School of Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department

MENG-417 Refrigeration and Air conditioning Spring 2011

Chillers

Submitted by: Dina Fouad Submitted to: Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Fouad 900-07-0841

10/03/2011

ABSTRACT
Chillers are one of the most important components of a central conditioning system. Being familiar with the different types of chillers is crucial for proper understanding of central heating/cooling systems. For purposes of this report, research was done on chillers in terms of their function, varieties customized for different conditioning scenarios, applications. Etc. Additionally, chillers of different manufacturers were analyzed in accordance to their compliance with the Ashrae standard of energy efficiency 90.1. It was found that Trane chillers are the most compliant.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 Manufacturers of Chillers ................................................................................................... 19 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 21 References ............................................................................................................................ 22

LIST OF FIGURES:
Fig.1: A Typical Chiller ......................................................................................................... 5 Fig.2 : A typical water cooled chiller system ......................................................................... 6 Fig. 3: Chillers by york ........................................................................................................ 20 Fig. 4:A summary of chillers by york .................................................................................. 20

LIST OF TABELS:
Table 1.1: ASHRAE 90.1-2001 and 2004 minimum required efficiencies for water-cooled chillers...14

Table 2.1: Chillers by carrier .............................................................................................. 16

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CHILLERS
Chillers are a key component of air conditioning systems. They produce cold water to remove heat from the air in a building. A chiller is an air conditioning system that often uses a centrifugal compressor with a shell and tube heat exchanger that chills a water solution which is circulated throughout the areas to be conditioned (1). As with other types of air conditioning systems, most chillers extract heat from water by mechanically compressing a refrigerant (1). Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, or HVAC, chillers are industrial- and commercialgrade refrigerating systems used in cooling applications (i.e. buildings, raw materials, chemicals, medical equipment and industrial equipment) (3). The system includes a compressor, evaporator, condenser, reservoir, thermal expansion valve(TXV) and stabilization assembly as shown in fig.1 (3). HVAC chillers use water, oils and other liquid compounds as refrigerants.

Fig.1: A typical Chiller (2).

-How they Work (The cooling Cycle)? (3) When the refrigerant is compressed, it creates a superheated, high-pressure gas. The condenser, using cool air or water, condenses the compressed gas and turns it into a warm liquid. The warm liquid is turned over to the thermal expansion valve which releases the refrigerant into the evaporator and converts the warm liquid into cool and dry gas. To stabilize the cooling output, a hot-gas bypass may be used to warm up the evaporator. While this reduces the cooling efficiency, it also stabilizes the temperatures of the chilled water. From the reservoir, the water is pumped to the compressor, going back to the chilling cycle.

1.2 CHILLERS CLASSIFICATIONS AND TYPES

Chillers are mainly classified into two main categories; they are listed below (4):
y

Air-cooled chillers absorb heat from process water and is transferred to the ambient air. They are mostly used in applications where the heat discharged is not a factor. They don't need a cooling tower and condense water pump. The maintenance of air cooled chillers are less than water cooled units. However they consume 10% more power.

In water cooled chillers shown in fig.2, heat is absorbed from process water and is transferred to a separate water source like a river, pond, cooling tower, etc. Mainly used at the places where the heat generated by air cooled chillers pose a problem. Due to their less consumption of power they are usually preferred by those seeking optimum efficiency of power consumption.

Fig.2: A typical Water Cooled Chiller System (5).

Types of Compressors used for chillers (5): Chillers use one of four types of compressor: reciprocating, scroll, screw, and centrifugal. Reciprocating chillers are the least efficient. Screw and scroll compressors are typically used in applications needing up to 300 tons of cooling capacity. Centrifugal compressors traditionally provide larger capacities.

Types of Chillers; they are listed below (4): 1-Reciprocating Chillers There are two basic types of reciprocating chillers: A) hermetically sealed units and B) units of open construction. Of the two types, hermetically sealed units are the most common. In hermetically sealed units, the motor and the compressor are direct-coupled and housed in a single casing that is sealed to the atmosphere. In open construction units, the motor and the compressor are in separate housings and are connected by a direct drive shaft or by a V-belt. In general, open construction units have a longer service life, lower maintenance requirements and higher operating efficiencies. Reciprocating chillers offer several advantages. Compared with other types of chillers, their initial cost is low for units of 100 tons or less. Reciprocating chillers have a higher condensing temperature than other chillers, making them more suited for applications where air-cooled condensers must be used. It is easy to closely match the capacity of the chiller to the building load by installing multiple machines. Multiple machines also allow the facility manager to stage operation for part-load conditions, increasing operating efficiency. A major drawback of reciprocating chillers is their high level of maintenance requirements in comparison with other chiller types. Reciprocating chillers have more moving parts than centrifugal or rotary chillers, resulting in an increased need for wear-related maintenance activities. Reciprocating chillers also generate high levels of noise and vibration. Special precautions must be taken to isolate the chillers from the facility to prevent transmission of machine-generated vibrations and noise. Finally, reciprocating chillers are not well suited for applications with cooling loads in excess of 200 tons. As the units grow in capacity, their space requirements and first costs exceed those of other chiller types. In addition, the energy requirements for larger units exceed that of other chillers types.

2-Centrifugal Chillers Centrifugal chillers are variable volume displacement units. Typically, an electric drive powers one or more rotating impellers that use centrifugal force to compress the refrigerant vapor. The

cooling capacity is controlled through the use of inlet vanes on the impellers that restrict refrigerant flow. Centrifugal chillers are generally manufactured in capacities from 90 to 1,000 tons, with most units falling in the range of 150 to 300 tons. Like reciprocating chillers, centrifugal units are available in both hermetically sealed and open construction. Despite its lower operating efficiency, the hermetically sealed unit is more widely used. Centrifugal chillers are popular in part because of their low energy cost per ton of cooling produced relative to other chiller types. Centrifugal chillers also are small in comparison with reciprocating units, and do not produce as many vibrations. However, the high-speed drive unit centrifugal chillers use produces a high-frequency noise that can disrupt operations in adjacent spaces. Typical full-load efficiencies for new chillers, rated at standard ARI operating conditions, range between 0.50 and 0.62 kW/ton. These efficiencies offer a significant improvement over those of the chillers they are replacing. Chillers made during the 1970s averaged 0.90 kW/ton for standard units and 0.80 kW/ton for high-efficiency units. And these values were for chillers when they were first installed. Over the years, normal wear and tear and fouling of the heat transfer surfaces lowered these efficiencies. Today's replacement chiller uses 25 percent to 30 percent less energy to produce the same cooling. Chiller efficiencies haven't topped out, and industry experts expect them to continue improving over the next few years. At least one company is producing large centrifugal chillers with an operating efficiency below 0.50 kW/ton. New chillers are larger than the ones they are replacing, even with no change in capacity. Efficiency improvements are primarily the result of three design changes: larger heat exchangers, redesigned refrigerant flow aerodynamics and more efficient motor designs. All of these changes increased chiller size. With mechanical rooms historically undersized, there simply may not be enough room to install the new, larger chiller. A serious drawback to centrifugal chillers has been their part load performance. When the building load decreases, the chiller responds by partially closing its inlet vanes to restrict refrigerant flow. While this control method is effective down to about 20 percent of the chiller's rated output, it results in decreased operating efficiency. For example, a chiller rated at 0.60 kW per ton at full load might require as much as 0.90 kW per ton when lightly loaded. Since chillers typically operate at or near full load less than 10 percent of the time, part load operating

characteristics significantly impact annual energy requirements. Centrifugal chillers also can be difficult to operate at low cooling loads. When the cooling load falls below 25 percent of the chiller's rated output, the chiller is prone to a condition known as surging. Unrestricted, surging can lead to serious chiller damage. To reduce the chances of damage from surging, manufacturers add special controls, but most of these controls further reduce the part load efficiency of the units. Gas-engine-driven centrifugal chillers are an alternative to electrically driven chillers in areas where electrical demand charges are high and natural gas rates are low. A switch to natural gas can offset a significant portion of their facility's electrical demand. Another recent development in chiller design improves the efficiency of HFC-134a centrifugal chillers by replacing the expansion valve in the refrigerant system with a small, two-phase turbine. With expansion valves, the energy potential available across the expansion valve due to the high pressure differential is lost. By replacing the valve with a turbine, some of the energy can be recovered and used to help drive the chiller's compressor, reducing energy the motor must supply.

3-Rotary Chillers Rotary or screw chillers, like reciprocating chillers, are positive-displacement compressors. An electric motor drives two machined rotors that compress refrigerant gas between their lobes as they mesh. Units are available in both hermetically sealed and open construction. Rotary chillers are available in capacities ranging from 20 to 2,000 tons, with most installations falling in the range of 175 to 750 tons. Typical chiller efficiencies are between 0.70 and 0.80 kW per ton, making rotary chillers more efficient than comparably sized reciprocating chillers, but less efficient than centrifugal chillers. Two major advantages of a rotary chiller are its compact size and light weight. With a relatively high compression ratio and few moving parts, rotary chillers are smaller and lighter than reciprocating and centrifugal chillers of the same cooling capacity. Rotary chillers also offer quieter, vibration-free operation. The major drawback of rotary chillers is their high first cost. For small cooling loads, reciprocating chillers are less expensive to purchase and install; for large loads, centrifugal chillers cost less. 4-Refrigerant Loss Rates Reduced

New chiller designs include features to significantly reduce refrigerant losses. Before chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were an issue, a loss rate of 15 percent per year was considered acceptable. Many older installations have even higher loss rates. But now that CFC refrigerants are both an environmental and an economic concern, building managers cannot continue to replace refrigerants at that rate. A new system can limit refrigerant losses to less than 0.5 percent per year, including the losses that occur during system maintenance. These low loss rates are the result of changes in the design and installation of the chiller, including minimizing the number of shaft seals required, installing isolation valves around such items as filter assemblies, and using brazed instead of flared fittings. New systems benefit from the use of high-efficiency purge units. And monitoring the run time of the purge unit allows operators an early warning of system leaks.

5-Absorption Chillers Reciprocating, centrifugal and rotary chillers use mechanical energy in the form of a motor to drive the cooling cycle. Absorption chillers use heat as the energy source to drive the process. There are two basic types of absorption chillers: direct- and indirect-fired units. Direct-fired absorption chillers typically burn natural gas to generate heat to drive the cycle. Indirect-fired units use low pressure steam, hot water or waste process heat. The most common refrigerants used include water and ammonia. Absorption chillers range in capacity from 100 to 5,000 tons, with most of the currently installed machines operating in the range of 300 to 500 tons. Thermal efficiencies typically are between 11,000 to 19,000 Btu of heat input per ton-hour of cooling produced. Absorption chillers offer the advantage of using an energy source other than electricity to power the air conditioning system. The electrical energy used in an absorption chiller is typically less than 10 percent of the electricity required by other chillers. This low demand for electricity makes the units well suited for applications where there is insufficient electrical capacity for motor driven chillers, or where the local utility's electrical demand charges that would be incurred would be excessive. Indirect-fired absorption chillers also offer the flexibility of being powered by a range of heat sources, including low pressure process steam, hot water, solar energy and waste heat. If a facility has a source of waste heat that must be disposed of, absorption chillers can provide lowcost chilled water while reducing the waste heat discharge temperature.

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6-Microprocessor-Based Control Systems One of the most significant changes in new chiller design is the control system. Gone are the electro-mechanical systems of the past. Today's chiller control systems are almost exclusively microprocessor-based electronic controls. Microprocessor-based controls offer five major advantages over older generation control systems: 1- Precision. Microprocessor controls and their electronic components offer far more accuracy and durability than their electro-mechanical counterparts. Although older systems that were in calibration and good working condition could hold temperatures within a few degrees of the desired setpoint, microprocessor-based control systems are accurate to within 0.1 degree. Equally important, the systems can remain this accurate for years. Electro-mechanical controls drift with time and must constantly be adjusted to stay within desired limits.

2- Point Density. Point density refers to the number of data elements that feed the control systems information. That data then is used to initiate control actions based on a programmed control strategy. The more data elements available, the greater the level of control that can be implemented. In electro-mechanical control systems, the number of data elements is severely limited. Microprocessor-based systems use five to 10 times as many data elements to initiate control actions. The result: Microprocessor-based control systems can initiate more complicated and sophisticated control strategies. Having additional data elements also allows the control system to more closely monitor the operation of the chiller.

3-Flexibility. Electro-mechanical control systems are limited in their ability to regulate chiller operation. Control actions are based on a limited number of sensor inputs and must be hard wired. Microprocessor-based control systems, with their higher point density and programmable control sequences, allow nearly unlimited, complex control actions. Additionally, changes to control actions require only that the software be modified. Similar changes in electro-mechanical systems require hardware modifications.

4-Reliability. One of the most serious problems with the older electro-mechanical control systems

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was their need for maintenance. Controllers were prone to go out of calibration. Relay contact pitted and burned. Pneumatic elements were destroyed by water and dirt in the supply air. Microprocessor-based control systems have eliminated most of these problems simply by reducing the number of mechanical elements in the control system.

5-Information Feedback. With electro-mechanical control systems, the amount of information the facility staff could get out of the system was limited. Systems generally provided readouts of chilled water supply and return temperatures, condenser water supply and return temperatures, and current draw. But there was no way of determining if the readings were "normal" or if they were changing with time.

With microprocessor-based controls, data tables can be built into the control system. Monitored values are constantly compared to expected ranges. Values falling outside the normal range automatically trigger alarms. Values also can be tracked over time to determine trends and anticipate load changes. Monitoring multiple sensors also provides an accurate depiction of chiller health. Maintenance problems can be diagnosed and corrected early, before they develop into costly problems.

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1.3 SELECTION CRITERIA

When selecting a chiller for a new application for instance, sufficient capacity must be installed to meet the imposed cooling loads that vary on a daily basis (4). Moreover, a typical chiller operates at less than peak loading more than 90 percent of the time (4). For applications where the chiller must operate at 50 percent or less of capacity for more than 50 percent of the time, staged reciprocating units or a centrifugal unit equipped with a variable frequency drive (VFD) offer the most energy-efficient solution (4). If the chiller is to operate at higher loads for longer periods of time, centrifugal or rotary units may be best (4).

The cooling load profile will help to determine the type of chiller to use, and if single or multiple chillers should be installed (4). Multiple chiller installations allow facilities professionals to stage their operation to match building loads while keeping the chillers operating at energy-efficient loading (4).To a great extent, space availability will dictate the type of chiller to be installed. If space is tight, the rotary chiller might be the best solution (4). If the space is adjacent to an area where noise is a major concern, reciprocating chillers aren't the best option. As for Maintenance, reciprocating chillers require more routine maintenance than centrifugal chillers; centrifugal chillers require more than rotary chillers (4). Absorption chiller requirements fall somewhere between those for reciprocating and centrifugal machines (4).

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1.4 ASHRAE STANDARDS (5)

There are no federal minimum efficiency standards for chillers. However, ASHRAE (the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) does provide efficiency specifications in its 90.1 standard, Energy Standard for Buildings Except LowRise Residential Buildings, which is used in many local building codes (Table 1.1). ASHRAE Standard 90.1 is a code-language document that has been adopted as state or local energy code in many jurisdictions (11).

< 150 tons Chiller type Full load IPLV Centrifugal 0.703 0.670 Screw and scroll 0.790 0.676 Reciprocating 0.837 0.696 Note: IPLV = integrated part-load value. Courtesy: E Source; data from ASHRAE

Capacity range 150 to 300 tons Full load IPLV 0.634 0.596 0.718 0.628 0.837 0.696

> 300 tons Full load IPLV 0.576 0.549 0.639 0.572 0.837 0.696

Table 1.1: ASHRAE 90.1-2001 and 2004 minimum required efficiencies for water-cooled chillers Many local building codes directly reference ASHRAE 90.1 or require using the International Energy Conservation Code, which has adopted 90.1. As counterintuitive as it may sound, focusing on just the efficiency of the chiller will not necessarily lead to the most cost-effective savings. Chiller efficiencies do not account for pumps and fans in the cooling system and they apply only to single chillers (80 percent of plants use multiple chillers). Full-load efficiency data is also of little value because chillers rarely run at full load, and integrated part-load data is provided at too few operating points to give an accurate indication of performance. The best way to produce energy and demand savings is to consider the operation of the entire chiller plant using an integrated approach. Energy and demand savings are achievable through improved operation and maintenance of the plant as well as through efficiency retrofits. Note that many chillers that used the nowbanned chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants have already been either replaced or upgraded to use compliant refrigerants. When a remaining CFC system is finally replaced or upgraded, this presents an opportunity to evaluate other chiller plant modifications that could yield substantial energy savings.

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1.5 APPLICATIONS OF CHILLERS (6)

Chillers are used in a number of industries. Some of the most common applications of chillers are:
y

Chillers are used to cool the hot plastic in the plastic industry. It cools the plastic that is injected, blown extruded or stamped. They are also used to cool down the equipment used in the manufacturing process.

In the printing industry, chillers are used to remove the heat generated by the printing rollers. They also help cooling the paper when it comes out of the ink drying ovens.

Sophisticated chillers are used in the high powered electronics inside the machines like MRI and PET, used in the latest diagnostic tools.

Chillers cool down the lasers and the source of power supply used to power them.

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2. MANUFACTURERS OF CHILLERS
y 2.1)Chillers by carrier
Carrier provides a complete line of packaged air-cooled and water-cooled chillers that use screw, scroll, or reciprocating compressors. Carrier's HVAC equipment line, also offers absorption and centrifugal chiller products to meet your most demanding HVAC systems requirements.
Chiller Type Absorption Compressor Type Single-Effect, Steam-Fired Single-Effect, Hot Water Double-Effect, Direct-Fired Double-Effect, Steam-Fired Hermetic Centrifugal Hermetic Screw Scroll Scroll Scroll Screw Reciprocating Refrigerant Water Capacity Range (Tons) 100 to 700 75 to 525 100 to 1,500 98 to 1323 R-134a R-134a R-22 Puron Puron R-134a R-22 R-22 R-22 R-134a R-22 R-22 R-134a 200 to 1,500 300 to 550 9 to 53 10 to 60 60 to 390 80 to 500 15 to 40 15 to 40 40 to 60 300 to 400 70 to 265 15 to 40 50, 60 70 to 265 Chiller Model 16TJ 16LJ 16DJ 16NK 19XR 23XRV 30RA 30RAP 30RB 30XA 30HWB 30HWC 30HK 30XW 30HXC 30HWA 30HL 30HXA EVERGREEN EVERGREEN AQUASNAP AQUASNAP AQUASNAP AQUAFORCE Chiller Series

Rotary

Packaged AirCooled

Packaged WaterCooled

Screw Packaged Condenserless Reciprocating Screw

AQUAFORCE EVERGREEN

EVERGREEN

Table 2.1: Chillers by carrier (7). Example of their Products (8):

19XR Evergreen Centrifugal High-Efficiency Hermetic R-134a Centrifugal Chiller 19XR - Base unit: 200 to 1,500 Nominal Tons (703 to 5275 kW) 19XRV - w/unit-mounted variable frequency drive: 200 to 800 Nominal Tons (703 to 2813 kW) 23XRV Evergreen Variable Speed Screw Chiller The 23XRV chiller is the world's first integrated variable speed, watercooled, screw chiller. The 23XRV utilizes an innovative tri-rotor screw compressor to achieve industry leading efficiencies at real world conditions. Designed using HFC-134a refrigerant, the 23XRV is ARI

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certified to 0.33 Kw/ton IPLV.

30RA AQUSNAP

Air-Cooled Chiller With Integrated Hydronic System 10 to 55 Nominal Tons 30RA AquaSnap air-cooled chillers are an effective all-in one package that is easy to install and easy to own. AquaSnap chillers cost less to purchase and install, and operate quietly and efficiently.
30RB AQUASNAP

Air-Cooled Chiller With Integrated Hydronic System and PURON Refrigerant 60 to 390 Nominal Tons (210 to 1370 kW) 30RB AquaSnap air-cooled chillers are an effective all-in one package that is easy to install and easy to own. AquaSnap chillers cost less to purchase and install, and then operate quietly and efficiently.
30XA AQUASNAP

Air-Cooled Liquid Chiller 80 to 500 Nominal Tons These air-cooled packaged chiller units are fully piped and charged with HFC-134a refrigerant. Weatherproof construction, lightweight distribution and small footprint make them ideal for rooftop or ground level installation. Upward discharge airflow minimizes directional sound and carries heat away from surrounding areas.
30HX Water Cooled

Indoor Water-Cooled/Condenserless Screw Chillers 70 to 265 Nominal Tons 30HXA - Condenserless 30HXC - Water-cooled 30HXA Condenserless Chiller 30HXA chillers are condenserless chiller packages featuring dual independent refrigerant circuits, twin screw compressors, chlorine free HFC-134a, compact design and high efficiency. Each chiller package includes hermetic twin screw compressors, matching mechanically cleanable cooler, operating and safety controls, filter drier, moisture indicator, refrigerant feed controls and a holding charge of HFC-134a.

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y 2.2) Chillers by Trane (9)

CenTraVac Models CVHE and CVHF are available in design capacities ranging from 170 to 2,000 tons. If a larger tonnage option is required, the model CDHF Duplex chiller can provide up to 3,950 tons. Efficiencies to 0.47 kW/ton are available at ARI rating conditions. Compressor Chiller Trane factory-assembled compressor-chillers are ideal for comfort or process cooling applications, keeping the chilled water loop indoors without the need for performance-degrading freeze protection. Just add a remote air or watercooled condenser for a complete chiller system. All components are mounted in an open frame for easy access. RTAA Series R Chiller Hermetic rotary refrigeration machines provide chilled water for either comfort or industrial water cooling systems. These air-cooled chillers are engineered for lower life cycle costs and reliability through design simplicity. RTWA Series R Chiller Hermetic rotary refrigeration machines provide chilled water for either comfort or industrial water cooling systems. These chillers are engineered for lower life cycle costs and reliability through design simplicity. CGWF Water Cooled Scroll Water-Cooled chillers are complete, factory-assembled liquid chillers for comfort or process-cooling applications. They use accessible hermetic compressors. CGA Air Cooled Chillers Trane 10 to 60 ton air-cooled chillers are factory assembled, charged and designed for outdoor use in ambients of 0 to 115 F. Chillers are equipped with compressors, condenser, fans, evaporator and controls.

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y 2.3) Chillers by York(10)

y York Air Cooled Chillers & Centrifugal Chiller Equipment

York DX Chillers
Packaged air cooled and water cooled DX chillers from York International. Air cooled chillers are offered with a scroll compressor from 10 to 130 tons and variable speed rotary screw compressors from 150 to 500 tons. Scroll compressor chillers (Model YCAL) are furnished with HFC-407c refrigerant and rotary screw compressor chillers (Model YCAV) are provided with HFC-134a refrigerant. The YCAV Latitude chiller provides unmatched performance with respect to energy efficiency (22% more efficient than competitive models) and sound. Water cooled DX chillers are furnished with twin rotary screw compressors and HFC-407c refrigerant from 90 to 210 tons.

York Max E Chillers

York offers the most flexible choice in packaged water cooled chillers with superior real world energy performance. Max E rotary screw chillers are offered with HFC-134a refrigerant from 250 to 2400 tons. Numerous outstanding features include the York Optiview Control Center, factory mounted Optispeed variable speed drive, an open drive motor for greater reliability and lower insurance costs.

York Alternative Energy Centrifugal Chillers

York also offers the most flexible line of chillers utilizing alternation energy sources.

Chiller Model

Type

Energy Source

Capacity Range

YST

Steam Turbine Drive Centrifugal

Steam

700-2165 TR

YB

Packaged Gas Engine Drive

Natural Gas

400 TR

YG

Field Erected Gas Engine Drive

Natural Gas

400-2100 TR

YIA

Single Stage Absorption

LP Steam or Hot Water

120-1377 TR

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Fig. 3: Chillers by York (10).

Fig. 4: A Summary of Chillers by York (10).

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3. DISCUSSION
All the three manufacturers listed above are complying by the Ashrae standard 90.1 for energy efficiency. Trane leads the industry in energy efficiency in many equipment categories and can provide equipment that meets the prescribed efficiency levels of ASHRAE 90.1. In many cases, Trane equipment exceeds the minimum requirements, and can help to generate energy savings for reducing operating costs, and for demonstrating environmental stewardship. Moreover, the Performance Rating Method (Appendix G) of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 is the basis for calculating energy savings. The calculation requires the use of a full-featured simulation program. Trane offers the industrys most time-tested analysis software in TRACE building load and energy analysis programs to model building performance. Trane is continuously adding features that can help demonstrate savings and compliance with energy code. Tranes CDS support center is available for assistance to run these programs (11). Also, Carrier Corporation has commercial products in every HVAC product category that meet or exceed the requirements of ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, which went into effect since October 29, 2001. (12) Additionally, its mentioned in a York brochure Stock Chiller Solution, that all their chiller designs are compliant to the Ashrae standard for energy efficiency. 90.1 (10).

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4. REFERNCES
1. http://www.scribd.com/doc/22297020/How-Do-Chillers-Work-by-Nathan-Schumacher 2. http://www.google.com.eg/imgres?imgurl=http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/5/24/water%2520fired%2520chillerheater%2520schematic!.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/04/eureka_the_sola.php&h=335&w=480&sz=69 &tbnid=cOq3RBofKgvM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhvac%2Bchillers&zoom=1&q=hvac+chillers&hl=en&usg=__Czk rLWEMBUHZg663GfZZTEgocz8=&sa=X&ei=v7Z3TcLIM8qRswaE65X1BA&ved=0CGIQ9QEwCQ 3. http://www.ehow.com/about_5194778_hvac-chillers_.html#ixzz1G7hkrufu

4. http://www.arab-eng.org/vb/t88159.html 5. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC 6. http://ezinearticles.com/?Chillers---Types,-Working-and-Applications&id=1748672 7.http://www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac/general/0,,CLI1_DIV12_ETI1508_MID 4369,00.html 8. http://www.waterchillingproducts.com/index.cfm/Carrier_Chillers 9. http://www.waterchillingproducts.com/index.cfm/Trane_Chillers 10. http://www.pecopage.com/hvac-equipment/chillers.html 11.http://www.trane.com/Commercial/EnergyIaqEnvironment/8_4_1_IESNAStandard.aspxchille rs - ashrae standards 12.http://www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac/general/0,,CLI1_DIV12_ETI3965_MI D4437,00.html

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