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10.

HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. Types of Heat Exchangers

1. What are they? Devices for effecting heat transfer from one fluid to another 2. Mechanical Configurations 1. Tube within a tube 2. Multiple tubes with a shell (vessel) 3. Finned tubes 3. Flow Arrangements 4. Counter flow 5. Parallel flow 6. Cross flow 4. Main Design Considerations 7. Heat transfer efficiency 8. Structural strength 9. Pressure drop 10. Size and Weight 11. Operation and maintenance requirements 12. Cost 5. Design Codes 13. ASME Codes for Unfired Pressure Vessel

2. Log - Mean T Method (LMTD Method)

6. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Consider a parallel flow, tube-within-tube heat exchanger
Fluid B
Fluid A

where:

R = thermal resistance U = overall heat transfer coefficient A = effective surface area Thermal conduction analysis showed: plane wall: cylinder wall: Note:

T = effective temperature difference

14. For cylindrical systems, UA = U o Ao = U i Ai 15. To consider the effects of surface fouling and fins, overall heat transfer coefficient becomes:
1 = 1 + ln(Do / Di ) + 1 UA hi Ai 2kL ho Ao
dq = mh c p , h dT h dq = mc c p , c dT c C h = mh c p , h Cc = mc c p , c

7. Parallel Flow

Th,1

T1

Define: Noting

dT = d (Th Tc ) = dTh dTc ,

Tc,1 we can write:

Tc,2

T2
x

Th,2

3 Newtons law of cooling gives:

After simplification, it becomes;

T = T2 T1 ln ( T2 / T1 )

where:

T1 Th,1 Tc,1 = Th, i Tc , i T2 Th,2 Tc, 2 = Th, o Tc, o

8. Counter Flow
T1 Th,1 Tc,1 = Th, i Tc, o T2 Th, 2 Tc, 2 = Th, o Tc, i

Note:

1) T CF T PF (when are they equal?) 2) Only for counter flow, Tc, o could be larger than Th, o 9. Complex Heat Exchangers

See Figures 11.10 to 11.13 for F values Note: 1) T must be evaluated under counter flow condition 2) F = 1 if Th,i = Th, o or Tc, i = Tc, o 3. NTU - Effectiveness Method 16. Alternative to determine the exchanger performance 17. Used most conveniently if two or more of the inlet or exit temperatures of both streams are unknown 10. Definition

4 18. Heat exchanger effectiveness Assuming

C = mc p

, the energy balance gives

Realizing the maximum possible heat transfer occurs when the fluid of smaller C undergoes the maximum temperature difference available, we can write
q max = C min (Th, i Tc, i )

where: or
=

Cmin = min(Ch, Cc)

Cc (Tc, o Tc, i ) C h (Th, i Th, o ) = C min (Th, i Tc, i ) C min (Th, i Tc, i )

q = C min (Th, i Tc, i )

19. NTU (Number of Transfer Units)

NTU = UA / C min

11. Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger Assume Cmin =Ch where: Cr = heat capacity ratio

Recall: In terms of and Cr, it becomes: After the further transformation, it can be written as:

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= 1 exp{ NTU [1 + C r )]} 1 + Cr

Note: 1) Valid also for Cmin =Cc 2) = f ( NTU , Cr ) 12. Other Configurations 20. Mathematical relations: Tables 11.3 and 11.4 21. Graphical relations: Figures 11.14 to 11.19 Note: 1) Cr = 0 for condensers and boilers

4. Method Applications
22. Design problem: all the inlet and outlet temperatures known, find the type and size of heat exchangers LMTD method 23. Performance evaluation problem: the type and size of heat exchanger known, find the heat transfer rate and fluid outlet temperatures for the selected fluid flow rate and inlet temperatures NTU method