X INTRODUCTION

In this topic, we will discuss the characterisation of a subset of a vector space is a

vector space. This subset is called the subspace of the vector space.

For any finite set in any non-trivial vector space, there exists a smallest subspace
that can contain that set. This smallest subspace is known as the subspace
generated or spanned by the set.
DEFINITION OF SUBSPACE AND THE
SUBSPACE CHARACTERISATION THEOREM


Is it possible for a vector space to be in a bigger vector space?
Skill: Define the subspace of a vector space.
8.1
T
T
o
o
p
p
i
i
c
c
8
8

X
Subspace
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Determine whether if a subset of a vector space is a subspace or not;
and
2. Explain graphically the meaning of linear combination for a vector set
in R
2
or R
3
.
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

123
Assume V is a vector space. There exists a particular subset in V that constitutes a
vector space with respect to addition and scalar multiplication defined on V. In
this section we will look at these subsets in some detail.



In general, to show that any space (or subspace) is a vector space, it must be
shown that all 10 axioms of the vector space (that is V1 to V10) holds true for the
space (or subspace). However, in the case S, since it is a subset of V, it must be
that axioms that are true in V must also be true in S. For example, Axiom V3
i.e. , , . x y y x x y V + = + e

Since S is a subset of V and since this axiom is true for all elements in V, it must
therefore be true also for all elements in S.

The following theorem shows that S _ V is a subspace of V if and only if S
satisfies the following three axioms.



The above theorem is called the subspace characterisation theorem.


Theorem 8.1. Let V be a vector space and S be a non-empty subset of V.
Then S is said to be a subspace of V if and only if the following three
conditions are satisfied:
(a) 0 e S
(b) , x y S x y S + e e
(c) , x S x S o o e e eR
Definition: Let V be a vector space and S _ V. Then S is called a subspace
of V if S is the vector space with respect to the same operations, that defined
on V.
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

124
EXAMPLES OF SUBSPACES AND
NON-SUBSPACES


Are all subsets of a vector space a subspace?


Example 8.1
Let
1 2
1 2
2
and 3 .
x
V S x x V
x
| |

= = = _
` |
\ . )
R Show that S is a subspace of V.
Solution
Step 1: Obviously
0
0 3(0).
0
S
| |
e =
|
\ .

Step 2: For any two elements of S, assume that

1 1
2 2
and
x y
x y
x y
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

Then

1 2 1 2
3 and 3 . x x y y = =
Step 3: From Theorem 8.1(b).
Observe that

1 1 1 1
2 2 1 2
x y x y
x y
x y x y
+ | | | | | |
+ = + =
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .

and

1 1 2 2 2 2
3 3 3( ). x y x y x y + = + = +
Therefore
. x y S + e
Skill: Determine if a given subset is a subspace.
8.2
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

125





Example 8.2
Let V = R
22
, the vector space of all 2 2 matrices with real entries.
Note that V , , , .
a b
a b c d
c d
| |
= e
`
|
\ . )
R Show that
W
0
,
0
o
o

| |
= e
`
|
\ . )
R is a subspace of V.
Solution
Step 1: Take o = = 0, then

0 0
.
0 0
W
| |
e
|
\ .

Step 4: From Theorem 8.1(c).
Let o is any element in R and x any element in S.
Observe that

1 1
2 2
x x
x
x x
o
o o
o
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

and

1 2 2
(3 ) 3( ). x x x o o o = =
Therefore
x S o e
Conclusion: S is a subspace of V.
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

126




Example 8.3
Let
C[a, b] = {f | f : [a, b] R continuous}

i.e. the vector space of all continuous real functions in [a, b], and C
n
[a, b] is
the set of all functions f having continuous nth derivatives. It can be shown
that C
n
[a, b] is a subspace C[a, b].

Solution

Step 1: Obviously if ( ) f x = 0, then
( ) n
f (x) = 0. Thus 0 e C
n
[a, b].

Step 2: C
n
[a, b] =
( )
{
n
f f continuous on [a, b]}

Let , f g be any two vector functions in C
n
[a, b] and o any real
number. Then,
( ) n
f and g
(n)
are continuous on [a, b].
Step 2: Take two matrices A and B.

1 2
1 2
0 0
and
0 0
A B
o o

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

are two matrices (vector) in W and o is any real number.
Step 3: From Theorem 8.1.
Observe that

1 2 1
1 2 1
0 0
and .
0 0
A B A
o o oo
o
o
+ | | | |
+ = =
| |
+
\ . \ .

It is clear that A + B e W and oA e W because these two matrices have zero
entries in the main diagonal.
Conclusion: W is a subspace of V.
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

127




Example 8.4
Consider the m n system of linear homogeneous equations 0 Ax = with
x eR
n
. Assume that N(A) is the set of all solutions for 0. Ax =
i.e. N(A)
{ }
R 0
n
x Ax = e =

Show that N(A) is a subspace of R
n
.

Solution

Let
, ( ) and . x y N A o e eR

Step 1: 0 e N(A) because A0 = 0.

Step 2: From Theorem 8.1(b).

( ) 0 0 0. A x y Ax Ay + = + = + =

Therefore
( ). x y N A + e
Step 3: From Theorem 8.1(b).

Observe that

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
n n n
f g f g + = +

Step 4: From Theorem 8.1(c).


( ) ( )
( )
n n
f f o o = is continuous on [a, b]. Thus,
f + g e C
n
[a, b] and f o e C
n
[a, b].

Conclusion: C
n
[a, b] is a subspace of C[a, b].
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

128


Not all subsets of a vector space is a subspace. We must therefore know how to
show that a given subset is not a subspace.





Note that we can use any counter example of the three conditions to show that a
set is not a subspace.

Example 8.5
Let V = R
3
, and S = {(a, b, 1)
T
| a, b e R}. Show that S is not a subspace of V.

Solution
(0, 0, 0)
T
e S. Therefore S is not a subspace of V.
Assume statement in Theorem 8.1 is not true, then S is not a subspace of V if
and only if either one the three conditions is violated.
Step 3: From Theorem 8.1(c).

( ) 0 0. A x A x o o o = = =

Therefore, ( ). x N A o e

Conclusion: This means that N(A) is a subspace of R
n
.
N(A) is called the null space of A.
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

129


Example 8.6
Consider the vector space R
3
. Determine whether W is a subspace of R
3
if
(i) W = {(x, y, z) | x > y > z}.
(ii) W = {(x, y, z) | x = y
2
}.

Solution

(i)

Step 1: Choose a suitable value for each of the parameters x, y, z and o.

Let x = (3, 2, 1) and o = 1.

It is obvious that x e W because 3 > 2 > 1.

Step 2: Prove that Theorem 8.1(c) is not true.

o x = 1(3, 2, 1) = (3, 2, 1) and
3 > 2 > 1 is not true.
Conclusion: W is not a subspace of R
3
, because we have shown that
- x = (3, 2, 1) e W and
o = 1 R x W o ee e

Therefore, W is not a subspace of R
3
.
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

130

(ii)
Prove using Method 1 or Method 2 shown below.
Method 1: Use Theorem 8.1(c).
Let x = (4, 2, 1) and o = 1.
It is clear that
x e W
because 4 = 2
2
and o e R.
However
o x = 1(4, 2, 1) = (4, 2, 1) e W
because 4 = (2)
2
= 4.
Therefore, W is not a subspace of R
3
.

Method 2: Use Theorem 8.1(b).
Let
x = (4, 2, 1) and y = (9, 3, 1).
Clearly
, x y W e
because 4 = 2
2
and 9 = 3
2
.
But
x + y = (13, 5, 2) e W
because 13 = 5
2
.
Here we show that
, . x y W x y W - e + e
Therefore, W is not a subspace of R
3
.
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

131


Example 8.7
Consider the vector space R
33
. Show that
= {A e R
33
| A = A
T
}

is a subspace of R
33
.

Solution

Step 1: Use Theorem 8.1(a) Since 0 = 0
T
, hence 0 e .

Step 2: Let A, B e .
Then
A = A
T
and B = B
T
.

Step 3: Use Theorem 8.1(b).

Observe that
A + B = A
T
B
T
= (A
T
+ B
T
) = (A + B)
T


Thus
A + B e .

Step 4: Use Theorem 8.1(c).

Assume A e and o e R.

Then,
oA = o(A
T
) = oA
T
= (oA)
T
.

Thus,
oA e .

Conclusion: Thus, we can conclude that is a subspace of R
33
.
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

132


Example 8.8
Consider the vector space F[a, b]. Show that
U = { f e F[a, b] | -o e R
+
| ( ) f x | s o}

(i.e. U that is made up of all bounded functions defined on the interval [a, b]),
is a subspace of F[a, b].

Solution

Step 1: 0 e U as | 0 | s o for all o e R
+
.

Step 2: Let , f g e U. Then
-o, e R
+
| ( ) f x | s o and | g(x) | s .
Step 3: Use the triangle inequality to prove Theorem 8.1(b).
Observe that
| ( ) f g + (x) | = | ( ) f x + g(x) | s | ( ) f x | + | g(x) | s o +

(triangle inequality).

This means that f + g is a bounded function
i.e. f + g e U.

Step 4: Prove Theorem 8.1(c).

Let o e R
+
and f e U. Then

| ( ) f o (x) | = | ( ) f x o | = | o | | ( ) f x | s | o | o.
This shows that o f is a bounded function.
i.e. f o e U.

Conclusion: U is a subspace of F[a, b].
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

133
LINEAR COMBINATION AND LINEAR
SPAN


An important problem relating to vector space is the determination of the smallest
subspace (of a vector space) that can contain a certain vector set. The following
concepts can help:





Definition: The set of all linear combinations of
1 2
, , ...,
n
x x x is called span
of
1 2
, , ...,
n
x x x and is written as
span { }
1 2
, , ...,
n
x x x

i.e.
span { }
1 2
, , ...,
n
x x x =
{ }
1 1 2 2 1
... , 1, 2, ...,
n n
x x x i n o o o o + + + e = R
Definition: Assume V is a vector space and
1 2
, , x x ...,
n
x are vectors in V. A
vector x V e is called the linear combination of vectors
1 2
, , x x ...,
n
x if x
can be written in the form

1 1 2 2
...
n n
x x x x o o o = + + +

with o
1
,o
2
, ..., o
n
is a scalar.
Skill: Recognise linear combination and linear span.
8.3
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

134

Example 8.9

(i) In the vector space R
3
, it is given that
x = (1, 2, 1), y = (2, 1, 3), z = (1, 1, 7). Determine span { } , , x y z .

Use the definition of span.
span { } , , x y z = { x y z o + + | o, , e R}
= {o (1, 2, 1) + (2, 1, 3) + (1, 1, 7) | o, , e R}
= {(o + 2 + , 2o + + , o + 3 + 7 ) | o, , e R}.

How to write the vector u taken from span { , , }? x y z
Let u e Rent span }. z Then
u x y z o = + + for any o, , e R.
(or -o, , e R ). u x y z o = + +

(ii) In the vector space R
22
, if it is given that

1 2 1 0
and
3 4 1 1
A B
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
, determine span {A, B}.

Use the definition of span
span {A, B} = {oA + B | o, e R}

2
, .
3 4
o o
o
o o
| |
= e
`
|
\ . )
+
R
+ +


How to write the vector C taken from span {A, B}?

Let C e Rent span?}.

Then
C = oA + B for an o, e R
(or -o, e R C = oA + B).
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

135




Figure 8.1 shows the vector x in R
2
that is the linear combination of the vectors
1
x and
2
. x

(iii) In the vector space C[a, b], if it is given
, f g, h e C[a, b]
with ( ) f x = sin x, g(x) = cos x, h(x) = x
2
,
determine the span { , , }. f g h

Use the definition of span
span { , , } f g h = { f o + g + h | o, , e R}.

How to write the vector k taken from span { , , }? f g h

Let k e span { , , }. f g h
k = f o + g + h for an o, , e R.
(or -o, , e R k = f o + g + h)

Thus, k(x) = f o (x) + g(x) + h(x), x e [a, b]
= o sin x + cos x + x
2
.
State the relationship between span and linear combination.
SELF-CHECK 8.1
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

136

Figure 8.1: Linear combination of the vectors
1
x and
2
x

Figure 8.2 shows a portion of span { }
1 2
, x x with
1
x and
2
x being two non-parallel
vectors in R
3
. Span { }
1 2
, x x is the plane through the origin that contain the
vectors
1
x and
1
. x


Figure 8.2: Span { }
1 2
, x x

y
x
x
1

x
2

x
2

ox
1

x = ox
1
+ x
2

x
y
z
x
2

x
1

ox
1

x
2

ox
1
+ x
2

TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

137

Example 8.10
Let (1, 2, 1)
T
x = and (6, 4, 2)
T
y = be two vectors in R
3
. Show that
- (9, 2, 7)
T
z = is a linear combination of x and y and
- (4, 1, 8)
T
w = is not a linear combination of x and . y

Solution
(a)

Step 1: Use the definition of linear combination, z x y o = + .

z is a linear combination of x and , y if there exist o and such
that
. z x x o = +

By replacing , and , z x y we obtain

(9, 2, 7) (1, 2, 1) (6, 4, 2)
( 6 , 2 4 , 2 )
T T T
T
o
o o o
= +
= + + +


Step 2: Equate corresponding components and solve the system of
equations.
o + 6 = 9
2o + 4 = 2
o + 2 = 7

The solution to the above equations is
o = 3 and = 2.

Therefore
3 2 . z x y = +

Conclusion: (9, 2, 7)
T
z = is a linear combination of x and . y
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

138

SUBSPACE SPANNED BY A SET


Let V be a vector space and { }
1 2
, , ..., .
n
S s s s V = _ Then either
- S spans V (each vector in V is a linear combination of vectors in S) or
- S does not span V.

Skill: To prove that span S is a subspace of V.
8.4
(b)

Step 1: Use the definition of linear combination, . w x y o = + If w is a
linear combination of x and , y then there exist o and such that
. w x y o = +
(4, 1, 8) (1, 2, 1) (6, 4, 2)
T T T
o = + (i)

Step 2: Equate the corresponding components and solve the system of
equations.

6 4
2 4 1
2 8
o
o
o
+ =
+ =
+ =

The solution to the above system is the augmented matrix,

1 6 4
9
0 1
8
0 0 3
| |
|
|
|
|

\ .


Conclusion: This system is therefore not consistent, that is the scalars o, do
not exist. Thus, w is not a linear combination of x and . y
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

139
The following theorem shows that the span S is a subspace of V.



Proof:

(i) Let x and y be any two vectors in span S.

Then
-
1 1 2 2
... and
n n
x s s s o o o = + + +
-
1 1 2 2
...
n n
y s s s = + + +

with o
1
,
1
e R, i = 1, 2, ..., n.

Step 1: Obviously, 0 e span S.

Step 2: Show that it is closed to addition.

Thus,

1 1 1 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n n
x y s s s o o o + = + + + + + +

Step 3: Prove closure with respect to scalar multiplication.
For all o e R,
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n
x s s s o oo oo oo = + + +

Theorem 8.2.
Let V be vector space and { }
1 2
, , ..., .
n
S s s s V = _

Then
- span S is a subspace of V.
- span S is the smallest subspace of V that contain S. (This means that other
subspaces different from V that contain S must contain span S).
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

140
Conclusion: It is obvious that and x y x o + is a linear combination of
1
, s
2
, ..., .
n
s s Thus,
x y + e span S and x o e span S.

This means that span S is a subspace of V.

(ii) Let W be another subspace that contain S, that is S _ W. We will show that
span S _ W.

Step 1: Let x e span S.
Then

1 1 2 2
...
n n
x s s s o o o = + + +

with
1
o e R, i = 1, ..., n.

Because S _ W, therefore s
1
, s
2
, ..., s
n
eW.

Step 2: We know that W is a subspace of V.
Thus,

1 1 2 2
...
n n
x s s s W o o o = + + + e

therefore, span S _ W.



Span S = V means span S _ V and V _ span S. Since span S _ V is always true,
therefore, to show that S spans V, we only need to show that V _ span S. (i.e. we
must show that every vector element of V is also an element of span S).

Note: From the above theorem, span S _ W. If S span V, then span S = V and
the set S is called the span set of V.
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

141
Steps to prove V _ span S.

Let . x V e We must show there exist o
1
,o
2
, ..., o
n
in R such that

1 1 2 2
... .
n n
x s s s o o o = + + +

If this can be shown then it must be that x e span S.

Thus, it can be concluded that
span S = V. (i.e. S spans V or V is spanned by S)

Recall the following statements about sets:
(i) , . A B x A x B _ e e
(ii) . A B x A x B . - e e

Statement (ii) is a contradiction of Statement (i) and vice-versa.

If it can be shown that
V . span S i.e. span x V x S - e e

then we can conclude that S does not span V.



Example 8.11
Determine which of the following sets span R
3
?
(a) { }
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , with (1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) .
T T T
e e e e e e = = =
(b) { }
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , with (1, 1, 1) , (2, 2, 0) and (3, 0, 0) .
T T T
v v v v v v = = =
(c) { }
1 2 1 2
, with (1, 0, 1) and (0, 1, 0) .
T T
u u u u = =

Solution
If it can be shown that any vector (a, b, c)
T
in R
3
can be written as a linear
combination of vectors in the given set, then the set span R
3
.
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

142

(a)
Step 1: Let (a, b, c)
T
any vector in R
3
.
Observe that
(a, b, c)
T
= a(1, 0, 0)
T
+ b(0, 1, 0)
T
+ c(0, 0, 1)
T

Conclusion: Thus, { }
1 2 3
, , e e e spans R
3
.
(b)
Step 1: Show whether there exist o, and such that for any vector
(a, b, c)
T
e R
3
,
(a, b, c)
T
= o(1, 1, 1)
T
+ (2, 2, 0)
T
+ (3, 0, 0)
T
.
Step 2: Equate corresponding components, and solve the equation.

2 3
2
a
b
c
o
o
o
+ + =
+ =
=

Step 3: Since the coefficient matrix for the above system is non-singular,
the system must therefore possess a unique solution.

2
3
c
b c
a b
o

| |
|
| |
|

|
|
=
|
|
|
|
\ .

|
\ .

Therefore

1 2 3
1 2 0 .
2 3
1 0 0
a
b c a b
b c
c
| | | | | | | |

| | | |
= + +
| | | |
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

Conclusion: Thus { }
1 2 3
, , v v v spans R
3
.
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143




Example 8.12
Does p e span { } , q r when
(i)
2 2
( ) 3 2 1, ( ) 1 and ( ) 2? p x x x q x x r x x = = + = +
(ii)
2
( ) , ( ) 1 and ( ) 2? p x x q x x r x x = = + = +

Solution

(i)

Step 1: Prove there exist , . p q r o o e = + R

Let , , . p q r o o = + eR

This means that
( ) ( ) ( ), . p x q x r x x o = + eR

i.e.
2 2
3 2 1 ( 1) ( 2) x x x x o = + + +

2
2 . x x o o = + + +
(c)

Step 1: Let (a, b, c)
T
= o(l, 0, l)
T
+ (0, l, 0)
T
.

By equating corresponding components we obtain,
, and a b c o o = = =

This is true only if a = c.

Conclusion: In this case, there exist vectors in R
3
, for example (l, 2, 3)
T
that
are not linear combinations of
1 2
and . u u Thus, { }
1 2
, u u is not the span set of
R
3
.
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

144


Step 2: Find o and .

By equating coefficients, obtain
3, 2 o = =

Conclusion: Thus, p = 3q 2r e span {q, r}.

(ii)

Step 1: Prove that o and exist.
Similar to (i), from
( ) ( ) ( ) p x q x r x o = +
we obtain
2
( 1) ( 2) x x x o = + + +

By equating coeeficients it can be shown that,

0
1
2 0
o

o
=

=
`

+ =
)


Conclusion: This system is therefore not consistent (i.e. the required o and
do not exist). Thus, p e span {q, r}.
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

145




Example 8.13
Assume , f g, h e F|0, t | with
( ) f x = sin
2
x, g(x) = cos
2
x and
h(x) = sin 2x.

Does h e span { , }? f g

Solution

Step 1: Let h = f o + g, o, e R
i.e.
| |
( ) ( ) ( ), 0, . h x f x g x x o t = + e

Then
sin 2x = o sin
2
x + cos
2
x.
Step 2: Determine whether o and exist when x e |0, t |

Because the above statement is true for all x e |0, t |, it must also
be true for
0, ,
4 2
x
t t
=

(Choose suitable points in |0, t | for easy verification).
With x = 0, 0 = o(0) + (1)

Conclusion: It is clear that o, that can satisfy all three of the above equations
at once do not exist.

Thus, h e span { , }. f g
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

146


Example 8.14
Show that if

2
( ) 1 2 , ( ) 3 and ( ) 1 p x x q x x r x x = + = = +

then
span { }
3
, , p q r P =

(P
3
is a vector space of all polynomials of degree less than 3.

2
3
( ) ). p P p x a bx cx e = + +
Solution

Only we need to show that P
3
_ span {p, q, r}.

Step 1: Consider an element in P
3

- s any element in P
3
and
- s(x) = a + bx + cx
2
(i)

Step 2: Show that there exist o, , e R such that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) s x p x q x r x o = + +

2
(1 2 ) (3 ) (1 ) x x x o = + + + + (ii)

From (i) and (ii), by equating coefficients, we obtain

,
2
2 2
3
2
and
3
c c
a
c
b
c
b a
a
o
o

o

= =
=

+ =
` | |

|

+ =
\ .
)
=


Conclusion: Thus, { } , , span , , . s p q r p q r o o - e = + + e R

This means that, span {p, q, r} = P
3
.
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

147

1. Determine whether each of the following set is a subspace of R
3
.
(a) ( )
{ }
, , 1
T
S x y z x y = + =
(b) ( )
{ }
, ,
T
S x y z z x y = = +

2. Determine whether each of the following set is a subspace of
R
22
.
(a) 0
a b
V a d
c d
| |
= + =
`
|
\ . )

(b) 0
a b a b
W S
c d c d

| |
= =
`
|
\ .
)


3. (a) Show that (1, 2, 5)
T
x = e R
3
is a linear combination of
vectors
(1, 1, 1) , (1, 2, 3) and (2, 1, 1) .
T T T
u v w = = =

(b) Show that (2, 5, 3)
T
u = eR is not a linear combination of
vectors
(1, 3, 2) , (2, 4, 1) and (1, 5, 7) .
T T T
x y z = = =

4. (a) Show that the vector
(1, 1, 1) , (1, 2, 3) and (1, 5, 8)
T T T
u v w = = = span R
3
.

(b) Show that the vectors
(1, 2, 0) , ( 1, 1, 2) and (3, 0, 4)
T T T
u v w = = = do not span
R
3
.

5. Determine whether the following sets span P
3
,
(a) {1, x
2
, x
2
2} (b) {2, x
2
, x, 2x + 3}
EXERCISE 8.1
X TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE

148


- In this topic, we saw that for every non-trivial vector space there exist many
subsets.
- This subset is called the subspace of the vector space.
- One method of constructing a subspace is by taking the linear span of any
finite set in the vector space.

-
6. Determine whether each of the following set can be a subspace of
P
4
.
(a) A = The set of all polynomials in P
4
of odd degree.
(b) B = The set of all polynomials of degree 3.
(c) C = The set of all polynomials in P
4
with p (0) = 0.

7. Determine whether each of the following set can be a subspace of
C[1, 1].
(a) D = The set of all odd functions in C[1, 1]
i.e. all f such that ( ) f x = ( ), f x x e [1, 1]
(b) E = { [ 1, 1] f C e | ( 1) f = 0 and (1) 0} f =
(c) F = { [ 1, 1] f C e | ( 1) f = 0 and (1) 0} f =

8. Let S, T be a subspaces of a vector space V. Prove that S T is a
subspace of V.

9. Let U be a subspace of R
2
spanned by
1
e and Let T be a subspace
of R
2
spanned by
2
. e Is U T a subspace of R
2
?

(Here,
1
e = (1, 0) and
2
e = (0,1).)
EXERCISE 8.1
TOPIC 8 SUBSPACE W

149

Linear combination
Span
Span set
Subspace