(FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR AWARD OF

THE DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FROM D.C.R.U.S.T., MURTHAL)

SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED TO:-

Raj Singhmar DEPT OF
ELECTRICAL ENGG. ELECTRICAL ENGG.
ROLL NO. – 2K6/EE/293-D D.C.R.U.S.T., MURTHAL
D.C.R.U.S.T., MURTHAL

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The present report would not have been possible without the
help which I have received from various quarters. I shall be failing
in my duty if don’t acknowledge the help and guidance of these
squares.

1st of all would like to thank the management of PANPIPAT

THERMAL POWER STATION, PANIPAT for allowing me to
their plant for my training.

I express my sincere thank to all those at P.T.P.S., PANIPAT

who have helped me during my summer training 2007. I am
obliged to department of training at electrical maintenance
division-IV

Er. D.K. Sharma (XEN of EMD-VIII)

Er. Ashok Kumar (AE EMD-VIII)
Er. O.P. Dhingra (JE 1st EMD-VIII)
Er. Ashok Kumar Bhardwaj (XEN of training dept.)

MANOJ SAINI
2K6/EE/293-D
ELECTRICAL ENGG.
D.C.R.U.S.T., MURTHAL

2
 CERTIFICATE
SHAWET MITTAL submitted my training report detailing
the work done during six weeks training at P.T.P.S., PANIPAT.
This report written by him from various sources has been fully
acknowledged.

NAME : Rajesh singhmar

ROLL NO. : 2K6/EE/293-D
DIVISION : VIII
DATE OF COMMITMENT : 22-06-2007
DATE OF COMPLETION : 01-08-2007

Mr. MANOJ SAINI has worked under my supervision during

training period I have read this report, it meets our exceptions and
accurately work done by him.

Er. D.K. Sharma Er.Ashok Kumar

XEN EMD VIII AEE EMD VIII
P.T.P.S., PANIPAT P.T.P.S., PANIPAT

3
 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
IN INDIA

The history of thermal power plants in India dates back to

year 1899 when the first station was commissioned in Calcutta
with an installed capacity of 1000KW. During the first two
decades the twentieth century steam power generation plants at
Kanpur, Madras, and Calcutta of capacities 2170KW, 9000KW,
and 1500KW respectively were commissioned. By the end of
1920s the total installed capacity of thermal power plants was
50MW. Thus figure reached 1000MW in year 1951.

Efforts for organizing the power supply in industry in a

rational manner began only after the independence. With the
launching of first five years plan in year 1951 installed generating
capacity increased by 200MW. During this five years plan the total
thermal power generating capacity raised up to 1520MW.

If we concentrate on the history of thermal power plants in

Haryana we find that the first plant ay Faridabaad in year 1960.
after that five units of 60MW each were installed in years 1979,
1981, 1982, 1983, and 1985 respectively. Two units of capacity
110MW each were installed at PANPIPAT THERMAL POWER
STATION, PANIPAT in year 1979 & 1980. After that the two
more units of same capacity were installed in year 1985 & 1987.
PANPIPAT THERMAL POWER STATION, PANIPAT also
commissioned 5th & 6th unit of 210MW each in the year 1989 &
2001. PANPIPAT THERMAL POWER STATION, PANIPAT
also commissioned 7th & 8th unit of 250MW each in the year 2004
& 2005.

4
 KALAM FOR CONSORTIUM
APPROACH IN POWER SECTOR
PANIPAT, oct,16 (PTI): President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam,
today said there was a need for adoption for of a consortium
approach by the Railway and Coal minister and the state
governments to ensure quality and uninterrupted power of
PANIPAT THERMAL POWER STATION, PANIPAT to the
nation here. Kalam said that the Haryana government can take a
lead in the use of new technologies in its future plans.
Kalam said that new technology options like integrated coal
gasification and solar integrated combined cycle were also being
explored. “owever, there was a need to implement these
technologies at the earliest so that we could have better coal,
higher efficiency of the plant, reduced transportation load and
minimum impact on the environment”, he said.
The President said that with a view to minimizing the impact
of coal based plants on environment, a power plant using super
critical technologies with higher steam parameters was being set
up for improving efficiency.

5
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO PANIPAT THERMAL POWER
STATION, PANIPAT

2. LOCATION OF THERMAL POWER STATION

3. PLANT LAYOUT

• FUEL AND ASH HANDLING CIRCUIT

• AIR AND GAS CIRCUIT
• FEED WATER AND STEAM FLOW CIRCUIT
• COOLING WATER AND STEM FLOW CIRCUIT

4. TRANSFORMER

5. H.T. MOTORS AND L.T. MOTORS (AND THEIR

SPECIFICATION)

6. SWITCHYARD COMPONENTS

7. OPERATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

8. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

9. BUS BARS

10. EFFICIENCY OF THE PLANT

11. SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY

6
PANIPAT THERMAL POWER STAION,
PANIPAT
(A UNIT OF HARYANA POWER GENERATION
CORPORATION LTD.)

INTRODUCTION
The PANIPAT THERMAL POWER STATION, PANIPAT
comprising of 8 generating units. Four 110MW each, two
generation units of 210MW each and two generation units of
250MW each.

The plant is located about 9km away from Panipat on

Panipat-Asandh road near Aassan village. The station area is 1870
acres, out of which 630 acres is occupied by the power plant, 400
acres are for residential colonies and rest of 840 acres are being
used for the disposal of ash of the combusted coal.

The inputs of the plant are mainly coal and water. The water
of the plant is usually gotten available from near by Yamuna canal
through a channel. The water is first purified and demineralised
before sending it to the boilers being used for stem production.
Coal is gotten at the plant in railway wagons that are unloaded
mechanically by tilting the wagons by tippler. Coal is first crushed
to powder state before supplying it to the boilers.

The total investment on the plant has been 2,500 crore.

Daily coal required in thermal is 15,000 metric tone.

7
 The salient features of plant are as under:-

Unit Date of Capacity HEIGHT OF

no. commissioning (MW) COOLING
TOWER(m)
1 01-11-1979 110MW 123.5
2 27-03-1980 110MW 123.5
3 01-01-1985 110MW 143.5
4 11-01-1987 110MW 143.5
5 28-03-1989 210MW 140
6 04-07-2001 210MW 140
7 16-10-2004 250MW
8 02-02-2005 250MW

LOCATION OF THERMAL POWER STATION

There are various factors whose consideration is essential
while deciding the location of any thermal power plant.
Two essential inputs is that water and fuel must be easily
available. For getting the coal supply, the place should be
connected by rail or road. The raw water should be available near
the site. Future expansion flexibility is also taken in to account.

COAL AND ASH HANDLING PROCEDURE

• Coal delivery by wagons.
• Uploading by tipplers.
• Treatment by crusher.
• Pulverizing mill treatment supply of pulverized coal to the
furnace.
• The supply of the pulverized coal to the burner is controlled
by the flow of air. When the control system senses a higher
demand, more air is supplied to carry additional coal to the
burner.

8
 AIR AND GAS
Air is fed in to furnace through F.D. (force draught) fans.
Air being supplied to the furnace is passed through air pre-heater.
A P.A. (primary air) fan provides air that carries coal along with it
and is fed in to the furnace. F.D. fan supplies hot air for
combustion. I.D. (induced draught) fan is installed near the bottom
of the chimney. The burned gases are sucked out of the boiler, thus
reducing the pressure inside the boiler to less than atmospheric.
This induces fresh air to enter the furnace.

FEED WATER AND STEAM

A small part of the steam and water is passing through the
different components of the system is lost. Therefore, water is
added to the feed water system as make up water.
In the boiler drum and tubes water circulates because of the
differences in density in the lower and higher temperature section
in the boiler. Stem from the drum is further heated in the super
heater before it is supplied to the prime mover.
The steam after expansion in the high-pressure turbine is
taken to the reheat where it is brought to its original dryness or
superheat before being passed on the low-pressure turbine. From
the L.P. turbine it is exhausted through the condenser in to the hot
well. Steam is being treated in condenser. Condenser extract pump
feed the water to the ejectors before supplying it to L.P. heater.
Water is then supplied to dearator. Boiler feed pump is being
operated for feeding water to drum. From drum water is fed to
super heater from where it is being supplied to the turbine.

COOLING WATER
A large quantity of the cooling water is required to condense
the steam in the condenser. Cooling water may be taken from the
upper side of the river and after passing through the condenser it
may be discharged to the lower side of the river. Such a system of
the cooling water is practicable if adequate quantity is not available

9
water coming out from the condenser may be cooled either in a
cooling pond or cooling towers.

ARC QUENCHING PRINCIPLE

When two current carrying contacts are separated in a
vacuum module, an arc is drawn between them. An intensely hot
spot or speaks are created at the instant of contact separation from
which metal vapour shoot off, constituting plasma. The amount of
the vapour in the plasma is proportional to the rate of the vapour
emission from the electrodes, hence to the arc current. With
alternating current arc, the current decreases during a portion of the
wave and tends to zero. Thereby the rate of the vapour emission
tends to zero and the amount of plasma tends to zero.
Soon after natural current zero, the remaining metal vapour
condenses and the dielectric strength builds up rapidly, and
restricting of the arc is prevented.
The metal vapour arc discharge can only be maintained if a
certain minimum current flows. A current that does not attain this
level is chopped prior to current zero. This chopping current is kept
low in order to prevent unduly high voltage build up when
inductive circuits are switched. The use of special contact material
ensures that the current chopping is limited to a low value.
The metal vapor plasma is highly conductive and the
resulting arc voltage only attains values between 20-200V. For this
reason and because of short arcing times, the arc energy developed
in the break is very small. This also accounts for the long electrical
life expectancy of the vacuum interrupter. Owing to the high
vacuum in the interrupter contact clearance of only 6 to 12 mm
depending on the rated voltage are needed in order to attain a high
dielectric strength.

10
 SWITCHING OPERATION
When closing command is initiated, the charged closing
spring (25) actuates the moving contact (26) through breaker shaft
(18), lever (19), insulated coupler (20), and drive link (21).
The forces that occur when the movement of the insulate
coupler is converted into vertical motion of the moving contacts
are absorbed by the drive link (21) which pivots on the pole
support (14) and adapter (22). During closing the tripling spring
(23) and the contact pressure spring (24) are charged and latched
by a pawl.
The recharging of the closing spring (25) takes place
automatically immediately after closing if the supply of the motor
is on. Otherwise charging can be done with the help of manual
charging handle. In the closed condition the contact pressure
springs and the atmospheric pressure, maintains the necessary
contact pressure. The contact pressure spring automatically
compensates for arc erosion, which is very small.
When a tripping command is given, the pawl releases the
energy stored in the tripling and contact pressure springs.

11
 MODE OF OPERATION

1. CHARGING OF CLOSING SPRING

Motor operated- normally the closing spring is charged by an
electrical motor. The motor operated spring mechanism of vacuum
circuit breaker is of modular design. It contains separate modules
for all the function required for switching operation, as well as for
indication and control. Each module can be dismantled and
installed easily without it being necessary to carry out any
adjustments.
Manually operated- a built in feature also facilitates manual
charging of spring if the power supply to motor fails. This is
achieved by inserting the hand crank in opening and turning it
clockwise until the indicator shows “closing spring charged”.

2. CLOSING OPERATION
After the completion of charging operation of the closing
spring, the breaker is ready for closing. If the breaker is to be
closed locally, we press the on button. In case of remote operation
the closing solenoid unlatches the closing spring.
During closing the tripling spring and the contact pressure
springs are charged and latched by a pawl.

3. OPENING OPERATION
If the breaker is to be tripled locally, the spring is released by
pressing the “OFF” button. In the case of electrical command
being given, the pawl releases the energy stored in the tripling and
contact pressure springs. The opening sequence is similar to
closing. The residual forces of the tripling spring arrests the
moving contact in the open position.

12
 TRANSFORMERS
The transformer is the most convenient and economical
device for transfer of power from one voltage to another voltage at
the same frequency. It works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction. There is hardly any installation without a transformer.
Due to this equipment, it has been possible to transmit bulk power
to load centers from far off power houses and to various
machineries and switchyards of the power plant. Transformers are
of two types: -
Step-up transformer: - Which increases the voltage at
secondary side called step-up transformer.
Step-down transformer: - Which decreases the voltage at
secondary side called step-down transformer.

MAIN PARTS OF TRANSFORMERS

• Primary winding
• Secondary winding
• Oil tank
• Drain cock
• Conservator
• Breather
• Tubes for cooling
• Transformer oil
• Earth point
• Explosion vent
• Temperature gauge
• Buchholz relay

SOME ACCESSORIES OF TRANSFORMERS ARE

DESCRIBED BELOW

13
 1. OIL CONSERVATOR
Oil conservator is a short of doom mounted on the top of
transformer. A level indicator is fixed to it, which gives alarm at
low level. Conservator is connected through a pipe to the
transformer tank containing oil. This oil expands and contract
depending upon the heat produced and so the oil level in
conservator is left open to the atmosphere through a breather so
that the extra air may go out.

2. BREATHER
The breather is a box containing calcium chloride or silica gel to
absorb moisture of oil entering the conservator as it is well known
fact that the insulating property of the transformers oil is lost if a
small amount of moisture enter in it so dry air is allowed to pass
through the breather.
When oil level in oil conservator changes, air goes in & out of
the conservator. This action is known as breathing. Dry silica gel is
of the blue color. It turns pale pink as it absorbs moisture. The wet
silica gel can be regenerated by drying.

3. BUCHHOLZ RELAY
This relay is a gas-actuated relay which is meant for the
protecting of oil immersed. Transformer from insulation failure,
core heating or any type of internal fault which may cause the
heating of oil beyond the specified temperature. Due to any
internal fault, oil is heated up & oil vapor so formed causes either
the alarm circuit (for less fault) or trip the circuit (for severe fault).

14
 4. EXPLOSION VENT
It is also a safety device of the transformer which protects the
transformer tank from gases induced by & any type of short circuit
in the transformer. This consists of a vertical pipe closed by a
diaphragm made of thin bakelite sheet. This diaphragm burst or
slides out in case of abnormal pressure inside the tank. A diverter
plate is used at the bottom of the explosion vent to ensure that
gases produce inside the transformer are directed toward the
buchholz relay & don’t get collected inside the ventilation and
equalize the pressure on each side of the diverter plate.

5. TEMPURATURE INDICATOR
It is also a protective device fitted to the transformer to indicate
temperature of transformer oil. For measuring temperature of the
oil, bulb of the vapor pressure type thermometer is placed in the
hot oil & dial of the thermometer is mounted outside the tank. Two
indicating pointers black and red are provided. Alarm contacts are
also provided which come into action when predetermined
permissible higher temperature is reached under abnormal
operating conditions.

6. BUSHING
The bushing serves as supports and insulation of the bus bars
and transformer terminal. The bushing consists of porcelain shell
body, upper and lower locating washer used for fixing the position
of bus bars and mounting flange with the hole drilled for fixing
bolt and it is supplied with an earthling bolt.
7. MAGNETIC OIL GAUGE
The magnetic oil level gauge supervises the level of oil in the
conservator tank. The oil level gauge is provided on the

15
transformer are of dial type with minimum and maximum level
marking and a pointer which indicate the level of oil in the
conservator. Sometime the scale is also graduated for oil
temperature on the basis of its level.

8. TAP CHANGER
The voltage control of transmission and distribution system is
obtained by tap changer. Tap changer are either on load or off load
tap changer. Tap changer is fitted with the transformer for
adjusting secondary voltage.

16
IMPORTANT TRANSFORMERS IN THE
PLANT
1. GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
It converts 15.75KV which is supplied from generator 220KV
and supplied it to the bus bar/grid.

2. STATION TRANSFORMER
It converts 220KV which is coming to station from BBMB to 7
KV and fed to station auxiliary.

3. UNIT AUXILLIARY TRANSFORMER

It converts 15.75KV which is supplied from generator to 7KV
to fed unit auxiliary.

H.T. AND L.T. MOTORS

H.T. MOTORS
High tension (H.T.) motors are operated at voltages higher than
415V. in thermal power plant these motors are used at 6.6KV.
Specification of H.T. motors which are installed in PANIPAT
THERMAL POWER PLANT are:-

17
 1. I.D. FAN MOTORS

It is known as induced draught fan motor. Its function is to

discharge the flue gases to atmosphere through the chimney after
passing through the precipitator.

KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. WEIGHT RPM

CURRENT
1800 6.6KV 97A 0.89 14300Kg 747

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

2. F.D. FAN MOTORS

It is known as forced draught fan motor. Its function is to supply

fresh air to the furnace for the burning of coal inside the furnace.

KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. WEIGHT RPM

CURRENT
790 6.6KV 86A 0.85 ------- 1487

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

3. P.A. FAN MOTORS

It is known as primary air fan motor. Its function is to carry

pulverized coal from coal mill to the furnace for combustion. It
creates a strong draught of air that carries the pulverized coal.

18
 KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. RPM WEIGHT
CURRENT
1550 6.6KV 156A 0.9 1493 6000Kg

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

4. COAL MILL MOTOR

It is double squirrel cage motor. Its function is to grind the coal

pieces into pulverized coal.

KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. RPM WEIGHT

CURRENT
2400 6.6KV 264A 0.83 1486 10600Kg

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

5. C.E.P. MOTOR

It is known as condensate extract pump motor. Its main function

is to extract the condensate water to the dearator through heater
and economizer.

KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. WEIGHT RPM

CURRENT
325 6.6KV 35.5A 0.85 3650Kg 1485

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

19
 6. B.F.P. MOTOR

It is known as boiler feed pump motor. Its function is to feed the

water to boiler drum. It takes water from the deaireater by creating
a strong suction. It is the biggest motor of the plant.

KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. WEIGHT RPM

CURRENT
4600 6.6KV 466A 0.89 14200Kg 1493

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

7. C.W. PUMP MOTOR

It is known as cooling water pump motor. Its function is to

circulate the cooling water to all auxiliaries in the power plant
which require cooled water.

KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. WEIGHT RPM

CURRENT
1800 6.6KV 200A 0.82 19500Kg 498

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

8. CRUSHER

It is the motor whose main function is to convert the coal into

small pieces (50-60mm) and then the coal goes to coal mill.

KW VOLTAGE STATOR P.F. WEIGHT RPM

CURRENT
550 6.6KV 58A 0.89 737Kg 740

20
Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)
Star connected.

L.T. MOTOR
Low tension motors are those which are of 415V. They are used in
H.T. motor auxiliary.

1. B.C.W. MOTOR

It pumps the B.C. water to the sump.

KW RATED FREQUENCY RPM

CURRENT
136 43A 50HZ 987

Made by KRILOSKER
Star connected.

2. SEAL WATER PUMP MOTOR

It provides a layer of water to the lower position of boiler in

order to seal it from the entry of atmospheric air.
KW RATED FREQUENCY RPM
CURRENT
25 43A 50HZ 1479

Made by N.G.E.F.
Star connected.

21
 3. SEAL WATER VAPOUR EXHAUST FAN

It prevents the entry of air bubbles in the turbine cylinder by

providing the opposite push.

KW RATED FREQUENCY RPM

CURRENT
1.5 3.1 50HZ 6205

Made by KRILOSKER
Star connected.

4. CENTRIFUGE PUMP MOTOR

To centrifuges the vapor that enters by change in turbine and

remove them.

KW RATED FREQUENCY RPM

CURRENT
7.5 14.2 50HZ 1440

Made by Crompton Greaves

Star connected.

5. ASH SULLARY PUMP MOTOR

To pump ash scullery to the ash disposal area.

KW RATED FREQUENCY RPM

CURRENT
100 17.6 50HZ 1485

Made by N.G.E.F.
Star connected.

22
 6. EMERGENCY OIL PUMP

To provide oil to the shaft and bearing of the turbine if seal oil
pump and taking oil pump fails.
KW RATED FREQUENCY RPM
CURRENT
15 12.5 NA(DC) -----

7. RAW WATER PUMP MOTOR

It is used to pump raw water from the lake to the plant.

KW RATED FREQUENCY RPM

CURRENT
90 154A 50HZ 1450

Made by KRILOSKER
Star connected.

8. BEARING COOLING WATER PUMP MOTOR

It supplies cooling water to the motor and other auxiliary for

cooling purposes.
KW RATED INSULATION RPM
VOLTAGE POSITION
335 6.6KV VERTICAL 980

Made by B.H.E.L. (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited)

Star connected.

9. AIR COMPRESSOR

This pump is used for compression of air.

23
Made by Compton Greaves.
It is three phase, squirrel cage induction motor running at 1492rpm
Power: - 400KW
Stator supply: - 6.6KV, 43A, star connected
Apart from these motors few other important H.T. Machines
are installed in a thermal plant site. The few most important of
those are station transformer, high pressure ash pump motors.

SWITCHYARD COMPONENTS
SWITCH GEAR
Switch gear is a control switch that controls the operation of a
power circuit. The two functions of a switch in power systems are:

i) To permit the transmission lines to be convenient. Put into

and taken out of service.
ii) To disable the some plant and lines when these become
faulty. To be rapidly and safely isolated by automatic
means.
The first of these two can be served relatively simple switches.
The second however require circuit breakers which are more
robust & capable of breaking the large values of fault power that
results in faults on major power system since all plants and lines
are liable to develop faults as a result of mechanical damage.
Electrical breakdown, errors in operation etc. The simple isolators
switch in favor of automatic circuit breakers even for switching
function. The whole switchgear assembly consists of two parts.

1. PANEL
Panel consists of protective relays, mountings of potential
transformer, current transformer, ammeter, voltmeter, & energy
meter. The potential transformer is mounted on the panel. The
primary is connected to 11KV & reduce voltage from the
secondary is given to energy meter as line voltages & for
protective purposes.

24
 PROTECTIVE RELAY
These are the devices which detect the abnormal conditions in the
electrical circuit by measuring the electrical quantities which may
change during the fault conditions. Basic quantities which may
change during the fault conditions are current, voltage, phase, and
frequency. Whenever fault occurs, the relays operate to complete
the tripped circuit breaker which results in opening of the circuit
breaker. It results in the disconnection of the faulty circuit.

DIFFERENT TYPE OF RELAYS

i) Earth fault relay
ii) Over current relay
iii) Differential relay
iv) Instantaneous relay

2. TROLLY
The trolley consists of current carrying contacts called
electrodes. These are normally engaged but in predetermined
conditions. Separate to interrupt the circuit, when the contacts are
made.

LIGHTENING ARRESTER
A lightening arrester is a device, which proves low
impedence path for the flow of current between the line and earth
when the systems voltage increases more than the desire value and
regains its original properties of an insulator at normal voltage. It is
connected between line and earth at the switch yard near the
transformer.
The lighting arresters are extensively used for protection of
transformers, switch gears and electrical equipments of over head
lines, power houses and sub-station. These are also use to protect
the line and equipments from skylighting.
Following are the main type of lighting arresters-

25
 i. HORN GAP LIGHTING ARRESTER
ii. EXPULSION TYPE LIGHTING ARRESTER
iii. OXIDE FILM LIGHTING ARRESTER
iv. PELLET LIGHTING ARRESTER
v. THYRITE LIGHTING ARRESTER
vi. AUTO VALUE LIGHTING ARRESTER

EXPULSION TYPE LIGHTING ARRESTER

It consist of-
i. A tube made of fibre which is very effective gas
evolving materials.
ii. An isolating spark gap ( or external series gap )
iii. An intrupting spark gap inside the fibre tube.

During operation arc due to impulse spark inside the fibrous

tube causes some fibre material of the tube voltise in form of gas,
which is expelled through a vent from the bottom of the tube, thus
extinguishing the arc just like in circuit breaker. Since the gases
generated have to be expelled, one of the

6.6KV CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is a device which
1. Makes or breaks a circuit either manually or by remote
control under normal conditions.
2. Breaks a circuit automatically under fault conditions.

Thus a circuit breaker is just a switch that can be operated

under normal and abnormal conditions both automatic or manually
to perform its operation. A circuit breaker is essential consisting of
fixed and moving contacts called electrodes. When a fault occurs
on power system, the trip coil of circuit breaker is energized which

26
pulls apart moving contacts thus open the circuit. DC supply is
used for the operation of circuit breaker on the basis of medium
used for extinction in the circuit breaker are classified as:
1. Oil circuit breaker
2. Air blast circuit breaker
3. Sulpher hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

It is well known that when a circuit carrying a large current is
broken, an arc occurs at that point where the contacts are separate.
The arching is specially severe when high voltages are involved
and if a short circuit occurs on a high voltage cable which is
supplied from large power station. The arc would be powerful to
bridge the contacts of the switch and destroy it by burning. The
device is employed as an oil breaker. An oil breaker posses the
property of always breaking an alternative current at its zero value.

VACCUME CIRCUIT BREAKERS

These are designed to handle all recognized switching duties.
The breaker is extremely reliable in service, requires only a
minimum of maintenance and has long life expectancy. Moreover,
their small size and weight, quiet low vibration levels and the fact
that they are not affected by variation in temperature and freedom
from fire hazards enable the breakers to be used in locations
subject to adverse conditions
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The power generated is distributed to the following stations.
Auto transformers 1 & 2 of 132KV each give power to: -
1. Indian Oil Corporation Oil Refinery
2. Railways
3. Munak

27
 4. Safidon
5. Panipat
6. Assandh

220KV is directly supplied to

1. Rohtak
2. Narwana
3. Nissing
4. Karnal
5. Sonipat

Outgoing and incoming feeders to: -

1. Sewah-1
2. Sewah-2
3. Sewah-3
4. Sewah-4

220KV SUB-STATIONS
The power houses are very far from the load centers. Thus
high voltage transmission lines are required to transmit power
house from the source of generation to load centers. In between the
power house and the ultimate consumer a number of transformer
and switching stations are required. These are known as sub-
stations.

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 BUS BARS
Bus bar can be defined as a conductor which get supply from
a number of sources and is loaded into a number of loading center.
The conductor used for the bus bar is called MOOSE conductor.
They differ from the line conductors in, only the size and are
construction-ally similar. The size of MOOSE conductor is 0.54
square inch.
The current carrying capacity of the MOOSE conductor is
1200A per conductor. But in the switchyard, two conductors are
used which double the capacity to 2400A. the conductors used are
of ACSR conductor.

The total load on the 220KV switchyard is: -

NARWANA-2 1000A
KARNAL 400A
NISSING 200A
ROHTAK 300A
AUTO 200A
TOTAL 2100A

The generation is sometimes less then the total load.

Therefore, to fulfill the demand, P.T.P.S. is connected to the grid
through Sewah sub-station. The two stations are connected to each
other through 4 parallel lines. Thus, if generation is less by 1100A,
the supply is taken from the sub-station with 250A per line. These
conductors supply the bus-bars of P.T.P.S.

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 EFFICIENCY OF THE PLANT
The overall efficiency of a thermal plant is quiet low and
does not exceed 40% and for most of the plant it is around 30%.
The main reason behind low efficiency of thermal plants is the
poor efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle. Heat is rejected to the
condenser and the loss is unavoidable due to thermodynamic
reasons. Heat cant be converted into mechanical energy without a
drop in temperature. And the steam in the condenser is at the
lowest temperature. The efficiency of thermodynamic cycle is
about 45%.
Losses occur in boiler, turbine, and generator.
The losses in turbine occur due to the friction, leakage,
radiation etc. The condenser performance has a great effect on the
turbine heat rate because the back pressure measured at the turbine
exhaust affects the heat losses. The turbine efficiency is about
85%.
The losses in the generator include the copper losses, iron
losses, and mechanical losses. Modern large size generators have
an efficiency of about 98% on full load. The auxiliary power
consumption is about 5% of the generator output.

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 SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLGY
Utilities all around the world are engaged in a common goal:
-To improve efficiency of thermal power plants and to reduce
operating costs.
Improvement in efficiency can be brought about mainly by
the following two advancements: -
1. By reducing heat losses.
2. By increasing thermodynamic efficiency by using higher
steam pressure and temperature.

When temperature of about 600C and pressure of 300 bars is

used, water enters a supercritical phase. In this phase water has
properties between those of the liquid and gas. When water is in
supercritical stage, it can dissolve a number of organic compounds
and gasses. If hydrogen peroxide and liquid oxygen is added,
combustion is started. Systems based on this principle are called
supercritical systems. This process is economical only in 5th range
of 500MW and above. An advantage of supercritical turbine is that
low grade fossil fuels can be used for generation of power.
Moreover nitrogen dioxide emissions are completely eliminated
and sulpher dioxide emissions are reduced.

Thus the plant does not require desulpherization and gentrification

equipment. Moreover soot collector is also not needed because
complete burning of coal occurs. Creation of supercritical water
requires large amount of energy. But the whole process can still be
more efficient and economical because cost of processing flue
gasses emissions is eliminated and cooling water requirements are
also reduced. Present day supercritical technology have an overall
efficiency of 40%. However it can well be increased taking other
crucial factor in account.

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 CONCLUSION
Power generation work being handled by a power plant is
more than a work of business. It is helping humanity to achieve its
need. All around development will come to a stand still if power
shortage comes in effect.
Power has become more than a need; it is perhaps the way of
living. Per unit consumption of electricity in India is still low; it
indicates the living standard of the nation. Hope we will meet
future challenges and make our country a better place to live in.

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