Smith 1 Global Review Culture and Early Civilizations (Chapter 1) -Cultural Diffusion- The spread of ones culture to one

society/culture to another. -Ethnocentrism- Belief in the superiority of ones culture -Five Themes of Geography Place- Land features- mountains plains, and plateaus, Climate and bodies of water. Human Characteristics- People, culture, language, religion, buildings and landmarks, cities. Human Environment Interaction- Farming, cutting down trees, weather, pollution. Movement- The mobility of people, goods, and ideas. (Cultural Diffusion). Region- What places have in common: Political. landform, agricultural and cultural regions . (PHERM- Place, Human, Environment, Region, Movement). -Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)- Lasted from 2.5M B.C to 8000 B.C (Cold). Had 2 main jobs. Nomads Hunter-Gatherers. Origins of Religion Crude stone, wood, or bone tools Clubs Knives Spears Hooks Needles Made jewelry out of seashells, bones, and claws. Made cave paintings using charcoal, mud, and animal blood. Usually depicting animals or hunters. -Neolithic Revolution First Agricultural Revolution Shift from food gathering to producing food. The far-reaching changes in human life resulting in the beginnings of farming.

Smith 2 Allows plants to grow where there were sheets of ice. Environmental Changes New climate patterns which leads to the end of the old stone age. Warmer Significance- No longer had to wander in search of food, could live in permanent settlements, and marked the beginning of the New Stone Age, or Neolithic Period. Farmed using Slash and Burn method Cutting down trees and grasses; burning them into a clear field Ash remains as a fertilizer for the soil. Farmers planted crops for a year or two and then moved to another area. After several years, trees and grasses grew back. -Primary and Secondary Source Primary- Original documents or artifacts. Secondary- Interprets or analyzes primary sources. EX: textbooks, magazine articles, biographies,. -Mary Leakey In Laetoli, Africa, found the first evidence in human origins with a fossilized foot print. Found in the Great Rift Valley -Archaeologist- Scientists who learn about early people and culture bye excavating and studying traces if early settlements (Artifacts). -Anthropologists- Scientists who study culture. Paleontologists- Scientists who study fossils.

Smith 3 Ancient Egypt (Chapter 2.2, 4.1) -Contributions Hieroglyphics Writing system of Egypt that was a picture-writing. Developed papyrus Created a calendar Created a number system Developed a government known as a theocracy Theocracy- Government style in which the ruler is looked upon as a divine figure. Created an irrigation system -Polytheism- The belief in more than one god -Pyramids Was a tomb for pharaohs or priests. Valuables of the king were buried with him. -Mummification Wrapped in strips of linen to preserve them for the afterlife. Mesopotamia (Chapter 1.3, 2.1, 3.3) Geography of Tigris and Euphrates River Problems with living near a river valley Flooding and Drought Irrigation Systems/Water provided silt (fertile soil) No Natural Barriers Used mud bricks to create walls Limited Natural Resources Traded surplus goods for the things they needed. -Phoenicians Sea-faring traders Ship Builders- Harvested cedar for ship building Produced purple dye

Smith 4 *First to create the phonetic alphabet Made bills of receipt -Babylon/Code of Hammurabi First written code of law 282 Laws *Business, family relations, crime, different rules for different social classes. (An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth). -Sumer First people to harness bronze. Ziggurats Temples for religious offerings, government and sacrifices. Cuneiform- First form of writing. Wedge shaped writing. Ancient India Geography of India Subcontinent- A large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent Monsoon- A wind that shifts in direction certain times of each year (wet season/dry season) Dry Season- Droughts Wet Season- Powerful storms and flooding Yearly floods and droughts were unpredictable Mountain Ranges Indus River Valley Mountains (North), Deserts (East) Protects from invasion The Indus and the Ganges River Provided a great link for the outside word for trade Source: Mountains, Mouth: Indian Ocean link to the interior from the sea irrigation, creates silt -Mohenjo Daro & Harappa

Smith 5 Indias first cities Harappan Civilization (Is called Harappan because artifacts were found in Harappa Developed a Grid System Built on mud brick platforms, protects from flooding Plumbing and Sewage Streets were as wide as 30 feet. *The uniformity of the cities planning suggests cooperation and strong central government* Developed a written language (Impossible to decipher, and about 400 characters make up the language) *Culture Animals are a large part of their culture and art Conflict was limited-- Few weapons were found Had a lot of free time because children's toys were found Children did not have to work. *Religion Religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu culture They prayed to a figure that resembles Shiva (A major Hindu god) Trade Gold, silver, and precious stones were traded to create jewelry Traded with Indus river Caste System Aryans transformed India Determined their work, marriage, and associations. Only way to move out of caste system was if you do your dharma to receive good karma when you die. *Brahmans- Top of caste system; were priests- Dominated all aspects of society Kshatriyas- The Warriors Vaisya- Farmers and Merchants

Smith 6 Sudras- Craftworkers and laborers. Were gravediggers and trash collectors *Untouchables- Outcastes of society, Were gravediggers and trash collectors -Hindu Beliefs (Chapter 3.2) No One founder* Religion- liberates the soul from the illusions, disappointments and mistakes of life Reincarnation- You either moved up or down the caste system when you die Dharma, Karma, Caste System Had 3 Major gods Brahma- Creator Vishnu- Protector Shiva- Destroyer Represents 3 Paths to Moksha Moksha- Perfect understanding of all things Holy Books were the Vedas* Explains how to liberate oneself from desires and suffering and how to achieve moksha. Atmans- Individual Soul Brahmans- World Soul If an individual has perfect understanding of the relationship between the two, he/she achieved moksha. -Mauryan Empire 321 B.C, Chandragupta Maurya gathered an army and took control of the lower Ganges River. Begins the Mauryan Empire 303 B.C the Mauryan Empire stretched more than 2000 miles, uniting northern india for the first time Chandragupta Maurya was suspicious and a harsh ruler Sent spies into the population Political assassination Levied very high taxes for war -Gupta Empire

Smith 7 Chandra Gupta 320 A.D, after Asoka dies Became great king of kings Golden Age of India Math Concept of zero, decimal system, calculated Pi and the length of a year Astronomy Calendar-seven days a week, proved the Earth was round, Used stars to find location Medical Herbs to treat illness, Vaccination, Created medical journals, performed surgery. Literature Play Write Drama Huns took control of India, fall of Gupta Empire Belief Systems -Judaism (Chapter 3.4) Founder- Abraham Monotheistic Place of origin- Canaan Beliefs Messiah is coming Covenant between Abraham and God If you follow Gods laws, he will bring you to the Promised Land Yahweh- Name for God Basis of Christianity and Islam Holy Book- Torah

Smith 8 -Islam (Chapter 10.1) Origin is located in the Arabian Peninsula Founder- The prophet Muhammad Also the last prophet Begins preaching that all other gods should be abandoned Preaches publicly in Mecca Islam- Submission to allah Muslim- One who submits **Five Pillars of Islam** 1. Faith- There is no god but allah and Muhammad is his prophet 2. Prayer- Five times a day, face towards Mecca, in a mosque or anywhere 3. Almsgiving- Giving money to the poor 4. Fasting- No food or drink during daylight hours during the month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage- The hajj. The pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a muslims life.Each muslim must go to Mecca at least one time in his/her lifetime Mecca is located in the Western Arabia peninsula Pilgrimage to the Kaaba Considered to be the connection to Abraham Islam spread from holy war. -Buddhism (Chapter 3.2) Founder- Siddhartha Guantama/Buddha, in India Dhammapada- The buddhist holy book. Enlightenment- The wisdom about the workings of the universe Worshipped no gods Based off of the Four Noble Truths 1. Life is filled with suffering or sorrow 2. The cause of suffering is selfish desire of the pleasures of the world 3. The way to end suffering is to end all desires 4. Overcome desire and youll attain enlightenment

Smith 9 Doesnt believe in a caste system Appeals to the lower caste Believes in the Eight Fold Path Consists of Right View, Intensions, Speech, Actions, Livelihood, Effort, concentration, and Mindfulness Many lifetimes to achieve enlightenment and Nirvana Nirvana- Release from selfishness and pain Two Sects of Buddhism Theravada- Sect of Buddhism that focuses on strict spiritual discipline advocated by Buddha Mahayana- Sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship -Confucianism Founded by Confucius Born in the feudal state of Liu Became a teacher and editor of books *Filial Piety- Respect Your Elders 1. Ruler and Subject 2. Father and Son 3. Husband and Wife 4. Older Brother and Younger Brother 5. Older Friend and Younger Friend Thought to keep social order. Status- Based on who receives the respect Age- Older age has more status and respect, Male dominant *The Analects were the sacred text* The single most important Confucian work; means Conversation Focus on the practicalities of interpersonal relationships and the relationship of the rule of rulers and ministers to the conduct of government. Social Cohesion is paramount

Smith 10 The emperor i the example of proper behavior Social relationships are based on rites or rituals Even religious rituals are more important for social, not religious reasons. according to Confucius. -Taoism Created by Laozi (Name means Old Master) Born 604 B.C The teacher of Confucius *Basic Text is the Dao De Jing* Translation means The Classic in Way and its Power Major Principles 1. Dao(Tao) is the first-course of the universe. It is a force that flows through all way. 2. A believers goal is to become one with the Dao; One with nature. 3. Wu Wei; Let nature take its course, the art of doing nothing, go with the flow 4. Man is unhappy because he lives according to man-made laws, customs and traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature. The Dao To Escape the Social, political, and cultural traps of life, to escape 1. Reject formal knowledge and learning 2. Relying on senses and instincts 3. Discovering the nature and rhythm of the universe 4. Ignore political and social life. Yin and Yang Yin: Feminine, passive, darkness, cold, weak, Earth, Moon Yang: Masculine, active, light, warmth, strong, Heaven, Sun -Legalism (Chapter 4.4) Created by Han Fei Lived c. 280- 233 B.C Became the political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty.

Smith 11 Major Principles 1. Human nature is naturally selfish 2. INtellectualism and Literacy is discouraged 3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality 4. The ruler must rule with a strong punishing hand. 5. War is the means of strengthening a rulers power Authoritarian One who favors the principle that individuals should obey a powerful authority. rather than exercise the individuals freedom. *Confucianism: Moral order in a society *Legalism: Rule by harsh law and order *Dao/Taoism: Freedom by individuals and less government to avoid uniformity and conformity. Ancient China (Chapter 2.4, 4.4, 7.3) Geography and Environmental Challenges Massive Flooding Geographical Isolation Mountains, Deserts, and Seas allowed for Ethnocentrism) Only 10% of China is farmland, called North China plain between the Huang He (Yellow River) and Yangtze River -Qin Dynasty Followed Legalism Expanded China with Legalism Replaced the Zhou Dynasty in 221 B.C Shi Huang Di is the first emperor of all the Qin Dynasty with autocratic power. Reunified China Expanded Chinese boundaries and doubled its size Burned all of Confucius teachings and murdered his scholars Only agricultural and medical books were kept

Smith 12 All To Prevent Criticism Contributions 4000 miles of highway Set law, currency, and weights and measure. Increased farm production Increased trade due to roads Made the Great Wall of China to protect borders. stretched from Gobi desert to Yellow Sea Peasants from the Han province overthrows Qin Dynasty -Han Dynasty (Golden Age) Qin autocratic rule led to civil war in China. Liu Bang is the first emperor Continued to centralize government Lessened harsh punishments of the Qin rule When he died, his wife took power. Wudi- Famous Han emperor Extended Chinese border size to modern day China. Women led a life at home according to Confucius Upper class women became Buddhists or Taoists, pursued education, ran shops, or practiced medication *Centralized Government Structure of the Han government Bureaucracy helped the Han rule in China Civil Service jobs- Government Jobs given to civilians obtained by taking exams. Test were on civilian knowledge of Confucianism. Wudi thought the qualities of Confucianism were exactly the qualities of government officials. Set up schools to train officials. Contributions Paper

Smith 13 Helped Spread Education Collar and Harness for horses Helped pull larger loads Two bladed plow Wheelbarrow Watermill to grind grain Gunpowder and Lock and Key Dynastic Cycle and Mandate of Heaven 1. Starts with a strong dynasty with peace and prosperity (Mandate of Heaven). 2. In Time, Dynasty corrupts, taxes raised, power grows weaker. 3. Disasters occur, famine, riots, and invasions occur. 4. Old Dynasty loses the Mandate of Heaven, rebellion is justified. 5. New Dynasty gains power, restores peace and order, claims to have the Mandate of Heaven. (Back to 1) Pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasty. Mandate of heaven- Royal authority comes from Heaven Central to Chinese government Floods, riots, ancestral spirits were displeased with kings rule. Allows for change in leaders. Excuse for civil war, rebellion, and replacement of dynasties.

Smith 14 Ancient Greece Geography- Sea shaped Greek civilization The Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, Black Sea Essential for trade Greeks became great sailors 3/4 of Greece was covered with rugged mountains Separated population and government. Formation of independent political communities Made city states and made travel difficult. Small populations Not enough food to feed population Mild temperatures Government Styles Monarchy- State ruled by a king, rule is hereditary, some rulers claim divine right, practiced in Mycenae by 2000 B.C Aristocracy- State ruled by nobility, Hereditary and family ties, Social rank and Wealth, Social status and wealth supported authority Practiced in Athens prior to 594 B.C Oligarchy- State ruled by a small group of citizens, Rule is based on wealth and ability, Ruling group controls military. Practiced in Sparta 500 B.C Direct Democracy- State ruled by its citizens, Rule is based on Citizenship, Majority rule decides vote. Practiced in Athens c.500 B.C Two Major City States or Polis Athens Tyrants of Athens Tyrants- A powerful person who gained control of Athenian government by winning support of the poor

Smith 15 Draco- 621 B.C, Started Legal Code Solon- 594 B.C, Ended Slavery Cleisthenes- 508 B.C, Started Limited Democracy Limited Democracy All Male land owners could be apart of the Assembly All classes of people were equal. People elected through a lottery system Juries of people decided on court cases Focused on education Pericles led Athens through its Golden Age Sparta Three Classes of Society 1st Class Citizens- Original Spartan families; Held all power 2nd Class Citizens- Worked in Commerce and Industry; Free but no political power 3rd Class Citizens- Helots; Slaves that support the military Babies with abnormalities were discarded Boys left home for military training barracks at age 7 Left the barracks at age 30 Left Army at age 60 Valued Strength and Discipline Individual Expression was discouraged Girls received military training, ran the family household during times of war. Woman could not inherit land, and were expected to have baby boys. Had an Oligarchy type government Assembly included citizens, and voted on major issues. Council of Elders- 28 older citizens Proposed laws on which the Assembly could vote on 5 elected officials carried out the law

Smith 16 Two kings Led the Army Persian War Greek colonies in Anatolia were conquered by the persians Revolt, Athenian help Persian Invasion Battle of Marathon 10,000 Greeks vs. 25,000 Persians Phalanx was the difference Second Persian Invasion 480 B.C Xerxes son of Darius invaded Greece Wanted to destroy Athens Greeks were divided Delian League was formed after Persian defeat Several city states banding together to combat the Persians. Name after the island of Delos where it was founded and the headquarters were. Destroyed the Persian threat. 470 B.C, Athens becomes the head of the Delian League Most powerful city state in the league Golden Age emerges Pericles dominates Athenian Politics for 32 years. Strengthen Athenian Democracy Increased # Paid officials More citizens involved in government Introduction to Direct Democracy Strengthened the Empire Used Delian League money to strengthen Navy. Glorified Athens, used money to beautify Athens Golden Age begins

Smith 17 Golden Age Athens set the standard for Greek art fort generations Characteristics for sculpture Grace, strength, perfectly formed bodies Faces had no emotion Portrayed the Ideal, not the reality Values of harmony, order, balance and proportion became the standard of Classical Art. Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta in 431 B.C Athens wealth and power sparked Spartan hostility Athens invaded Syracuse and lost badly in 415 B.C Philosophers Socrates Encouraged Greeks to question themselves and their moral characters. Thought he was corrupting the Youth, put on trial, and sentenced to death. Plato Student of Socrates Wrote the Republic Believed in Three classes Farmers/Artisans, Warriors and rulers Philosopher king should rule. Aristotle Questioned the nature of the world, human belief, thought and knowledge. Used logic to argue points Created basis for the scientific method. *These philosophers influenced modern day western thought* Alexander the Great Son of King Phillip II Conquered all of Greece with a new style of phalanx

Smith 18 Took Thrown of Macedonia at age 20 in 336 B.C Conquered all of Persia and Parts of India in 326 B.C, Died in 323 B.C Led to Hellenistic Culture Blending of all cultures under Alexanders rule Trade agriculture Alexandria- Center of trade and commerce * Mix of Egyptian, Greek, Persian, and Indian Culture

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Roman Republic The People The Latins Rome: First Romans The Etruscans Northern Italy Urbanized Rome Building Programs (The Forum) Influenced the arch, alphabet, etc. The Greeks Southern Italy Influenced art, architecture, literature, government and engineering Patricians- Wealthy landowners who held most of the power. Power was inherited and so was social status Plebeians- Common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but cant rule Tribunes- Elected representatives who protect plebeians political rights. Twelve Tables- 415 B.C- Officials carve Roman laws on twelve tables and hung in forum (where congress and senate met). The laws confirm rights of all free citizens to protection of the law. This later became the basis for later Roman law. Julius Caesar- Reformed Rome, granted citizenship to many, expanded the senate to others rather than just Romans, creates jobs for peasants, increased pay for soldiers, created colonies for the landless, new plans scared the Patricians (Thought they would lose power and influence, because of his reform, he was assassinated on March 15, 44.B.C on the Senate floor). Augustus Caesar- Started the golden age called the Pax Romana. 60-80 million people in 3 square miles. He is known as the greatest emperor because he established civil service (postal service and highway networks) and commissioned new public buildings. Also, he increased treat on the Mediterranean with China and India by trading with agriculture.

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Greco Roman Culture The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek culture after they conquered Greece. At the same time, Roman generals carried achievements of Roman civilization to conquer lands. Blending of Roman, Greek, and Hellenistic culture and tradition Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped spread this new civilization Byzantine Empire Justinian Code- Uniform code of law and consisted of four books: Code- 5,000 laws Digest-Great legal thinkers opinions Novellae- New legislation Institutes- Textbooks for law students Architecture- Justinian launches largest public building program in Roman History, he rebuilt Constantinoples fortification and made churches such as the Hagia Sophia, or aqueducts, schools, hospitals, courts and the schools taught Greek and Latin grammar and philosophy. Preserved Greco-Roman Culture The Middle Ages Feudalism- The political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the kind. The king would give land or a fied to a noble or lord. The lord would offer loyalty and the king would offer protection. The lord lent his land to a vassal who would tend his land. Social Order: Those who worked (peasants), Those who prayed (Clergy), and Those who owned land (Lords and Nobles). Manorialism- The economic system in which wealthy land owners or lords would offer protection, housing and food to serfs. In return, the serfs would tend the land, care for cattle, etc. Chivalry- Code of behavior that knights had to follow, serve lord, God and his lady.

Smith 21 Medieval Church- The clergy is corrupt, sold Church positions (simony), village priests had families, bishops and cardinals cared more about feudal land. If a priest dies while ownling land, the land went to the church; the loyalty split. IE: Knights Templar challenged the pope on Friday the 13th, and the Pope massacred them. Reformed by Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII Crusades- a Christian holy war, the beginning of the plague, and made a decline of feudalism. Causes: Muslims invading Byzantine Empire in 1093, Byzantine Empire asks western European Count of Flanders for help, Pope Urban II read the letter and called for a crusade. Goals: Religious- Regain holy land for the pope, reunite Christendom, Reach salvation for all who participate. Political- Get rid of aggressive knights at home and gaimn more land and influence Social- Younger sons of Lords can gain more land, young knights looking for adventure Economic- Merchants wished to gain control of trade routes to Southwest Asia and India- whole sale rather then retail. Black Plague- Began in Asia, a mass epidemic, followed trade routes spread, and about 1/3 of Europe was affected (25 million people). Effects- towns populations fell, trade declined, price rises, serfs left the manor, peasants revolt, Jews blamed, Church loses prestige.

Smith 22 Africa Bantu Migration- The speakers of a related group of languages, beginning about 2,000 years ago. Migrated from West Africa into the most southern half of Africa. Moved because of Slash and Burn farming techniques. Effects- Redistribution of population, cultural diffusion, possible unrest and war, etc. Gold and Salt Kingdoms- Ghana was rich in gold, 2/3 of the worlds gold supply came from here. West African savanna lacked salt however Sahara desert had huge amounts of salt deposits. Trade between Muslims and West Africans. Traded gold for salt. Through trade, Ghana became a powerful empire and Ghanas leaders converted to Islam. Mali- 1235 A.D, emerges as a kingdom. Built on the Gold-salt trade. Sundiata Keita is the first great leader and defeats Ghana. Presumes the title of Mansa or emperor. Most famous Mansa was Mansa Musa. He went on a hajj to Mecca and created mosques. Mongols & Japan Pax Mongolia- Mongol peace-Mid 1200s to mid 1300s. Safe Passage for all travelers and trade between Europe and Asia is most active. The Bubonic Plague came to Europe from the Mongols. Ghengis Khan- Brilliant organizer and gifted strategist who used cruelty as a weapon to force opponents to surrender. His sons and grandsons expanded the empire and divided the empire into four great Khanates. Russia came out of the Khanate of the Golden Horde. Bushido- Chivalry of the Samurai Feudalism- See Middle Ages Shintoism- Equivalent to African Animism.

Smith 23 Renaissance & Reformation Italian Renaissance- Age of rebirth from 1300-1600 A.D. Greco-Roman culture is revived and new artistic themes other than the Church. Humanism- Focused on human potential and achievement. Humanities: literature, philosophy, history. Worldliness- man goal is to enjoy and life and even God approves. Focused on something other than the Church (Secularism). Renaissance Man- master of all areas of study, universal man, athletic, educated, charming, etc. Renaissance Woman- Know the classics, charming, should not seek fame, inspire art not create it but educated, little political influence. Machiavelli- Made The Prince. This is the first book written in vernacular or the common language. The Prince is a political guidebook that tells how to keep order and how to keep enemies in check. States questionable theory is it better to be loved or hated, feared or respected? The ends justify the means meaning it is better to be both but it is better to be feared due to the punishment factor. Northern Renaissance- Grew out of Italy and spread north in the 1400s because the plague subsided, 100s year war ends, and brings style with them. Northern artist who study in Italy bring what they learned back to their homes. Northern Christian Humanists try to reform society. Christian Humanists: Christine de Pizan- questioned why men are educated and women are not. Desiderius Erasmus- Wrote The Praise of Folly Thomas Moore- Wrote Utopia Printing Press- Made by Gutenberg and made information available and cheaper. This led to an increased desire for learning and literacy rises. The Christian Humanists attempt to reform society and how people should live. The printing press helped people understand their rights by publishing legl proceedings. Also published accounts of new discoveries and opened doors for further research and discoveries. Led to scientific revolution.

Smith 24 Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther and 95 theses in 1517 sparked the reformation throughout Northern Europe and Scandinavia. Followers called Lutherans or Protestants did not support the Catholic Church and was excommunicated. Henry VII- Wanted an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragorn to marry Anne Boleyn. The pope did not grant an annulment and asked the Parliament to pass laws ending papal power in England they granted it (Reformation Parliament). Caused the Act of Supremacy- Taught by Thomas Moore and one the greatest humanists. Martin Luther- See Above John Calvin- Believed in predestination or belief that God has known who will be saved from the beginning of time and believed in a theocracy (government lead by the Church). This spread to Scotland under John Knox (Presbyterians) and to France (Called Huguenots). Catholic Reformation- Reform movement within the Catholic Church to strengthen and reform the Church. Tried to stop people from converting. The Council of Trent was made which lasted for 20 years and reaffirmed Catholic Beliefs Faith and good works for salvation Church interpretation of the Bible is final Church traditions and Bible are equal guides. Worked to end abuses in the Church such as the sale of indulgences, Worked to set up schools so clergy will be educated Groups to Spread Catholicism- Ignatius of Loyola (Founded the Jesuits)- religious order that emphasized spiritual and moral discipline with a strict obedience to Catholic authority.

Smith 25 Pre-Columbian Civilizations Aztecs- Poor nomadic people who settled in the Valley of Mexico and founded their own city state in 1325 as Tenochtitlan. Formed the triple alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texococ, Tlacopan- 38 provinces and demanded tribute. The social structure was emperor (Absolute Power), nobles (Government officials, generals, religious leaders), Commoners (Merchants, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers who owned land) and slaves. Contributions- Raised causeways, canal system, floating gardens, palaces, government buildings, pyramids etc. Geography of the Incas- The Andes Mountains in the Valley of Cuzco and used terrace farming. Mayas- Southern Mexico to Northern Central America and had a diverse geography. Ttaed with Mayan Cities and used cocoa beans as a currency. Traded feathers, salt, flint, shells, honey and craft goods. Grew maize, beans and squash and used hillside terracing and raised beds. Society made up of King (Holy figure), Noble Class, (Priests and Warriors), Middle Class (Merchants and specialized workers) and Lower Class (Peasants) Conquistadors- a conqueror esp. one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. Cabral- Claimed Brazil and becomes a Portuguese colony Amerigo Vespucci- Announced the land that Columbus found was not India, but a new world. Magellan- First to see the Pacific and circumnavigate the globe Pizarro- Conquered the Incas Cortes- Conquered the Aztecs Looking for Gold,God,and Glory. Cortes conquers the Aztecs (Montezuma II) at Tenochtitlan, Mexico and Pizarro conquers Incas in Peri by capturing and killing King Atahualpa by strangulation Spread of Spanish power- Encomienda System

Smith 26 Encomienda System- Natives formed, mined, or ranched for Spanish Landlords. Church disliked the harsh treatment but supported the system. The Spanish empire spans southern U.S to Peru, converting many natives to Catholicism. Introduced African Slavery to the Americas (led by Spain and Portugal). England begins to dominate the Slave trade in the 1600s. Causes: Africans were immune to European disease, they were experienced farmers, they did not know the land so they couldnt run away, their skin color made it easy to find them, and the Atlantic Slave trade brought 9.5 million Africans to the Americas. Resistance: Slaves kept their heritage alive, less productive (passive resistance), ran way, open revolt Consequences: Africans lost generations of their fittest members, families were torn apart, labor kept colonies alive, expertise in agriculture, cultural diffusion.

Smith 27 Age of Encounter European first arrival in the new world. Columbus sails west in search of an alternate trade route to asia and finds the Americas instead and lands on San Salvador. Hw is the first person to see Native Americans Explorers went in search of Gold, God, and Glor Columbian Exchange- From North America to Europe , Africa and Asia- Squash, turkey, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, pumpkin, peppers, tobacco, pineapple, cocoa, vanilla, beans From Europe, Africa, Asia to North America- Honeybees, sugar cane, bananas, grapes, citrus fruits, disease, livestock, etc. Triangular Trade- a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another used to refer to the trade in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that involved shipping goods from Britain to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves, these slaves being shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar, rum, and other commodities, which were in turn shipped back to Britain. Middle Passage- the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.