30. Heating elements. Fan coils.

Heating and air-conditioning were treated as separate systems. The connection element is
nowadays the fan coil unit (fan coil) which changes the manner of studying heating and
airconditioning as a unit.

Fan coil is a terminal element of a heating and/or air conditioning installation which has
two basic components: one heating battery (coil) and a fan.

1. adjustable outlet grille, 2. heating coil, 3. condensation

collector,
4. electric fan, 5. air filter, 6. fresh air intake

Working principle is simple : the outgoing air

trough fan is supplied by heating coil in the
room. Generally the fan coils are mounted under
windows and use the re-circulated air, but there
are models that allow interference of fresh air, or
exclusive fresh air supply.

There are many constructive types: vertical,

horizontal, as well as models designed for
hidden (masked) mounting in walls or false
ceilings, especially in large rooms or if they
serve for more than one room .
Based on thermal agent used, fan coils allow heating or cooling the air in a room. We must stress
that fan coil can function for heating as well as for cooling with the same battery (two pipes fan
coils), or can use two separate batteries (four pipes fan coils) , leaving the option of choice to the
designing engineer.
As construction features, fan coils can have accessories as follows:
– speed adjustment (air flow) fan : in steps (at least 2 + stop) or continuous;
– water flow adjustment with two or three way tap.

31. Heating installations pumps

Thermal agent’s circulation inside heating installations is ensured by circulation pumps. Their
role is to overcome linear and local hydraulic resistance in the most unprivileged circuit of the

heating installation. For small and medium capacities there are usually used pipe
mounted pumps (in-line pumps) with variable speed, low electrical energy consumption, silent
and very reliable.
The main characteristics of a pump are: fluid flow rate G, expressed in m3 / h and pressure

difference between supply and exhaust expressed in N /m2 or in bars. In some cases one uses
the notion of : pumping height H as the equivalent of pump pressure expressed in liquid column
height. It is also important to know the shaft motor’s power P in kw, speed , supply voltage and
electric power frequency.

Thermal agent flow resulted from calculations can be varied with more pumps in parallel
connection. Parallel mounting is currently used for the purpose of achieving a flexible
functionality, as well as increased safe exploitation.

In the case of two identical pumps parallel mounted in the same network, the common
characteristic curve of the two will be obtained by doubling characteristic flows for a certain
pumping height. It is also possible the parallel mounting for two pumps with different
characteristics, on the condition that maximum pumping height will be the same. Functioning
point for the two pumps parallel connected is the intersection point of pumps common
characteristic curve with network characteristic curve.

Pumps must be chosen in the manner that the functioning point be positioned in the maximum
efficiency aria.

32. Opened expansion tanks.

Standard 7132/1986 classifies water heating installations with maximum temperature up to

115 0C into two categories:
– Installations directly related with the atmosphere, provided
with opened expansion tank;
– Installation not related with the atmosphere, provided with
safety valves and closed expansion tank.

A safety system with opened expansion tanks has the following functions :

• overtaking water volume variations, due to normal temperature variations heating-cooling and
ensuring a water reserve which covers for reasonable period of time the small, inevitable loss;
• exhausting in atmosphere the steam resulted as less supervising the boiler, errors, malpractice,
negligence, automation breakdown, etc.
• maintaining the installation filled, once filled up, up to a level that exceeds higher consumer’s
level, in an inferior distribution installation, respectively, pipe network level, in case of a superior
distribution installation;
• exhausting air during filling up the installation, as well as supplying it during emptying it, in
the manner that no air nor water sacs are formed.

33. Closed expansion tanks.

For the choice of ensuring heating installations with safety valves and closed expansion tanks ,
safety systems functions are satisfied as follows :
• overtaking volume variations and the small water reserve by the closed expansion tank;
• maintaining at full capacity the water in installation pressure exerted by the air cushion over the
water from the closed expansion tank , which, in this case may be mounted at the inferior part of
the installation, close to the boiler;
• upper limitation of installation pressure using safety valves mounted on the boiler before every
shutting element;
• exhausting air at filling and supplying it at emptying the installation trough ducts, tanks and air
valves.

A closed expansion tank is mounted at the inferior part of the installation, close to the boiler.
Upper limitation of pressure is made using safety valves mounted on the boiler previous every
shutting element.
• Exhausting air at during filling and supplying air at exhaustion is made with manual or
automatic air valves.
• Constructively, closed expansion tanks can be rectangular, disk, or cylinder type, and their
volume vary between 6 up to 5000 liters.

34. Heat exchangers with accumulation.

Heat exchangers are units used for hot water preparation for the option of accumulation
installation (water heater) as well as without accumulation.Likewise, heat exchangers are used in
heating systems for the superior parts of high buildings or for heating buildings part of
centralized heating systems that use hot water or stem as primary agent.

Water heaters are heat exchangers with water accumulation used for hot water preparation and
they are constructed in two shape types: horizontal and vertical. The heat exchange surface,
respectively, the coil, will be dimensioned in a manner that will ensure warm water flow in
accordance with the temperature difference from the secondary circuit (+10 0C cold water
temperature, +60 0C warm water temperature ) and with the temperature difference from the
primary circuit.

Water heater capacity varies from 80 up to 1000

liters.
• Water heater body is made from anticorrosive
protected steel , and for supplementary cathode
protection a magnesium anode is used, or,
optionally an anode fed from an external source.
• Heat losses are diminished by completely
covering the heater with a thermal insulated
layer.As a construction option, water heaters can
performed as bivalent water heaters in systems
with solar panels combined with boilers.Heat
supplied by the solar panel is transferred in
the heater trough the inferior coil. As an option
some heaters can be provided with an electrical
heating system.
Besides the types presented above, there is another constructive model called Tank in Tank
,meaning, stainless steel heaters, with high resistance to extremely corrosive water without
temperature.
• Stainless steel used is a chrome-molybdenum alloy witch give resistance to all temperatures
and corrosive waters up to 2000 mg chlorides/liter.
• These types of heaters are used for direct sea water heating, for therapy water, residual water
in regions with extremely corrosive waters, and they are recommended in industrial applications
that use corrosive waters.

35. Heat exchangers without accumulation

The most common in this range are plate heat exchangers. They are simple devices used for
thermal energy transfer between two fluids, made of a pack of identical stainless steel plates,
with sealing, aligned at the both superior and inferior part of two supporting pipes between two
pressure plates, one of them fixed and another mobile. The pack is sealed with sealing guys.
Between the plates a free space is left for fluid circulation; the are kept equidistant from humps,
scratches or dimples.
Each plate has two walls, one representing the front, the other one the back of the plate.
• Fluid 1 flows all along the front of the plate and bathes it and fluid 2 flows along the back of
the same plate, in counter-flow with fluid 1: in this manner the heat is transfer along the entire
surface of the plate, while the gaskets tighten the border of the plate and in the same time
separate the fluids.

Plate heat exchangers are used in heating for thermal points modernization, for heating or
preparing heated water, in the heating and cooling processes, in heat recovery, for thermal tests
on fluids (e.g. pasteurization) and in situations were working fluids are corrosives(using plates
executed from austenitic stainless steel, resistant to corrosives environments).
• Stainless steel plates are 0,5 – 0,6 mm thick, which allows achieving a very good transmission
coefficient as well as a reduced thermal emission, but also lead the fluid in the heat exchanger.
They are made of rubber resistant at up to 150 0C temperature (propyl-ethylene),
silicon rubber or food industry rubber .

Heat exchanger plates

36. Low temperature radiation heating systems. Classification

Radiant floor heating – by including heating elements inside the floor ;

Radiant ceiling heating - by including heating elements inside the ceiling;
Radiant wall heating – by including heating elements or radiant panels (opened or closed radiant
panels ) inside the walls.

Using delimitating elements of a surface as radiant elements imposes, from physiological

reasons, the limitation of surface temperatures as follows :

• 40 0 C for ceiling heating;

• 29 0 C for floor heating;
• 70 0 C for walls heating
Radiant panel heating systems are system where the thermal agent conductive pipe are buried in
the floors (whether floor, ceiling or walls).

Low temperature radiation heating, beside the fact that gives the possibility of using thermal
agents with low parameters, also presents advantages in what thermal comfort is concerned :
• reduced temperature gradient;
• more uniform temperature repartition over the delimitating surfaces;
• rising interior temperature at the level of delimitating surfaces and achieving a better thermal
comfort for a room air temperature with 1 up to 3 0C smaller than usual, which is an important
comfort factor;
• space saving is made and superior architectural esthetic is ensured;
• solves the energy problem by giving the chance of cooling rooms during summer, which is a
serious problem as far as comfort is concerned.

37. Low temperature radiation heating systems. Radiant floor heating.

Radiant floor heating installations have the following components: the heating floor panel,
distributors-collectors (which are the common element of more heating circuits), adjustment
equipment and thermal energy source.

A radiant floor panel contains:

• the insulation layer (for thermal and acoustic insulation) ;
• the insulation protection layer ;
• heating pipes ;
• thermal flow allotment and emission slab (heating slab);
• final floor ;
• other elements, such as : diffusion layer, marginal insulation,etc.

The temperature at the floor level is limited, from physiological reasons at up to +30 0C, based
on the destination of the room.
 1)Interior coating, 2) plinth, 3) area strap, 4) final
surface, 5) mortar layer, 6) cement layer, 7) heating
pipe, 8) covering foil ( PE foil or red rosin paper),
9) thermal and acoustic insulation layer, 10) hydro
insulation, 11) concrete plate, 12)soil.

38. Low temperature radiation heating systems. Radiant ceiling heating.

This type of heating system allows achieving a more homogenous air temperature, as well as a
more reduces air circulation, which are considered important advantages as far as thermal
comfort is concerned. For the heating surface the hole ceiling is available ,except for the cases
where there are large windows (glass surface) when supplementary heating surfaces will be
added (for example inside the exterior walls)

Main advantage is given by elimination of exterior heating elements, thus obtaining more free
space, more architectural freedom. The space gained, for social buildings, can be considered an
important space saving.
Another advantage is given by the option of cooling the ceiling during summer, thus a reversible
ceiling.

This system is very reliable in museums, showrooms or commercial places.

Due to hygienic advantages, the system is preferred in hospitals, nursing homes, medical
centers.
The possibility of reversing ceiling heating, meaning cooling during summer represents a
big gain for choosing this system in administrative and office buildings.

39. Low temperature radiation heating systems. Radiant walls heating.

Transforming walls into heating surfaces by integrating a curved pipes system, is possible
taking into consideration the following aspects:
• exterior walls require supplementary thermal insulation;
• there is always the chance of piercing the pipe , specially in apartment buildings (e.g. with
paintings supports);
• placement of furniture will restrict the radiant thermal flow of the walls.
Radiant wall heating can be used in different variants :
• individually;
• in combination with radiant floor heating system;
• in combination with radiators heating system.

40. Low temperature radiation heating systems. Curved pipes used for radiant panels
construction.

41. Ventilation and air conditioning installations.Classification.

NORMAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

42. Normal ventilation. Classification

Unorganized normal ventilation systems ventilation is accomplished by opening doors and

windows, by leaky rooms, offices, warehouses, working places, etc.

Organized normal ventilation systems ventilation is made through gaps or special

constructions, windows, scuttles, ventilation chimneys in kitchens, bathrooms, industrial
buildings,etc.

43. Mechanical ventilation. Clasificare

General mechanical ventilation systems uses fans for air circulation that serve the entire
building and make the circulation for the entire air volume in industrial buildings, social,
cultural, commercial, administrative, etc.

Local mechanical ventilation systems act on the air supply source, sweeps the air around the
source, absorbs the harmful substances before the air comes back in the room ( industrial
furnaces, weld tables, industrial zinc bathing, varnish removals, grinders, wood processing etc.)

Mixed mechanical ventilation systems apply both general and local ventilation.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• SYMPLE INLET/OUTLET
• MIXED HEATING / COOLING-DRYING/ HUMIDIFICATION

By the pressure difference between inside and outside the ventilated room we have:
• BALANCED VENTILATION- inlet flow = outlet flow
• OVERPRESSURE VENTILATION - inlet flow > outlet flow
• DEPRESION VENTILATION - outlet flow > inlet flow
44. Basic drawings for a mechanical ventilation installation.

1. intake
2. collector pipe
3. noxious air exhaust fan
4. protection cap of outlet
noxious air pipe
5. dust filter
6. heating coil
7. warm air force fan
8. pipe network
9. discharge openings
10. heat recuperator

45. Basic drawings for a general ventilation installation.

46. Basic drawings for a cooling installation

47. Drawings of a ventilation installation with dehumidification.

48. Drawings of a ventilation installation with dehumidification without fresh air supply.

49. Drawings of Installation with air handling unit.

50. Components of a ventilation installation. General observations.

A ventilation installation contains:

– air ventilation unit ;
– duct (pipe) network;
– vent holes ;
– regulating devices;

51. Components of a ventilation installation. Air handling units.

Air ventilation units are placed in specially designed places, in the interior or exterior
of buildings.
Air ventilation units introduce fresh air. They contain modules in which equipments are mounted.

52. Components of a ventilation installation. Fans.

Fans contain :
-chassis with two connection pieces :for air inlet and outlet
-rotor cu blades depending on fan type
-electric engine for rotor actuation
Fans can be :
- centrifugal (radiant )
- axial flow

53. Components of a ventilation installation. Air filters.

Filters know different types:

- Filters with air filter cells .One cell contains a metallic case filled with metallic perforated foils
impregnated with mineral oil, overlapped. Cells are placed in a rack.
- Dry band filters .At superior part a coil with synthetic fiber filter is attached .At the inferior
part there is the coil that rolls the dirty. The material ,which creates a screen through which
the dusty air passes, rolls between the two coils.
- Self-cleaning filters .Filter is made of cells cleaned in an oil bath.

54. Components of a ventilation installation. Heating coils.

Are made of a wings pipes fascicle in an iron case with flanges to which ducts are
connected. Trough ducts steam or hot water flow and between them circulates the air that heats due to heat transfer
by ducts contact.
55. Components of a ventilation installation. Heat recuperators.

a.Wheel heat recuperator

1. purification sector
2. electric engine
3. metallic case
4. rotor

The most used is wheel recuperator.

• At the case the ducts for cold and warm air are connected.
• Rotor contains a heat accumulation surface with the looks of a honeycomb with small channels
parallel with the rotation axis. At small speed, the rotor offers the two air flows ,warm and cold, a
heat exchange surface. Rotor accumulates heat in contact with hot air which the transmits it to
the cold air, after rotating t the edge of the two flows there is a purification sector, with clean air
for cleaning ducts where noxious air flows. In order to increase the heat exchange, the rotor’s
surface is covered in a solution containing lithium chlorate, which is an excellent absorber. Due
to this substance rotor also absorbs vapors from the warm air which it transfers to cold air. Due
to lithium chlorate and the fact that heat accumulation mass comes alternatively in contact with
flows, wheel recuperator achieves a total heat transfer, thus resulting in a high thermal efficiency.
• In order to be mounted in the ventilation systems, wheel recuperators require a meeting point
for the cold and warm air ducts, where heat exchanger should be mounted.

b.Intermediate fluid heat recuperation system

1. noxious air duct
2. wings pipes coil
3. fresh air duct
4. circulating pumps
5. ducts

c.Plate heat recuperator

The device is made of parallel plates installed in a case. Plates are mounted at small distances,
forming narrow, parallel channels for cold and warm air circulation.
Plates are mounted in manner that allows cold and warm air an alternative circulation. Heat
transfer is made through plates surfaces.

56. Components of a ventilation

installation. Ventilation ducts.
• Ventilation pipes contain :
– straight ducts
– special pieces : bends, branches, level change pieces, diffusers ,confusers, etc.

• Used materials :
- black or zinc sheets;
– plastic materials , mineral fibers plates , etc.
• Ducts shape : cylinder or rectangular .
• Ducts dimensions ( diameters , sides ) are
standard.

57.Components of a ventilation installation. Air holes.

• This category includes : discharge openings, intakes, air intakes, exhaust air holes.
• Discharge openings are posed in openings executed in walls, or ahead of supply air ducts.

58. Components of a ventilation installation. Regulating devices.

• Regulating devices are mounted inside the ducts , or in the discharge openings.
• - wings dumpers , mounted inside ducts , made from a rigid plate sheet which rotates around a
central fixed axis;
• -branch dumpers , mounted inside branch pieces, made from a rigid plate sheet which rotates
around an axis fixed at one border;
• -shut off dumpers , mounted inside ducts or at discharge openings;
• -adjustable blinds .

Rectangular and circular silencer