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Blue Line I wana Travel through my Mind to get the Knowledge Blue Line I wana Get Trained to get
Abilities I Wana Travel the World and Arrive the Blue Line to get the Experience
1 This Bookie is By Blue Line Members @ 2011
Blue Line I wana Travel through my Mind to get the Knowledge Blue Line I wana Get Trained to get Abilities I Wana Travel the World and Arrive the Blue Line to get the Experience
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Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born on the 25th October, 1881 in Malaga in Spain. He was the first son of Jose Ruiz y Blasco and Maria Picasso y Lopez. His father was a painter and a professor of art at the School of Crafts and the curator of a local museum. Picasso learnt the basics of art from his father. Picasso also attended the Academy of Arts in Madrid, but dropped out within a year of joining it. The enormous body of Picasso's work remains, and the legend lives on a tribute to the vitality of the disquieting Spaniard with the sombre . . . piercing eyes who superstitiously believed that work would keep him alive. For nearly 80 of his 91 years Picasso devoted himself to an artistic production that contributed significantly to and
2.5 . 13 This Bookie is By Blue Line Members @ 2011
the Emirate of Crdoba. He is known for an early attempt at aviation.
paralleled the whole development of modern art in the 20th century.
In 822, a new Caliph named 'Abd al-Rahman II took the throne, and he began to gather together talented individuals. He began with an Iraqi musician called Ziryab who fostered the development of the sciences. Another one was the young astronomer and poet Abbas Ibn Firnas. 36 1973 In 852, under a new Caliph, a daredevil named Armen Firman decided to fly off a tower in Crdoba using a huge winglike cloak to break his fall. He survived with minor injuries, and the young Ibn Firnas was there to see it. This was considered to be the first parachute. . 1881
Like Ziryab, Ibn Firnas worked at a huge variety of enterprises. He was studied in chemistry, physics, and astronomy. He set up astronomical tables, wrote poetry, and designed a water clock called AlMaqata. He also devised means of manufacturing glass from sand, and he developed a chain of rings that could be used to display the motions of the planets and stars. He also developed a process for cutting rock crystal. Up to then, only the Egyptians knew how to facet crystal. Thereafter Spain no longer needed to export quartz to Egypt, but could finish it at home. First Attempt of Flying
In 875 at an age of 65 years, Ibn Firnas built his own glider, and launched himself from a mountain. The flight was largely successful, and was widely observed by a crowd that he had invited. However,
Abbas Ibn Firnas, or 'Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas (810 887 A.D.) was a Berber humanitarian, technologist, and chemist who was born in Izn-Rand Onda, AlAndalus (today's Ronda, Spain), and lived in
notable botanist and pharmacist of the Islamic Golden Age and Arab Agricultural Revolution. Born in the Andalusian city of Mlaga at the end of the 12th century, he learned botany from the Mlagan botanist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati with whom he started collecting plants in and around Spain. AlNabati was responsible for developing an early scientific method, introducing empirical and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. Such an approach was thus adopted by Ibn al-Baitar.[1] In 1219, Ibn al-Baitar left Mlaga to travel in the Islamic world to collect plants. He travelled from the northern coast of Africa as far asAnatolia. The major stations he visited include Bugia, Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli, Barqa and Adalia. After 1224, he entered the service of al-Kamil, an Ayyubid Sultan, and was appointed chief herbalist. In 1227 al-Kamil extended his domination to Damascus, and Ibn al-Baitar accompanied him there which provided him an opportunity to collect plants in Syria. His researches on plants extended over a vast area including Arabia and Palestine. He died in Damascus in 1248.
the landing was bad. He injured his back, and left critics saying he hadn't taken proper account of the way birds pull up into a stall, and land on their tails. He'd provided neither a tail, nor means for such a maneuver. He died twelve years later.
"Ibn Firnas was the first man in history to make a scientific attempt at flying." Philip Hitti, History of the Arabs.
As westerners teach their children about the Wright Brothers, the Islamic countries tell theirs about Ibn Firnas, a thousand years before the Wrights though his flight was not powered. The Libyans produced a postage stamp honoring him. The Iraqis built a statue in his memory on the way to Baghdad International Airport, and the Ibn Firnas Airport to the north of Baghdad is named for him.
Ibn al-Baitar
Santiago Ramn y Cajal (1 May 1852 17 October 1934) was a Spanish pathologist, histologist, neuroscientist, and Nobel laureate. His pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were original: he is considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience. He was skilled at drawing,
Andalusian scientist, botanist, pharmacist and physic ian. He is considered one of the greatest scientists of Al-Andalus and was a
and hundreds of his illustrations of brain cells are still used for educational purposes today. Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler is one of the biggest sensations in the singing industry today. He is the only best selling Latin recording artist in the world. 1500 ). ( ) . , , ,
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Enrique is a Latin singer and is famous for his acting career and also the controversies surrounding his relationship with the tennis sensation Anna Kournikova.
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Penelope Cruz ( full name Penelope Cruz Sanches
) the famous actress was born on April the 28th 1974. The eldest daughter of a hairdresser and an auto mechanic, growing up in Madrid, Spain, Penelope Cruz didn't want the normal pretty pony or a pretty stud,she instead dreamed of swans and nutcrackers and handsome princes! She further studied classical ballet at the National Conservatory for nine years.

that Spain has one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world as part of its LGBT rights? ...that the Guardia de Asalto patrolled the countryside and rural areas of Spain throughout the time of the Second Spanish Republic? ...that that Cuerpo Nacional de Polica uniform was formerly brown, thus leading to their nickname of la madera/los maderos? ...that the Professional Association of Magistrates is one of three professional Spanish associations of judges and magistrate. ...that one of the first major Nationalist victories in the Spanish Civil War occurred at the Battle of Badajoz (1936)? ...that that resulting effects of 2007 Iberian Peninsula earthquake were felt in Portugal and Morocco's coastal cities? ...that Abdera was founded by the Carthaginians but became under Roman control after a period of declination. ...that the Spanish National Badminton Championships is a tournament organised Federacin Espaola de Bdminton to crown the best badminton players in Spain? ...that Francisco Abreu won both the 1973 German Open and the 1976 Madrid Open? ...that the former mining railway which previously linked La Camocha to Veria now operates as a La Camocha Greenway for hikers and cyclists? ...that the Canary Island Pine cannot withstand low temperatures or hard frost?
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http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/53022/3e83a/

...that in 1888, Joan Montseny was appointed general secretary of the National Federation of tunnelling workers? ...that Spanish engineering company Grupo ACS merged with Gins Navarro Construcciones in 1997 to form its current name? ...that table football, table top game based on football (soccer) was invented by Alejandro Finisterre? ...that the Port of Mlaga has existed for over 3000 years and is located in the Mediterranean Sea?
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...that Spanish politician Javier Solana serves as the current European Union's High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy? ...that Spain's gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is higher than that of Italy or Greece according to lists by international organizations? ...that Spanish sculptor Francisco Salzillo (1707 1783) was the most representative Spanish imagemaker of the 18th century? ...that, besides Spanish, other languages such as Catalan, Basque or Galician are spoken in Spain? ...that the modern name Spain comes from Hispania, the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula? ...that, in the 8th century, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered (711-718) by Muslim armies of Moor origin from North Africa. ...that the 1992 Olympic Games were celebrated in Barcelona? ...that AVE is a Spanish service of high speed trains operating at speeds of up to 300 km/h? ...that, The Universal Exposition of Seville (Expo '92) took place from April 20 to October 12, 1992? ...that Spain became a member of the European Union in 1986? ...that the Kingdoms of Portugal and Spain were once united in the 15th century? ...that the Spanish Canary Islands are an outermost region of the EU?
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A ecitadelf is a town surrounded with defense walls. Though there was an inner city east of the palaces in the past, it has disappeared without leaving any trace. There is a military fortress (Alcazaba) that protected the city and palaces, strengthening defense on the side fronting the Darro River. Since all of them along with the walls surrounding the whole site were made of reddish-colored bricks and stones persistently in the pursuit of its function and strength, it does not look like a world famous graceful palaces, viewed through outsider's eyes. However, when one tread inside of the palaces and courtyards (Patios) surrounded by those walls, finding another world unfolding sequentially, one may be deeply fascinated with their elegant appearance and atmosphere on a human scale. Superb interior spaces and orderly courtyards are enclosed by a modest (occasionally humble) external appearance; thatfs just the characteristic of Islamic architecture. There is no such palace architecture in the world as the Alhambra; that is far from authoritarianism and grandiosity, devoting itself to the world of beauty based on the small-scaled sensible experiences. ____
Don t Tell Any One

Alhambra
The Citadel looking down the city of Granada After the downfall of the Spanish Umayyad Dynasty in the 11th century, Islamic strength in the Iberian Peninsula gradually declined and Christian Reconquest proceeded. The last Islamic kingdom was the Nasrid Dynasty, which is also referred to as the Kingdom of Granada taking the name of its capital. Despite being a small kingdom it kept its independency by dexterous diplomatic capability ranking with Christian countries and its aid to the arts and learning encouraged the last Islamic culture in Europe to bloom splendidly.
Court of the Myrtles and a stucco decoration on its wall PALACE ARCHITECTURE The palace rooms are arranged around the two courtyards: one is the eCourt of the Myrtlesf (Patio de Comares) built in the first half of the 14th century, the area for the purpose of kingsf public audience. The other is the eCourt of the Lionsf (Patio de los Leones) built in the latter half of the 14th century, the private area, that is the seraglio (Harem) where general vassals could not enter. So the two are still separated palaces without holding a common axis and even now tourists have to move
On Albaycin hill in Granada a large citadel had been constructed around the 10th century, which was referred to as eQalfat al-Hamraf (the Red Fort) , which got its name from the color of the red soil of the hill and bricks burnt of that soil. (Later in Delhi and Agra, India, the palace-fortresses would also be referred to as the eRed Fortf due to their main material, red sandstone.) The palace called Alhambra corrupted from al-Hamra was constructed at the northern part of the citadel in the 13th ~ 14th centuries. It has become a true gem of palace architecture by reiterated refinements and sophistications.
Plan of the Palace quarter of the Alhambra ( from Henri Stierlin, "Architecture de l'Islam," 1979)
and arrangement like this is just a realization of the Heavenly Paradise on the earth, which is described in the "Qur'an" (Koran) and has been yearned by all Muslims. ____
from one to another, winding their way from around the edge. As a garden (Bagh), more characteristic one is the Court of the Lions, where the water basin sustained by twelve sculptures of lion sends up a jet. It is encircled with cloisters, from which two pavilions project to the patio, and the channels flow out from the cardinal point rooms to come together to the central fountain, so as to divide the rectangular garden into four-quarters. That is exactly the equadripartite gardenf (Chahar Bagh) constituting the basic principle of Islamic gardens. ____
Ceilings of the Hall of the Abencerrajes and the Hall of the Kings The Nasrids who had created an unequaled elegant aesthetics in the matured stage of Islam was overthrown by Reconquest and retreated to Morocco in 1492, delivering their fort and palaces to Christians. In that year Islamic power came to an end in Europe, Christopher Columbus departed on a voyage, encountering a new land confusing it with India. See this video for more details about Alhambra
http://www.arabsciences.com/2010/01/3 1/alhambra/ sources:

http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/2_meisaku/08_alhambra/al h_eng.htm by Abdullah Al Abbadi Court of the Lions and its Cloisters For the cloisters, marble columns stand in line rhythmically, looking like a forest when looked upon from a pavilion. Lower parts of the walls are embellished with faience tiles in geometric pattern; the upper parts and ceilings are ornamented with carved stucco in foliage pattern, which glitters reflecting sunlight. Since Europeans referred to Muslims in Northwest Africa and Spain as Moors, the exuberant arts like these in the districts were also called eMoorish Arts.f In former times, this quadripartite garden enclosed with cloisters was a vast flowerbed filled with cheerful flowers of each season. The whole setting
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Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the Roman province of Mauretania, even though the modern state covers a territory far to the southwest of the old province. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast. The civilian government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'tat led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US $1.25 per day>
Muhtar uld Daddah
director, producer, screenwriter, actor and voice actor. He emigrated to France in 1959 and began to work in film during the 1960s. He received critical acclaim for his 1967 directorial dbut Soleil O. Hondo was born in 1936 in Ain Oul Beri Mathar in
1924 - Born on the 25th of December to an important marabout family of the Ouled Birri tribe in Boutilimit, Mauritania. Studied law in Paris, and graduated as the first Mauritanian to hold a university degree. 1950s - Returned to Mauritania, then joined the centre-left Progressive Mauritanian Union, and elected President of the Executive Council. 1957-1961 Appointed Prime Minister of Mauritiana. 1959 Muhtar uld Daddah established a new political party, the Mauritanian Regrouping Party. 1961-1978 Served as the 1st President of Mauritiana. 1971 Daddah served as President of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). 1978 - On 10th of July, Lt. Col. Mustafa Ould Salek ousted Daddah in a military coup d'etat. 1979 - Muhtar uld Daddah was allowed to go into exile in France in August. 1980 Organized an opposition group, the Alliance pour une Mauritanie Democratique (AMD). 2001 - Ould Daddah was allowed to return to Mauritania. Med Hondo
the Atar region of Mauritania. His mother was Mauritanian and his father Senegalese. In 1954 he went to live in Rabat, Morocco to train to become a chef at the International Hotel School there. He emigrated to France in 1959 and found work first in Marseilles and then in Paris, variously as a cook, farm labourer,waiter, dockworker and delivery man.He found that he, and other African immigrants, were unable to find jobs in their chosen professions, and in the menial jobs they could find, were paid less than the French.The difficulty of making a living during this time, as well as racism he experienced, eventually provided inspiration for his films, including Soleil O and Les 'bicots-Ngres' vos voisins. Hondo began to take classes in acting and directing, and studied under French actress Franoise Rosay, acting in classic plays by Shakespeare, Molire and Jean Racine. He was unable to fully express himself with French repertoire theatre, and in 1966 formed his own theatre company with Guadelopean actor Robert Liensol. Named Shango (from Shango, the Yoruba god of thunder), and later Griot-Shango, the company produced
the voice actor in (Shrek- Oscar winner as best Animation Movie (born Mohamed Abid Hondo, 1936) is a Mauritanian film
plays relating more to the experiences of Black people, including work by Ren Depestre, Aim Csaire,Daniel Boukman and Guy Menga.
In the late 1960s, Hondo started taking small roles in television and films.At the same time, he began to learn the craft of film making by careful observation of the work of others, and began to get work behind the camera. He began his first film, Soleil O in 1965.Made on a budget of $30,000, Soleil O was financed by Hondo' work dubbing American films into French.It played at during International Critics' Week at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival where it received critical acclaim. It received a Golden Leopard Award at the 1970Locarno International Film Festival. Some of Hondo's acting work has been as a voice actor, in films and television series like Funky Cops and Asterix and the Vikings. He has worked on the dubbing of many English language films into French, voicing characters of Eddie Murphy, Danny Glover (on the rare occasions when he was not dubbed by white actor Richard Darbois), Sidney Poitier, Morgan Freeman and Ben Kingsley. He has dubbed several of Eddie Murphy's films including The Nutty Professor and the part of Donkey in 2001's Shrek. Med Hondo explains on his website that he met with Danny Glover in 1991 and exposed his then current project to him : a biopic of Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture. An enthusiastic Glover would have then voiced his interest in playing the main part and taking part in the production, before cutting all communication with Hondo and co-writer Claude Veillot. Hondo now claims that Glover's current Louverture biopic project, financially backed by Hugo Chavez, was inspired by his own original
screenplay and addressed an open letter to Glover in which he denies assertions from Glover's "Louverture Films" company that the script was a commission paid by Glover to Hondo. Hondo also mentions his meeting with Glover in an Englishspoken interview on French international news channel France 24.
In the Middle Ages Mauritania was the cradle of the Almoravid movement, which spread Islam throughout the region and for a while controlled the Islamic part of Spain. European traders began to show interest in Mauritania in the 15th century. France gained control of the coastal region in 1817, and in 1904 a formal French protectorate was extended over the territory. Morocco opposed the country's independence in 1960 and for a time tried to absorb it. But Morocco's King Hassan II later improved ties as part of his plan to divide Western Sahara. The eventual deal in 1976 brought more problems, though, with Mauritania coming under attack by Polisario Front guerrillas, who opposed Moroccan control of Western Sahara, and the subsequent downfall of the leader since independence - Moktar Ould Daddah - in a military coup. Peace was agreed with the Polisario in 1979, but this in turn worsened relations with Morocco, until a detente in 1985. More recently, ties with Senegal have been strained over the use of the Senegal River, which forms the border between the two countries. Mauritania officially banned slavery in 1981. The government has denied accusations that it is still being practised.
One of the world's poorest countries, Mauritania has pinned hopes for future prosperity on the exploitation of its offshore reserves of oil and natural gas. The Chinguetti and Tiof fields are expected to yield millions of barrels of oil. The country forged diplomatic ties with Israel in 1999, one of three Arab nations to have done so, but suspended them in January 2009 in protest at Israel's military operation in Gaza. It closed the Israeli embassy in March. Under former President Maaouiya Ould Sid Ahmed Taya, Mauritania was an ally of the US in its "war on terror". American special forces were despatched to train Mauritanian troops. Al-Qaeda militants operating in Mauritania, Algeria and Mali have become increasingly active, kidnapping and killing several foreigners. Mauritania's response has been to take an increasingly tough line against the militants, refusing to negotiate with al-Qaeda over hostages.
it's unpleasant. The cost of travelling is just around $5 one way (1 ougiya per kilometre.)
The Ben Amera is probably Mauritania's best kept secret, as it is the second largest monolith in the world. The famous Ayers Rock is the only one bigger. There are some other monoliths nearby, like the Aicha monolith (picture to the left). Ben Amera is one of the best attractions on the route for the desert train between Nouadhibou and Zouerate.
The train carrying iron from Zouerate to the coast at Nouadhibou, is probably the world's longest train. Normally its length is as much as 3 kilometres. The whole journey takes around 12 hours, where almost 700 kilometres are covered. If you want to come to, or leave, Nouadhibou, there are no good alternatives to this train. But it should not be avoided anyway. Nowadays, normal compartments have been put up. Up until a few years ago, sitting on top of the wagons, was all offered. This is still used, but
Mauritania are by virtue of its geographical location, and the diversity of landscapes, that make it global tourist destination, and provides the tourism sector in Mauritania a number of chances to invest in the processing areas of tourism, and services .. Of transport and restaurants, and sectorof tourism provides thousands of jobs in various multi-facilities of the tourism sector. Various opportunities Elements of tourism and tourist attractions in Mauritania are various , including the desert areas and beaches popular with tourists, Europeans, and Westerners in general, and areas of fishing birds that cares mainly by Gulf tourists, in addition to the rare treasures of ancient manuscripts that fill the libraries of ancient cities, such as "The Ath" and " Chinguetti "and" Laden ", and other archaeological sites classified by the" UNESCO "World Heritage, are
the places where the largest proportion of the demand of foreign tourists to Mauritania.
The industrial products of traditional Mauritanian, which consists of two aspects, one tourist and other cultural, represent genius and skillful people of Mauritania, another aspect of the attractions, as reflected in this genius in industrial products like traditional utensils, swords Arab horses, jewelry, furnishings (carpets, mats), home decoration, which is what attracts most tourists to the city of Ath, and historical example.
Among the most important reforms adopted by the State is also in the development of tourism, organization of tourist activity and the profession of tourist guide agencies and travel offices, and classification of tourism enterprises, and adopt strategies for eco-tourism in each of the Hzirti Arkin and Jauling, and the establishment of training center hotel, and the development of infrastructure.
The other area of mauritania , in the east and south,is the focus of attention of big part of tourists, especially in areas adjacent to the eastern border of Mauritania, adjacent to the State of Mali, which has a share of demand of tourist arrivals to the territory of Mauritania.
But these reforms and public investments in the tourism sector, are still confronted with many obstacles and challenges, including lack of professionalism of national actors, and lack of foreign private investment, and the limited supply and promotion.
Tourism Investment The importance attached by the Mauritanian state of the tourism sector, as embodied in the huge interest in investing in this vital sector, and a variety of areas of public investment in the tourism sector, which included the maintenance and valuation of the national cultural heritage, which is the most important tourist attractions, creating public institutions involved in this aspect, also included the establishment of public facilities to provide special services for tourists, such as creating a private company organized a season to receive European tourists, a company "Somasert" of the company "SNIM", which was entrusted with the organization of an annual season to receive and regulate the entry of tourists to areas popular to them.
It seems that the parties public supervising the development of the tourism sector, is trying to overcome these obstacles through the joint adoption of reforms in the coming period of the most important, develop a regulatory framework (a precise definition of the roles of both the State and the private sector, and improve the services available, and oversight, regulation, and the adoption of incentives in the area of taxation, and encourage more private sector participation, in addition to the definition of tourist products (information, communication, Ashharrat), and then the adoption of more elements of the plans Valuation of national tourism.
The aim of the Mauritanian state from behind the adoption of these reforms and achievements in the tourism sector, to achieve the goal of attracting 70.000 tourists per year in the future, and increase the capacity of the reception to 30.000 beds.
Statistics and Figures starting from the current year 2011 , Mauritania state adopted plan for the establishment of cultural festivals in the ancient cities, which aims primarily to draw attention to tourist potentia of these cities, and the State has decided under this approach, to deduct 1 per cent of revenues Customs to finance this investment of tourism.
Data from the National Office of Tourism, for the season 2009 - 2010 that the number of tourists coming to Mauritania reached 15 903 tourists, broken down by way of entering the country, the tourists arrived via Nouadhibou, and the number 10
735, and tourists arrived by air and numbered 1710 tourists, while the totalnumber of tourism arrivals for 3458 business tourists.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPw3EI8WprU
The figures, which come from the National Office of Tourism, the tourism sector to the Mauritanian witnessing a steady growth rate of about 18%..
By rabi a Malainain Translated by Blue Line
Videos For Safari in Mauritania

videos Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the Roman province ofMauretania, even though the modern state covers a territory far to the southwest of the old province. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast. The civilian government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'tatled by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US $1.25 per day
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here some episodes about Adrar in Mauritania Adrar (Arabic: ) is a large region in Mauritania, named for the Adrar Plateau. Its capital is Atar. Other major towns include Choum, Chinguetti and Ouadane. The region borders Western Sahara and the Mauritanian region of Tiris Zemmour to the north, Mali and the Mauritanian region of Hodh Ech Chargui to the east, the Mauritanian region of Trarza and Tagant to the south and the Mauritanian region of Inchiri to the west. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iq2vF92aZF0&feature =related 11 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xT30bR7NibY 12 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05fRk0Q3Mxg 13 in this link video about Adventure in Mauritania , fishing and so many with Jimy Rogers ... " .
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By Rabi a malainain
A group of seasoned travelers braves the desert dunes that cover about half of Mauritania.
Melhafa: is worn by women in Mauritania is the only outfit common as putting on a formal and informal. Renbaya: the cloak that is worn underthe Melhafa
Aldraa: A garment worn by men and Mauritanians are mostly has 2 colors blue and white and there is rarely Darraa have a different color.
Getting there is half the fun. The crossing from Atar is shocking, where narrow roads follow the mountain sides, even when this has made some turns of the road so sharp that they can't be done in one turn. The nature is totally wild. The result is that this remote place is the most frequently visited tourist spot in Mauritania. But by Mauritanian standards, this is close to nothing, anyway. The old city is fairly old, the western side dates back 700 years. The age has to do with most of old Chinguetti being constructed from stones. The main attraction in the city is the old mosque. But as Chinguetti once was really venerated as one of the most holy cities in Islam (ranked, even today, as number 7), this is off limit to non-Muslims. 29
This Bookie is By Blue Line Members @ 2011
Iraq
is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert. Iraq is bordered by Jordan to the west, Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (35 miles) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country. Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
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Babylon: was an Akkadian city-state (founded in 1867 BC by an Amorite dynasty) of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 mi) south of Baghdad. Babylon, along . . . " " . ." " " " . . 2100 . 43 . " " with Assyria to the north, was one of the two Akkadian nations that evolved after the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, although it was rarely ruled by native Akkadians. All that remains of the original ancient famed city of Babylon today is a mound, or tell, of broken mud-brick buildings and debris in the fertile Mesopotamian plain between theTigris and Euphrates rivers. The city itself was built upon the Euphrates, and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep . . . . . . . . . . . . embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Available historical resources suggest that Babylon was at first a small town which had sprung up by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. The town flourished and attained independence with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in 1894 BC. Claiming to be the successor of the ancient Eridu, Babylon eclipsed Nippur as the "holy city" of Mesopotamia around the time an Amorite king named Hammurabi first created the short lived Babylonian Empire, this quickly dissolved upon his death and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian, Kassite and Elamite domination. Babylon again became the seat of the NeoBabylonian Empire from 612 to 539 BC which was founded by Chaldeans and whose last king was an
Assyrian. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. After the fall of Babylon it came under the rules of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman and Sas sanid empires. It was dissolved as a province after the Arab Islamic conquest of the 7th century AD. . 1975 22 8 1,000,000 50 . . 150 1990 / . 80 60 . : 1979
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al-Mutasim. One of the first Arab students of the Greek philosophers, he translated important Greek works into Arabic and tried to combine the views of Plato and Aristotle into a new system. His short treatises considered the philosophical questions set forth by Neoplatonism. He also wrote over 270 scientific treatises on such subjects as astrology, Indian arithmetic, sword manufacturing, and cooking.
: , , , . . 8 ( ) ) 600 . Father of Chemistry Jabir ibn Hayyan (active latter 8th century), called Geber by Europeans, was reputedly the father of Moslem alchemy and chemistry.
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It seems clear that there was a real person called Jabir ibn Hayyan about whom we know little except that he lived in al-Kufa, an important city of Abbasid Iraq, and that he had the reputation for skill in alchemy. There exists a vast body of Arabic writings attributed to this Jabir which could not possibly have been written by someone living in the late 8th century .
Attributions to Jabir: Scholarship has shown that there was a sizable corpus of alchemical works attributed impossibly to the historical Jabir. The first references to these works by Jabir appear in the latter half of the 10th century. The corpus contains a great percentage of what medieval Islam knew of the scientific knowledge of the ancients, viewed through Islamic spectacles, and it appears impossible that the 9th- or 10th-century Jabir could have been a single man, however industrious. The Islamic point of view from which this encyclopedic collection of late Hellenistic science is viewed in the works of Jabir is an extremely heterodox one, and this is doubtless the reason for assigning its authorship to a long-deceased but actual Jabir of the 8th century.
Al Kindus
(died c. 870) First prominent Islamic philosopher. He worked in Iraq under the caliph s al-Mamun and
Jabir's science of al-kimiya, from which Arabic word both "alchemy" and "chemistry" stem, was based upon the
Hellenistic idea that all metals are fundamentally the same substance, but with varying impurities. The main object of alchemy was to discover a method which would transmute the base metals into the purest form of metal, gold; this could be done by means of a supposed substance called "red sulfur" by the Moslems and "the philosophers' stone" by Europeans. In the process of searching for red sulfur, Jabir and other Moslem alchemists developed a great many sound facts and processes which formed some of the basic building blocks for the science of chemistry. In terms of practical methods evolved by Jabir and set forth in the almost 100 works ascribed to him, we are indebted to Moslem alchemy for methods of distillation, evaporation, crystallization, filtration, and sublimation. Methods of producing a considerable number of chemical substances are described: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, mercury oxide, lead acetate, and others.
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Kadim Al Sahir; born September 12, 1957 in Mosul, Iraq), is an Iraqi singer, composer, and poet. He has been dubbed the "Caesar of Arabic Song", "Elvis of the Middle East", "Robbie Williams of the Middle East", "Iraq s Diplomatic Ambassador to the world", and "Iraq s Ambassador for Peace". Kadim Al Sahir, whose first name is also written alternatively as Kazem, Kadhem, Kazim and his family name alternatively as Saher, el Saher and al Saher, has established himself as one of the most successful singers in the history of the Arab World, having sold more than 30 million albums since the start of his career. Ranging from big romantic ballads to more political work, from pop to Arab classical music. .
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. ( ) . Vaclav Havel Vaclav Havel (born 1936) is well known dramatist, essayist, philosopher and the president of the Czech Republic. The central theme of his literary texts is human identity and the mechanisms of dehumanized power. In the 70's and 80's he was something like a spiritual leader of the dissidents. After Velvet Revolution, in January 1990, he became president of the country and he stayed in the presidential office till February 2, 2003. Mr. Havel is very popular in the country and abroad as well.
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Nobel Prize Laureates Professor Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890-1967) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1959 for invention and development of the polarographic method, the new branch of electrochemistry. He formed a school of polarographers in the Charles University. Another Czech Jaroslav Seifert (1901-1986) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1984. He published over 30 collections of poems and also the children's literature. In his poems Seifert has celebrated Prague and the cultural heritage of Czech Republic.
Czech Musicians and Composers A couple of excellent musicians and composers were born in Bohemia or Moravia. One of the most famous is Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904), the author of Slavonic Dances and of the symphony From the New World. Another famous composer Bedrich Smetana(18241884) is the author of the Cycle of Symphonic Poems My Fatherland. Classical music fans probably know other composersLeos Janacek and Zdenek Fibich. By the way, the famous song Roll out the Barrel was composed by another Czech Jaroslav Vejvoda in 1929. Milos Forman A film directorMilos Forman (born 1932) is considered one of the most significant film directors in the world today. He received the Oscars for his films One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Amadeus. He also directed a film version of the musical Hair.
The most famous Czech athlete is Emil Zatopek(1922-2000), winner of 1948 Olympic gold medal at 10 000 meters, and unprecedented winner Olympic triple crown (5 000 meters, 10 000 meters and marathon) in Helsinki 1952. During his long career he set 20 world records at distances ranging from 5 000 to 30 000 m. Another famous Czech, Vera Caslavska (born 1942) won two golds, on the vault and beam, at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. She ruled women's gymnastics between the 1964 and 1968 Olympics. Around the World on a Bike Czech bicyclist Vitezslav Dostal (born 1959) rode his bike around the world on the Czech brand bike Velamos. He started his wonderful bike tour in Prague in September 1994 and came back three years later in September 1997. He rode his bike 59 460 km (36 924 miles) through Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Tibet, China, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, French Polynesia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Equator, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, USA, Great Britain, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany.
Czech Writers The famous Jewish writer Franz Kafka (1883-1924) spent the most portion of his life in Prague. You probably know his best works Metamorphosis, The Trial, The Castle. Another Czech writer Milan Kundera (born 1929) reached the international fame by his novels The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1985) and Immortality (1990). He got some prestigious literary awards for his work and he is acknowledged as one of the world's best contemporary writers. It is surprising but the word robot is not the English one but has its origin in the Bohemia. In 1920 another Czech writer Karel Capek used this word for the first time in his theater play RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots). Czech Sportsmen A lot of excellent hockey players in NHL teams in the USA and Canada came from the Czech Republic. The best known are Jaromir Jagr (born 1972) who played for New York Rangers, Pittsburg Penguines, Washington Capitals and goalkeeper Dominik Hasek(born 1965) who helped the Czech team to get the Olympic Gold in Nagano. In NHL he played for Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres and Detroit Red Wings. Also the Czech tennis school is world famous and a lot of good tennis players came from there. Martina Navratilova (born 1956) is the one of the most successful representative together withIvan Lendl (born 1960). She has won Wimbledon nine times and in total she has won 164 titles from international tournaments. Another Czech Sportsmen
Did you know ?

Did You Know That

The founder of Ba a, the global footwear manufacturer and retailer, was Tom Ba a, a Czech from the city of Zln. He was also the first to introduce prices following the .99 format (like in 99.99). Closely Observed Trains won the 1968 Oscar for the best foreign-language film. Time Magazine ranked the film among the top hundred films of all time. The most recent Czech film to win an Oscar was Kolja, directed by Jan Sv rk, in 1997. Twentyyear-old Markta Irglov also won an Oscar in 2008, for the song to the film Once. US and co-production films that were shot in the Czech Republic include Mission Impossible, Joan of Arc, The Bourne Identity, Blade II, The Chronicles of Narnia, The Brothers Grimm, Casino Royale, the Russian film The Barber of Siberia and the Spanish film The Girl of Your Dreams. The first astronaut from a country other than the USSR or the USA was the Czechoslovak Vladimr Remek, now a Member of the European Parliament. The Czech Republic is one of the youngest states in the world. It was established on 1 January 1993, following the split of Czechoslovakia.

The world-famous writer Milan Kundera is a Czech who emigrated to France in 1975 and acquired French citizenship in 1981. Franz Kafka is a Prague writer of Jewish origin, and is buried in the New Jewish Cemetery in Stra nice, Prague. Gustav Meyrink, author of Golem, lived for many years in Prague. The first person to categorise blood into four types (A, B, AB, O) was the Czech neurologist Jan Jansk, in 1906. In his honour, the Jansk Plaque is awarded to frequent volunteer blood donors in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The word robot comes from Czech. It was first used by the Czech writer Karel apek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) from 1920. The term was invented by his brother, Josef apek, and was based on the word robota (i.e. labour, corve, a personal service provided by peasants to their masters in the feudal system). There are approximately 2,000 castles and ruins in the Czech Republic. The density of castles is one of the highest in the world. The founder of genetics, Johann Gregor Mendel, was born in Hyn ice and spent most of his life in Brno. He was also the abbot of the local Augustine monastery. The first person who wanted to create a union of European rulers (similar to today s EU) was the Bohemian King George of Pod brady (1420-1471). The remains of a medieval Jewish ghetto can be found right in the centre of Prague. The 13thcentury Old-New Synagogue is one of the oldest Jewish structures in the world, and the Old Jewish Cemetery is the largest and best preserved area of its kind in Europe. The famous 18th-century seducer Giacomo Casanova spent the last 13 years of his life at Duchcov Castle in Bohemia. It was here that he wrote his memoirs. Modern contact lenses were invented by Otto Wichterle, from the town of Prost jov. He is also regarded as the founder of macromolecular chemistry. The name of the US currency, the dollar, is derived from the Czech coin known as the tolar (thaler), minted from 1519 on in Jchymov, West Bohemia. In 1526, the Habsburgs ascended to the Bohemian throne; they also ruled Spain and succeeded in colonizing America. The sign for the Spanish tolar, used for payment in the American continent, was $ , and still symbolizes the US currency today. The first hydrotherapy establishment was set up in 1822 in Jesenk, in today s Czech Republic, and the first radioactive spa in the world was opened in Jchymov in 1906. For centuries, Czech spas Karlovy Vary and Marinsk lzn were frequented by celebrities including Mozart, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Gogol,

Goethe, Kafka, Freud, Edison, Schopenhauer, Marx and Casanova. Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, where today s celebrities come together in July, stands alongside Berlin, Cannes and Venice as one of the most important festivals in Europe. An encyclopaedia for children, Orbis Pictus (World in Pictures) was written in 1658 by the Czech pedagogue and philosopher Comenius (Jan Amos Komensk). Jaroslav Ha ek s The Good Soldier vejk, written as a response to the First World War, has been translated into 58 languages. Ta na Kucha ov was crowned Miss World in 2006. Many famous models come from the Czech Republic, such as Eva Herzigov, Petra N mcov and Tereza Maxov. Prominent figures, such as the businessman Oskar Schindler (whose life is portrayed in the book and film Schindler s List), the philosopher Edmund Husserl, the psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, the composer Gustav Mahler, the writer Rainer Maria Rilke and the first world chess champion Wilhelm Steinitz were born in what is now the Czech Republic. The Czech writer Jaroslav Seifert won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1984; in 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsk won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for discovering and developing polarography. The self-regulating arc lamp was invented by the Czech electrical engineer Franti ek K i k. He also built the first electric tramlines in Prague and constructed a light fountain (K i k s Illuminated Fountain), which was a marvel of technology in its time. Jakub Kry tof Rad invented sugar cubes, while another Czech, Josef Ressel, invented the ship propeller. The Czech actor Ji Voskovec (George Voskovec) appeared in 72 films, of which only the first five were Czech and the rest were American. His credits include 12 Angry Men with Henry Fonda and Barbarosa with Willie Nelson and Gary Busey. Albert Einstein spent a year and a quarter in Prague as a professor at the Institute of Theoretical Physics. US astronaut Neil Armstrong listened to Antonn Dvo k s New World Symphony while he walked on the Moon s surface in 1969. Dvo k was inspired to compose this piece of music by his stay in the United States. The Largo part of the symphony is in a box travelling through outer space. One of Mozart s best-known operas, Don Giovanni, was premiered in the Estates Theatre in Prague in 1787 and is still performed there. A powerful Church reform movement began in Bohemia a century before Martin Luther. Its spiritual leader, Jan Hus (also referred to in English as John Huss), was burnt at the stake for his teachings in

Constance in 1415. Luther regarded Hus as his predecessor. The first map of the states of Virginia and Maryland was drawn up in 1670 by Augustin He man from M eno in Bohemia. He man came to North America in 1630 and made his name as a tobacco trader, diplomat, surveyor, and the founder of the Bohemia Manor plantation. One of the most famous golems is the golem allegedly created in 1580 in Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel. Legend has it that the golem lies in the attic of the Old-New Synagogue in Prague. Alfons Mucha, Emil Filla, Toyen and Franti ek Kupka are all world-famous Czech painters. Cubism, represented around the world primarily by way of painting and sculpture, also appears in architecture in the Czech Republic. Czech Cubist architecture, which emerged before World War I, is unique. As is Rondo-Cubism. The Swedish botanist Carl von Linn named camellias after the Brno botanist and Jesuit missionary Joseph George Kamel, who discovered this beautifully flowering plant. One of the best-known astronomical clocks can be found in the Old Town Square in Prague. It was built in 1410.
The bottom-fermenting method used in beer production, invented by the brewers of Plze (Pilsen) in 1842, is now applied across the world, which is why hundreds of beers bear the label pils, pilsner or pilsener.
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The first woman ever to become the United States Secretary of State (in 1997) was Madeleine Albright, born in Prague.
Ray Kroc, the founder of McDonald s, had Czech ancestors.
The oldest working paper mill in Central Europe can be found in Velk Losiny, Moravia. ss ) ( 1471- 1420
Czechs drink the most beer per capita in the world. There are more than 70 breweries in the Czech Republic.
The Gothic bridge in Psek, dating back to the late 13th century, is the oldest preserved bridge in Bohemia; after the bridge in Regensburg, Germany, it is the oldest preserved bridge north of the Alps.
Production of the Czech multi-coloured lentil-shaped chocolates, Lentilky, began inHole ov in 1907. This makes them older than Smarties and M&M s, which saw the light of day only in 1937. . 1519
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Pakistan: officially the Islamic

Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. Tajikistan also lies very close to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Strategically it is located in a position between the important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.
Born In:
Abdus Salam (1926 1996), who was born at Jhang in Pakistan, attended Punjab University and Cambridge University, where he received his PhD in 1952. From 1951 to 1954 he was a professor of mathematics at the Government College of Lahore, concurrently with a post as head of the mathematics department of Punjab University. From 1954 until 1956 he lectured at Cambridge and from 1957 to 1993 he was a professor of theoretical physics at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. He was largely responsible for the establishment in 1964 of the International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, as an institute to assist physicists from developing countries. He was director of the center from its inception until 1994, dividing his time between there and Imperial College. Salam's work was concerned with the theories describing the behavior and properties of elementary particles; for this he received the 1979 Nobel Prize for physics, shared with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg. Although the three men did most of their work independently, they each contributed to the development of a theory that could take account
of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. One of their predictions was the phenomenon of neutral currents and their strengths, which was first confirmed in 1973 at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and later by other groups. A further prediction of the theory is that of the existence of intermediate vector bosons with high masses. The discovery of a vector boson was reported in 1983 by two teams (comprising 180 scientists) working at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics near Geneva.
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. Quantum Physics.
. Mohammad Iqbal (born Nov. 9, 1877, Sialkot, Punjab, India died April 21, 1938, Lahore, Punjab, Pak.) Indian poet and philosopher. He first won fame for his poetry, which was written in the classical style for public recitation and became known even among the illiterate. His perspective grew increasingly PanIslamic, as revealed in the long poem The Secrets of the Self (1915), which he wrote in Persian in order to address a broader Muslim audience. Calling for a revitalization of Islam, he advocated the separate Muslim state that would eventually be realized with the founding of Pakistan in 1947, and he was acclaimed after his death as the father of that country. His poetic masterpiece is "The Song of Eternity" (1932). He is considered the greatest 20thcentury poet to write in Urdu. . 1877 9 ..
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domes. The design encompasses features of Corinthian and Islamic styles of architecture with a tinge of subcontinental style. The Corinthian touch is visible in the columns, balustrade, pediments and the vaulted ceiling of Durbar Hall. The Islamic style is evident in the five domes, whereas the angular elliptical shapes are a stroke of subcontinent style. Nawab Muhammad Behawal Khan the fifth added a mosque to the palace in 1906 at the cost of Rs. 20,000. The design is based on the mosque of Aitchison College. In 1956, when Bahawalpur State was merged into Pakistan, the building was taken over by the Auqaf department. The palace was leased to the army in 1971; in 1997 the army purchased it for the sum of 119 million. The building was declared a protected monument in September 2001 by the Government of Pakistan's Department of Archeology, and it is now open for general visitors, students trips and other interested persons.
The construction of Noor palace was undertaken by Nawab Subah Sadiq the fourth, who was also known as the Shan Jahan of Bahawalpur for his passion of constructing beautiful buildings. Mr. Hennan, an Englishman who was the state engineer, designed the building. The foundation of Noor Palace was laid in 1872. A map and coins of the state were buried in its foundation as a good omen. Most of the palace's materials and furniture were imported from England and Italy. The construction of the palace was completed in 1875 at a cost of Rs. 1.2 million. Noor Palace covers an area of 44,600 square feet (4,140 m2). It has 32 rooms including 14 in the basement, 6 verandas and 5
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shapes are a stroke of subcontinent style. Nawab Muhammad Behawal Khan the fifth added a mosque to the palace in 1906 at the cost of Rs. 20,000. The design is based on the mosque of Aitchison College. In 1956, when Bahawalpur State was merged into Pakistan, the building was taken over by the Auqaf department. The palace was leased to the army in 1971; in 1997 the army purchased it for the sum of 119 million. The building was declared a protected monument in September 2001 by the Government of Pakistan's Department of Archeology, and it is now open for general visitors, students trips and other interested persons.
Islam In Pakistan
Islam in Pakistan & Afghanistan! it's weird statement for me , I think better to say ' Afghanistanian/ Pakistanian Islam ' Perhaps I'm its strict statement and would not satisfy most of people in those countries. But it's the truth , as they apply Islamic religion strictly , so they have respect the other opinion because our prophet Mohammad (SAW) said : who worked hardly to give opinion and was correct then he has double reward , and who worked hard to give opinion but was wrong then he has single reward. So this is my opinion , if any one rejected my opinion that I will explain it in this topic , then I'm right , it's Afg/Pak Islam . Since the manifestations and applying of Islam is different in these countries from other Muslim countries like Egypt , Middle East and Indonesia which I will explain how later on - then its Afg/pak Islam
The construction of Noor palace was undertaken by Nawab Subah Sadiq the fourth, who was also known as the Shan Jahan of Bahawalpur for his passion of constructing beautiful buildings. Mr. Hennan, an Englishman who was the state engineer, designed the building. The foundation of Noor Palace was laid in 1872. A map and coins of the state were buried in its foundation as a good omen. Most of the palace's materials and furniture were imported from England and Italy. The construction of the palace was completed in 1875 at a cost of Rs. 1.2 million. Noor Palace covers an area of 44,600 square feet (4,140 m2). It has 32 rooms including 14 in the basement, 6 verandas and 5 domes. The design encompasses features of Corinthian and Islamic styles of architecture with a tinge of subcontinental style. The Corinthian touch is visible in the columns, balustrade, pediments and the vaulted ceiling of Durbar Hall. The Islamic style is evident in the five domes, whereas the angular elliptical
Islam & killing people:
God said in Quran " if any one slew a person unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people then although there came to them our apostles with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of then continued to commit excesses in the land" that means if you murder someone or any one , black or white , Muslim or Christians , American or Chinese , Man or woman , its like you killed whole people of world. God said : even that I'm warning them but there are people will come and will commit to murdering each others. Prophet Mohammad SAW for Muslim warriors in battles ; you are not allowed to kill woman , old man , child , you are not allowed to cut a tree or to kill a farmer or any one serving his land , you are not allowed to destruct a house or any cultural , historical , or religious land marks. If you fight the one fighting you and if you got the victory then all people are allowed to practice their religious rituals. This is proved by Quran and Hadith ( talk of prophet ) , if killing and destruction was prohibited through the battle, is it allowed in other days and situations when we see attacks adopted by those titled ( Mujahedeen ) against or to destruct public places? how come they kill woman because she is out with a boy or because she elected herself for political position ext....? Islam and woman: Patterns of women's employment vary throughout the Muslim world: as of 2005, 16% of Pakistani women were "economically active" (either employed, or unemployed but available to furnish labor), whereas 52% of Indonesian women were. Women are allowed to work in Islam, subject to certain conditions, such as if a woman is in financial need and her employment does not cause her to neglect her important role as a mother and wife. It has been claimed that it is the responsibility of the Muslim community to organize work for women, so that she can do so in a Muslim cultural atmosphere,
where her rights (as set out in the Qur'an) are respected. Islamic law however, permits women to work in Islamic conditions. The work should not require the man or the woman to violate Islamic law (e.g., serving alcohol), and be mindful of the woman's safety. If the work requires the woman to leave her home, she must maintain her 'modesty' just as with men. Due to cultural and not religious beliefs, in some cases, when women have the right to work and are educated, women's job opportunities may in practice be unequal to those of men. In Egypt for example, women have limited opportunities to work in the private sector because women are still expected to put their role in the family first, which causes men to be seen as more reliable in the long term. An indicator of the attitude of the Qur'an to women in the workplace is indicated by the quotes used to justify women working. These are the examples of two female shepherds Qur'an 28:23, and Khadijah (prophet Muhammad's wife), who was an eminent businesswoman. Khadijah is called up as a role model for females in the Qur'an. Now is it Afg/pak Islam or it is Islam in Pakistan and Afghanistan? Reasons of Extremism : The main reason is the media that regularly gives negative message about people from minority groups. Violence is increasingly glamorized by media. Extremist groups target susceptible young people, those people might be lonely, lost or un educationed. But family members sometimes encourage for extremism. Unemployed young adults give them good purpose to live. Misunderstanding of religion of Islam, because of the long distance between center of Islam and those countries of extremism. written by Abdulla Abbadi
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Did you know ?

...that Mahasthangarh is the earliest urban archaeological site so far discovered in Bangladesh, dating back to at least the 3rd century B.C.? ...that Independence Day Award is the highest state award given by the Government of Bangladesh? ...that Sholakia, a tiny town in Bangladesh, draws 300,000 Muslims for Eid prayers every year on Eid ul-Fitr? ...that Mangalkavya depicted the social customs of Bengal in the middle ages? ...that the Sannyasi Rebellion was a series of clashes between Indian ascetics and the British East India Company during the eighteenth century in Bengal? ... that Balu Sankaran received a Padma Shri award in 1972 for helping and treating injured soldiers in Safdarjang Hospital during theBangladesh Liberation War? ...that Mukh O Mukhosh (The face and the mask), directed by Abdul Jabbar Khan, is the first full-length Bengali language feature film to be produced in the erstwhile East Pakistan, which later became Bangladesh? ...that the Maitreyi Express was launched on Pohela Baisakh in 2008 to revive the railway link between India and Bangladesh that had been closed for 43 years? ... that the Bangladesh Police inherits much of its structure from the police of British India and contributes to U.N. peace-keeping missions? ...that Bangladesh is home to the magnificent Royal Bengal Tiger? ...that Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world? ...that the Bangabhaban has served as the official residence for the Viceroy of India, Governor of East Pakistan and the President of Bangladesh? ...that Bangladesh is separated from Nepal by the Chicken's Neck? ...that Independence Day Award is the highest state award given by the Government of Bangladesh? ... that Manabendra Narayan Larma was a major political leader of the Chakma

people and other tribes of theChittagong Hill Tracts and founder of the Shanti Bahini militia? ...that the University of Dhaka is the oldest and largest public university in Bangladesh? ... that Bangladesh's first Citizenship Order after it gained independence was issued by the President of Bangladesh in 1972? ...that Sholakia, a tiny town in Bangladesh, draws 300,000 Muslims for Eid prayers every year on Eid ul-Fitr? ...that scientists are concerned that the Bangali River in northern Bangladesh may merge with the Jamuna River and cause loss of 100,000 hectares of land in the region? ...that the largely unexplored Buddhist archaeological site of NoaparaIshanchandranagar in Bangladesh is conjectured to be the lost city of Karmanta Vasaka? ...that on the banks of Shitalakshya River, in Bangladesh, there are artistic weaving centres, where once themuslin industry flourished? ...that the Korotoa River, a small stream in Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh, was once a large and sacred river? ...that Pundravardhana was a territory, mostly in present-day Bangladesh, of the Pundras, a group of non-Aryanpeople, dating back to 8th7th centuries BC? ...that the haor located in northeastern Bangladesh, is a bowlshaped depression with such vast stretches of turbulent water that it is thought of as a sea during a monsoon? ...that Chalan Beel, a wetland in Bangladesh, is getting vastly reduced in size with fast silting up caused by the inflow of 47 rivers and waterways? ...that boats crammed with people from both India and Bangladesh, flying the flags of their respective countries, converge on the Ichamati River, the international border, to immerse the idols after Durga Puja? ... that the World Wide Fund for Nature rates the Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rain forests bordering India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar(Burma) as "Globally Outstanding" in biological distinctiveness? ...that notated Bengali writer Rajnarayan Basu was a tutor of Asia's first Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore? ...that Rajshahi College is the first institution in Bangladesh offering Masters degree?


...that Mangalkavya depicted the social customs of Bengal in the middle ages? ...that the Tagore family, with over three hundred years of history, has exercised the greatest influence on reawakened Bengali spirit? ...that former Bangladeshi footballer Kazi Salahuddin rode on a cargo plane of the Indian Air Force to reach play in a Swadhin Bangla Football Team game in 1971? ...that in Hindu mythology, after Lakshmindara, son of Chand Sadagar, died of snakebite on his wedding night, his bride Behulaaccompanied his corpse on a raft floating in a river? ... that James Long, an Anglican missionary in India, was jailed for publishing the play Nil Darpan? ...that Hakim Habibur Rahman, a Unani physician, collected all the Arabic, Persian and Urdu books written in Bengalfor more than 40 years and published a catalog titled Sulasa Ghusala? ...that the Sannyasi Rebellion was a series of clashes between Indian ascetics and the British East India Companyduring the eighteenth century in Bengal? ...that Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh was also known as Jahangir Nagar? ...that 17th-century Mughal subahdar Shaista Khan conquered Chittagong and ousted the British East India Companyfrom Bengal over a trade dispute? ...that the Sannyasi Rebellion was a series of clashes between Indian ascetics and the British East India Companyduring the eighteenth century in Bengal? ...that Mahasthangarh is the earliest urban archaeological site so far discovered in Bangladesh, dating back to at least the 3rd century B.C.? ...that Bengali nationalism motivated the proposal for a united, independent Bengal as an alternative to the 1947partition of Bengal? ...that for his part in the Bangladesh Liberation War, Dutch Australian commando officer Willia m Ouderland is the only foreign recipient of Bir Pratik, Bangladesh's fourth highest gallantry award? ...that Islam Khan was the founder of the modern city of Dhaka and the first Mughal general to subjugate Bengal? ...that the suffering caused by 19th century floods and famines in Mymensingh District, presently in Bangladesh, led to the sale of human beings for around the price of a maund of rice?
...that the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi is the only extensive historical document accounting the wars, events and life in Bengal during the reign ofMughal emperor Jahangir? ... that the Government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti promulgated the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord in 1997? ... that on December 12, 1996, India and Bangladesh signed a 30-year treaty resolving the long-standing dispute over the sharing of Ganges Waters? ...that the Buddha Dhatu Jadi (pictured), also known as Bandarban Golden Temple, is the largest TheravadaBuddhist Temple in Bandarban, with the second largest Buddha statue in Bangladesh? ... that a report criticizing senior Pakistani leaders including General Abdul Hamid Khan over their conduct during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, was long suppressed by the Pakistani government? ... that Bangladesh declined to renew its 1972 Friendship Treaty with India, criticizing it as unequal and an imposition of excessive Indian influence? ... that Mukti Bahini guerrillas were absorbed into the ranks of regular military officers and personnel upon the formation of Bangladesh's armed forces? ...that Matir Moina, a Bangladeshi film by Tareque Masud, was temporarily banned by censors in Bangladesh before becoming the country's first film to compete for the Academy Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category? ...that Mukh O Mukhosh (The face and the mask), directed by Abdul Jabbar Khan, is the first full-length Bengali language feature film to be produced in the erstwhile East Pakistan, which later became Bangladesh? ...that the Bangladeshi filmmaker Alamgir Kabir was imprisoned by Ayub Khan for being a leftist? ... that England cricket team's decision to rest captain Andrew Strauss and select South African-born Craig Kieswetter caused controversy during their 2009 10 tour of Bangladesh? ... that in 1937, Bangladeshi film director Khan Ataur Rahman won the first prize of Dhaka Zilla Music Competition, when he was in third grade?

... that Bangladesh football goalkeeper Biplob Bhattacharjee made his international debut at the age of 18. ...that an edition of Alpin, a supplement of the Bangladeshi newspaper Prothom Alo, was banned by the caretaker government for publishing a controversial cartoon in relation to the Islamic prophet Muhammad? ...that Asif Hossain Khan, a Commonwealth Games gold medal winner for Bangladesh at the age of just 15, was brutally beaten and seriously injured by the police of his own country? ...that the assassins of former Bangladeshi prime minister Mansur Ali were protected by the Indemnity Act and not arrested or tried for more than 20 years? ...that the first episode of talk show Shomoyer Kotha drew media attention when a former U.S. Ambassador to Bangladesh jokingly commented that Bangladeshis sometimes tend to be conspiratorial? ...that at a cost of $7.9 billion, Meghna Bridge in Bangladesh is the single largest project with Japanese assistance in the world? ...that a proposed strategic road link through Bangladesh and its capital Dhaka will reduce the travel distance between the Indian cities of Agartala and Kolkata from 1,700 km to 400 km? ... that the Banga Sena is a separatist organization which advocates formation of a separate homeland for Bengali Hindus inBangladesh? ...that the Maitreyi Express was launched on Pohela Baisakh in 2008 to revive the railway link between India and Bangladesh that had been closed for 43 years? ... that in a major improvement in bilateral ties since it blocked Bangladesh's entry in the U.N. in 1972, China offered to help Bangladesh construct its first nuclear plant?

... that Farhad Reza, along with 12 other Bangladeshi cricketers, was banned from playing for 10 years after joining the Dhaka Warriors team in the unauthorised Indian Cricket League? ... that the Bangladesh Police inherits much of its structure from the police of British India and contributes to U.N. peace-keeping missions? ... that a council ward in the East End of London was renamed "Spitalfields and Banglatown" in 2001 to reflect the history of Bangladeshi immigration to that area? ...that the Bangladesh Nazrul Sena, founded upon the philosophy of Kazi Nazrul Islam, pioneered the introduction of computer scienceand multimedia education for children at the kindergarten level in Bangladesh?

Born In :
...that Somapura Mahavihara, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bangladesh, was one of the best knownBuddhist viharas in South Asia since King Dharmapala erected it in the 8th century? ... that in a major improvement in bilateral relations in 2008, Pakistan proposed sharing nuclear technology withBangladesh?
Dalai Lama Compassion is not religious business, it is human business, it is not luxury, it is essential for our own
peace and mental stability, it is essential for human survival. The name Dalai Lama is one of the most. famous, most recognized names in the world, as iconic as Nelson Mandela or Gandhi. Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. He is famous for his worldwide messages of peace and non-violence and for his skill in weaving together East and West. As one of the most beloved visionary spiritual leaders of our age, millions of people turn to the Dalai Lama for inspiration. " ." 14 .... . 1959 . ( ) .(1419 1357) . . . Jackie Chan . ": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . :
Confucius Confucius was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, one of the most influential thinkers in Chinese history and quite possibly the greatest teacher of all time. Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism, a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture. He revolutionized education in China 2,500 years ago. Is a worldwide famous actor, action choreographer, film director, producer, martial artist, comedian, screenwriter, entrepreneur, singer and stunt performer from Hong Kong. Jackie Chan acted in more than 100 films that made him famous for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons and innovative stunts. As a
His Tomb as you see in photo
cultural icon, Chan has received stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame, being considered the world's greatest action star.
era in China. His life has been the feature of several books and was portrayed also in Bernardo Bertolucci's film The Last Emperor which is considered to be a plausible portrayal of his life.
Gong Li
Gong Li is an outstanding Chinese film actress who represents Chinese actresses all over the world and is credited with helping bring Chinese cinema to Europe and the United States. She won the Best Actress Award at the 49th Venice International Film Festival, becoming the first Chinese mainland actress to win an international award. The Chinese natural beauty was named one of the world's 50 most beautiful women by People. Her performance in Hollywood movies like Miami Vice and Hannibal Rising established Gong Li status as an international star. . Aixinjueluo Puyi, the last emperor Puyi was the last Emperor of China between 1908 and 1924. He reigned till the Chinese Revolution. Puyi s abdication was a symbol of the end of a long http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9 %88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9 %88%D9%86%D8%BA " . 1993 1984 " . . 1925 . ( 1976 . 9 1893 1935 (26 .
Did You Know?

Bruce Lee) (1973 20 - 1940 (27 . . ( ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) . .22 . 206 . . 1. 1973 . . . 2. . . The modern word China most likely derives from the name of the Qin (pronounced chin ) dynasty. First Emperor Qin Shi Huang (260-210 B.C.) of the Qin dynasty first unified China in 221 B.C., beginning an Imperial period which would last until A.D. 1912.k China is often considered the longest continuous civilization, with some historians marking 6000 B.C. as the dawn of Chinese civilization. It also has the world s longest continuously used written language.c China is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada, and the U.S.). It has an area of 3,719,275 square miles (slightly smaller than the U.S.) and its borders with other countries total more than 117,445 miles. Approximately 5,000 islands lie off the Chinese coast.a One in every five people in the world is Chinese. China s population is estimated to reach a whopping 1,338,612,968 by July 2009. China s population is four times that of the United States.a Fortune cookies are not a traditional Chinese custom. They were invented in 1920 by a worker in the Key Heong Noodle Factory in San Francisco.i 55 , 18 ) . .2006 400 4 , 14 . 3,704,427 .
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China is also known as the Flowery Kingdom and many of the fruits and flowers (such as the orange and orchid) are now grown all over the world.i Invented in China, toilet paper was initially only for emperors
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Toilet paper was invented in China in the late 1300s. It was for emperors only.m The Chinese invented paper, the compass, gunpowder, and printing.c The Chinese invented kites ( paper birds or Aeolian harps ) about 3,000 years ago. They were used to frighten the enemies in battle, and Marco Polo (1254-1324) noted that kites were also used to predict the success of a voyage. It was considered bad luck to purposely let a kite go.i Cricket fighting is a popular amusement in China. Many Chinese children keep crickets as pets.m Despite its size, all of China is in one time zone.h Many historians believe soccer originated in China around 1000 B.C.f Ping-pong is one of the most popular games in China, but it was not invented in China. It originated in Britain, where it is called table tennis.m Viewed as a status symbol, stamp collecting is China s number one hobby
safely and effectively in Europe until the late 1700s.m 18. The custom of binding feet (euphemistically called golden lilies ) began among female entertainers and members of the Chinese court during the Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1279). Tightly wrapped bandages gradually broke the arch of the foot and caused the woman's toes and heel to grow inward toward one another. Her leg muscles would also atrophy and become very thin. Bound feet were seen as highly sexual.m 19. Historians speculate that as the Chinese population grew, people had to conserve cooking fuel by chopping food into small pieces so that it could cook faster. These bite-sized foods eliminated the need for knives and, hence, chopsticks were invented.c 20. In A.D. 130, Zhang Heng, an astronomer and literary scholar, invented the first instrument for monitoring earthquakes. The machine could detect and indicate the direction of an earthquake.c The Chinese invented ice cream by packing a milk mixture and rice into snow 21. China invented ice cream, and Marco Polo is rumored to have taken the recipe (along with the recipe for noodles) back with him to Europe.i 22. A civil servant named Su Song built the first mechanicalclock between A.D 1088 and 1092. It could tell the time of day and also track the constellations so that accurate horoscopes could be determined.c 23. On September 27, 2008, Zhai Zhigang made the first spacewalk by a Chinese astronaut.l 24. The Chinese were the first to invent the waterwheel to harness water in A.D. 31 1,200 years before the Europeans. China was also the first country in the world to use an iron plow. Europe didn t begin using the iron plow until the seventeenth century.m 25. The name of China s capital has changed over the centuries. At one time or another
14. The number one hobby in China is stamp collecting.m 15. Giant Pandas ( bear cat ) date back two to three million years. The early Chinese emperors kept pandas to ward off evil spirits and natural disasters. Pandas also were considered symbols of might and bravery.i 16. White, rather than black, is the Chinese color for mourning and funerals.i 17. Though Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is credited with designing the first parachute, Chinese alchemists successfully used mancarrying tethered kites by the fourth century A.D. Parachutes were not used
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it has been known as Yanjing, Dadu, and Beiping. Peking or Beijing means Northern Capital. Beijing is the officially sanctioned pinyin spelling based on the Mandarin dialect. Beijing is the second largest city after Shanghai.h It was customary for wealthy men and women in the late empire to grow the nails of their little fingers extremely long as a sign of their rank. They often wore decorative gold and silver nail guards to protect their nails.c By the fourth century B.C., the Chinese were drilling for natural gas and using it as a heat source, preceding Western natural gas drilling by about 2,300 years.m By the second century B.C., the Chinese discovered that blood circulated throughout the body and that the heart pumped the blood. In Europe, circulation wasn t discovered until the early seventeenth century by William Harvey (1578-1657).m The Chinese were using the decimal system as early as the fourteenth century B.C., nearly 2,300 years before the first known use of the system in European mathematics. The Chinese were also the first to use a place for zero.m The crossbow was invented and first used by the Chinese. They were also the first in the world to use chemical and gas weapons, 2,000 years before gas was used in Europe during WWI.m The Three Gorges Hydroelectric Dam spans the Yangtze River and is the largest dam in the world. It is also the most controversial dam in the world because it has been plagued by corruption, human rights violations, technological difficulties, and has caused dramatic environmental changes.e Tea was supposedly discovered when a tea leaf fell into a Chinese emperor s boiling water
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into his boiling water. The Chinese consider tea to be a necessity of life.i Martial arts are practiced throughout China and were largely developed from ancient farming and hunting methods.i The most important holiday in China is the Chinese New Year or Lunar New Year. Chinese traditionally believe that every person turns one year older on the New Year and, thus, that day is considered to be everyone s birthday.i Chinese is spoken by 92% of China s population. There are at least seven major families of the Chinese language, including Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, Hakka, Gan, Xiang, and Min.i Red symbolizes happiness for the Chinese and is commonly used at Chinese festivals and other happy occasions such as birthdays and weddings.i In ancient China, the lotus was seen as a symbol of purity and was sacred to both the Buddhists and Daoists. The peony ( King of Flowers ) symbolized spring, the chrysanthemum symbolized long life, and the narcissus was thought to bring good luck.i Anyone caught smuggling the secrets of silk making out of ancient China were put to death
32. According to popular legend, tea was discovered by the Chinese emperor Shennong in 2737 B.C. when a tea leaf fell
38. The Chinese have made silk since at least 3,000 B.C. The Romans knew China as Serica, which means Land of Silk. The Chinese fiercely guarded the secrets of silk making, and anyone caught smuggling silkworm eggs or cocoons outside of China was put to death.i 39. According to a Chinese legend, silk was discovered in 3000 B.C. by Lady Xi Ling Sui, wife of the Emperor Huang Di. When a silk worm cocoon accidentally dropped into her hot tea, fine threads from the cocoon unraveled in the hot water and silk was born.i 40. The oldest piece of paper in the world was found in China and dates back to the second or first century B.C. Paper was so durable, it was sometimes used for clothing and even light body armor.m
41. The Chinese were the first in the world to use stirrups in the third century A.D.m 42. China s one child policy has contributed to female infanticide and has created a significant gender imbalance. There are currently 32 million more boys than girls in China. In the future, tens of millions of men will be unable to find wives, prompting some scholars to suggest that this imbalance could lead to a threat to world security.m 43. The first known species of Homo erectus, the Peking Man, was found in China and lived between 300,000-550,000 years ago. It is thought that he knew how to manipulate fire.c 44. During the first half the twentieth century, Shanghai was the only port in the world to accept Jews fleeing the Holocaust without an entry visa.i 45. Chinese mathematics evolved independently of Greek mathematics and is consequently of great interest to historians of mathematics.m 46. Originating as far back as 250 B.C., Chinese lanterns were an important symbol of long life. Lanterns were once symbols of a family s wealth, and the richest families had lanterns so large, it required several people with poles to hoist them into place.i 47. In the Tang dynasty, anyone with an education was expected to greet as well as say goodbye to another person in poetic verse composed on the spot.i 48. In 1974, a group of farmers digging for a well in the Shaanxi province uncovered some bits of very old pottery. They discovered the tomb of Qin (259-210 B.C.) the first emperor who united China. The tomb contained thousands of amazing lifesized soldiers, horses, and chariots.c The Grand Canal of China is the world s longest canal 49. China s Grand Canal is the world s oldest and longest canal at 1,114 miles (1,795 km) long with 24 locks and around 60 bridges.e
50. The bat is a traditional good luck symbol that is frequently depicted in designs for porcelain, textiles, and other crafts.i 51. The bicycle was introduced into China around 1891 by two American travelers named Allen and Sachtleben. The bicycle is now the primary transportation for millions of Chinese. The last Qing emperor (Puyi) rode a bicycle around the Forbidden City in Beijing. China is currently the leading bicycle manufacturer.i 52. The Boxer Rebellion between 1898 and 1901 in northern China was against Christian missionaries, foreign diplomats, and technology by a secret group called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Yihequan or I-ho-ch uan) so named because its members practiced weaponless martial arts as well as secret rituals. Westerns called it shadow boxing and the members Boxers. m 53. Suspension bridges were invented in China in 25 B.C, 1,800 years before such bridges were known in the West.m 54. The first American woman to win the Nobel Prize was Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973) for her novels about China, most notably The Good Earth (1931). Amy Tan (1952-) is a best-selling Chinese-American author of The Joy Luck Club.i 55. The Chinese word for civilization (wen) is pronounced the same as the word for script, pattern, or calligraphy. In fact, calligraphy was thought to reveal the calligrapher s moral and spiritual selfcultivation as a type of heart print. i 56. The carp is a symbol of strength and perseverance. The scales and whiskers of the fish make it resemble a dragon, the greatest symbol of power in China. Fish in general play a large role in Chinese culture and the words for fish and abundance are pronounced the same in Chinese (yu).i In some regions of ancient China, pigtails were indicative of girl s marital status 57. In some parts of China, pigtails were associated with a girl s marital status. A young girl would wear two pigtails, and when she married, she would wear just
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one. This may have contributed to the Western view that pigtails are associated with children and young girls.i In ancient China, mirrors were believed to protect their owners from evil, making hidden spirits visible and revealing the secrets of the future. A person who had been scared by a ghost could be healed by looking in the mirror. Mirrors were often hung on the ceilings of burial chambers.i The longest river in China is the 3,494-mile Yangtze (Changjian) River and the 2,903mile-long Yellow (Huanghe) River.e The Chinese developed a theory of three levels of heaven Heaven, Earth, and man which has been influential in landscape painting and flower arrangements.e The horse most likely originated in Central Asia and became very important in China. A horse is considered to be associated with the masculine symbol, yang, and with the element of fire. A person born in the Year of the Horse is considered cheerful, independent, clever, talkative, quick to anger, and able to handle money.i Because the cicada (katydid) has the longest life span of any insect (up to 17 years) and sheds its skin, it has long been a symbol of regeneration and rebirth for the Chinese. In ancient China, the Chinese would place jade cicadas in the mouths of the dead because they were thought to slow down the decay process and speed up the rebirth in another world.i Concubinage has been practiced throughout Chinese history, primarily by wealthy men who could afford it. Chinese emperors had large harems with hundreds of concubines.j The phoenix is the most important bird in Chinese legend and represents the feminine power of the empress. The graceful crane, which is a symbol of long life, is the second most important bird in Chinese legend. Ducks are also important symbols and represent happiness and marital faithfulness.i The Cultural Revolution (the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution) from19661976 resulted in severe famine, thousands
of deaths, and the erosion of thousands of acres of farmland.m 66. While the dragon is typically seen as an evil creature in Western culture, it holds first place among the four greatest creatures in Chinese mythology, including the phoenix, tiger, and tortoise. It is typically associated with the emperor.i 67. The highest mountain in the world (29,028 feet) is named in the honor the Englishman Sir George Everest who was the first surveyor of India. The Chinese call Mount Everest Qomolangma, which means Mother Goddess of the Earth. e The position of the stars on the Chinese flag represents the people s unity under Communism 68. China s national flag was adopted in September 1949 and first flown in Tiananmen Square (the world s largest public gathering place) on October 1, 1949, the day the People s Republic of China was formed. The red in the flag symbolizes revolution. The large star symbolizes communism and the little stars represent the Chinese people. The position of the stars represents the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party.i 69. China has the world s oldest calendar. This lunar calendar originated in 2600 B.C. and has 12 zodiac signs. It takes 60 years to complete.i 70. The number of birth defects in China continues to rise. Environmentalist and officials blame China s severe pollution.d 71. The consumption of mushrooms was recorded in Chinese historical documents more than 3,000 years ago. In 1996, China produced 600,000 tons of mushrooms, making it the world s leading producer, and it has 60% of the world s mushroom varieties.i 72. In 2007, dog food and toothpaste products made in China were recalled because they contained poisonous ingredients. In July, China s head of the State Food and Drug Administration was found to have
accepted bribes from pharmaceutical companies. He was executed.g 73. Famous Chinese and Chinese-American actors include Jackie Chan (Hong Kong), Chow Yun Fat (Hong Kong), Bruce Lee (San Francisco), Jet Li (Beijing), Zhang Ziyi (Beijing), and Lucy Lui (New York).e 74. The 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing were the most expensive games in history.bWhile the 2004 Athens Games were estimated to cost around $15 billion, the Beijing Games were estimated to cost a whopping $40 billion.j
i Perkins, Dorothy. 2000. Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture. New York, NY: Checkmark Books. j Rabinovitch, Simon. Beijing Games to be Costliest, but No Debt Legacy. Reuters.com. August 2008. Accessed: May 2, 2009. k Tucker, Anne Wilkes. 2007. The Great Wall of China: Photographs by Chen Changfen. New Haven, CT: Yale University in cooperation with the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. l USAToday.com. China Space Program Advances with First Spacewalk. September 27, 2008. Accessed: April 20, 2009.
-- Posted May 4, 2009 References a CIA.gov. The World Fact Book China. April 9, 2009. Accessed: April 20, 2009. b CNN.com. Emotion Kicks off China s Olympics. August 9, 2008. Accessed: April 20, 2009. c Cotterell, Arthur. 2005. Ancient China. New York: NY: Dorling Kindersley Limited. d Demick, Barbara. China Blames Pollution for Surge in Birth Defects. LosAngelesTimes.com. February 2, 2009. Accessed: April 21, 2009. e Fenby, Jonathan, ed. 2007. The Seventy Wonders of China. New York, NY: Thames & Hudson Ltd. f Goldblatt, David. 2008. The Ball Is Round: A Global History of Soccer. New York, NY: Penguin Group. g MSNBC.com. Zheng Convicted of Accepting Bribes, Dereliction of Duty: China s Top Drug Regulator Gets Death Sentence. May 29, 2007. Accessed: April 21, 2009. h National Geographic Traveler. 2001 China. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
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Blue Line I wana Travel through my Mind to get the Knowledge Blue Line I wana Get Trained to get

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