kg S. Reding BEL 555.0 kg J. Dube USA 555.0 kg
1972 J. Talts URS 580.0 kg A. Kraichev BUL 562.5 kg S. Grützner GDR 555.0 kg
1976 Y. Zaitsev URS 385.0 kg K. Semerdzhiev BUL 385.0 kg T. Rutkowski POL 377.5 kg
1980 L. Taranenko URS 422.5 kg V. Jristov BUL 405.0 kg G. Szalai HUN 390.0 kg
1984 N. Oberburger ITA 390.0 kg S. Tasnadi ROM 380.0 kg G. Cariton USA 377.5 kg
1988 Y. Zajarevich URS 455.0 kg J. Jacsó HUN 427.5 kg R. Weller GDR 425.0 kg

At the 1896 and 1904 Games there were two separate events: the one-hand lift (*) and the two-hand lift. The weight limits for the heavyweight category have been the
following: 1986 and 1904: open. From 1920 to 1948: over 82.5 kg. From 1952 to 1968: over 90 kg. From 1972: up to 110 kg. The Bulgarian V. Khristov won the 1976
event but he was later disqualified for having taken anabolic steroids.
 Weíghtliftìng
Over 110 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 V. Alekseyev URS 640.0 kg R. Mang FRG 610.0 kg G. Bonk GDR 572.5 kg
1976 V. Alekseyev URS 440.0 kg G. Bonk GDR 405.0 kg H. Losch GDR 387.5 kg
1980 S. Rajmanov URS 440.0 kg J. Heuser GDR 410.0 kg T. Rutkowski POL 407.5 kg
1984 D. Lukin AUS 412.5 kg M. Martínez USA 410.0 kg M. Nenïnger FRG 397.5 kg
1988 A. Kurlovich URS 462.5 kg M. Nerlinger FRG 430.0 kg M. Zawieja FRG 415.0 kg

Wrestling
Free style
Up to 48 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 R. Curry USA J. Hein USA G. Thiefenthaler USA
1972 R. Dmitriev URS O. Nikolov BUL E. Yavadi IRN
1976 K. Isayev BUL R. Dmitriev URS A. Kudo JPN
1980 C. Pollio ITA S.-H. Jang PRK S. Komilayev URS
1984 R. Weaver USA T. Irie JPN G.-D. Son KOR
1988 T. Kobayashi JPN I. Tzonov BUL S. Karamchakov URS

Wrestling
Free style
Up to 52 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 G. Mehnert USA G. Bauer USA W. Nelson USA
1948 L. Vitala FIN H. Balamir TUR T. Johansson SWE
1952 H. Gemici TUR Y. Kitano JPN M. Mollaghassemi IRN
1956 M. Tsalkalamanidze URS M. A. Joyastehpur IRN H. Akbas TUR
1960 A. Bilek TUR M. Matsubara JPN M. E. Seifpur IRN
1964 Y. Yoshida JPN C.-S. Chang KOR A. Akbar Heidari IRN
446
1968 S. Nakata JPN R. Sanders USA S. Sujbaatar MGL
1972 K. Kato JPN A. Alajverdiev URS G.-H. Kim PRK
1976 Y. Takada JPN A. Ivanov URS H. S. Jeon KOR
1980 A. Beloglazov URS W. Stecyk POL N. Selimov BUL
1984 S. Trstena YUG J.-K. Kim KOR Y. Takada JPN
1988 M. Sato JPN S. Trstena YUG V. Toguzov URS

In 1904 the weight limit was 52.16 kg.

Wrestling
Free style
Up to 57 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 I. Niflot USA A. Wester USA Z. B. Strebler USA
1908 G. Mehnert USA W. Press GBR A. Côté CAN
1924 K. Pihlajamäki FIN K. Mäkinen FIN B. Mines USA
1928 K. Mäkinen FIN E. Spapen BEL J. Trifunov CAN
1932 R. Pearce USA Ö. Zombori HUN A. Jaskari FIN
1936 Ö. Zombori HUN R. Flood USA J. Herbert GER
1948 N. Akar TUR G. Leeman USA C. Kouyos FRA
1952 S. Ishii JPN R. Mamedbekov URS K.-S. Jadav IND
1956 M. Dagistanli TUR M. Yaghubi IRN M. Shajov URS
1960 T. McCann USA N. Zalev BUL T. Trojanowski POL
1964 Y. Uetake JPN H. Akbas TUR A. Ibraguimov URS
1968 Y. Uetake JPN D. Behm USA A. Gorgori IRN
1972 H. Yanagida JPN R. Sanders USA L. Kinga HUN
1976 V. Umin URS H. D. Brüchert GDR M. Arai JPN
1980 S. Beloglazov URS H.-P. Li PRK D. Ouinbold MGL
1984 H. Tomiyama JPN B. Davis USA E.-K. Kim KOR
1988 S. Beloglazov URS A. Mohammadian IRN K.-S. Noh KOR

In 1904 the weight limit was 56.70 kg. In 1908 it was 54 kg and from 1924 to 1936 it was 56 kg.
 Wrestling
Free style
Up to 62 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 B. Bradshaw USA T. McLear USA C. Clapper USA
1908 G. Dole USA J. Slim GBR W. McKie GBR
1920 C. Ackerly USA S. Gerson USA P. W. Bernard GBR
1924 R. Reed USA C. Newton USA K. Naito JPN
1928 A. Morrison USA K. Pihlajamäki FIN H. Minder SUI
1932 K. Pihlajamäki FIN E. Nemir USA E. Karlsson SWE
1936 K. Pihlajamäki FIN F. Millard USA G. Jönsson SWE
1948 G. Bilge TUR I. Sjölin SWE A. Müller SUI
1952 B. Sit TUR N. Guiveshi IRN J. Henson USA
1956 S. Sasahara JPN J. Newis BEL E. Penttilá FIN
1960 M. Dagistanli TUR S. Ivanov BUL V. Rubaaivili URS
1964 O. Watanabe JPN S. Ivanov BUL N. Khokhaaivili URS
1968 M. Kaneko JPN E. Todorov BUL S. Seiedablassi IRN
1972 Z. Abdulbekov URS V. Akdag TUR I. Krustev BUL
1976 J.-M. Yang KOR Z. Oidov MGL G. Davis USA
1980 M. Abushev URS M. Doukov BUL G. Hadjiioannidis GRE
1984 R. Lewis USA K. Akaishi JPN J. K. Lee KOR
1988 J. Smith USA S. Sarkisian URS S. Shterev BUL

The weight limit in 1904 was 61.23 kg. In 1908: 60.30 kg. In 1920: 60 kg. From 1924 to 1936: 61 kg. From 1948 to 1968: 63 kg.

Wrestling
Free style
Up to 68 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 O. Roehm USA R. Tesing USA A. Zirkel USA
1908 G. de Relwyskow GBR W. Wood GBR A. Gingell GBR
1920 K. Antilla FIN G. Svensson SWE P. Wright GBR
1924 R. Vis USA V. Vikström FIN A. Haavisto FIN 447
1928 0. Käpp EST C. Pacôme FRA E. Leino FIN
1932 C. Pacôme FRA K. Kárpáti HUN G. Klarén SWE
1936 K. Kárpáti HUN W. Ehrt GER H. Pihlajamäki FIN
1948 C. Atik TUR G. Frändfors SWE H. Baumann SUI
1952 O. Anderberg SWE J. T. Evans USA D. Tovfight IRN
1956 E. Habibi IRN S. Kasahara JPN A. Bestayev URS
1960 S. Wilson USA V. Siniavski URS E. Dimov BUL
1964 E. Vutehev (Dimov) BUL K.-J. Rost GER I. Horiuchi JPN
1968 A. Movahhed IRN E. Vulchev (Dimov) JPN S. Danzandaryaa MGL
1972 D. Gable USA K. Wada JPN R. Ashuraliev URS
1976 D. Piniguin URS L. Keaser USA Y. Sugawara JPN
1980 S. Absaidov URS I. Yankov BUL S. Sejdi YUG
1984 I.-T. You KOR A. Rein USA J. Rauhala FIN
1988 A. Fadzayev URS J.-S. Park KOR N. Carr USA

In 1904 the weight limit was 65.77 kg. In 1908: 66.60 kg. In 1920: 67.50 kg. From 1924 to 1936: 66 kg. From 1948 to 1960.67 kg. In 1964 and 1968: 70 kg.

Wrestling
Free style
Up to 74 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 C. Erickson USA W. Beckmann USA J. Winholtz USA
1924 H. Gehri SUI E. Leino FIN O. Müller SUI
1928 A. Haavisto FIN L. Appleton USA M. Letchford CAN
1932 J. van Bebber USA D. MacDonald CAN E. Leino FIN
1936 F. Lewis USA T. Andersson SWE J. Schleimer CAN
1948 Y. Dogu TUR R. Garrard AUS L. Merrill USA
1952 W. Smith USA P. Berlin SWE A. Modjtabavi IRN
1956 M. Ikeda JPN I. Zengin TUR V. Balvadze URS
1960 D. Blubaugh USA I. Ogan TUR M. Bashir PAK
1964 I. Ogan TUR G. Sagaradze URS M. A. Sanatkaran IRN
1968 M. Atalay TUR D. Robin FRA D. Purev MGL
1972 W. Wells USA J. Karlsson SWE A. Seger FRG
1976 J. Date JPN M. Barzegar IRN S. Dziedzic USA
1980 V. Anguelov BUL J. Davaayav MGL D. Karabin TCH
 Gold Silver Bronze
1984 D. Schultz USA M. Knosp FRG S. Sedji YUG
1988 K. Monday USA A. Varayev URS R. Sofiadi BUL

In 1904 the weight limit was 71.67 kg. From 1924 to 1936: 72 kg. From 1948 to 1960: 73 kg. In 1964 and 1968: 78 kg.

Wrestling
Free style
Up to 82 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 S. Bacon GBR G. de Relwyskow GBR F. Beck GBR
1920 E. Leino FIN V. Penttala FIN C. Johnson USA
1924 F. Hagmann SUI P. Olivier BEL V. Pekkala FIN
1928 E. Kyburz SUI D. P. Stockton CAN S. Rabin GBR
1932 I. Johansson SWE K. Luukko FIN J. Tunyogi HUN
1936 E. Polivé FRA R. Voliva USA A. Kirecci TUR
1948 G. Brand USA A. Candemir TUR E. Lindén SWE
1952 D. Tsimakuridze URS G. R. Tajti IRN G. Gurics HUN
1956 N. Stanchev BUL D. Hodge USA G. Sjirtladze URS
1960 H. Güngör TUR G. Sjirtladze URS H. Antonsson SWE
1964 P. Gardzhev BUL H. Güngör TUR D. Brand USA
1968 B. Gurevich URS M. Yigyid MGL P. Gardzhev BUL
1972 L. Tediashvili URS J. Peterson USA V. lorga ROM
1976 J. Peterson USA V. Novojilov URS A. Seger FRG
1980 I. Abilov BUL M. Aratsilov URS I. Kovács HUN
1984 M. Schultz USA H. Nagashima JPN C. Rinke CAN
1988 M.-W. Han KOR N. Gencalp TUR J. Lohyna TCH

In 1908 the weight limit was 73 kg. In 1920: 75 kg. From 1924 to 1960: 79 kg. 1964 and 1968: 87 kg.

Wrestling
Free style
448 Up to 90 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1920 A. Larsson SWE C. Courant SUI W. Maurer USA
1924 J. Spellman USA R. Svensson SWE C. Courant SUI
1928 T. Sjöstedt SWE A. Bögli SUI H. Lefèbre FRA
1932 P. Mehringer USA T. Sjöstedt SWE E. Scarf AUS
1936 K. Fridell SWE A. Neo EST E. Siebert GER
1948 H. Wittenberg USA F. Stöckli SUI B. Fahlkvist SWE
1952 V. Palm SWE H. Wittenberg USA A. Atan TUR
1956 G. R. Takhti IRN B. Kulayev URS P. Blair USA
1960 A. Atli TUR G. R. Tajti IRN A. Albul URS
1964 A. Medved URS A. Ayik TUR S. Mustafov BUL
1968 A. Ayik TUR S. Lomidze URS J. Csatári HUN
1972 B. Peterson USA G. Strajov URS K. Bajkó HUN
1976 L. Tediashvili URS B. Peterson USA S. Morcov ROM
1980 S. Oganesian URS U. Neupert GDR A. Cichoñ POL
1984 E. Banach USA A. Ota JPN N. Loban GBR
1988 M. Jadartsev URS A. Ota JPN T.-W. Kim KOR

In 1920 the weight limit was 80 kg. From 1924 to 1960: 87 kg. In 1964 and 1968: 97 kg.

Wrestling
Free style
Up to 100 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 I. Yariguin URS K. Bayanmunj MGL C. Csatári HUN
1976 I. Yariguin URS R. Hellickson USA D. Kostov BUL
1980 I. Mate URS S. Chervenkov BUL J. Strnisko TCH
1984 L. Banach USA J. Atiyeh SYR V. Puscasu ROM
1988 V. Puscasu ROM L. Jabelov URS W. Scherr USA
 Wrestling
Freestyle
Up to 130 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1904 B. Hansen USA F. Kungler USA F. Warmbold USA
1908 G. C. O' Kelly GBR/IRL J. Gundersen NOR E. Barrett GBR/IRL
1920 R. Roth SUI N. Pendleton USA E. Nilsson SWE
F. Meyer USA
1924 H. Steele USA H. Wemli SUI A. McDonald GBR
1928 J. Richthoff SWE A. Sihvola FIN E. Dame FRA
1932 J. Richthoff SWE J. Riley FIN N. Hirschl AUT
1936 K. Palusalu EST J. Klapuch TCH H. Nyström FIN
1948 G. Bóbis HUN B. Antonsson SWE J. Armstrong AUS
1952 A. Mekokishvili URS B. Antonsson SWE K. Richmond GBR
1956 H. Kaplan TUR K. Mejmedov BUL T. Kangasniemi FIN
1960 W. Dietrich GER H. Kaplan TUR S. Dzarassov URS
1964 A. Ivanitski URS L. Ajmedov BUL H. Kaplan TUR
1968 A. Medved URS O. Duraliev BUL W. Dietrich GER
1972 A. Medved URS O. Duraliev BUL C. Taylor USA
1976 S. Andiev URS J. Balla HUN L. Simon ROM
1980 S. Andiev URS J. Balla HUN A. Sandurski POL
1984 B. Baumgartner USA B. Molle CAN A. Taskin TUR
1988 D. Gobezhishvili URS B. Baumgartner USA A. Schroeder GDR

This upper category (called heavyweight until 1968) did not have a weight limit until the 1986 Games.

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 48 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 G. Berceanu ROM R. Aliabadi IRN S. Anguelov BUL
1976 A. Shumakov URS G. Berceanu ROM S. Anguelov BUL
1980 Z. Ushkempirov URS C. Alexandru ROM F. Seres HUN
449
1984 V. Maenza ITA M. Scherer FRG I. Saito JPN
1988 V. Maenza ITA A. Glab POL B. Tzenov BUL

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 52 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1948 P. Lombadi ITA K. Olcay TUR R. Kangasmäki FIN
1952 B. Gurevich URS I. Fabra ITA L. Honkala FIN
1956 N. Sotoviov URS I. Fabra ITA D. A. Egribas TUR
1960 D. Pirvulescu ROM O. Sayed UAR M. Paziraii IRN
1964 T. Hanahara JPN A. Kerezov BUL D. Pirvulescu ROM
1968 P. Kirov BUL V. Bakulin URS M. Zeman TCH
1972 P. Kirov BUL K. Hirayama JPN G. Bognanni ITA
1976 V. Kostantinov URS N. Cinga ROM K. Hirayama JPN
1980 V. Blaguidze URS L. Rácz HUN M. Mladenov BUL
1984 A. Miyahara JPN D. Aceves MEX D.-D. Bang KOR
1988 J. Ronningen NOR A. Miyahara JPN J.-S. Lee KOR

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 57 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1924 E. Pütseg EST A. Ahlfors FIN V. Ikonen FIN
1928 K. Leucht GER J. Maudr TCH G. Gozzi ITA
1932 J. Brendel GER M. Nizzola ITA L. Francois FRA
1936 M. Lörincz HUN E. Svensson SWE J. Brendel GER
1948 K. Pettersén SWE A. M. Hassan EGY H. Kaya TUR
1952 I. Hódos HUN Z. Chihab LIB A. Terian URS
1956 K. Virupayev URS E. Vesterby SWE F. Horvat ROM
1960 O. Karavayev URS I. Cernea ROM D. Petrov BUL
1964 M. Ichiguchi JPN V. Trostianski URS I. Cernea ROM
1968 J. Varga HUN I. Baciu ROM I. Kocherguin URS
1972 R. Kazakov URS H.-J. Veil FRG R. Björlin FIN
 Gold Silver Bronze
1976 P. Ukkola FIN I. Frgic YUG F. Mustafin URS
1980 S. Serikov URS J. Lipien POL B. Ljungbeck SWE
1984 P. Passarelli FRG M. Eto JPN J. Holidis GRE
1988 A. Sike HUN S. Balov BUL J. Holidis GRE

In 1924 and 1928 the weight limit was 58 kg. In 1932 and 1936 it was 56 kg.

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 62 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1912 K. Koskelo FIN G. Gerstacker GER O. Lasanen FIN
1920 O. Friman FIN H. Känkönen FIN F. Svensson SWE
1924 K. Anttila FIN A. Toivola FIN E. Malmberg SWE
1928 V. Väli EST E. Malmberg SWE G. Quaglia ITA
1932 G. Gozzi ITA W. Ehrt GER L. Koskela FIN
1936 Y. Erkan TUR A. Reini FIN E. Karisson SWE
1948 M. Oktav TUR O. Andergerg SWE F. Tóth HUN
1952 Y. Punkin URS I. Polyák HUN A. Rashed EGY
1956 R. Mäkinen FIN I. Polyák HUN R. Dzneladze URS
1960 M. Sille TUR I. Polyák HUN K. Virupayev URS
1964 I. Polyák HUN R. Rurua URS B. Martinovic YUG
1968 R. Rurua URS H. Fujimoto JPN S. Popescu ROM
1972 G. Markov BUL H.-H. Wehling GDR K. Lipien POL
1976 K. Lipieñ POL N. Davidian URS L. Réci POL
1980 S. Miguiakis GRE I. Tóth HUN B. Kramorenko URS
1984 W.-K. Kim KOR K. Johansson SWE H. Dietsche SUI
1988 K. Madzhidov URS J. Vanguelov BUL D.-H. An KOR

From 1912 to 1928 the weight limit was 60 kg. From 1932 to 1960 it was 61 kg. In 1964 and 1968 it was 63 kg.
450
Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 68 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 E. Porro ITA N. Orlov RUS A. Lindén FIN
1912 E. Wäre FIN G. Malmström SWE E. Matiasson SWE
1920 E. Wäre FIN T. Tamminen FIN F. Andersen NOR
1924 O. Friman FIN L. Kereszles HUN K. Westerlund FIN
1928 L. Kereszles HUN E. Sperling GER E. Westerlund FIN
1932 E. Malmberg SWE A. Kurland DEN E. Sperling GER
1936 L. Kosela FIN J. Herda TCH V. Väli EST
1948 G. Freij SWE A. Eriksen NOR K. Ferencz HUN
1952 S. Safin URS G. Freij SWE M. Athanasov TCH
1956 K. Lehtonen FIN R. Dogan TUR G. Tóth HUN
1960 A. Koridze URS B. Martinovic YUG G. Freij SWE
1964 K. Ayvaz TUR V. Bularca ROM D. Gvantseladze URS
1968 M. Munemura JPN S. Horvat YUG P. Galaktopoulos GRE
1972 S. Jisamutdinov URS S. Apostolov BUL G.-M. Ranzi ITA
1976 S. Nalbandian URS S. Rusu ROM H.-H. Wehling GDR
1980 S. Rusu ROM A. Supron POL L.-E. Skiöld SWE
1984 V. Lisjak YUG T. Sipilä FIN J. Martinez USA
1988 L. Dzhulfalakian URS S.-M. Kim KOR T. Sipilä FIN

In 1908 the weight limit was 66.60 kg. From 1912 to 1928: 67.50 kg. In 1932 and 1936 it was 66 kg. From 1948 to 1960: 67 kg. In 1964 and 1968: 70 kg.

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 68 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 E. Porro ITA N. Ortov RUS A. Undén FIN
1912 E. Wäre FIN G. Malmström SWE E. Matiasson SWE
1920 E. Wäre FIN T. Tamminen FIN F. Andersen NOR
1924 O. Friman FIN L. Kereszles HUN K. Westerlund FIN
1928 L. Kereszles HUN E. Sperling GER E. Westerlund FIN
1932 E. Malmberg SWE A. Kurland DEN E. Sperling GER
 Gold Silver Bronze
1936 L. Kosela FIN J. Herda TCH V. Väli EST
1948 G. Freij SWE A. Eriksen NOR K. Ferencz HUN
1952 S. Safin URS G. Freij SWE M. Athanasov TCH
1956 K. Lehtonen FIN R. Dogan TUR G. Tóth HUN
1960 A. Koridze URS B. Martinovic YUG G. Freij SWE
1964 K. Ayvaz TUR V. Bularca ROM D. Gvantseladze URS
1968 M. Munemura JPN S. Horvat YUG P. Galaktopoulos GRE
1972 S. Jisamutdinov URS S. Apostolov BUL G.-M. Ranzi ITA
1976 S. Nalbandian URS S. Rusu ROM H.-H. Wehling GDR
1980 S. Rusu ROM A. Supron POL L.-E. Skiöld SWE
1984 V. Usjak YUG T. Sipilä FIN J. Martínez USA
1988 L. Dzhulfalakian URS S.-M. Kim KOR T. Sipilä FIN

In 1932 and 1936 the weight limit was 72 kg. From 1948 to 1960 it was 73 kg. In 1964 and 1968 it was 78 kg.

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 82 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 F. Mårtensson SWE M. Andersson SWE A. Andersen DEN
1912 C. Johanson SWE M. Klein RUS/EST A. Asikainen FIN
1920 C. Westergren SWE A. Lindfors FIN M. Perttilä FIN
1924 E. Westerlund FIN A. Lindfors FIN R. Steinberg EST
1928 V. Kokkinen FIN L Papp HUN A. Kuznets EST
1932 V. Kokkinen FIN J. Földeák GER A. Cadier SWE
1936 I. Johansson SWE L. Schweickert GER J. Palotás HUN
1948 A. Grönberg SWE M. Tayfur TUR E. Gallegati ITA
1952 A. Grönberg SWE K. Rauhala FIN N. Belov URS
1956 G. Kartoziya URS D. Dobrev BUL K.-A. Rune Jansson SWE
1960 D. Dobrev BUL L. Metz GER I. Taranu ROM
451
1964 B. Simic YUG J. Kormanik TCH L. Metz GER
1968 L. Metz GDR V. Olenik URS B. Smic YUG
1972 C. Hegedüs HUN A. Nazarenko URS M. Nenadic YUG
1976 M. Petkovic YUG V. Cheboksarov URS I. Kolev BUL
1980 G. Korban URS J. Dolgowicz POL P. Pavlov BUL
1984 I. Draica ROM D. Thanopoulos GRE S. Claeson SWE
1988 M. Mamiashvili USR T. Komáromi HUN S.-K. Kim KOR

In 1908 the weight limit was 73 kg. From 1912 to 1928: 75 kg. From 1932 to 1960: 79 kg. In 1964 and 1968: 87 kg.

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 90 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1908 V. Weckman FIN Y. Saarela FIN C. Jensen DEN
1912 A. Ahlgren SWE B. Varga HUN
I. Böhling FIN
1920 C. Johanson SWE E. Rosenqvist FIN J. Eriksen DEN
1924 C. Westergren SWE R. Svensson SWE O. Pellinen FIN
1928 I. Mustafa EGY A. Rieger GER O. Pellinen FIN
1932 R. Svensson SWE O. Pellinen FIN M. Gruppioni ITA
1936 A. Cadier SWE E. Bietags LAT A. Neo EST
1948 K.-E. Nilsson SWE K. Gröndahl FIN I. Orabi EGY
1952 K. Gröndahl FIN S. Chijladze URS K.-E. Nilsson SWE
1956 V. Nikoliev URS P. Sirakov BUL K.-E. Nilsson SWE
1960 R. Kis TUR K. Bimbalov BUL G. Kartoziya URS
1964 B. Radev BUL P. Svensson SWE H. Kiehl GER
1968 B. Radev BUL N. Yakovenko URS N. Martinescu ROM
1972 V. Rezantsev URS J. Corak YUG C. Kwiecinski POL
1976 V. Rezantsev URS S. Ivanov BUL C. Kwiecinski POL
1980 N. Növényi HUN I. Kaniguin URS P. Dicu ROM
1984 S. Fraser USA I. Matei ROM F. Andersson SWE
1988 A. Komchev BUL H. Koskela FIN V. Popov URS

In 1908 the weight limit was 93 kg. From 1912 to 1928: 82.50 kg. From 1932 to 1960: 87 kg. In 1964 and 1968: 97 kg. At the 1912 Games A. Ahlgren and I. Böling
were declared equal second after hours of wrestling. The gold medal was not awarded.
 Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 100 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 N. Martinescu ROM N. Yakovenko URS F. Kiss HUN
1976 N. Balboshin URS K. Goranov BUL A. Skrzydlewski POL
1980 G. Raikov BUL R. Bierla POL V. Andrei ROM
1984 V. Andrei ROM G. Gibson USA J. Tertelje YUG
1988 A. Wroñski POL G. Himmel FRG D. Koslowski USA

Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Up to 130 kg

Gold Silver Bronze

1896 C. Schuhmann GER G. Tsitas GRE S. Jristopoulos GRE
1908 R. Weisz HUN A. Pretov RUS S. M. Jensen DEN
1912 Y. Saarela FIN J. Olin FIN S. M. Jensen DEN
1920 A. Lindfors FIN P. Hansen DEN M. Nieminen FIN
1924 H. Deglane FRA E. Rosenqvist FIN R. Bado HUN
1928 R. Svensson SWE H.-E. Nyström FIN G. Gehring GER
1932 C. Westergren SWE J. Urban TCH N. Hirschl AUT
1936 K. Palusalu EST J. Nyman SWE K. Hornfischer GER
1948 A. Kireççi TUR T. Nilsson SWE G. Fantoni ITA
1952 Y. Kotkas URS J. Ružicka TCH R. Kovanen FIN
1956 A. Parfenov URS W. Dietrich GER A. Bulgarelli ITA
1960 I. Bogdan URS W. Dietrich GER B. Kubát TCH
1964 I. Kozma HUN A. Roshchin URS W. Dietrich GER
1968 I. Kozma HUN A. Roshchin URS P. Kment TCH
1972 A. Roshchin URS A. Tomov BUL V. Dolîpschi ROM
1976 A. Kolchinski URS A. Tomov BUL R. Codreanu ROM
1980 A. Kolchinski URS A. Tomov BUL H. Bchara LIB
1984 J. Blatnick USA R. Memiševic YUG V. Dolîpschi ROM
452
1988 A. Karelin URS R. Guerovski BUL T. Johansson SWE

This upper category (called heavyweight until 1968) did not have a weight limit until the 1988 Games.

Yachting
Men
Lechner A-390

Gold Silver Bronze

1984 S. van den Berg NED 27.70 R. S. Steele USA 46.00 B. Kendall NZL 46.40
1988 B. Kendall NZL 35.40 J. D. Boersma AHO 42.70 M. Gebhardt USA 48.00

In 1984 Windglider class was used; in 1988, it was Division II class.

Yachting
Men
470

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 FRA 34.7 URS 46.0 USA 51.0

Yachting
Men
Finn

Gold Silver Bronze

1924 L. Huybrechts BEL 2 H. Robert NOR 7 H. Dittmar FIN 8
1928 S. Thorell SWE H. Robert NOR B. Broman FIN
1932 J. Lebrun FRA 87 A. Maas NED 85 S. Amat Cansino ESP 76
1936 D. Kagchelland NED 163 W. Krogmann GER 150 P. Scott GBR 131
1948 P. Elvström DEN 5,543 R. Evans USA 5,408 J. de Jong NED 5,204
1952 P. Elvström DEN 8,209 C. Currey GBR 5,449 R. Sarby SWE 5,051
1956 P. Elvström DEN 7,509 A. Nelis BEL 6,254 J. Marvin USA 5,953
1960 P. Elvström DEN 8,171 A. Chuchelov URS 6,520 A. Neils BEL 5,934
1964 W. Kuhweide GER 7,638 P. Barrett USA 6,373 H. Wind DEN 6,190
1968 V. Mankin URS 11.7 H. Raudaschl AUT 53.4 F. Albarelli ITA 55.1
1972 S. Maury FRA 58.0 I. Hatzipavlis GRE 71.0 V. Potapov URS 74.7
1976 J. Shümann GDR 35.4 A. Balashov URS 39.7 J. Bertrand AUS 46.4
 Gold Silver Bronze
1980 E. Rechardt FIN 36.7 WO. Mayrhofer AUT 46.7 A. Balashov URS 47.4
1984 R. Courts NZL 34.7 J. Bertrand USA 37.0 T. Neilson CAN 37.7
1988 J. L. Doreste ESP 38.1 P. Holmberg ISV 40.4 J. Cutler NZL 45.0

This event had been open to women.

Yachting
Women
470

Gold Silver Bronze

1988 USA 26.7 SWE 40.0 URS 45.4

Yachting
Open
Soling

Gold Silver Bronze

1972 USA 8.7 SWE 31.7 CAN 47.1
1976 DEN 46.7 USA 47.4 GDR 47.4
1980 DEN 23.0 URS 30.4 GRE 31.1
1984 USA 33.7 BRA 43.4 CAN 49.7
1988 GDR 11.7 USA 14.0 DEN 52.7

Yachting
Open
Flying Dutchman

Gold Silver Bronze

1960 NOR 6,774 DEN 5,991 GER 5,882
1964 NZL 6,255 GBR 5,556 USA 5,158
1968 GBR 3.0 FRG 43.7 BRA 48.4
453
1972 GBR 22.7 FRA 40.7 FRG 51.1
1976 FRG 34.7 GBR 51.7 BRA 52.1
1980 ESP 19.0 IRL 30.0 HUN 45.7
1984 USA 19.7 CAN 22.7 GBR 48.7
1988 DEN 31.4 NOR 37.4 CAN 48.4

Yachting
Open
Star

Gold Silver Bronze

1932 USA 46 GBR 35 SWE 28
1936 GER 80 SWE 64 NED 63
1948 USA 5,828 CUB 4,949 NED 4,731
1952 ITA 7,635 USA 7,216 POR 4,903
1956 USA 5,876 ITA 5,649 BAH 5,223
1960 URS 7,619 POR 6,665 USA 6,269
1964 BAH 5,664 USA 5,585 SWE 5,527
1968 USA 14.4 NOR 43.7 ITA 44.7
1972 AUS 28.1 SWE 44.0 FRG 44.4
1980 URS 24.7 AUT 31.74 ITA 36.14
1984 USA 29.7 FRG 41.4 ITA 43.54
1988 GBR 45.7 USA 48.0 BRA 50.04

Yachting
Open
Tornado

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 GBR 18.0 USA 36.0 FRG 37.7
1980 BRA 21.4 DEN 30.4 SWE 33.7
1984 NZL 14.7 USA 37.0 AUS 50.4
1988 FRA 16.0 NZL 35.4 BRA 40.1
 Yachting
Open
470

Gold Silver Bronze

1976 FRG 42.4 ESP 49.7 AUS 57.0
1980 BRA 36.4 GDR 38.7 FIN 39.7
1984 ESP 33.7 USA 43.0 FRA 49.4

In 1988 this category split into two different events, one for men and the other for women.

454
4.6. Tables, maps and photo credits
 List of tables
2. The Summer Olympic Games of the modern era 192
Olympic Games Programme. Men 194
Olympic Games Programme. Women 195

3. Sports competitions held annually in Barcelona 212

Initial budget of the Organising Committee 241
Companies forming the Barcelona Olímpica'92 Business Association 253
Public opinion in the Barcelona metropolitan area
concerning the Barcelona candidature 259
Organising Committee Budget 283
Publications of the Olympic Office 285
Income from television rights since the Munich Games in 1972 286
The official delegation in Lausanne 312

List of maps
2. The Greek world in the fifth century B.C. 102
Olympic cities of the modern area 193

456 3. Route of the Olympic Bus around Spain 313

List of photographs
Initials used:
AOMSA: The Olympic Ring Company
AOI: International Olympic Academy
BES: Sports Library, Secretariat General of Sport, Generalitat of Catalonia
BPG: Barcelona Posa't Guapa campaign
COI: International Olympic Committee
COOB'92: Barcelona'92 Olympic Organising Committee
DCCT: Department of Commerce, Consumer Affairs and Tourism, Generalitat
of Catalonia
ICC: Institute of Cartography of Catalonia
IEDB: Institute of Publications, Barcelona Provincial Council
IMBE: Barcelona Municipal Institute of Public Performances
IMPU: Municipal Institute of Town-Planning Promotion
MAB: Barcelona Museum of Archeology
MAM: Museum of Modern Art
MEMC: Melcior Colet Museum of Sport, Secretariat General of Sport,
Generalitat of Catalonia
MAMB: Community of Municipalities of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area
MC: Melcior Colet Museum and Study Centre, Secretariat General of Sport,
Generalitat of Catalonia
OCSA: The Cultural Olympiad Company
OTI: Technical Image Office, Barcelona City Council
PMT: Municipal Tourist Board
SIE: Sports Information Service, Barcelona City Council
VOSA: The Olympic Village Company
A AHB 53 2,4,5,6 115 3,4,5 180 1
202 2 117 2,3 184 1
203 4,5 118 2 181 5
209 3,4 119 3,5 185 6
210 1 121 2,3 189 6
213 1 122 2 216 2
220 2 123 3 219 2
125 2,3 220 1
126 4 226 1
127 5 228 1,2,3,4
All Sport/Firo Foto 38 1 129 4 229 5
71 2 130 1 232 1
93 5 133 5,6 233 4
110 1 135 5,6 234 2
111 4,5 137 5 237 2
115 6 138 1 244 2
118 1 139 3,4 245 4
119 4 141 4 248 1
122 1 142 1,2,4 249 3
123 4,5,6 143 6 257 2,3,4
126 1,2,3 145 2,5 258 1,2
127 6 146 2 264 2
130 2,3 147 3 265 3
131 4,5 149 2,5 266 1
134 2 150 3 267 3,4
135 4 153 2,6 270 1
138 2 154 1 272 1,5
139 5 155 3,4,5,6 273 7,10
143 5,7 157 2 274 1,2,3
147 4,5 158 2 275 5
150 1,2,4 159 4 279 6,9
151 5,6 161 2,4 280 2
154 2 162 1,3 281 3,4,5,6
158 1,3 163 5,7 282 1,2
159 5 165 2 289 4
162 2,4 166 1,3,5 290 1 457
163 6,8 167 8 291 2
167 6 169 2 294 1
170 1,2,3,4 173 2,4,7 296 1,2,3
171 5,6 177 2,4,7 297 4
174 1 181 2,4 298 1
175 4,5 185 2,5 299 4
178 1 189 2,4 301 6
179 4,6 256 1 303 2
182 1 260 1 308 2
183 4,5,6,7,8 302 1 316 2,3
186 1,2,3,4,5 318 1,3
187 6,7,8,9 358-365
190 1,2,3 368-381
191 4,5,6,7 Bert 202 1
240 3 203 6
268 3 204 1,2,3
269 4 205 5,6,7 Archive 159 6
284 1,2 206 1,2,3 El Mundo Deportivo 167 7
304 1 207 4,5 174 2
208 1 175 3,6
214 1 178 2
215 3,4,5 179 3,5
AOI 103 3 216 1 182 2,3
284 3
299 3

Argelich, Agustí 268 2 Archive COOB'92 79 4

(COOB'92) 277 4 100 1
309 3,4,5 103 2,5 Archive Mas-IEDB 306 1
104 1,3
105 6
134 1
AOMSA archive 250 2 142 3 Archive Thema 108 1
252 1 145 4 112 1
146 1 116 1
147 6,7 120 1
149 4 124 1
Archive IOC 103 1,4 153 5 128 1
105 5 157 4,5,6 132 1
109 4,5 165 3 136 1
110 2 169 4 140 1
111 3 171 7 144 1
113 2,3 173 3 148 1
114 1,2 177 5 152 1
 156 1 (VOSA) 238 3 L Labler, Hans 236 1
160 1 254 1 (COOB'92) 255 3
164 1
168 1
172 1
176 1 Coronilla, Josep 321 2 Lajusticia, Antonio 33 5
188 1 (OTI) 279 2

D Dalda 242 1
B Bertran, Lluís 75 3 (COOB'92) Llobet, Jordi 40-41
(PMT) Nika 7 88-89

BES 208 2 E Elvira, Paco 227 4

210 2 (AOMSA) 251 4 Loaso, J. 45 3
211 3 252 2 (Firo Foto)

Lunwerg Editores 61 4
Bofill, Eugeni 268 1 Elvira, Paco 300 5 243 4
(COOB'92) 271 2 (COOB'92)
272 2,3
273 6,8,9
275 6 Elvira, Paco 64 1 M MAB 201 2,3
277 5 (Lunwerg Ed.)
278 1

MAM 243 2
F Fris 77 2
Bofill, Eugeni 65 3 82 1
(PMT) 84 1
85 3 MAMB 71 4
92 1
BPG 93 3
458
Manent, Ramon 46 1
C Fris 56 1 (Lunwerg Ed.) 47 2
Carbonell, Agustí 39 2 (OTI) 48 1
67 2 49 2,3,4,5
69 2 50-51
76 1 68 1
91 2
G Gomà, F 42 1 200 1
95 5 (DCCT)
243 5

Gómez, Alicia 33 6 Martín, Julián 317 5

(SIE) (EFE)
Casanovas, A./ 65 2
Narváez, A.
(IMBE) González, Miquel 72-73 Maspons, Oriol 57 4
(COOB'92) 83 2
Casas, Jaume 153 4 85 2
161 6 91 3
165 4 95 4 Maury, Christian 33 3
169 5 240 1,2 61 3
173 6 262 1 287 3
177 6 269 5 288 3
181 3 278 2,4
185 3 280 1
189 5
MC 205 4

I ICC 69 3
Castells, Joaquim 33 4
70 1
(Lunwerg Ed.) 47 3 Mercader, Joan 36 1
57 6 (DCCT)
77 3
IEDB 213 2
Miserachs, Xavier 45 2
219 3
(Firo Foto) 287 1
Castillo, Eugenio 227 3 288 1
249 2
250 1
260 2
IMPU 238 2
Català-Roca, Francesc 60 1
O OCSA 57 3

J Jansana, Lurdes 276 1,2,3

Colita 230 1 (VOSA) OTI 43 3
 47 4 243 3 Todó, Jordi 37 4
49 6 288 2 Tavisa 83 3
53 3
57 2
59 2,3,4,5,6 S
65 4 Sabaté, Sebastíà 109 2,3 Tous, Joan 37 2
67 3,4 129 2,3 (DCCT)
225 2 133 2,3,4
231 3 137 2,3,4
233 3,5 141 2,3 V
244 3 145 3 Vidal, Toni 37 3,5,6
266 2 149 3 (DCCT)
272 4 153 3
278 5 157 3
279 7 161 3,5 Villieres, Jordi 278 3
300 2 165 5 (COOB'92)
316 1 169 3,6
318 2 173 5
320 1 177 3 Yilluendas, Pìlar 238 1
181 6 (COOB'92)
185 4
P 189 3
Paisajes Españoles 224 1 VOSA 91 5
(VOSA) 275 4

Sagarra i Torrents 202 3

Pérez, Manel 32 2 (AHB) 211 4
33 2
39 4
93 4
Sánchez, Augusto 104 2
(COOB'92) 105 4
221 3
Pérez, Manel 33 7 227 2
(BPG) 95 2 231 2
232 2
459
234 1
237 3
Pérez, Manel 71 3 250 3
(Lunwerg Ed.) 74 1 252 3
87 3 263 2
91 4 264 1
239 4 297 5,6,7
254 2 298 2
300 1,3,4
307 2
308 1
PMT 79 3 310 1,2,3
311 4,5,6
314 1,2
317 4
Povo, Marta 34-35 319 4
52 1
54-55
58 1
62-63 Sans, Lluís 43 2
86 1 61 2,5
95 3 79 2
221 4 87 2
90 1
93 2
R Ramis, Raimon 66 1
(Foundation Tàpies)
Seguí, Rafa 315 3

Raurich, Felipe 44 1

Seguí, Rafa 244 1

(COOB'92) 269 6
Raurich, Miguel 39 3,5
78 1
94 1
287 2 SIE 214 2
222 1

Raventós, Ramon 57 5
T
(Lunwerg Ed.) 75 2 Taf 218 1
80-81
This first volume of the Official
Report has been printed in Barcelona
at the Grafos workshops, 25 May
1992, just two months before the
opening ceremony of the Games of the
XXV Olympiad.
Copyright, © 2003, Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles

Notes on the digitized version of the Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad,
Barcelona, 1992 (Volume I)

The 1992 Bar celona Games Official Repor t was digitized by the Amateur Athletic Foundation
with the permission of the Fundació Barcelona Olímpica (Barcelona Olympic Foundation).
The Fundació Barcelona Olímpica is the copyright owner of the report.

The digital version of the Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad was created with
the intention of producing the closest possible replica of the original printed document. These
technical notes describe the differences between the digital and printed documents and the
technical details of the digital document.

The original document

The original paper version of the 1992 Official Report (VolumeI) has dimensions of
9 ¼ x 11 ¾” (24cm x 30cm).

The volume’s spine is of blue cloth. The title, “Official Report of the Games of the XXV
Olympiad, I: The challenge”, appears in white lettering. The title also appears in three other
languages: French, Spanish and Catalan.
The book has 459 numbered pages.

The fonts used in the digital version book for text, photograph captions and chapter headings are
Times New Roman and such system fonts as best approximate the original fonts.

Special features of the digital version:

• The spine is not included in the digital version.

• Blank pages have been retained in the digital version to maintain correct pagination.

• The icons have been converted from color to b/w.

• The digital version includes a bookmark list that functions as a hyper linked table of contents.
Selecting a topic heading will take you to the corresponding section in the document.

Profile of the digital version:

File name: 1992s1.pdf

File size: 97,859 KB
Format: Portable Document Format (PDF) 1.3 (Adobe Acrobat 4.0)
Source document: Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad, I: The challenge
Published by COOB’92, S.A. (Barcelona’92 Olympic Organising Committee) Ed. Romà Cuyàs
Creation Platform: Windows XP
Creation Date: April 2003
Conversion Software: Adobe Acrobat, FineReader, VistaScan, FahrenEX
Image Resolution: 200 dpi for color and grayscale images
Digital Fonts: Times New Roman, Helvetica
Conversion Service: Fahrenheit 452, Thane (W), MH, INDIA
www.fahrenheit452.com