Today:

1. Finish Module 8 - Mendelian Genetics -Chapter 3 and supplementary material in slides

Incomplete Dominance
Incomplete dominance occurs when phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygotes. (In a test, you will be told what kind of dominance a particular trait/characteristic exhibits.) For example, eggplant colour exhibits incomplete dominance. If a plant that produces purple fruit (PP) is crossed with a plant that produces white fruit (pp), then all of the F1 progeny plants will produce violet (Pp) plants. See next slide.
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Independent Asssortment
Mendel found a 9:3:3:1 ratio for a number of dihybrid crosses that he carried out. From these results, Mendel derived his 2nd law: the principle of independent assortment. Principle of independent assortment: alleles on unlinked locii seperate independently of one another. For example, if a plant has the genotype RrYy. During meiosis, haploid gametes form. There is a an equal probability that the R and Y alleles will end up in one gamete, as there is that R and y alleles will end up in one gamete. The same is true for r and Y vs. r and y.
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What does unlinked (or different) loci mean?

Chromosomes hadnt been discovered in Mendels time, so he didnt have a physical concept of what unlinked loci were. Now we know that if two loci (genes) are on different chromosomes or very far apart on the same chromosome, then they are unlinked. Unlinked loci assort independently. If two loci (genes) are on the same chromosome (and not very far apart) they then are linked and will NOT assort independently.

Sample Problem
Example: In humans, a Widows peak hairline (W) is dominant to a straight hairline (w). These two traits are unlinked.

Widows peak is dominant, W.

Straight hairline is recessive, w.

Also, in humans short fingers (S) are dominant to long fingers (s).
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Example Continued: A man with Widows peak and short fingers reproduces with a woman who has a straight hairline and long fingers. They have two children. One (i) has a straight hairline and short fingers and the other (ii) has a Widows peak hairline and long fingers. Question: What is the genotype of the mother? Answer: wwss

Question: What must the genotype of the father have been? Answer: WwSs

Question: What is the genotype of kid i) and kid ii)? Answer: i) wwSs ii) Wwss
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Homework Problem: Example Continued: Using probabilities (and a branch diagram if you like) figure out the probability of this couple having a child with: a) Widows peak and short fingers b) Widows peak and long fingers c) Straight hairline and short fingers d) Straight hairline and long fingers You may NOT use a Punnett square so dont cheat!

Figure 3.9 a)

Question: If F1 plants were crossed to each other, then what genotypic and and phenotypic ratios would you expect? See next slide.
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Figure 3.9 a) and b)

Answer

Codominance Codominance occurs when two alleles are equally expressed in the heterozygote i.e. the phenotype has the products of both alleles . For example, the gene I determines the presence and type of antigen on the surface of red blood cells. IA = A antigen IB = B antigen People who are IAIB have both antigens i.e. they have an AB blood type.
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Multiple Allele Inheritance

Now were going to discuss when there are more than two possible alleles for a particular locus in nature. This is called multiple allele inheritance.
Continuing with the example of blood type: There is another allele for red blood cell antigen type in addition to IA and IB. It is i and it does not encode for any antigen. IA and IB are codominant (as we saw in the last slide) and both are dominant over i. Genotype IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi IAIB ii Phenotype type A type B type AB type O

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In this example, a person with type A blood reproduces with a person of type B blood. If they had a child with type O blood, then you would know that both parents each carried an i allele. If they had a child with type B blood, you would know the mother had an i allele. Figure 18.11 from If they had a child with Mader, Human type A blood, you would Biology. know the father had an 12 i allele.

Sex-Linked Inheritance
Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes. (1 22 in humans). Chromosomes X and Y are the sex chromosomes. Women are XX and men are XY. Traits on X or Y are said to be sex-linked because they segregate with a sex chromosome.

X and Y are NOT homolougs; they are different chromosomes. This means that different genes are on X vs. Y. For example, a man may have the genotype XQY for the gene Q. He has no allele for the Q gene on Y. Therefore, we say he is hemizygous for Q.
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The ability to see red and green colours is a sex-linked trait.

The gene that controls the ability to see red and green is called B and it is on the X chromosome. We write the allele for B as a letter attached to the X chromosome. We do not write anything next to Y because there is no B gene on Y. B is the dominant allele and it allows red/green vision. b is the recessive allele and it causes red/green colour blindness.
Genotype XBXB XBXb XbXb XBY XbY Phenotype Female with normal colour vision Female with normal colour vision Female with red/green colour blindness Male with normal colour vision Male with red/green colour blindness

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Consider a cross between a mother who is XBXb and a father who is XBY.

If this couple has a daughter, she must inherit an XB chromosome from her father, Therefore, she will have normal colour vision. However, there is a 50 % chance that a daughter will be a carrier for red/green colour blindness.

If this couple has a son, there is a 50% chance that he will receive an Xb chromosome from his mother and will be red/green colour Figure 18.12 blind. A red/green colour blind from Mader, son will be a carrier for the condition Human Biology. and will pass that X chromosome 15 to all of his future daughters.

Writing out genotypes for an autosomal trait and an sex-linked trait.

If there is an autosomal trait, and a sex-linked trait e.g. W for Widows peak, and B for red/green colour vision, you write the autosomal trait first and then the sex-linked trait e.g. WWXBXB or WwXBXb or WwXbY etc.
Homework Problem: Consider a woman that is heterozygous for the Widows peak trait, and has normal vision but is a carrier of the allele for red/green colour blindness. She reproduces with a male that is also heterozygous for the Widows peak trait, and has normal vision. What is the probability that this couple will have a daughter with normal colour vision and a Widows peak hairline? Use probabilities and branch diagrams (not a Punnett square). Answer: 3/8 16

Term Test #2 (worth 20%) will be held in class on Fri, March 18th. It will cover Modules 5 8. Test will be out of 70 marks:
Part A multiple choice questions (45 marks) Part B Short-answer description/labelling/ interpreting diagrams and application questions (25 marks)
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