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if ice in carburettor is present increase the heat in the carburettor,then incre ase the rpms,as ice melts the

rpms would loose of suddenly because as ice melts , due to detonation the due to carburettor heat. Low pitch of the propeller blades gets -> higher rpm -> more air into the engine in given time -> more quick power High pitch of propeller baldes -> low rpm -> less air into the engine in given t ime,but more air per rotation of the propeller When a propeller turns for a plane there are basically four things - counter for ces that comes into play 1.Gyroscopic effect of the propeller::The turning propeller acts as a gyroscope therefore when the axis of the propeller is changed suddenly : eg: when plane is subjected to sudden change of attitude,can cause precision,making the propeller suffer from a force which is perpendicular to the actual axis of the propeller 2.Corkscrew Effect : When the propeller turns it causes a swirl which moves arou nd the plane causing it to turn 3.Unsymmetrical loading of the propeller :: When the line of flight is different from the line of thrust there is unsymmetrical loading that is the air carried by the propeller blade that moves down is different from the the air carried by the propeller blade that moves upward causing varying reaction on the different parts of the propeller 4.Propeller reaction :: The, say clockwise roatation of the propeller causes an anticlockwise rotation of the plane's body ************************************************************* tailwheel and nosewheel planes are available Nacelle : covers the engine and provides aerodynamics also called cowling As air gets letss dense or thin 1.Engine less efficient : as less air intake 2.Low thrust : Propeller less efiicient in thin air 3.Lift is less as thin air generates lesser lift Airfoil Design ***************** A concave airfoil generates the maximum lift but a straight streamlioned airfoil generates maximum speed,so at low speed flying conditions,the shape of the airf oil can be changed so that you get maximum lift but less speed and also at high speed condition similarly Centre Of Pressure(CP) is the point on the airfoil where the resultant force is supposed to act - here the resultant force implies the resultant of the drag and the lift force As the angle of attack increases the CP moves forward on the airfoil and as the angle decreases the CP moves aft. If the CP is in the front of the centre of gravity(CG) the airplane noses up and in the other case it noses down,if both are at the same point the plane is bala nced.So in the case when the angle of attack is low,the cp is aft -> the plane n oses down and at higher angles of attack as the CP moves ahead of the CG the pla ne noses up. MAC : Mean aerodynamic chord - Chord of an imaginary untapered wing which has th e same CP characteristics as the tapered wing in question. Important point to note is that lift,drag,thrust they are perpendicular to each other with the lift perpendicular to the flight path,whereas the weight acts ver tically downwards always. Drags are of two types :: Parasitic Drag and Induced Drag - the former dosen't a id flight whereas the later is caused due to the wing developing lift. Parasitic Drag : two types : form drag : due to the disruption of streamline flo w;Resistance of skin friction form drag can be considerably reduced by streamlining the design. interference drag : combination of skin drag and form drag - two adjacent bodies produce morethan 100 % drag whwn calculated seperately. At low subsonic speeds the drag is proportional to the square of the velocity.At higher speeds the drag increases more rapidly. Induced Drag : Inherent in any lift producing airfoil.In an airfoil,High pressur

e at underside and low pressure aat upperside for lift production.As the wind fl ows the there will be regions like on the wing tips where the pressures are equa l causing a lateral flow of the air - the air on the upper side tends to move to wards the plane body and that on the underside moves aeay from the same causing a clockwise rotation of air on left wing and anti-clockwise on the right wing wh en viewed from the back.These are called vortexes.These tend to reduce the angle of lift in the backward direction - form 90 degrees,so now the lift has a backw ard horizontal component which is the induced drag.

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