2010 Second International Conference on Communication Software and Networks

Design of Microstrip Filters Using Neural Network

Geetam S. Tomar, Member IEEE, *Vivek Singh Kushwah, *Shilpam Saxena Machine Intelligence Research Labs; India Part, Gwalior 474011 India *Amity School of Engineering & Technology, New Delhi-india E-mail:gstomar@ieee.org, vskushwah@aset.amity.edu
thickness of substrate t mm. For filters angular (normalized) cutoff frequency and c, characteristic impedance source/load, Zo = 50 ohms, as an example for implementation are considered, whose physical lengths are smaller than a quarter of guided wavelength (g/4) at which they operate, are the most common components for approximate microwave realization of lumped elements in microstrip filter structures.

Abstract
This paper is intended to present the design procedure for microstrip filters using artificial neural networks to provide better resolution and cutoff characteristics. The design concept has been evaluated with specific design of Low pass filters at the application specific frequencies. In this design procedure, synthesis is defined as the forward side and then analysis as the reverse side of the problem. To achieve results, the neural network is employed as a tool in design of microstrip filters. Neural network Training algorithms are used to train the samples so that error can be minimized and sharpness of slop is improved. Keywords: Microstip, forward side synthesis, ANN

1.

Introduction:

In present era of technological advances and increase in bandwidth requirements, the application of filters at high frequency is becoming critical. In this work emphasis is given on providing solutions for microwave range filters design having better resolution and sharp cutoff. The filters especially at this range (microwave) of frequency are most crucial components. The design of low pass filters involves two main steps. The first one is to select an appropriate low pass prototype. The choice of the type of response, including Pass band ripple and the number of reactive elements will depend on the required specifications. The element values of the low pass prototype filters, which are usually normalized to make a source impedance go = 1 and a cutoff frequency c = 1.0, these parameters are then transformed to the L-C elements for the desired cutoff frequency and the desired source impedance, which is normally 50 ohms for microstrip filters. The next main step in the design of microstrip low pass filters [9] is to find an appropriate microstrip realization that approximates the lumped element filters according to selected pass band and frequency in use. The element values for the low pass prototype with Chebyshev response at pass band ripple m normalized values gi i.e. g1, g2, g3, g4......, gn. The filter is assumed to be fabricated on a substrate with material dielectric constant r and the
978-0-7695-3961-4/10 $26.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICCSN.2010.103 568

Figure 1: Lumped-Element Lowpass Prototype Filter

The simplest form of low pass filter may just consist of series inductors, which is often found in applications for direct current or dc block. In design and realization of microstrip filters, short section of transmission line or stub, whose length is much smaller than a quarter of guided wavelength, are the most common components . As a small open circuited loss less microstrip line stub is equivalent to shunt capacitor and similarly small short-circuited line is equivalent to shunt inductor. For a more selective low pass filter, more of such elements are required [1]. The quasi lumped elements discussed for this design have their size smaller then the quarter of the guided wavelength at the cutoff frequency 0.75 GHz. This type of low pass filter may be designed based on a lumped-element lowpass prototype filter, using normalized elements values gi and by terminating into impedance ZO, as shown in figure 1.

2. Design for Microstrip Filters

In order to design a three-pole open stub low pass filter while considering the normalized elements values; the values of series inductors L1 , L3 and capacitor C2 (as shown in figure 2) are obtained by using design equations (1) and (2). The components L1, L3 & C2 are realized by high and low impedance microstrip open circuited stub respectively. The values of various inductance Li and capacitance Ci are obtained from the equations, as Li = (Zo/go) ( c/2fc) g1 (1) Ci = (go/Zo) ( c/2fc) g2 (2) Physical length (in mm) of the high and low impedance lines (inductance and capacitance respectively) is found out by the formulae given below, IL = gl /2 Sin-1 (c Li / ZOL) (3) IC = gc /2 Sin-1 (c Ci Zoc) (4)

Figure 3: Microstrip Low Pass Filter Design

3. Implementation & Results Wwe have to design the microstrip low pass filter at 0.7 Ghz resonant frequency using the following parameters. Dielectric constant = 4.7 Substrate thickness = 1.6 mm Now we can calculate the length and width of capacitive element of filters using general relations. Length and width of capacitive element of the filters for 0.7 Ghz frequency is calculated , given by In mm. r =4.7, h=1.6, W=7.684, L=15.14, f=0.7Ghz

Figure 2: Lumped-Element Low Pass Filter

2. Design Parameters and Analysis

For the proposed design shown in figure 1, which is consisting of short-circuited stub (grounded line) on a commercial substrate; the following parameters are considered: g1 = g3 = 1.0316 g2 = 1.1474 Cut-off frequency, fc = 0.75 GHz. Relative Dielectric Constant, r = 4.7 Height of substrate, h = 1.6 mm Characteristic Impedance, ZO = 50 Corresponding width of the microstrip, Wc = 2.91mm ZOC = 20 ZOL = 100 The step impedance open circuited step microstrip low pass filter has been design using the above equations and parameters .the conventional microstrip low pass filter is shown in figure 3.

Figure 4: Microstrip Low Pass Filter Design When IE3D electromagnetic simulation is performed and changes the dimensions of filters then we obtain the different resultant graphs between return loss and frequency:

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Results obtained from IE3D electromagnetic simulation for the synthesis problem are summarized in the following table

f1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Figure 5: Response of microstrip low pass filter for 0.7 Ghz

f2 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.82 1 0.8 1 1 0.9 1 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.79 0.76 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.65

W 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 18.3 18.3 18.8 18.8 19.3 19.3 19.8 20.3 20.3 20.8 20.8 21.3 21.3 21.8

L 13.35 13.55 13.65 13.85 14.05 14.15 14.25 14.35 14.45 13.85 14.35 14.35 14.85 14.85 15.35 15.35 15.85 16.35 16.35 16.85 16.85 17.35 17.35

0.1 0.1

If r =4.7, h=1.6 , W=11.484, L=15.14

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Table:1 Synthesis of Neural Network for f1 and f2

Fig 6: Response of microstrip low pass filter for 0.5 Ghz

Now the new design of filters is trained using the neural network training algorithms and transfer functions. Figure no. 7 shows the neural network training graph results for the Synthesis of microstrip Low pass Filter. It is clear from this figure that the training performs in 100 epochs. We pass the full set of input samples through the neural network to compute the least squared error function and we will use in the back propagation of the errors step. Each such pass is called an epoch. From this figure it is clear that error minimizes from103 to nearly 10-1, which is

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very high performance when compared with the simple design.

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1.3 0.8 0.79 0.76 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.65

19.8776 19.0057 20.4725 21.1774 21.1788 21.1788 21.1788 21.1787

15.2936 14.9732 16.3134 16.9575 16.9589 16.9589 16.9589 16.9588

Table 2: Trained neural network outputs

Figure 7 training graph results for microstrip low pass filter Trained neural network outputs(W and L)are given in Table 2.

Figure 8 Neural network architecture for microstrip low pass filters The neural network architecture used for the proposed design is a standard one, which consists of three layers. The three-layer network has one output layer (layer 3), one hidden layer (layer 2) and one input layer (layer 1). Input and output layer consists of two neurons. inputs f1 and f2 are applied at the input neurons while outputs W & L are obtained from output neurons. A constant input 1 is fed to the biases for each neuron. Note that the outputs of each intermediate layer are the inputs to the following layer. A layer that produces the network output is called an output layer.

f1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

f2 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.82 1 0.8 1 1 0.9 1 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.9

W 18.1142 18.1142 18.3435 18.1285 18.1482 19.0057 18.1482 18.1482 18.1142 18.1482 18.1142 18.3435 18.1142 19.0523 18.1142

L 14.1572 14.1572 14.305 14.1716 14.1791 14.9732 14.1791 14.1791 14.1572 14.1791 14.1572 14.305 14.1572 14.7618 14.1572

Conclusion
In this work, the neural network is employed as a tool in design of the microstrip filters. In this design procedure, synthesis is defined as the forward side and then analysis as the reverse side of the problem. Therefore, one can obtain the geometric dimensions with high accuracy, which is the length and the width of the filters in our geometry, at the output of the synthesis network by inputting resonant frequency, height and
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dielectric constant. The results obtained are in accordance to theoretical expectations. The results of this approach are encouraging and will produce sharp cutoff at high frequency bands used in microwave applications. REFERENCES . [1] R.K. Mishra, A. Patnaik, Neural network-based CAD model for the design of square-patch antennas, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions, Vol. 46, No. 12, pp. 1890 1891, December 1998. [2] S. Devi, D.C. Panda, S.S. Pattnaik, A novel method of using artificial neural networks to calculate input impedance of circular microstrip antenna, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 3, pp. 462 465, 16-21 June 2002. [3] K. Guney, N. Sarkaya, Artificial neural networks for calculating the input resistance of circular Microstrip antennas, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 107-111, 20 April 2003. [4] G. Angiulli, M. Versaci, Resonant frequency evaluation of microstrip antennas using a neural-fuzzy approach, Magnetics, IEEE Transactions, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 1333 1336, May 2003. [5] R.K. Mishra, A. Patnaik, Neurospectral computation for input impedance of rectangular microstrip antenna, Electronics Letters, Vol. 35, No. 20, pp. 1691 1693, 30 Sept. 1999. [6] R.K. Mishra, A. Patnaik, Designing rectangular patch antenna using the neurospectral method, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 1914 1921, Aug. 2003. [7] Q. J. Zhang, K. C. Gupta, Neural Networks for RF and Microwave Design, Artech House Publishers, 2000. [8] J. Park, W. I. Sandberg, Universal Approximation Using Radial Basis Function Networks, Neural Computation, Vol. 3, pp. 246-257, 1991 [9] Jia-Shen G. Hong & M.J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/ Microwave Applications John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001. [10] Jia-Sheng Hong; Lancaster M.J, Recent progress in planar microwave filters, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 2, pp. 1134 1137, August 1998. [11] G. Mathaei, L.Young & E.M.T. Jones, Microwave Filter impedance matching networks and coupling structures, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1980.

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